If derivative preposition compound and ends with a primitive preposition, then it is followed by a case corresponding to this preposition: do not look to + V. p. -> despite + V. p., connection with + T. p. -> in connection with + T. p., direction to + D. p. -> towards + D. p., start with + R. p. -> starting with + R. p. In compound adverbial prepositions of this type, the choice of case is also predetermined by the primitive preposition: near from + R. p., henceforth to + R .p., in relation to + D.p., compared with + T.p.
In other cases, the cases are distributed as follows:
1) simple adverbial prepositions are mainly combined with R. p. (near, close, deep, along, instead, outside, inside, inside, near, around, ahead. past, above, on the eve, opposite, near, in the middle, behind, among).
Prepositions contrary to, following, towards, in defiance of, like, according to, accordingly, accordingly, proportionately used with D. p., preposition through - with V. p.;
2) denominal prepositions, homonymous to prepositional-case combinations of nouns, are used with R. p. (in the form of, in view of, as a sign, as, in the field of, in relation to, in continuation of, as a result of, by virtue of,
in case, during, in honor of, during, as a result of, with the exception of, at the expense of, like, throughout, to the extent of, about, for the reason, on occasion, with the help of, from).
Prepositions are used with D. p. in contrast, in contrast, in contrast and unlike;
3) verbal prepositions, except thanks to, are used with the case controlled by the correlative verb: including + V. p., ending with + T. p., counting + V. p., not counting + R. p., after + V. p.
Pretext thanks toused with D. p.
What is the similarity here with the use of primary prepositions?
Comparative characteristics of primitive and derived prepositions:
1) Derived prepositions form a constantly expanding category of service lexemes. Can't give closed list such words. Due to the fact that new prepositions appear as a consequence of a certain use of significant word forms, it is not always possible to draw a clear boundary between the prepositional function and the finally formed preposition.
2) Derivative prepositions are used with only one case.
3) Derivative prepositions are rarely ambiguous. Their lexical meaning, as a rule, is predetermined by the remaining semantic connections with original words: because of expresses a causal relationship in continuation - temporary, due to - investigative, near, around, next to - spatial, on the occasion of - the meaning of the reason, justification, etc.
4) Among the derived prepositions there are those that do not have the property of combining with specific nouns, words that do not have event or attribute semantics, i.e.
primary function of the preposition. These are, for example, causal, temporary, concessional, target prepositions: one can say in case of rain, fire, war, heating outage, disaster etc., but combinations like in case of home, school, brother etc. are non-normative. When specific words are added to such prepositions, the prepositional structures become elliptical, they are read as if they contain a characteristic word: I came to class despite my leg = Despite a broken (sick, damaged, etc.) leg, he came to class.
5) Derivative prepositions are not a means of strong control and do not formalize complementary relationships. They do not have the property of desemantization.
6) Among derived prepositions, a special group stands out with the meaning of “inclusion-exclusion”: except, besides, including, excluding. These prepositions form special two-way syntactic relationships: it is impossible, for example, to construct a sentence like this: *I love. except pears. Pretext except means that not only pears are loved, that there is another favorite object that must be named: Besides pears, I love apples. Pretext except, by attaching a noun to a verb, it predetermines (provokes) another syntactic connection.
Thus, the syntactic and constructive properties of many derived prepositions do not coincide with the properties of primitive prepositions.
7) Not all derived prepositions are combined with prepositional pronominal forms (*because of him, *after him, *ending with him,^towards him. ^thanks to him).
The specificity of the relationship between the lexical and grammatical meanings of prepositions precisely determines the features of the process of transition of significant parts of speech into prepositions. When words pass from one part of speech to another, new properties are gradually accumulated and old ones are lost. When full-meaning words transform into prepositions, relativity develops in them. Due to the fact that the grammatical meaning of relativity cannot be specific in its content, the process of preposition includes, first of all, words with an abstract meaning, in the semantics of which an element of relativity either already exists or, under certain conditions, can develop. The transformation of lexical meanings is carried out under conditions of semantic and syntactic connections that are unusual for a given full-valued word.
Consequently, the conditions for the transition of full-meaning words to the category of prepositions are:
1) a change in the categorical meaning of a significant word in terms of consolidating the meaning of relativity in it due to the development of unusual semantic and syntactic connections with other words in the sentence;
2) assigning a certain place to a given word in a combination of words;
3) stability of the combination of words included in the transition process.
3) regularity of use;
Give a complete description of the secondary prepositions highlighted in the texts of ex. 551. Can synonyms be found for all of these prepositions among the primary prepositions? List these synonyms. What are they
differ from the corresponding secondary prepositions?
1. In All talk time Chichikov examined the guest (G.).- r.p., derivative, compound, denominative
2. While reading Grigory stands with his head down (P.). – r.p., derivative, compound, denominative
3. The officers wore fur coats for reason = due to cruel frost (P.). - r.p., derivative, compound, denominative
4. Princess Marya did not travel on occasion = because of mourning (L. T.). – r.p., derivative, compound, denominative
5. The magazine “European” is banned due to = because of denunciation (P.). – r.p., derivative, simple, denominative
6. The son knows that the father only due to = due to own ignorance forbids him to study (Good) - r.p.. derivative, simple, denominative
7. Gorky helped me in relation to = from latitude understanding literary tasks v an.). – r.p. derivative, compound, denominative
8. He felt grateful for forgiving Lisa. due to = due to paternal weaknesses=. Meshkov considered him more right-wing than his daughter (Fed.). – r.p. derivative, compound, denominative
9. Due to absence = due to phone at her father's apartment, she began to call his service (Leon.). – r.p. derivative, simple, denominative
10. It is impossible to describe the state in which I was in continuation my mad horse racing. – r.p. derivative, compound, denominative
11. Insarov was very silent and gloomy during Total evenings (T.). – r.p. derivative, compound, denominative
12. During all these preparations both opponents stood at a distance (T.). – r.p. derivative, compound, denominative
13. I saw that thanks to talkativeness = because of coachman... I was received as a court temporary worker (P.) – r.p.. derivative, simple, verbal
14. Dancing, thanks = because of universal confusion, stopped (Ch.). derivative, simple, verbal
15. Pedagogical suggestions lose their power thanks = because of frequent repeatability (Kupr.). – r.p. derivative, simple, verbal
16. An hour later = an hour later the prison doors opened (G.). – r.p. derivative, simple, adverbial
17. ...Eight floors will collapse on you and me, not counting= without a roof and attic ceilings (Leon.). – r.p. derivative, compound, verbal
18. The arguments are not valid in the sense of logic (Plekh.). – r.p. derivative, compound, denominative
19.By such observations it was found that... (Sech.). – etc. derivative, simple, denominative
20. The brigade was removed from the front for purpose = for transfer V – r.p. the outskirts of the capital to suppress unrest (I/.). derivative, compound, denominative
21. Truth Revealed through = through comparisons (Solo.). – r.p. derivative, simple, denominative
22. 22. Solovetsky Islands formed by slow raising bottom (journal), – r.p. derivative, simple, denominative
From what point of view - synchronous or diachronic - can secondary derivatives be considered
prepositions by virtue of, in view of, after, in order to avoid, thanks to, despite, in spite of, in the name of and others, the lexical meanings of which now have nothing in common with the corresponding word forms znamena
meaningful words? - diachronic
Diachrony and synchrony are two opposing aspects of historical linguistics. Ferdinand de Saussure examined them in most detail.
Diachrony (from the Greek δια “through, through” and the Greek χρονος “time”) - consideration historical development of certain linguistic phenomena and the language system as a whole as a subject of linguistic study.
It is contrasted with synchrony (from the Greek συν “together” and the Greek χρονος “time”) - consideration of the state of language as an established system at a certain point in time. The term has also become widespread in semiotics, literary criticism and other social sciences in the sense of a historical approach to the phenomena under study.
Is the absence of an independent syntactic function for one or another word form, which has a two-way connection, always enough for it to be included in prepositions? If the word form during -
pretext (He came during the report) how should we consider word forms? until the time
time etc. (cf.: He has not appeared with us since his arrival; He promised to have the house ready for his arrival; Did you borrow a book during your stay at the sanatorium)?
When distinguishing between prepositions and initial parts of speech, we rely on the principles of identifying derivative prepositions:
2) fixing the meaning of relativity in it;
3) regularity of use;
4) compatibility with a noun;
5) the possibility of replacing this prepositional combination non-derivative preposition;
6) the impossibility of splitting the prepositional-case combination with a question (the impossibility of asking a question to each word of the prepositional-case combination).
How are prepositions different? during, for the reason of, for the purpose of, in the direction of, in relation to, depending on
from from the corresponding prepositional case forms of nouns?
All of the listed compound denominative prepositions are combined with gender. P.; only a few (in contrast, in contrast, in contrast and not as an example) - from dates. P.
Most of these prepositions are unambiguous: they express relations corresponding to the lexical meanings of the nouns with which they relate. The prepositions are ambiguous: in the direction, in favor, about, in part, from the side, on the way.
And the corresponding prepositional-case forms are polysemantic.
In these texts, compare adverbial prepositions and their corresponding adverbs, adjectival prepositions and corresponding forms of adjectives, verbal prepositions and corresponding forms of gerunds. Do the same signs distinguish between prepositions and forms of significant parts of speech?
For example, the preposition ahead differs from the corresponding adverb in a two-way syntactic connection. Is it possible on this basis to contrast substantive prepositions and corresponding
noun forms?
1. Everything in life is relative. - kr. adj., a sign of an object. 2. He speaks French relatively well. – adverb, sign of a sign. 3. Let's talk about upcoming events. – preposition, = about.
4. He followed a difficult path in life. – noun, addition 5. You explain it to him. – adverb, a sign of a procedural feature. 6. Everything was proven through experiment. - preposition, through
7. I believe in the power of words. – noun, addition. 8. Everything happened due to a misunderstanding. – preposition, = because of
9. At first everyone avoided him. – adverb, sign of attribute. 10. At the beginning of the book there were not enough pages. – noun, addition / circumstance. places.
11.He spoke without looking at the listeners. – gerund, sign of sign. 12. Despite the severe shock, he was completely in control of himself. - preposition.
UNION
A conjunction is an official part of speech, with the help of which the connection between parts is formalized complex sentence, between individual sentences in the text, as well as (this applies only to some conjunctions) the connection between word forms as part of a simple sentence. With the help of most conjunctions, the syntactic type of connection is differentiated - its coordinating or subordinating nature. Forming a connection, the union at the same time performs a qualifying function: it means - with to varying degrees concretizations are relationships between connected sentences or their members.
Each union is the bearer of a certain qualifying meaning. This means that the union itself characterizes (defines, qualifies) the relationship that is established between the connected parts of the structure, and in some cases (in case of subordination) the very content of the subordinated part. Unions formalize such types of relations as connecting (and, and also), dividing (or, or... or), comparative (whereas, if... then), comparative (as, as if, similarly as) , explanatory (that, that, supposedly), explanatory (that is, namely), temporary (when, since, as soon as), conditional (if, provided that), causal (since, because), adversative and accommodative (but, but, although, despite the fact that), restrictive (only, perhaps), gradational (not only, ... but also, if not.... then).
Complete these texts with coordinating conjunctions. What conjunctions cannot be used in them and why?
1. He is handsome and smart. 2. He is handsome, but not smart. 3. He is smart and cunning. 4. He is stupid, but cunning. 5. He is wealthy and healthy. 6. He is poor and sick. 7. He reads and is silent. 8. He laughs and cries. 9. He sings and dances. 10. The sun is shining and it is raining. P. Frosty and windy. 12.It's hot and cold. 13. The dress is expensive and ugly.
Coordinating conjunctions connect both homogeneous members of a sentence and simple sentences as part of a complex one. According to their meaning, coordinating conjunctions are divided into:
1. Connective: and, yes (meaning “and”), yes and, no-no, too, also
2. Dividing: either, either, this, not that, not that, whether or not. The function of dividing conjunctions can be performed by their analogues, which retain semantic connections with the corresponding introductory words or adverbs: maybe... maybe; perhaps... perhaps; sometimes... sometimes... and sometimes. These latter can be used together with conjunctions (maybe... or maybe; either... or... or maybe; sometimes... or even).
3. Adversatives: a, but, yes (= but), but, however
4. Comparative (double or compound):
both... and
not only but
not as much... as
not like
although... but
not that (would)..., but (a)
if not... then
The meaning of connecting conjunctions can be conventionally denoted by the phrase: “BOTH THIS AND THAT.” They connect two homogeneous members to each other. The meaning of disjunctive conjunctions can be defined as follows: “EITHER THIS OR THAT.” Such unions indicate the possibility of only one homogeneous member out of several or their alternation. The meaning of adversative conjunctions is expressed differently: “NOT THAT, BUT THIS.”
Constructions with adversative conjunctions are characterized by reversibility, i.e. the possibility
rearrangement of parts without changing the overall meaning (for example: He is a doctor and his wife- actress.^Wife -
an actress, and he is a doctor; The river is wide but shallow. The river is shallow but wide). Explain how the assessment of a person or situation changes when the parts in these sentences are rearranged.
1. It’s warm outside, but windy. 2. It’s windy outside, but warm.
3. He is not smart, but he is handsome. 4. He is handsome, but not smart.
5. The boy is healthy, but tired. 6. The boy is tired, but healthy.
7. The work is interesting, but difficult. 8 Job difficult but interesting.
When rearranging “side”, additional characteristic becomes dominant. Those. By changing the order, we can emphasize the most important aspect of an event or assessment of a person.
Characterize these structures based on openness ~ closedness of the structure. In open structures, the number of members connected by unions is not limited; they can be added as needed.
add: My father and the neighbor and Maria Petrovna, the bastard... entered the room; And I feel chills and my head
it hurts, and the temperature has risen, and...
Closed structures can only be two-membered: He is kind, but quick-tempered; He is a doctor and she is an actress.
How is openness ~ closedness of structure related to the use of conjunctions? What determines the openness ~ closedness of some of these constructions in the same union?
Parts of complex sentences of an open structure represent an open series, they are constructed in the same way, and have the meaning of simultaneity, which is expressed by the correspondence of the tense forms of predicate verbs. Such sentences can have an unlimited number of parts (in practice, only lexical restrictions arise). For example: And, best years hopes and love, in my chest everything comes to life again, and my thoughts rush far, and my mind is full of desires and passions, and my blood boils - and tears from my eyes, like sounds, flow one after another (L.); Either a long branch will suddenly catch her by the neck, or the golden earrings will be torn out of her ears by force; then a wet shoe will get stuck in the fragile snow; then she will drop the handkerchief... (P.).
In sentences with a closed structure, the parts are a closed series; they are always two parts, structurally and semantically interdependent and connected. These are sentences with adversative-contrastive and adjunctive relations. The second part in them closes the series and does not imply the presence of a third. For example: Not only Sonya, without paint, could not stand this look, but also the old countess and Natasha blushed when they noticed this look (L. T.); He wanted to say something to him, but the fat man had already disappeared (G.). Closed structure can also be observed in sentences with connecting conjunctions, in cases where complex sentences are combinations of contrasting or effective parts, for example: I wanted to answer him, but could not say a word; I told her funny story, and she immediately calmed down. This indicates that the property of closed and open structure is associated not so much with the nature of the conjunction itself (although this is a decisive condition, for example, with adversative-comparative conjunctions), but with the semantic-structural interconnectedness of the parts. Thus, the sentence The wind died down, and fresh coolness began to spread in the vineyards (L.T.) can serve as an example of an open structure, since it assumes the continuation of the series due to the parallelism of the structure of the predicative basis of each part (mainly due to the coincidence of the aspectual-temporal plan of the verbs -predicates), however, when the form of the predicate in the first part changes, the cause-and-effect relationship of the components of the sentence can appear more clearly and the series closes: The wind died down, and fresh coolness began to spread in the vineyards.
1. She is sometimes calm, sometimes crying, sometimes overly cheerful. - O
2. The day is cloudy, but warm. - s
3. I like to travel, and you like to stay at home. - s
4. He is both handsome and talented. - O
5. The sun either disappeared behind the clouds, then again began to burn mercilessly. - O
6. He is either offended or guessing something. - O
7. My soul feels good and I want to work. - O
8. It became stuffy, and I opened the window. - s
9. It became dark and gloomy. - O
10. He will try to persuade me, but I will never agree to his proposal. - s
11. He will try to persuade you, but you won’t agree. - O
1. We bought books and notebooks. -O
2. She met father and son. - O
3. A husband and wife entered the room - Fr.
4. Our grandparents met us at the house. - O
5. Galya and Petya are husband and wife. - s
6. Sonya and Sasha are brother and sister. – s
7. Ivan Petrovich and Marya Ivanovna - his father and mother. - s
8. Brother and sister came to visit. - O
9. My grandparents were angry with me. - O
10. My husband and I are now grandparents. - s
11. We have a boss-subordinate relationship. - s
12. Doctors and patients were equally sympathetic to the girl. - s
13. He is both husband and child for her. – s
Determine the semantic relationships in these constructions with the conjunction and. Try using corresponding semantic conjunctions to express the same relationships. Where different alliances are possible, use them all.
1. He leaves us, and (Yes) This upsets everyone. connecting used to attach sentences or individual members of a sentence, complementing, developing the idea expressed.
2. He leaves work and (yes and, yes) upset about this. - connecting. used for connection homogeneous members sentences or whole sentences, both main and subordinate ones.
1. The weather is bad, (yes and) and the trip to the mountains is postponed. connecting used to attach sentences or individual members of a sentence, complementing, developing the expressed thought
2. I was sitting behind a very tall man and ( Yes) actually saw nothing. connective. used to connect homogeneous members of a sentence or entire sentences, both main and subordinate ones
Write out from the “Dictionary of combinations equivalent to a word” by R. P. Rogozhnikova (M., 1983) the constituent units that function as conjunctions (those that are not in the traditional lists of conjunctions). Can all combinations be determined unambiguously?
B. Combinations whereby And as a result of which are considered in this dictionary as conjunctions of effect and cause in constructions like The athlete trained hard, thanks to which he took first place in the competition. Compare these sentences with these constructions. What is used to join them? subordinate clause to the main one?
1. Father did not return for a long time, what (conjunctive word) worried the whole family. 2. Father did not return for a long time, because of what (adv. circumstances. reasons colloquial. For what reason? Dictionary Efremova. T. F. Efremova) the whole family was worried. 3. The father did not return for a long time, as a result of which (a conjunction is used when attaching a subordinate part of a complex sentence (which contains a consequence arising from the action of the main part), corresponding in meaning to the words: for this reason, therefore, so.) the whole family worried. 4. The father did not return for a long time, due to which (preposition with gender. Used when indicating causal relationships and corresponds in meaning to the word: due to something, because of something, in connection with something) the whole family was worried.
If whereby And as a result of which considered as unions, then with the same basis can be attributed to unions and combinations during which, during which, after which, during which, in relation to which etc. Make up designs that use such combinations. What is used to attach the subordinate part to the main part? Are there any unions there?
My husband and I watched the sunset, during which I constantly thought about birds. - non-union
Today there was a banquet, during which I had a terrible headache. - non-union
We were drinking tea, then let's go for a walk.
On Friday we watched the play during which you called.
Tomorrow they are supposed to fly to Kem, however, regarding what I doubt.
Determine the function and meaning of conjunctions in these texts
1 Voices were heard That close, That far, That a tenor was heard That bass (L. T.).
2. Funny, beautiful city Valencia. Narrow streets, colorful houses, That blue, That pink, balconies hung with colored blinds (Cop) – connecting, used. with enumerated, successive objects, actions, states
3 The stars began to fade, and (conjunctive used to connect homogeneous parts of a sentence or entire sentences, both main and subordinate ones.) the sky began to become clouded not that clouds, not that fog (Are).– dividing, The same in combination with the negation “not” (not that) or less often (colloquial). With the particle “whether” (whether) - to express uncertainty, doubt, which of what is listed is real and what is imaginary (at the same time, “not that” is sometimes written together - “not”).
4. There is no just a word. It or damn, or congratulation, or beauty, or pain, or dirt, or flower, or lie. or Truth, or light, or dark (Gamz.).– divisive, Used when connecting homogeneous members of a sentence and whole sentences (in meaning they are mutually exclusive or replace each other, indicating the need to choose between them)
5. Dimensions of foreign fishing vessels And Soviet And merchant ships, marked on the roadstead ahead of time, believe me (but this makes it lighter), yellow, blue and green between the evening And the day before by a temporarily lit premature fire (Inter.). (connective. used to connect homogeneous members of a sentence or entire sentences, both main and subordinate ones.)
6. From Friday of the wedding. AND dolls are crucified on radiators. The emergence of families - And in the beginning of decay (Inter.).- amplifier. used to enhance expressiveness at the beginning of an exclamatory sentence.
Are the members of the sentence connected by coordinating conjunctions? – heterogeneous additions
How are they expressed? – (prepositional case form / non-prepositional form) and (infinitive / short stable characteristic of the subject)
What is unique about this connection? - a combination of additions that are heterogeneous in form, but homogeneous in meaning.
1. They still went for walks or to the theatre.
2. Give me some bread And get drunk
3. Take our book with you to the forest And something to sit on.
4. You take care of the overnight stay And about food.
5. Where did he go: to the garage or Should I accompany Lena?
6. He went to get gas [about the car], A then go fishing.
What is the peculiarity of use coordinating conjunctions in these texts "?
1. ...He would become a joy, But someone's old dreams. His poems burn like a dahlia in the sun, But the coldness of unspent tears (I.A.).Contrast in meaning – joy/tears, burning cold.
2. He had weaknesses, but innocent ones. (Ch.).Emphasis on definition.
3. But even in books, gentlemen are in love, but not with me (Hum.).A game with the real and surreal world.
4, Madame Anjou still smells of perfume. Gentle and weak, but it smells (Bule.)Emphasizing the fact of availability.
5. There was also a queue at this door, but not excessive, about one and a half hundred people (Bule.).but – adversative, not – negative. particle, excessive - too much.
1. But before sit in the saddle, he considered it his duty to address the horse with this speech (Kr). union outdated Used when attaching a subordinate part of a complex sentence, the action of which follows the action of the main part; before, before, before.
2. Klim was sent to bed, earlier than reading or preference began (M.G.).
3. If in the whole province there is something interesting, even wonderful, so this is only our cherry orchard. Expresses the condition of execution, the existence of something.
4. In the evening they walked lazily along the streets, and the one who had galoshes put them on, If(Expresses the condition of the accomplishment, existence of something.) It was even dry, and having a rain umbrella, he carried it with him, even if the sun was shining (M.G.).
5. ...I was already waiting if not story, That at least an approving, sympathetic word (G.). - union although(s) not... but.
6. Then I said that if so, then let it be Gamzat goes to Khunzakh (L.T.) union although (s) not... but.
7. Like an apple, rouge, dressed very carelessly, not that very drunk - but endlessly happy (Chicken) - colloquial conjunction 1. Used. when attaching a part of a sentence that expresses an indefinite negation of what is more precisely formulated in the second part of the sentence
8. ...If in your Volodka there will be a way, So I’ll give Masha for him; for nothing that he is naked as a falcon (P.). Used when joining subordinate clause(expressing potentially possible condition, as well as a condition that is the reason or justification for what is said in the main sentence), corresponding in meaning to the following: in the case when; provided that; If.
9. Although there was nowhere to escape from the heat... Maryana pulled a scarf over her head and was already falling asleep (L.T.). conjunction Used when attaching a subordinate part of a complex sentence (which contains a discrepancy with what is said in the main part), corresponding in meaning to the following: with all that, although.
10. And the lightning in the darkness seemed whiter and more dazzling, So my eyes hurt (Ch.). conjunction Used when attaching a subordinate part of a complex sentence (which contains the immediate result arising from the action of the main part), corresponding in meaning to the following: as a result of which, therefore.
11. Thanks to we staged new plays every day, our theater was visited quite willingly (Cupr.). conjunction Used when joining the subordinate part of a complex sentence with the meaning of a favorable reason, corresponding in meaning to the following: because, due to the fact that.
12. Barely he fell silent How lightning flashed so widely , What Yegorushka, through the cracks of the matting, suddenly saw the whole long road to the very distance (Ch.). conjunction 1. Used. when connecting parts of a complex sentence, the action of the second part of the sentence occurs immediately after the completion of the action of the first part
13. 13. As, How The first difficulties were overcome, I became more and more interested in work. conjunction Used when attaching a subordinate part of a complex sentence, the action of which occurs simultaneously with the action of the main part and determines it.
1. I wouldn’t hide, I, against, tried to be noticed by you everywhere (Ya.). in meaning adversarial union. On the contrary, and even. He didn't get angry at all; on the contrary, he laughed himself.
2. -They cause all sorts of harm and disorder.- Against, female society elevates! Used as an introductory word, corresponding in meaning to the word: in contrast to what was said, expected.
3. Reads books and scours the world - looking for gigantic things to do, good the inheritance of rich fathers freed him from small labors (Ya.). .
4. My fingers were shaking a little, But I after all rolled a cigarette and lit a cigarette (Kae.). union. (usually with conjunctions: a, and, but). Nevertheless, however, despite that l.
5. I can endure the cold for half an hour! The face of the most holy praying mantis!.. And after all I love you madly (Gr.). union. (usually with conjunctions: a, and, but). Nevertheless, however, despite that l.
6. In every book, the preface is the first and at the same time the last thing (L.).
7. Quite... good I don’t need to describe the magic house: Scheherazade warned me about that a long time ago (Ya.). union (colloquial). Moreover; thanks to
8. The dogs climbed far into their kennels, good there was no one to bark at \Gonch.). union (colloquial). Moreover; thanks to
9. On deserted roads, near bridges, life has already begun, Truth already military, nomadic. in meaning introductory word. Indeed, indeed.
10. He is all very correct and at the same time unnatural .
11. A surprisingly unsympathetic person, intolerable, and for all that (adverbial expression), apparently very capable.
12. Very tired but nonetheless sat down to write a letter. conjunction and adverbial expression 1. Conjunction. Same as “but, however.”
Name sentences
Nominal- this is one of the types of one-part sentences, the form of the main member in which is similar in expression to the subject.
Chief member nominative sentences are expressed by the nominative case form of the noun and a phrase that includes the nominative case. In principle, it is also possible to use a pronoun, usually in colloquial speech: “Here I am!” - Ariel said, floating into the living room. The use of the independent nominative case is possible in these sentences, since their meaning is a message about the being, presence, existence of an object or phenomenon. Consequently, only one grammatical tense is assumed - the present. textbook material for 8th grade
Denominal existentials state the fact of the existence of an object. The subject is expressed in the nominative case of any nominal part of speech: Mom, porridge, cat, spoon, book, bright cover...
Demonstratives point to an object. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, demonstrative particles VOT or VON appear: Here is a sofa for you, lie down to rest (Gr.).
Estimated and named evaluate the subject from the speaker's point of view. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, various expressive-emotional particles appear: What a night!, Here's to you, grandma and St. George's Day.
Preferably denomination express a strong desire for something. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, the particles ONLY WOULD, ONLY WOULD, IF appear: If only not the control.
MOMMY HEAD HURTS!
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Type of one-part sentences, the main member of which is a noun in nominative case: Spring. The neighbors are having a wedding. In nominative sentences, in all cases except the present tense, the copula verb to be is used: Then it was hot. Anniversary... ... Literary encyclopedia
proper noun sentences- A variety of nominative sentences naming books, magazines, paintings, inscriptions on signs, etc. Not all linguists consider them to be sentences... Syntax: Dictionary
Sentences with one main member, only the predicate or only the subject: Silence. It's getting light. There is no one on the street. A one-part sentence has only one main member, and it cannot be called either subject or predicate. This is the main member of the sentence ... Wikipedia
Type simple sentences, which are based on one main member. According to its nature, one-part sentences are distinguished: nominal, impersonal, definitely personal and indefinitely personal. Their general property- to designate an event in abstraction from... ... Literary encyclopedia
information model of journalistic style- I. Typical communication situation: 1) communication with many people through newspapers, magazines, speeches at rallies, meetings; 2) the main functions of speech: influencing and informative; 3) main tasks: to influence the masses, to form among them... ... Dictionary linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Victoria Georgievna Lysenko Date of birth: March 22, 1953 (1953 03 22) (59 years old) Place of birth: Przhevalsk, Issyk-Kul region, Kyrgyzstan Main interests: philosophy of early Buddhism, Vaishesh ... Wikipedia
Lysenko, Victoria Georgievna (March 22, 1953, Przhevalsk, Kirghiz SSR) Soviet Russian philosopher. Graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University (1976). Candidate philosophical sciences(1982), Doctor of Philosophy (1998). Chief Researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences... Wikipedia
Georgievna (March 22, 1953, Przhevalsk, Kirghiz SSR) Soviet Russian philosopher. Graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University (1976). Candidate of Philosophical Sciences (1982), Doctor of Philosophical Sciences (1998). Chief Researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Professor of the Russian State University for the Humanities.... ... Wikipedia
Determine the types of sentences based on the structure of the grammatical basis (two-part, one-part). In one-part sentences, underline the main member with three features, determine how it is expressed. 1. The regiment advanced in the mountains along the northern bank of the Danube.2. Deserted region.3. Bare tops of the hills. 4. Dark forests.5. Gorges. 6. Chasms. 7. Roads washed out by heavy rain.8. Mad foamy streams, swelling every hour.9. The enemy rolled back through the mountains beyond the Danube.
Test. 1. Mark the nominative sentence. A) Distant barking of dogs. B) From time to time you can hear the cry of a donkey. C) You can feel the unique spirit of wormwood. D) It smelled of earth and frost. 2. How many nominal sentences can be distinguished from a quatrain? Flocks of birds. Road tape. A fallen fence. From the foggy sky the dim day looks sadly. 3. Indicate nominative sentences. A) I'm cold. B) Here is Factory Street. B) This is a house under a tar-paper roof. D) Five o'clock in the afternoon. D) The water is a little brownish.
Write down sentences, highlight the grammatical basis and determine ways of expressing the predicate. 1. I love the silence of midnight nature, I love its forests babbling vaults, I love its steppes are diamond snow. Ways of expressing the predicate: verb, 1st person, singular, n.v., indicative (I) 2. Why are you standing, swaying, thin rowan? Way of expressing the predicate: 3. I’ll go out, sit under the rowan tree, and listen to the nightingale. Way of expressing the predicate: 4. Let's go out with you to wander in the moonlight. Way of expressing the predicate: 5. Go away, gray winter! Way of expressing the predicate:
Dictation-self-test. At the edge of a naked grove I look for a pile of dry autumn leaves, I fill a bag full of them and head back home. I walk slowly, admiring the good weather, breathing fresh air, I remember funny hunting incidents. Suddenly I hear: the leaves in the bag are moving, as if someone is tossing and turning in them. I take the bag, untie it, and a hedgehog jumps out of it and runs away from me. Exercise. Highlight grammatical basics and determine the type of sentences
Independent work option. Write down the text, emphasize the grammatical basis in definite personal sentences, add missing punctuation marks. Explain spellings. I love ose(n,nn)its (un)influence. I love to walk along tin(n, nn) roads through acidic loam and damp leaves in spite of the rain and sleet. All day (un)knowingly tired I wander and wander along narrow paths. I can barely drag my tired legs. And after a day or two the fatigue will evaporate without a trace. And again I go there to the (un)similar (n,nn) distance to discover the radiant beauty of my native land.
Test. Please provide specific and personal suggestions. . 1. Choose a book to your liking. 2. Will you be from Moscow? 3. There is noise in the house. 4. Chickens are counted in the fall. 5.Be a great thunderstorm. 6. I’m walking down a smart street. 7. You can’t hear the city noise. 8. The air smells of pine resin. 9. Let's serve together. 10. About six o’clock they carried breakfast into the meadows. 11. No one can do without grammar. 12. Love for our native land burns in our hearts. 13. I look at the dictionary more diligently every day. 14. The winter cold smelled across the fields and forests. 15. So forget about your anxiety.
Tenth of December.
Classwork.
Subject: ???
Know which sentences Algorithm:
are called denominative (nominative); 1._______________
Be able to distinguish between nouns 2._______________
offers from other offers. 3._______________
*** name4._______________
Serving for naming, designation
Objects, phenomena.
The night is starry and quiet.
Starlight Night!
Updating knowledge:
Complete the sentences:
According to availabilitymain members sentences are divided into ________________one-piece and two-piece______________________
of 2 main ones members are called_____two-part __________sentences.
Sentences in which the grammatical basis consistsof 1 main member are called ____one-piece___________sentences.
There are two groups of one-part sentences:with the main member - _____ subject___________And ___predicate__________________
What are one-part sentences called, in which the main member is usually expressednoun in the nominative case or a combination of a numeral and a noun?
_____________ nominative)________________________
? What knowledge did we lack to answer question 5?
New topic
? Exercise : Compare the sentences, highlight the grammatical basics in them, determine how they are expressed? Indicate the type of proposal according to the presence of main members in it.
The night is starry and quiet.
Starlight Night!
? So,what are the hypotheses?
Do you agree with the hypothesis that...
How can I check it? (two-part with zero copulabe, There is, where the predicate comes after the subject . )
? Why did this happen?
? What don't we know yet?
? What is the question?
To the topic entry!
Announce: the topic of the lesson, write it down in your notebook.
What should we learn to do in class?
Know which sentences are called nominal (nominative);
Be able to distinguish nominal sentences from other sentences.
! Now you and I will create an algorithm by which we will say which sentences will be called nominal, and, knowing this algorithm, we will accurately determine them.
Take the pieces of paper where it says
Algorithm :
A one-part sentence, with 1 main member - the subject.
There are common and non-common.
Only minor members belonging to the group of subjects are possible.
Exercise 1.
Edge.
Trees.
The bark on them has been gnawed off.
Hares have been here.
*How did you determine that these are nominal sentences?
They have one main member - the subject.We write it into the algorithm.
Task 2.
Determine what the main member of the nominative sentence is expressed by?
Evening.
Three o'clock in the morning.
Winter.
It is expressed by the noun. or a combination of numbers + nouns
Task 3.
Characterize noun sentences by the presence of secondary members.
Starry sky.
Clear, frosty morning.
Street covered with snow.
Here is the stream.
There are common and non-common. Have demonstrative particleshere, there
Task 4.
Find noun sentences:
Sunlit boulevard.
There are multi-colored flags above the ships.
Only minor members belonging to the group of subjects are possible (i.e. definitions different types. If there is a minor member belonging to the predicate group, then this is an incomplete two-part sentence.)
Consolidation of new material.
!!! Definition on page 86 read!
!!!ex. 174 p. 86.
Test : c, b, a, 3
Find the incorrect statement:
a) Nominal sentences can be common and uncommon.
b) Nominal sentences are one-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by a noun or a combination of a numeral with a noun.
V)The main member of a nominative sentence can be expressed by any part of speech.
2. Specify the title sentence:
a) The water is a little brownish.
b)Five o'clock in the afternoon.
c) Here is Factory Street.
3. Mark the nominative sentence:
A)Bright star light.
b) From time to time the cry of a donkey is heard.
c) You can feel the unique spirit of wormwood.
How many noun sentences can be extracted from the quatrain:
A flock of birds. Road tape.
A fallen fence.
From the foggy sky
The dim day looks sad.
Answer:3
Conclusion , speak the algorithm.
Additional task.
