In addition to common words in the Russian language, there are words that are used much less frequently. These include various jargons and expressions used in professional speech. Professionalisms are words that are used by people of a particular profession, or simply related to a certain specialization. But, unlike terms, they are not accepted as official concepts and are not applicable in scientific activity.
It is worth dwelling in more detail on what professionalisms are in the Russian language. Often these words include slang expressions. The informal nature of the lexemes means that they are not used everywhere. Their use may be limited to a narrow circle of people: those belonging to the same specialty, qualifications, working in the same organization. Often the range of concepts becomes broader over time.
Almost people of any profession have their own set of professionalisms. This is due to the need to clearly identify all processes and phenomena in working life, many of which are often undefined. Such words are formed through associations with everyday concepts. Often, for a person not privy to the intricacies of a particular profession, confusion may arise when encountering words from B real life they can designate completely different objects.
For example, the word “peasants” in legal speech denote witnesses to a crime, not villagers.
Another one characteristic feature professionalisms are emotional coloring and expression. Many people use it to refer to negative work phenomena and production errors. Their similarity with colloquial expressions is noticeable: in some cases it is almost impossible to distinguish between these concepts. They are always formed in oral speech. In some cases, a word has a terminological analogue that is not used due to the difficulty of pronunciation and the cumbersomeness of the word.
Many examples can be given from the railway professions. Each type of transport here has its own designation, sometimes consisting of abbreviations and numbers. It is quite difficult to use them in speech, so substitute concepts appear in the communication of railway workers.
For example, a tank with 8 axles is called a “cigar”, and a TU2 diesel locomotive is called a “carcass” by road workers. There are similar examples in aviation: the AN-14 aircraft was nicknamed the “bee”.
Designations have not only technical devices, but also individual professions and positions. Drivers of track machines are called train drivers. Some of the professionalism words are distorted foreign designations: reading the Latin alphabet without following the rules of pronunciation (for example, “designer” - designer).
In some works fiction writers also use professionalisms. This is necessary for depicting a certain category of people, conveying emotions and for character dialogues. Many representatives of professions do not even notice how they use words of this vocabulary in their speech. Teachers, sports coaches, economists and designers have them. In legal and advocacy practice, the phrase “to sew a case” means “an investigation with an accusation bias.” Musicians and music teachers have an expression “major mood”, which rather carries a positive connotation. Rich in the professionalism and language of medical workers, where complex names of diagnoses are replaced with ironic, simplified words.
“Betseshnik” is the name given to a patient infected with hepatitis B and C, and “atrial fibrillation” is the name given to atrial fibrillation. The main purpose of such words in in this case- make speech shorter and more succinct, and speed up the process of providing care to patients.
Professionalisms in the Russian language have been little studied; linguistic researchers try to avoid this phenomenon. The appearance of such words is spontaneous, and it is difficult to find definite boundaries for them and give a clear designation. There are some educational publications in which experts try to give a list of professionalisms. Such dictionaries will help students in their future work activities: quickly get up to speed and understand colleagues, and not experience difficulties when communicating verbally with specialists.
One of the problems is the lack of understanding of professionalism by people who do not belong to a particular group. Many of these expressions are not in dictionaries. And those that are found in dictionary and terminological publications are difficult to differentiate from the terms themselves and colloquialisms. The inability to find a precise definition of professionalism can cause confusion even among the professions themselves. And because of this - errors in work, failures. Information barriers arise when workers and qualified specialists communicate with their management. It is more common for employees to use special expressions in their speech, but many managers are unfamiliar with their meaning. As a result, some isolation of groups of workers at different levels appears, and conflicts may arise.
Words related to professional vocabulary are called professionalisms. Halperin interpreted professionalisms as “...words associated with the production activities of people united by one profession or occupation.” In his opinion, professionalisms are correlated with terms. The latter appear to define newly emerging concepts as a result scientific discoveries and technical progress. Professionalisms denote in a new way already known concepts, usually objects and processes of labor (activity). Professionalisms differ from terms in that terms are a specialized part of literary and book vocabulary, and professionalisms are a specialized part of non-literary vocabulary. colloquial vocabulary. The semantic structure of professionalism is obscured by a figurative representation in which the distinguished features can be very random and arbitrary. The emergence of professionalism is based on semantic specialization - the narrowing of the meaning of a word.
An example is the speech of teachers. Their vocabulary is dominated by words such as, self-analysis of the lesson, syllabus, extracurricular activity, routing lesson, etc.
Professionalisms- these are words and phrases that are currently not officially recognized designations of special concepts.
Professionalisms usually appear in cases where there is a need to designate a variety of a concept or object, and exist as professionalisms until they are officially recognized and then begin to be called terms.
IN Everyday life We often come across such a concept as “professionalism”. In this article we will take a closer look at what it means this concept. The explanation will go in two directions:
Professionalism is special property a person, which implies the systematic, effective and reliable performance of complex (professional) activities. Professional activity requires a long period of training: theoretical and practical.
If an employee is a professional, then his activities comply with objective requirements and standards accepted in society. A person’s professionalism is determined by the achievement of high production indicators, the characteristics of his motivation, the system of value orientations and aspirations, and the meaning of work for a specific individual.
And now about what professionalism words are. Professionalisms are words and expressions of representatives of a certain profession. These words are characteristic of any field of activity; they penetrate into general literary use.
Typically, professionalisms act as emotionally charged, colloquial equivalents of the terms: blunder - typo (in the speech of newspapermen), steering wheel - steering wheel (in the speech of drivers), pan - synchrophasotron (in the speech of physicists). Professionalism is a synonym, a substitute for the main designation.
Terms are always precise and stylistically neutral, and professional words, as a rule, are the result of metaphorical transfer; they are always expressive. A metaphorical transfer of the meanings of words from everyday vocabulary to terminological concepts is carried out based on similarity or emotional association. Professionalisms are similar to jargons, the peculiar dialects of representatives of society (jargons of sailors, hunters, students, etc.).
Words of professionalism relatively easily turn into colloquial speech literary language and in common parlance: an overlay is a mistake (in the speech of actors), a janitor is a windshield wiper of a car (in the speech of motorists).
Now you know what professionalism is in two senses. So, professionalism is a property inherent in a person and characterizing him professional activity. Professional words are words and expressions used by representatives of a particular profession.
Each profession has its own specifics not only in the field of activity, but also in vocabulary. Terms, names of tools, work actions - all this has its own definitions, understandable only to specialists. Progress sweeps across the planet, and with the development of science, more and more new words appear. For example, it is worth noting that today there are almost 60 thousand items in the field of electronics, and in Ozhegov’s well-known dictionary there are 3 thousand fewer of them. There is no other way to describe this than a terminological explosion.
First of all, let's define this phenomenon. Production vocabulary - autonomous language system, which is the totality of all scientific and technical concepts and names. It has the most developed information function.
Special vocabulary penetrates into literary language, which is completely inevitable, since highly specialized words may well become commonly used for objective reasons. This includes the popularization scientific knowledge, and increasing the level of people’s culture, and accessibility to modern communication technologies. For example, today everyone knows that perigee, and no one will be surprised by the expression “soft landing” or the science of selenology.
Literary language and professional vocabulary have a common word-formation basis, so a reverse cycle can also occur: an already known concept receives a new meaning that has a narrow specialization.
Communication between specialists, all kinds scientific works, reports and production reports contain examples of professionalisms that have their own classification.
First of all, this is a term (from Latin - “border”). This is the name of a word or phrase (in other words, a linguistic sign), which correlates with a special concept. It is these terms that are included in the vast majority of neologisms appearing in Lately. An example is professionalism in medicine.
Terminological system: its components are, in fact, all the same linguistic signs, but have already undergone evolution from functioning as disparate (single) definitions to being combined into a holistic scientific theory.
Nomen (from Latin “family name”). This is an independent category of vocabulary, denoting a single, visible object. For example, when they show us a device and say that it is an oscilloscope, then we will imagine it every time as soon as we hear this word. For non-specialists, it is impossible to imagine another device that visualizes electrical vibrations.
The most democratic concept of special vocabulary is professionalism. They are especially widespread since most of them are unofficial synonyms scientific concepts. Examples of professionalism can be found in explanatory dictionaries, and in newspapers and magazines, and in literary works, they often perform a figurative and expressive function in these texts.
There are three ways to form special words:
Actually lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, fishermen from the verb “shkerit” (to gut fish) formed the name of the profession - “shkershik”.
Lexico-semantic. The emergence of professionalisms by rethinking an already known word, that is, the emergence of a new meaning for it. For printers, a header is not a headdress, but a heading that unites several publications. And a trumpet for a hunter means nothing more than the tail of a fox.
Lexico-word formation. Examples of professionalisms that arose in this way are easy to identify, since they use suffixes or addition of words. Everyone knows what a spare wheel is (a backup mechanism or part of something) or a chief editor - editor-in-chief.
Despite the apparent limitation in use, professionalisms are found in all. The dryness of the official business style will not surprise anyone, therefore, professionalisms in it have a simple function of conveying the meaning of the statement.
As for scientific speech, professionalism is used here for several reasons:
For better assimilation of information through the imagery of special vocabulary;
They make it possible to quickly remember the text due to the capacity of concepts;
Tautologies are avoided by replacing terms with examples of professionalism.
For journalistic and artistic styles, the use of special words occurs with the same functions:
Informational;
Communicative (not only hero-hero communication, but also reader-author communication);
Saving speech effort - professionalism always explains in shorter terms;
Cognitive, forming cognitive interest.
The main source of professionalisms, first of all, are native Russian words that have undergone semantic rethinking. They appear from common vocabulary: for example, for electricians thin wire becomes a hair. The colloquial layer of vocabulary gives the name of the hammer handle - kill, and the jargon suggested that the driver call downtime "kimarit". Even local dialects have shared the definition for the big road - highway.
Another source of the appearance of special words is borrowing from other languages. The most common of these professionalisms are examples of words in medicine. Whatever the name, it’s all Latin, except for the duck under the bed. Or, for example, a foreign printing machine with a form, called a cliche, from which we only have the designation of the drawing made by it.
Any branch of production has objects that make up a system in which classes can be distinguished. Both require specific names to be grouped into thematic groups.
Professional titles contain not only knowledge about the industry, but also the speaker's attitude towards the subject. From this point of view, they can be objective (as a rule, these are nomen) and subjective:
Expressing negativity or irony towards the subject itself. So, a faulty car for motorists is a coffin.
Relation directly to the name. This is how the bomber became a bomber in aviation.
Even the quality of work can be indicated by professionalism. in construction about brickwork they say: pustoshovka (little mortar) or zavalinka (uneven wall).
All these thematic groups are in certain connections, and it is they who fragment reality with the help of words.
They are united not only by the presence of an emotional assessment of an object or its name, but also, if possible, interact with each other. This concerns semantic relations: synonymy, homonymy, polysemy, metaphor. In this regard, the following groups can be distinguished:
Words that have an equivalent in common vocabulary. Their meaning can be found by opening Dictionary. There are a lot of professionalisms of this order in the Russian language: mine - large intercolumn spaces on a newspaper page.
Terminological synonyms. In different fields, professionalism means the same thing. For example, among motorists, builders and mechanical engineers, a crowbar is called a “pencil”.
Multiple meaning words. The word “Zhiguli”, in addition to the well-known meaning of a car as a trademark, refers to a specific camshaft in mechanical engineering.
Each profession has a number of words, phrases, and expressions that contain very vivid expression. These are usually informal synonyms for certain terms. They are used exclusively in communication between specialists and are called “professional jargon”.
The specificity of this vocabulary makes speech incomprehensible to an outsider who is outside this field of activity. Many programmers' professionalisms are tinged with jargon: teapot, dog or crib. They are already more reminiscent of argot - a social dialect widespread in a narrowly professional or even asocial environment. The function of this language is secret, it is only for “our own people”.
Everything related to professional vocabulary, jargon and even argot must be constantly studied, since this is a fairly large lexical layer that cannot be ignored, since it reflects historical processes and the development of society.
PROFESSIONALISM are special words that are used in the field of the most various professions. A significant part of professional words is terminological in nature. In science, art, agriculture, V industrial production- Everywhere has its own terms. For example, mathematical terms: integral, differential, equation, names trigonometric functions(sine, cosine, tangent, etc.). Musicians naturally use musical terms, for example: fugue, overture, chord, scale, becar, dominant, minor tone. Professional words are special vocabulary characteristic of a particular profession. .
It is worth dwelling in more detail on what professionalisms are in the Russian language. Often these words include slang expressions. The informal nature of the lexemes means that they are not used everywhere. Their use may be limited to a narrow circle of people: those belonging to the same specialty, qualifications, working in the same organization. Often the range of concepts becomes broader over time. Almost people of any profession have their own set of professionalisms. This is due to the need to clearly identify all processes and phenomena in working life, many of which often have no definition. Such words are formed through associations with everyday concepts. Often, for a person who is not privy to the intricacies of a particular profession, confusion may arise when encountering words from professional vocabulary. In real life, they can mean completely different objects.
Problems of professionalisms One of the problems is the lack of understanding of professionalisms by people who do not belong to specific species professions. Many of these expressions are not found in dictionaries. And those that are found in dictionary and terminological publications are difficult to differentiate from the terms themselves and colloquialisms. The inability to find a precise definition of professionalism can cause confusion even among the professions themselves. And because of this - errors in work, failures. Information barriers arise when workers and qualified specialists communicate with their management. It is more common for employees to use special expressions in their speech, but many managers are unfamiliar with their meaning. As a result, some isolation of groups of workers at different levels appears, and conflicts may arise.
Professionalisms in the Russian language have been little studied; linguistic researchers try to avoid this phenomenon. The appearance of such words is spontaneous, and it is difficult to find definite boundaries for them and give a clear designation. There are some educational publications in which experts try to give a list of professionalisms. Such dictionaries will help students in their future work activities: quickly get up to speed and understand colleagues, and not experience difficulties when communicating verbally with specialists.
Terms Termin (from Latin terminus - limit, boundary) is a word or phrase that is the name of a certain concept of some field of science, technology, art, and so on. Terms serve as specializing, restrictive designations characteristic of this sphere of objects, phenomena, their properties and relationships. Unlike words of general vocabulary, which are often ambiguous and carry emotional overtones, terms within the scope of application are unambiguous and lack expression. Terms exist within the framework of a certain terminology, that is, they are included in a specific lexical system of a language, but only through a specific terminological system. Unlike words common language, the terms are not related to the context. Within a given system of concepts, a term should ideally be unambiguous, systematic, stylistically neutral (for example, “phoneme”, “sine”, “surplus value”). According to the author of the textbook “Terminology” S.V. Grinev-Grinevich, citing the opinion of O.S. Akhmanova, the main composition of the terminological list of European languages “may well be exhausted by nouns.” Grinev-Grinevich acknowledges the existence of a “different opinion”, according to which some verbs, as well as adjectives and adverbs, can be classified as terms, but rejects this point of view as untenable. Hence his refined definition of the term as “a nominative lexical unit (word or phrase) adopted for the precise naming of concepts.” Terms and non-terms (words of the common language) can transform into each other. Terms are subject to word formation, grammatical and phonetic rules of a given language are created by terminology of words of the national language, borrowing or tracing foreign language terminological elements. In some cases, with such occurrence of a word in the terminology of various subject areas homonymy arises: for example, the word “ligature” (lat. ligatura), borrowed from Latin, in metallurgy means “alloys for alloying”, in surgery - “thread used in dressing blood vessels", in music theory - a grapheme in which several simple “different-pitch” musical notes were written together as a single sign.
