In modern Russia, youth extremist groups pose a great danger to the entire population. At first glance, these are spontaneously assembled associations of teenagers, but in fact they have vertical power and unconditional submission.
Reliable information about the characteristics of these groups can reduce the degree of influence of such associations on the unstable part of young people, and in some cases prevent teenagers from joining the ranks of asocial groups and their participation in extremist actions. For law-abiding youth, knowledge about street teenage extremist organizations provides the opportunity to make the right choice of behavior during the period of contact with representatives of these groups and avoiding their aggressive actions.
Existing youth groups have become more aggressive, organized, and politicized. Their interregional ties are being actively strengthened, efforts are being made not only to develop a unified strategy of action, but also to coordinate issues of behavioral tactics.
In recent years, there has been a fairly widespread involvement of young people in extremist organizations and movements. This is explained not only by dissatisfaction with the material side of life. The decline in the ideological component in the educational process has led to the loss of moral guidelines among some young people. Moral values traditional for the Russian mentality, such as patriotism, internationalism, religious tolerance, were subjected to large-scale destructive processing from the outside (often taking the form of manipulation of public consciousness). It is young people, who are unable to critically approach the content of media publications due to lack of life experience, who turned out to be most susceptible to such influence. As a result, it should be noted the disorientation of some young people, lack of spirituality, lack of clear ideas about the history and prospects for the development of the country, as well as the loss of a sense of belonging and responsibility for its fate.
In order to prevent extremism among young people, extremist groups should be distinguished from informal youth associations. In informal associations there is no clear membership and they are usually considered as formations that unite young people on the basis of a subculture (Latin sub - “under” + culture).
Existing informal teenage and youth associations can be conditionally typologized into: hedonistic-entertainment (“enjoyment and entertainment”); sports and competitive; career guidance; escapist (“withdrawal from the world”); mystagogical (“introducing into mystery”, associated with spiritual quests); commercialized (formed to achieve profit); subcultures of social intervention (all subcultures focused on improving or changing the existing social system or its elements); adjoining leadership and managerial ones; criminally oriented.
Youth informal associations are spontaneously formed communities that themselves create a structure. They have norms that are not established from the outside, which are not fixed in charters and instructions, but spontaneously arise in the process of communication, as a result of which they are perceived by all their members and take root, turning into individual specific attitudes and value orientations. Informals have different levels of organization. In some associations there is no clear structure on any basis, in others there is a stable composition, a leader, a leadership core, and there is a distribution of roles.
Informal associations arise on the basis of the subjective needs, interests and aspirations of individuals. The interest may be so specific, individual or perverted, which has not found support in existing structures, and which does not allow grouping many people. This becomes the basis of their ideology, elements of the unique culture of a significant part of young people, their standard, the norm of behavior. A system of norms and values that is not fixed in charters and instructions that distinguish a group (association) from other formations is called a subculture. It is influenced by factors such as age, ethnic origin, religion, social group or place of residence.
Informal youth associations are mostly small (from 10 to 30 people), but during musical, sports, etc. events their numbers increase sharply. Their composition is mixed by age and gender, most of them are young men.
According to the degree of social danger/usefulness, informal youth movements (subcultures) are conventionally divided into radical (extremist), aggressive, socially dangerous, non-aggressive and prosocial. In cases where the movement consists of various multidirectional wings, the determination is made based on the priority vector of movement. At the same time, some movements can be classified into several categories at once; for example, aggressive formations can often be socially dangerous.
It is incorrect to consider informal groups as a force that necessarily opposes formal groups, simply because informal relations, and therefore groups, inevitably arise within each formal organization, as if “built-in” into it. Informality is not yet a sign of illegality, opposition to official authorities, scandalousness, or extremism. Another thing is that in practice, in the activities of state and public organizations there is often a lot of formalism and bureaucracy, that among the mass of informal groups there are those who behave defiantly, profess extremism, and take the path of illegal actions.
Extremist activities of youth informal associations are carried out in relation to government structures, individual politicians, associations, social systems or social groups, religious communities, religious figures, nations, nationalities, etc. Hence the types of extremist-minded youth informal associations: those who commit illegal actions in political goals - political, economic goals - socially oriented, on religious and spiritual grounds - religious, based on national enmity and hatred - national, environmental, cultural. And these are not the only types of groups. It is very difficult to draw a clear line between the above types, since they can act in combination and reinforce each other.
Extremist (radical) organizations usually declare what they are fighting against and what legal or illegal methods they intend to use. For example, “skinhead” groups are formed, in most cases, from among young people living in the same microdistrict or studying in the same educational institution. “Informal” leaders, who initially have hooligan motives for committing illegal actions against foreign citizens, unite young people around themselves, and subsequently, by promoting the ideology of radical structures, incite people who do not have a stable worldview to commit crimes on national grounds and racial hatred. Experts note that the most vulnerable environment for the penetration of extremist ideas are students of general education institutions, primary and secondary vocational education institutions with a psyche that has not yet been formed and is easily influenced.
There are a large number of classifications of informal teenage associations according to various criteria. Currently, the most pressing issue in working with teenage groups is maintaining public peace and preventing crime. Based on psychological and pedagogical criteria, adolescent formations can be divided into prosocial, asocial and antisocial, whose activities have a social, neutral and antisocial orientation, respectively.
To the so-called prosocial include social assistance clubs, environmental, historical and patriotic associations and other formations. From the point of view of public peace, the danger is posed by movements and formations that implement pro-social activities in extremist forms.
The structure of youth movements and formations is influenced by the social stratification of society, manifested both in the inequality of material opportunities and in the level of aspirations of adolescents, the nature of life goals and methods of their implementation. In this regard, it should be noted that among poor teenagers there are many so-called punks, and the most widespread movement among middle-class teenagers was the so-called. rappers.
For the purposes of prevention and correction of antisocial behavior of adolescents, the most convenient classification turned out to be one based on the aggressiveness and intellectualization of groups. Thus, non-aggressive, highly intelligent people find themselves at one pole, and aggressive, low-intellectual people at the other pole. There are also formations that cannot be clearly categorized as aggressive or non-aggressive movements.
Participants in intellectualized movements use such forms of protest as a philosophical worldview, social activity (both prosocial and asocial) and a bohemian lifestyle. This largely determines the teenager’s status in the group’s hierarchy. In low-intellectualized movements, the status of their participants largely depends on physical strength and the degree of criminalization.
In teenage protest movements, “protest” usually takes the form of marginalism and permissiveness. Marginalism is a bloodless social protest, expressed in an individual’s ignoring the requirements of official morality and the desire to escape the control of public institutions. The concept of permissiveness emerged in the West in the early 1970s. It reflected a special type of behavior of young people - a rebellion against the culture and morality of the world. There is often a “double standard” in extremist organizations. Particularly indicative is the unspoken (or even public) permissibility of various manifestations of permissiveness of “their own” in relation to others and the inadmissibility of such behavior for everyone else. It is also common for extremists to create paramilitary forces, and often not so much for any ideological reasons, but for reasons of prestige.
In ultra-right, ultra-left political organizations and in aggressive teenage groups with an extremist bias, such activity is often expressed in the form of causing physical harm to people.
Currently, informal youth groups can be divided into several groups:
Fans of sports teams.
Fans of sports teams are the most famous and numerous among informal youth associations. The established leaders of the “football hooligans” movement, as a rule, have a high level of education, have organizational skills, strong-willed qualities, strong ideological views, and are aimed at solving assigned problems by any methods, including violent ones, refusing any compromise solutions.
Increased activity of “young” groups of football fans has been noted. At the same time, illegal actions have become more daring in nature. Often attacks are carried out on opposing groups that are several times smaller in number, and sometimes on single opponents, waiting for them near their places of residence. In fights, pyrotechnics are used, less often - pre-prepared baseball bats, and fragments of metal reinforcement. In addition, there has been a tendency to use organized groups of fans to carry out criminal actions of a political nature.
Representatives of football fans are characterized by increased aggressiveness and a tendency to commit illegal acts that have a great public resonance. When moving in large groups, they cause damage to public and private transport, retail establishments, etc. Crimes most often committed by “football hooligans” include hooliganism, harm to health, robbery, participation in mass riots, and vandalism.
Nationalist groups.
Conventionally, they can be classified into several categories. The first is the so-called "shaven-headed neo-Nazis are pioneers." These are mainly high school students, students of technical schools and vocational schools, and a certain number of students who do not understand anything about the skinhead subculture, but wear boots from various foreign companies, roll up their jeans (a sign of skinheads at a very early stage) and declare that they are Aryans and Nazis. These are the majority. The second category is “skinhead fans - hooligans.” The most dangerous group - the third - are “ideological skinheads - neo-Nazis, boneheads.” They are more literate, legible, mostly older, they have the brain and the shock power of movement. In fights, they use belts with a weighted buckle, wound around the hand, pre-prepared reinforcement. By social origin, the members of the organization are predominantly from among unskilled workers, many of them are unemployed, they are characterized by a low general educational and cultural level, many of them live in single-parent and problematic families. There is no formal membership in skinhead groups. The so-called style prevails in clothing. “military” (camouflage and military boots), short bomber jackets in black or khaki, suspenders, paramilitary caps - “gansovki”, black jeans with loosely rolled up legs. Skinheads, moving around the city in groups of 15-20 people, commit beatings and robberies of people from the North Caucasus region, from Asian and African countries, people without a fixed place of residence, and fans of Western musical styles. With their activities they are trying to create an atmosphere of fear and intolerance, this is their danger. Crimes typical of skinheads: bodily harm, murder, robbery, hooliganism, vandalism. They have an extremely negative attitude towards drug use.
Punks, rappers and other fans of Western music styles.
Punks appeared as a movement of eternally protesting nihilists, and their protest was expressed not only in music, but also in appearance. Their main task was to go against everyone. They usually do not join any political parties. Benchmarks appeared as a way of self-expression for low-income working classes. Rap originally appeared as dance music and was very well received by a new generation of young residents, first of American cities, and then of the whole world.
Satanists.
Satanism, like Hasidism, grew out of Judaism and its secret fanatical and cabalistic sects. Until the 18th century, it developed as a secret Jewish sect, and then, spinning off from Judaism, it became one of the most influential movements of Freemasonry. The core of the rituals of the satanic sects, like the secret savage Jewish sects that preceded them, were bloody rituals. Satanists believe that the blood of innocent victims is the main guarantee of the success of their rituals of worshiping Satan. A surge in passion for Satanism in certain circles of the informal youth environment has been observed in our country after the start of perestroika. The exact number of adherents and those interested is unknown. Satanic cults are the most savage and criminogenic variety of destructive cults, even compared to other totalitarian sects. The “morality” of Satanists is based not only on the denial, but also on the complete perversion of Christian vital values. All the main Orthodox rituals and prayers have variants among Satanists that are opposite in meaning, but similar in form. The basis of the Satanist cult is sacrifice. The real sacrifice for them is not murder as such, but the mortal pangs of a living creature. Magical actions are performed on him. Animals are often sacrificed. Also, narcotic and psychotropic substances are actively used. Satanists have not identified clear leaders. They are divided into separate groups, communicating mainly at thematic music concerts in various clubs. They are not known for their aggressiveness towards representatives of other informal associations; they usually carry out their actions at night, as a rule, in cemeteries and ruins.
Radical left groups.
The activities of left-wing radical groups fall under the criteria of acts provided for in Articles 282.1 (“organization of an extremist community”) and 282.2 (“organization of the activities of an extremist organization”) of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which are developed by the authorities for the fight against organized crime.
The process of intensifying the involvement of young people in extremist associations is of particular importance in the context of problems of social security of Russian society caused by the actions of extremists and leading to physical and spiritual degradation, destruction of the individual, ethnic group, society, and state. Since the intensification of youth extremism currently poses a serious danger to Russian society, it must be deeply and comprehensively studied as a phenomenon that requires social, political, legal, administrative, managerial and sociocultural counteraction.
Nikolaeva A.Yu.
History and social studies teacher.
Municipal educational institution "Gymnasium No. 20"
Saransk
Youth extremism.
It is believed that the word “extremism” comes from the Latin word “extremus” - “extreme”, that is, something that goes beyond certain boundaries or norms. In dictionaries, extremism is interpreted as adherence to extreme views and measures. In the legal literature, extremism is defined in different ways. According to A.G. Khlebushkin, extremism is an illegal activity, the implementation of which causes or may cause significant harm to the foundations of the constitutional system or the constitutional foundations of interpersonal relations.
The definition of extremism given by Yu.I. lacks the noted drawback. Avdeev and A.Ya. Guskov: “...Extremism is an antisocial socio-political phenomenon, which is a socially and psychologically conditioned, ideologically motivated use of extreme forms and methods in socio-political relations.”
Modern extremism is diverse in its forms of expression. In addition, it can be classified on various theoretical grounds (spheres of life, objects of extremist activity, age characteristics of subjects of extremist activity, etc.). Scientific and practical generalization of certain phenomena allows us to classify extremism according to its orientation - economic, political, nationalistic, religious, youth, environmental, spiritual.
Youth extremism differs from adult extremism in being less organized and spontaneity. At the same time, adults, whom young people often seek to imitate with their illegal behavior, may be directly related to its activities. Youth extremism as a mass phenomenon of the last decade is expressed in disdain for the rules and norms of behavior in force in society.
It is young people who more often commit crimes of an aggressive nature. Negative impact on representatives of a particular national, racial, religious group, formed under the influence of the propaganda of extremist ideas, as well as on the basis of one’s own life experience under the influence of certain factors (excess free time and its disorganization, lack of opportunity or desire to continue education and, as a consequence, the impossibility to get a well-paid job, unformed or limited interests) pushes young people to participate in extremist activities. The intensification of youth extremism currently poses a serious danger to Russian society.
Extremist behavior of young people is one of the most pressing socio-political problems. The state, level, and dynamics of political extremism among young people in Russia are widely discussed in the media and in specialized literature, and analytical collections are published.
Youth is considered as a large social group that has specific social and psychological traits, the presence of which is determined by the age characteristics of young people and the fact that their socio-economic and socio-political situation, their spiritual world is in a state of formation. In modern scientific literature, this group usually includes (in statistics and sociology) people aged 15 to 30 years. Young people, determining their life path, resolve conflict situations based on a comparison of possible options, if we take into account that youth is characterized by: emotional excitability, inability to restrain itself, lack of skills in resolving even simple conflict situations, then all of the above can lead to committing deviations.
The problem of aggressive and extremist behavior of young people is becoming increasingly relevant in the conditions of Russian reality. Elements of extremist behavior of young people are formed against the background of deformation of the social and cultural life of society. In the list of the main reasons for the growth of extremist behavior among young people, researchers tend to include the following: social inequality, the desire to assert themselves in the adult world, insufficient social maturity, as well as insufficient professional and life experience, and, consequently, a relatively low (undefined, marginal) social status.
Youth extremism as a phenomenon of recent decades, expressed in disdain for the norms of behavior existing in society or in their denial, can be viewed from different positions. Young people have always been susceptible to radical sentiments. Due to its age-related properties, even in politically and economically calm times, the number of radically minded people among young people is always higher than among the rest of the population.
Young people are characterized by a psychology of maximalism and imitation, which in conditions of an acute social crisis is the basis for aggressiveness and youth extremism. The development of political extremism among young people poses a particular danger not even because child and youth crime has increased markedly, but because it is associated with the development of “abormative” attitudes in the group consciousness of the younger generation, which affects values, preferred patterns of behavior, and assessments of social interaction , i.e. in a broad sense, connected with the social and political culture of Russian society in its projective state. Unfortunately, the formation of the first generation of new Russia took place mainly in the conditions of the negative socio-economic situation of the 90s of the 20th century, which created the preconditions for the marginalization of a significant part of young people, the deviation of their behavior, including political extremism.
A special analysis of the problem shows that extremism in Russia is “getting younger,” with young people aged 15–25 years most often committing crimes. Young people are also more likely to commit crimes of an aggressive nature. According to statistics, the bulk of such serious politically motivated crimes as murder, grievous bodily harm, robbery, terrorism are committed by persons under 25 years of age. It is important to consider that youth extremism is currently growing at a faster rate than adult crime.
These processes are of particular importance in the context of problems of social security of Russian society caused by the actions of extremists and leading to physical and spiritual degradation, destruction of the individual, ethnic group, society, and state. Since the intensification of political extremism among young people currently poses a serious danger to Russian society, it should be deeply and comprehensively studied, including by means of political science, as a phenomenon that requires social: political, legal, administrative, managerial and sociocultural counteraction.
The extremist movement as a type of deviation is a complex socio-political phenomenon that has a tendency to self-development. Its appearance is due to the presence of a number of socio-economic and socio-cultural factors that closely interact with each other. At the same time, the absence of one or more of these factors significantly prevents the spread of extremist sentiments and sharply reduces the impact of extremist ideology on the ethno-national mentality and socio-cultural activities.
The main sources of youth extremism in Russia are, first of all, socio-political factors: the crisis of the socio-political and economic system; sociocultural deficit and criminalization of mass culture; the spread of social manifestations of “departure from life”; lack of alternative forms of leisure; crisis of school and family education. All this allows us to assert that the main range of problems that young people in Russia have to deal with lies in the sphere of conflict relationships, primarily in the family and in relationships with peers. Personal factors also play an important role, such as deformation of the value system, an “unhealthy” communication environment, the predominance of leisure orientations over socially useful ones, inadequate perception of pedagogical influences, and lack of life plans.
In Russia, the national-extremist, far-left and far-right, ethno-confessional and separatist foundations of political extremism have recently clearly emerged. It should also be noted that although the manifestation of extremist actions on various grounds have different characteristics of manifestation, they are united by the use of extreme forms of violence to increase the aggressiveness of the environment. Thus, criminal extremism seeks to impose on young people norms of behavior based on brutality, vandalism, cruelty and aggressiveness. Some young people perceive violence as a special value, a life strategy in a risk society, and they themselves become the subject of violence, a victim of criminal forces, and take the path of crime and extremism.
Over the past few years, calls for xenophobia have been heard very often in Russia. They are supported by 55-60% of Russian citizens surveyed by sociologists. All this is fraught with significant problems for the country, since not only groups, but also parties professing xenophobic views are appearing among young people. Currently in Russia there are about a dozen parties and movements preaching xenophobia and racism. Among young people, the most widespread is the skinhead movement, which involves tens of thousands of teenagers and young people aged 14-25. The level of street violence by representatives of skinhead groups is constantly growing, and these crimes themselves are becoming more and more daring. If earlier they killed in a gateway or a dark street, now murders are committed in the city center, in crowded places, in the subway, during the daytime (the murder of anti-fascist student T. Kacharav in St. Petersburg in November 2005, student V. Abrahamyants in the Moscow metro in April 2006). The danger of this phenomenon lies in the fact that such violence can cause retaliatory violence from anti-fascists, immigrants, and foreign students, which will lead to irreparable consequences.
It is also important that the activities of extremist groups and organizations significantly lower the prestige of the state and the authority of its competent authorities in the eyes of the world community, and even more so when xenophobic calls are used in election campaigns by many political parties,
Despite the almost catastrophic situation that has developed in the country, until 2002, provisions regarding the fight against manifestations of extremism not only among young people, but also in general were not enshrined in law. The law enforcement practice of the legislation “On countering extremism” is still imperfect. And although dozens of perpetrators of extremist crimes are arrested and convicted (more than 50 people were convicted in 2004), cases against their ideologists and inspirers are practically not initiated, or the investigation and trial are delayed so much that the statute of limitations expires.
Thus, the relevance of the problem of extremism among young people is determined not only by its danger to public order, but also by the fact that this criminal phenomenon tends to develop into more serious crimes, such as terrorism, murder, causing grievous bodily harm, and riots. Taking into account the above, it can be argued that the study of the problem of group extremism among young people has now acquired a particularly significant and urgent character.
In my classes, I try to explain to children the meaning of this term, and in every possible way I try to lead them to the idea that it is necessary to be more tolerant of people of other nationalities, faiths, and views.
At one of the classes, a discussion was held after watching an excerpt from the “Special Correspondent” program, namely the report “National Hatred.” After finishing the viewing, the children were asked the following questions:
What is the reason for the constant growing conflict between people of different cultures and nationalities?
What ways out of this situation do you see?
Analyzing the children's answers, we can conclude that the main reason in this conflict is misunderstanding, and even rejection of the culture of another people, as well as disrespect for the traditions of another country. The development of extremist ideas in the country was greatly facilitated by the creation of an image of internal tension in society by the media and communications. Violence and eroticism are increasingly being shown on television, which, from a socio-psychological point of view, contribute to the criminalization of modern life, especially affecting children, adolescents and young people. Teenagers and their consciousness, which have not yet been formed, perceive these ideas and beliefs especially actively.
The specific causes and conditions of juvenile extremism lie mainly in the areas of development and life activity of a teenager: family, school, work and his leisure time. Today, unfortunately, the causes of teenage extremism are:
· need, poverty in most families;
· a sharp decline in the family’s ability to protect children from bad influences and ensure the necessary level of their intellectual and moral development;
· an increase in the number of families characterized by extreme moral distress;
The crisis of the institution of family and family education, the suppression of the individuality of a teenager, both on the part of parents and teachers, leads to social and cultural infantilism, to social inadaptability, children begin to commit acts of an illegal or extremist nature. An aggressive parenting style produces aggressive youth.
In the field of education:
· disinterest of the school in retaining and involving each student in the active educational process, especially when a special approach is needed (a glaring phenomenon should be recognized as the fact that more than 1.5 million children and adolescents in Russia do not attend schools at all and do not study anywhere) ;
· the inability of the school to become an instrument for compensating for the shortcomings of family education, actively preventing crimes on the part of its students, etc.
On the second question, the children’s opinions were presented as follows: in order to reduce the growth of extremism among young people, it is necessary to organize leisure activities for children, namely, to make various sections for children more accessible. In this regard, they used their school as an example, which pays great attention to extracurricular activities6. A large number of sections operate on the basis of the gymnasium, for example, choreography, sports, children constantly participate in various social events (providing assistance to the Zubo-Polyansky orphanage, where disabled children live ).
Bibliography:
1. Baal N.B. Youth extremist organizations in post-Soviet Russia // History of state and law. 2007. No. 11. P. 26.
2. Verkhovsky A. The price of hatred. Nationalism in Russia and combating racist crimes. M., Eksmo. 2009. pp. 44 - 47.
3. Entelis G.S., Shchipanova G.D. Protest potential of Russian youth. M., Yurayt. 2007. P. 27;
4. Kozlov A.A. Youth extremism. SPb., Peter. 2008. – 498 pp. (76)
5. Kochergin R. O. Some aspects of the criminological substantiation of the existence of youth extremism based on national or religious characteristics: Criminological foundation of young people extremizm based on national and religious notes // Chelovek.2008. No. 1. P. 117 – 120.
6. Mamedov V. A. Extremist activities of youth skinhead groups // Problems of application of the norms of criminal procedural legislation of the Russian Federation in the activities of law enforcement agencies. Part 2. - Chelyabinsk, 2004. pp. 132 – 138.
7. Pavlinov A.V., Dyatlova E.Yu. Features of manifestations of extremism among youth and measures to counter it // Bulletin of the Vladimir Law Institute. 2008. No. 4. P. 208 – 210.
8. Khlebushkin, A.G. Extremism: criminal legal and criminal political analysis / A.G. Khlebushkin. - Saratov, 2007.
9. Chuprov V.I., Zubok Yu.A., Williams K. Youth in a risk society. M., Lawyer. 2006. P. 59;
10. Chuprov V.I. Political extremism and its prevention among students. Rostov-on-Don., Phoenix. 2003. P. 29.
The following classification of forms of manifestation of extremism does not raise objections:
political;
nationalist;
religious.
Political extremism involves violent actions aimed at changing the political system or policies pursued by the government of the state. Political extremism is usually justified by a variety of utopian social theories: from pseudo-revolutionary to fascist. In most cases, it is accompanied by various acts of terrorism, murders of political opponents, and attempts to destabilize the situation in the country.
Nationalist extremism acts under the slogans of protecting “one’s own people,” their economic interests, cultural values, national language, etc., as a rule, to the detriment of representatives of other nationalities living in this territory. It is noteworthy that, contrary to widespread belief, nationalist extremist ideas can be expressed not only by representatives of the most numerous nationality in the state, “indigenous” residents of certain cities or certain groups of citizens. So-called everyday nationalism, as a rule, can be observed in all segments of the population, and the fight against it should become a prevention of nationalist extremism.
Religious extremism is the denial of the system of religious values and dogmatic foundations traditional for society, as well as the aggressive propaganda of “ideas” that contradict them. In many, if not all, confessions, one can find religious ideas and corresponding actions of believers that are antisocial in nature, that is, to one degree or another, they express rejection of secular society and other religions from the standpoint of one or another religious belief. This is manifested, in particular, in the desire and desire of adherents of a certain confession to extend their religious ideas and norms to the entire society.
The main goal of religious extremism is the recognition of one’s own religion as the leading one and the suppression of other religious denominations through forcing them to their system of religious belief. The most ardent extremists set themselves the task of creating a separate state, the legal norms of which will be replaced by the norms of a religion common to the entire population. Religious extremism often merges with religious fundamentalism, the essence of which is the desire to recreate the fundamental foundations of “one’s own” civilization, cleansing it of alien innovations and borrowings, and returning it to its “true appearance.”
ON THE. Romanov builds a classification of extremist activities:
by subject (state, organizational group, individual);
objects of influence of extremism, the subject of which is the state (external and internal)
Youth extremism on the territory of the Russian Federation is a three-level system:
the first level, organizational, involves formal and informal membership in extremist organizations and movements (for example, in the movement of skinheads, football fans);
the second level, mental, is represented by extremist political culture, as well as destructive actions of the media (extremist ideas, value orientations);
the third level, behavioral, at which specific actions and actions of an extremist nature are manifested
Yu.M. Antonyan identifies such integral features of extremist consciousness among young people as:
dividing the world into two different groups “us” and “them”;
the transfer of negative traits of individuals to an entire social, religious or national group.
The age range of extremist-minded children, adolescents and youth groups ranges from 12-13 to 30 years, however, the greatest criminal activity is shown by adolescents and young men aged 15 to 18 years.
The common features of modern youth extremism are also:
increasing organization and cohesion of groups;
the formation of ideological, analytical and combat structures in groups;
strengthening secrecy measures;
using the latest information and communication technologies to spread their ideology and coordinate actions.
The peculiarities of youth extremism are also manifested in the fact that, as a rule, young people become the object of law enforcement activities only when they commit crimes classified as grave and especially grave. This is due to the fact that the age at which criminal liability begins for extremist crimes provided for by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is 16 years.
A peculiarity of the majority of youth extremist formations operating in Russia is that they are all politicized and, often, supported by the “mother” political organization, which organizes propaganda support for them, trying to form a positive political image for extremists and attract new layers of youth to their ranks.
The analysis of modern Russian youth extremist crime allows us to highlight the following criminological features:
1. Active participation of young people aged 14 to 30 years in organized mass extremist actions and their unification into informal youth organizations of extremist-nationalist orientation and extremist communities.
Currently, there are more than 300 disparate, sometimes contradictory in their ideological positions, youth extremist organizations with strict discipline and hierarchy in the Russian Federation.
Minors aged 14-18 years often become members of informal youth organizations of an extremist-nationalist orientation. Many members of youth extremist organizations are recent school graduates.
It is precisely the age from 14 to 18 years that is most optimal for absorbing radical nationalist, xenophobic and extremist ideas. Considering that it is teenage crime that forms the type of personality that will dominate and develop in the future, this fact is of particular concern.
It should also be noted that teenagers are increasingly acting not only as performers, but also as organizers of youth extremist organizations.
Moreover, recently, females have become members and even organizers of youth extremist organizations.
2. Expanding the geography of the extremist threat in the Russian Federation and increasing the number of nationalities, social groups, and youth subcultures - victims of extremism
According to the SOVA analytical center, the extremist threat currently covers 31 regions of Russia.
3. The murders of citizens of a different nationality or religion, foreign citizens committed in the Russian Federation are increasingly acquiring a serial, more cruel, sophisticated professional, mocking, ritual character, and the very commission of extremist acts is becoming not just an activity for the sake of curiosity, but the professional “work” of certain groups of persons.
4. Various kinds of public organizations, movements and associations: military-patriotic, military-sports, military-historical clubs are created for a specific, completely legitimate purpose, but in practice they pursue extremist-nationalist goals.
5. Extremist-nationalist movements seek to recruit into their ranks members of various aggressive youth subcultures, informal youth associations, groups, movements, as well as persons with previous convictions.
6. The desire of representatives of a number of radical parties, social movements and associations to manipulate for their political purposes members of these informal youth organizations of an extremist-nationalist orientation and even use them as combat structures.
7. Members of informal youth organizations of an extremist-nationalist orientation are increasingly armed and are increasingly using firearms and other types of weapons to achieve their goals, as well as committing terrorist acts.
Introduction
Chapter I. The concept of youth extremism
1.1 Youth extremist organizations in post-Soviet Russia
1.2 Deviant behavior in the mechanism of formation of criminal extremism among youth
Chapter II. Criminological characteristics of the causes, conditions and personality of an extremist
2.1 Determinants of the spread of youth extremism
2.2 Characteristics of the personality of an extremist
Chapter III. Countering youth extremism
3.1 Criminological problems of countering youth extremism
3.2 Possibilities of criminal legal measures to combat extremism
Conclusion
List of sources and literature
Relevance of the research topic. Significant political, economic and social transformations have taken place in Russia since the late 80s. last century had a significant impact on the emergence of new youth movements, movements and groups in the country.
Some of them, which arose at the very beginning as spontaneous, musical or other subcultural communities, gradually degenerated into well-organized aggressive groups. In the early 90s. XX century they already began to have a clearly extremist character, increasingly progressing in this direction. The internal organization of such groups was improved, the degree of ideological and physical training of personnel, as well as the technical equipment of the groups, improved, methods of conducting propaganda were mastered, and actions became better prepared and organized.
The scale of crimes committed by such youth groups continues to steadily creep up. In Russia, several hundred attacks and dozens of murders motivated by ethnic hatred are committed annually. In 2006 alone, more than 500 attacks were carried out motivated by national or racial hatred, during which 539 people were injured, 54 of whom died. It should also be noted that the level of radical nationalism in society has sharply increased.
Over the past few years, xenophobia in Russia has remained at a consistently high level; xenophobic calls are supported by 55-60% of Russian citizens surveyed by sociologists. All this is fraught with significant problems for the country, since not only groups, but also parties professing xenophobic views are appearing among young people. Currently in Russia there are about a dozen parties and movements preaching xenophobia and racism. Among young people, the most widespread is the skinhead movement, in which tens of thousands of teenagers and young people aged 14-25 participate. The level of street violence by representatives of skinhead groups is constantly growing, and these crimes themselves are becoming more and more daring. If earlier they killed in a gateway or a dark street, now murders are committed in the city center, in crowded places, in the subway, during the daytime (the murder of anti-fascist student T. Kacharav in St. Petersburg in November 2005, student V. Abrahamyants in the Moscow metro in April 2006). The danger of this phenomenon lies in the fact that such violence can cause retaliatory violence from anti-fascists, immigrants, and foreign students, which will lead to irreparable consequences.
It is also important that the activities of extremist groups and organizations significantly lower the prestige of the state and the authority of its competent authorities in the eyes of the world community, and even more so when xenophobic calls are used in election campaigns by many political parties,
Despite the almost catastrophic situation that has developed in the country, until 2002, provisions regarding the fight against manifestations of extremism not only among young people, but also in general were not enshrined in law. The law enforcement practice of the legislation “On countering extremism” is still imperfect. And although dozens of perpetrators of extremist crimes are arrested and convicted (more than 50 people were convicted in 2004), cases against their ideologists and inspirers are practically not initiated, or the investigation and trial are delayed so much that the statute of limitations expires.
Thus, the relevance of the problem of extremism among young people is determined not only by its danger to public order, but also by the fact that this criminal phenomenon tends to develop into more serious crimes, such as terrorism, murder, causing grievous bodily harm, and riots. Taking into account the above, it can be argued that the study of the problem of group extremism among young people has now acquired a particularly significant and urgent character.
The degree of scientific development of scientific research. Group youth extremism is a relatively new phenomenon for Russia, having barely completed its final formation, unlike England, where it originated back in the 50s and 60s. XX century. This determines the clearly insufficient level of development of this topic in the legal literature. The theoretical basis of the study was the works of famous scientific figures in the field of criminology, legal, general and social psychology, criminal and administrative law, sociology, political science, including: Ageev G.A., Ageeva Yu., Alekseev A.I., Aminov D. .I., Antonyan Yu.M., Bazhenov V.G., Bazhenova V.P., Belikov S.V., Vremeenko I.I., Gernet M.N., Dolgova A.I., Enikeev M.I., Zabryansky G.I., Zdravomyslov B.V., Karnets I.I., Kashapov R.P., Kozlov A.A., Kudryavtsev V.N., Minkovsky G.M., Oganyan R.E., Perov G.O. , Rarog A.I., Rivman D.V., Salishcheva N.G., Samygin S.I., Samygin P.S., Safin F.Yu., Sventsitsky A.L., Sidorenko E.N., Tarasov A. N., Ustinov V.S., Chufarovsky Yu.V., Chuchaev A.I., Eminov V.E., Yakimov A.Yu., et al.
At the same time, in our opinion, there are a number of unsolved problems related to the study and prevention of extremist crimes committed by young people as part of a group.
This study aims to purpose from a criminological position, namely, based on studying the history of group youth extremism, its current state and associated crimes, as well as the causes and conditions conducive to their commission, the identity of the participants and victims of this criminal phenomenon, to develop a set of effective measures to counter the manifestations group extremism among youth.
In the fight against group youth extremism, an important role is given to general social and special prevention, as well as individual prevention of these crimes. When developing preventive measures, the criminal-legal characteristics of crimes associated with youth extremism, data from the criminological characteristics of extremism and persons committing crimes of an extremist nature, and the cause-and-effect complex were taken into account.
Thus, the purpose of the study is to, on the basis of a comprehensive theoretical and practical analysis of the basic concepts and subjects of extremism, the history of its emergence, the current state of both the aspect and existing measures to counter it, the causes and conditions for the emergence of extremism among youth, to improve and finalize the means and methods for preventing crimes associated with this criminal act.
To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve a number of important tasks:
Analyze the degree of scientific development of the problem of group youth extremism;
Study the origins of the problem of extremism among young people and the history of the emergence of youth extremist groups;
To study the current state of youth extremism in Russia and the existing practice of combating crimes committed by youth extremist communities;
Conduct a study of the causes and conditions of the emergence and existence of group youth extremism;
Analyze the personality traits of criminals and victims, develop directions and measures for individual prevention;
To study the positive experience of preventing extremist crimes in order to improve measures to prevent group youth extremism;
Object of study is the illegal activity of extremist youth groups, as well as special and non-special entities to prevent extremism in Russia.
Subject of research there are separate aspects of the object - the state of group youth extremism and the criminological characteristics of the personality of a participant in an extremist group; causes and conditions conducive to extremist activity; general and special measures to prevent group youth extremism.
Methodology and research techniques are based on a general scientific dialectical characteristic of the phenomenon being studied using general scientific methods of cognition, as well as special methods: historical, logical, comparative legal, statistical, system-structural, concrete sociological, dogmatic and other methods of cognition.
Scientific novelty of this study is determined by the fact that in the work the problem of group youth extremism is considered as an independent phenomenon different from political or religious extremism. The novelty of the work also lies in the fact that the presented study is one of the few that examine extremist youth groups in the most complete scope. A significant novelty also lies in a comprehensive criminological analysis of all the main aspects of the problem of combating group youth extremism. It should also be noted that the work provides a classification and characteristics of the personality types of participants in youth extremist groups and types of groups, and also for the first time in this volume the personality of a victim of extremist crimes is examined. A set of measures of general social and special anti-criminal impact is proposed.
Modern Russian society is experiencing a transformation of its value system due to the modernization of public life. The processes of modernization of social life, caused by globalization, become factors stimulating tension in interethnic relations, which are accompanied by interethnic conflicts; various opposition groups emerge that achieve the desired result through terrorism.
In the context of a forced influx of migrants, young people are called upon to act as a conductor of the ideology of tolerance, the development of Russian culture and the strengthening of intergenerational and interethnic relations. Young people must be prepared to resist political manipulation and extremist calls.
However, it is precisely the younger generation of Russia that turned out to be the most culturally unprotected category of the population, which is in a kind of value and spiritual vacuum. We have to admit the fact that, along with the positive characteristics of the younger generation, alarming symptoms of the socio-political infantilism of youth began to appear; loss of national cultural identity; manifestations of individualism and egocentrism, authoritarian orientation in communication, demands for agreement with one’s own position while ignoring the point of view of others, deviant and delinquent behavior, militant nationalism; diversification of cultural and spiritual values, lack of life prospects and prospects for self-actualization among young people.
There are facts of disorganization of young people, their exposure to the influence of extremism, which destroys the traditional values of Russian national culture, the national cultures of other peoples, a trend in the growth of informal youth groups and associations, among which informal youth associations of extremist orientation are of particular concern. These associations contribute to the formation of attitudes among young people that deny many of the values of the existing society.
Thus, in educational institutions, activities to prevent youth extremism are of particular relevance. The effectiveness of the prevention of extremism directly depends on a clear and correct understanding of this complex social phenomenon. To understand, it is necessary, first of all, to know the meaning and content of the concept of “extremism”.
Eextremism (from Latin extremus) – commitment to extreme ideas, views and actions. It is characterized by violence or its threat, one-sidedness in the perception of problems and the search for ways to solve them, the desire to impose one’s principles and views, fanaticism, reliance on feelings, instincts, prejudices, inability or ignorance of tolerance and compromise. (Semigin G.Yu. Political Encyclopedia. M., 1999).
The concepts of “extremism”, “extremist organization”, “extremist materials” are enshrined in Art. 1 of the Federal Law of July 25, 2002 No. 114-FZ “On Combating Extremist Activities.”
Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. By extremist crimes we mean crimes committed on the grounds of political, ideological, racial, national or religious hatred or enmity, or on grounds of hatred or enmity against any social group.
The National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation states that the strategic goals of state and public security are the protection of the constitutional order, sovereignty, state and territorial integrity of the Russian Federation, fundamental rights and freedoms of man and citizen, the preservation of civil peace, political and social stability in society, the protection population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies.
The system is currently quite developed regulatory framework, regulating activities to prevent extremism:
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation.
2. Federal Law of July 25, 2002 No. 114-FZ “On Combating Extremist Activities” (as amended on November 23, 2015 No. 314-FZ).
3. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated March 23, 1995 No. 310 “On measures to ensure coordinated actions of public authorities in the fight against manifestations of fascism and other forms of political extremism in the Russian Federation” (as amended by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated November 3, 2004 No. 1392 ).
4. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (as amended on December 30, 2015 No. 441-FZ, as amended by the Resolutions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated July 16, 2015 No. 22-P).
5. “National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020”, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 683 of December 31, 2015.
Types of extremism
· Political extremism– extreme views regarding the political system, the organization of the form of government, propaganda of violent or aggressive (based on fear and submission to force) methods of establishing the defended form of power, up to political terror; intransigence, uncompromising attitude towards other political parties and the positions of opponents.
· Nationalist extremism– radical, intolerant ideas and actions towards representatives of other nationalities, nationalities, ethnic groups; the desire for political or physical elimination of the non-titular population; aggression, in extreme forms - terrorism against people of a different ethnic group.
· Religious extremism– strict rejection of the ideas of another religious denomination, aggressive attitude and behavior towards people of other faiths, propaganda of the inviolability, “truth” of one religious doctrine; the desire to eradicate and eliminate representatives of other faiths, up to and including physical extermination. In many cases, “religious extremism” refers to extremist activities carried out by religious associations or carried out using religious slogans and appeals.
· Teenage extremism– views and types of behavior of young people based on the cultivation of the principle of force, aggression towards others, up to and including violence and murder. It manifests itself in adolescents and youth in intransigence towards dissidents, especially towards representatives of certain youth movements, in the desire to create a totalitarian community based on subordination.
· Environmental extremism– radical views regarding organizations and enterprises that contribute to the deterioration of the environmental situation. It manifests itself in actions and sabotage against the perpetrators of environmental crimes, in picketing and demonstrations for environmental protection. Representatives of environmental extremism use extreme, even terrorist, means in order to draw public attention to the most pressing and painful environmental problems. For example, radical measures can manifest themselves, in particular, in attacks on persons wearing animal fur.
· Anti-globalist extremism– radical views and aggressive behavior towards organizations influencing globalization in the economic, political, cultural space. Intransigence to the creation of a single market, political and economic monopolies. Extremists in the anti-globalization movement are prone to organizing mass unrest and using direct violence to fight transnational companies and international economic and political institutions of a global nature.
· Moral extremism– extreme intolerance towards moral norms and rules of behavior of a certain type, allowing violence to establish a promoted set of moral requirements, virtues, commandments. Examples include harsh criticism of promiscuity, foul language, wearing outrageous clothing, and non-compliance with religious and secular “codes of honor.”
Only after understanding reasons and sources the emergence of extremism among young people, it is possible in the educational process to create organizational, substantive and socio-psychological conditions for countering the extremist attitudes of the personality of the younger generation.
The position and role in society of young people, as a socio-demographic group, with certain age characteristics, needs, interests, values and place in the social structure, which is in the stage of socialization, assimilation of a system of norms, knowledge, abilities, skills that allow them to be an active full member of society , are directly determined by the nature of socio-political processes and economic relations, traditions, and the specific historical situation.
Extremism is generated contradictions, arising as a result of socio-economic crises, deformation of political and ideological institutions, a sharp drop in living standards, and deterioration in the social prospects of a significant part of the population, especially young people.
The emergence of informal groups and their rapid growth signals that in society there are serious problems, contradictions, and a discrepancy between the potential, interests and demands of young people and the opportunities provided by the state and society.
The processes of changing traditions in society and the age-related desire of young people for independence and independence have contributed to the weakening of young people’s ties with society.
The absence of authoritative mass public youth organizations that unite and educate the younger generation on positive models and the desire of young people for a “new ideal order of life” through the denial of the existing order, has led to a rapid increase in the number of informal groups in which the need of youth for consolidation, self-realization, including creative realization.
The ongoing processes of globalization require the readiness of young people to live in new conditions, but the socio-cultural conditions of society do not always contribute to the formation of this readiness. This causes contradictions in the value crisis and the culture of interethnic communication.
The situation is aggravated by the fact that the urgent problems in society of strengthening the institution of family education, improving the system of public education, and organizing cultural and leisure activities for the younger generation are being resolved extremely slowly.
However, the reasons for the emergence of extremism among young people lie not only in social conditions. Its nature is also closely related to a number of personality traits. Namely, the source of extremism, as a general ideology of extreme intolerance towards dissidents, largely lies in intellectual And moral limitations of the individual defending similar views.
Intellectual and moral limitations give rise to the feeling that only I and my community are the owners of absolute truth, which is seen as closed and final (“There are two opinions: mine and the wrong” is a typical motto of a low intellectually developed person).
The higher a person rises in knowledge, the more clearly he realizes the inexhaustibility of the world and the forms of knowledge about it, the more tolerant he is towards the “truths” and theories of oppositional communities. A person who has a high level of intellectual and moral development is prone to reflection and self-criticism, analysis of the situation, the “pros” and “cons” of the subject of attention.
Peremptory statements, intolerance to criticism, unwillingness to listen and inability to understand an opponent are signs of a limited person who is accustomed to obeying strength and natural survival instincts rather than reason. From these positions, everything “other” is regarded as a threat to its existence, dominance and requires elimination according to the principle of natural selection.
The most important reason for extremist, intolerant, aggressive attitudes is psychological barrier "one's own - someone else's" fear of "unlike yourself." This is due to the presence of characteristics of the human psyche, which serve as the basis for the formation of an attitude towards aggression towards the “other”.
The first feature is that people who are similar to us seem more attractive and safer to us than those who are different from us. Belonging to a group of people gives a person a sense of confidence and self-worth. In principle, people can unite around any idea, even the most absurd one. In this case, “others” and “not like that” are also needed, but only in order to have a stronger sense of belonging to “one of our own.”
The second feature is that some people, consciously or unconsciously shift responsibility for your life on someone else: “everything is to blame...” Psychologically, this works as a way of protection and self-justification from one’s own failures.
When this is complemented by socio-psychological instability, manifestations of intolerance, aggression, xenophobia, even extremism, can develop to an even more obvious degree.
Xenophobia as the psychological basis of fear of a foreign culture, it is the central psychological mechanism for the formation and manifestation of intolerant attitudes and prejudices. This is an important psychological reason for interethnic conflicts and wars, since it always gives rise to a harsh response. Xenophobia is also a convenient tool of manipulation, which nationalist movements successfully use.
In crisis situations in society, xenophobia acquires a widespread character and a variety of forms, for example, ethnophobia(anti-Semitism, Caucasian phobia, Russophobia, Gypsy phobia, etc.), religious phobias, phobias in relation to various social groups (for example, migrant phobia).”
Therefore, one of the most important tasks in overcoming the psychological barrier “friend or foe” among the younger generation is the task of forming their socio-psychological stability.
Social and psychological stability presupposes resistance to the diversity of the world, to ethnic, cultural, social and ideological differences. It is expressed through a system of social attitudes and value orientations and is based on the ability to maintain neuropsychic balance in a variety of life situations.
The key concepts for considering the problem of extremism among young people are the following categories:
· negative ethnic identity
· interethnic tension
· intolerance
· nationalism
· chauvinism
xenophobia
The uncontrolled development of each of them can lead to the most tragic consequences.
The age range of extremist-minded children, adolescents and youth groups ranges from 12-13 to 30 years, however, the greatest criminal activity is shown by adolescents and young men aged 15 to 18 years.
The main features of modern youth extremism are:
· increasing organization and cohesion of groups;
· formation of ideological, analytical and combat structures in groups;
· strengthening secrecy measures;
· use of the latest information and communication technologies to disseminate their ideology and coordinate actions.
There is an active strengthening of interregional and international ties between extremist organizations. The spread of extremism on nationalist grounds among young people is a serious concern. The increase in group manifestations in youth crime is one of the most important factors when assessing the overall criminogenic impact on young people.
There is a sharp intensification of their illegal activities, a desire to commit serious crimes that cause a great public outcry: murders of foreign students, migrants, daring, demonstrative administrative offenses, as well as a transition from hooliganism to carrying out terrorist acts.
This is important because, according to experts, the share of group crimes among young people will increase in the near future. We are talking, first of all, about an increase in the number of youth criminal groups, about the growing scale of youth involvement in criminal groups of repeat offenders from older age groups, as well as a noticeable increase in “mixed” criminal groups with the participation of youth and teenagers. The latter means an increasing influence of young criminals on juvenile delinquency.
The peculiarities of youth extremism are also manifested in the fact that, as a rule, young people become the object of law enforcement activities only when they commit crimes classified as grave and especially grave (murder, causing grievous harm to health, etc.). This is due to the fact that the age at which criminal liability begins for extremist crimes under Art. 148, 149, part 1 213, 243, 244, 280, 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation - 16 years. Channels for the spread of extremism Among teenagers and young people there are street groups of teenagers and informal youth groups and associations.
There is no deep commitment to ideology in the street gang's extremist activities; illegal actions committed by members of these groups are most often simply an outburst of aggression.
Informal group - a group whose activities are determined primarily by the activity of its members, and not by instructions from any authorities. Informal groups play an important role in the lives of children, adolescents and young people, satisfy their informational, emotional and social needs: they provide the opportunity to learn things that are not so easy to talk about with adults, provide psychological comfort, and teach them how to fulfill social roles.
Characteristic features of informal youth groups and associations:
The diversity of various types of informal groups is associated with various forms of youth subculture and its internal dynamics. Subculture refers to small cultural worlds - a system of values, attitudes, ways of behavior and lifestyle that is inherent in a smaller social community, spatially and socially isolated to a greater or lesser extent. The range of goals and interests in such groups, the principles of their functioning and the nature of their activity is quite wide. However, informals can successfully fit into the process of democratization of society, or they can become a destabilizing factor, speaking from nihilistic positions and demonstrating open opposition to law enforcement agencies and authorities.
Typology of informal youth associations can be conditionally represented by several social groups of public associations: prosocial, asocial, antisocial.
Prosocial groups (“green”, associations for the protection of monuments, voluntary squads of the YID, YUDPI, volunteers, etc.) These groups are characterized by social activity, socially approved activities, for example, participation in solving environmental problems, protecting monuments, etc.
Antisocial groups most common:
· directions of hip-hop culture: breakdancing, graffiti, MC art, DJing, rap music; rock music; original song;
· extreme skating: skateboard, roller sports, extreme cycling; informal auto-moto movement: biker (moto) movement, drag racing (car racing);
"fan" movement: fans of sports clubs, fan clubs of pop stars; cheerleading; “club culture”;
· game informal sports : sox, frisbee, etc.;
· punks, majors, etc.
These groups stand apart from social problems, but do not pose a threat to society.
Antisocial groups: associations (groupings) on a territorial basis, youth organizations of an extremist orientation: nationalist-racist, religious, political.
Organizations of a nationalist-racist orientation, first of all, include the skinhead movement.
Skinheads – from the English skinhead. A characteristic feature of the skinhead movement in Russia is the merging of some groups with the criminal environment. This happens because some of the group leaders have a criminal record and adhere to “thieves’” traditions.
Cases of skinheads merging with football fans who are aggressive raise serious concerns.
Currently, there is an increase in the activity of a number of religious associations that cultivate religious fanaticism, which is based on perverted spiritual canons. The greatest danger today is posed by supporters of a non-traditional trend of Islam for Russian Muslims - Wahhabism.
Leaders and ideologists of the Wahhabi movement consider work among Russian youth to be one of the main directions of their activity. In a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, there are so-called Islamic youth centers and Islamic youth camps, where members of international terrorist and extremist organizations (Hizbut-Tahrir, IMU, Refah, Al-Fatah, NUR, etc.) ) training in radical Islam, recruitment and involvement of citizens in extremist formations are carried out.
Another religious movement in whose ranks there is a large number of young people is Satanists.
Among the most famous associations of Satanists of our time we can name: the Church of Satan, the International Association of Luciferians of the Celtic-Eastern Rite, the Green Order, the Black Angel, the Southern Cross, the cult of Pallas Athena, the cult of Isis, the Goths.
To the number extremist political organizations and movements that are most active on the territory of Russia, aiming to change the constitutional system in Russia, include party "Russian National Unity" (RNE), which is a large right-wing political organization.
In recent years, in a number of cities and regions, activity has been noted among RNU followers, whose activities, as a rule, consist of distributing materials popularizing the ideas of RNU and containing calls for joining this organization. However, in a number of regions there were actions by RNU supporters directly aimed at inciting ethnic hatred.
What are causes involving teenagers in informal associations and groups? Why do teenagers become members of informal associations, what do they find there?
One of main reasons Involving teenagers in informal associations is the age-related need to communicate with peers and grouping. In adolescence, a person feels like an individual, thinks about his “I”: what is “I”? Am I like everyone else? I'm not like others? There is a need to find oneself, to imitate the formed ideal, to realize the rapidly emerging “sense of adulthood.”
It is in adolescence that the need for friendship, for the feeling of being needed by another, for security, understanding, sympathy, empathy, respect from peers, for their positive assessment, sharply manifests itself. A teenager needs an environment where there is an opportunity to be accepted for who he is, the opportunity to “be like everyone else”: in clothes, in behavior, in slang, in the peculiar values of culture (or pseudoculture) - in certain music, painting, books, videos. etc. And it’s difficult for a teenager who by this time does not feel like a full member of the class team, a children’s group of interests, and does not have the opportunity to gain popularity and recognition. His life is not filled with bright events and impressions, or the teenager is in the position of an outcast among his peers, unloved among teachers and at home (and not only from dysfunctional families, but also from apparently prosperous ones, where there are all the material conditions for life and development, but no warmth and comfort).
And then informal groups become the environment where a teenager can realize his individual aspirations, for example, for leadership or conformity, for self-realization in certain types of activities, and get answers to those questions that he does not receive answers to either at school or in the family .
Thus, having studied the nature of adolescents’ involvement in informal groups, examining the possible causes of extremist manifestations in the teenage environment, taking into account the age-related needs of this category of youth, an educational institution, being a center of multinational cultures, can determine a system of measures to develop socio-psychological stability in students, tolerant consciousness, prevention of teenage extremism.
It is necessary that this system of measures must include:
When working with adolescents and youth, it is important to take into account that risk dominant in behavioral models is a general characteristic of modern Russian youth. In relation to such phenomena as extremism, constant prevention and containment are required.
Chairman of the Commission E.N. Tyulyaeva
One of the most important areas of preventive work is the prevention of extremism among young people. This is also due to the fact that, according to the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, on average up to 80 percent of participants in extremist groups are people under the age of 30.
As a rule, young people become the object of law enforcement activities only after committing crimes classified as grave and especially grave (murder, causing grievous bodily harm, etc.). That is why the main task of working among young people is the prevention of extremism, i.e. taking measures aimed at preventing extremist activity, including identifying and subsequently eliminating the causes and conditions conducive to extremist activity.
Basic normative legal acts, concepts necessary for carrying out work on the prevention of extremism among young people
The effectiveness of the prevention of extremism directly depends on a clear and correct understanding of this complex social phenomenon. To understand, it is necessary, first of all, to know the meaning and content of the concept of extremism. The concept of “extremism” is defined and mentioned in regulatory legal acts, including:
Using the above regulatory framework, it is possible to identify the main characteristics of extremism. Thus, in accordance with the Federal Law of July 25, 2002 No. 114-FZ “On Combating Extremist Activities”,
Extremist activity (extremism) is:
Extremist organization- this is a public or religious association in respect of which, on the grounds provided for by this Federal Law, the court made a decision that has entered into legal force to liquidate or prohibit its activities in connection with the implementation of extremist activities.
Extremist materials– these are documents intended for publication that call for the implementation of extremist activities, or justify the need for such activities. This may include: the works of the leaders of the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany, the Fascist Party of Italy, publications that substantiate or justify national or racial superiority, or justify the practice of committing military or other crimes aimed at the complete or partial destruction of any ethnic, social, racial , national or religious group.
Extremist motivation- this is a motivation based on group solidarity, awareness of oneself as a member of a privileged group that has the right to suppress “outsiders” in various forms.
Extreme behavior- these are extreme ways to achieve social justice, some benefits, privileges, both for oneself and for deprived social groups.
Prevention of extremism– this is a system of certain measures aimed at preventing extremist activity when it has not yet been carried out (propaganda and public demonstration of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols are not carried out, public calls for extremist activities are not carried out, etc.).
Terrorism is an extreme manifestation of extremism, a phenomenon associated with violence, threatening the life and health of citizens.
Nationalism is a form of social unity based on the idea of national superiority and national exclusivity.
Racism is a set of concepts based on the principles of the physical and mental inequality of human races and the decisive influence of racial differences on the history and culture of human society.
Fascism- this is an ideology and practice that asserts the superiority and exclusivity of a certain nation or race and is aimed at inciting national intolerance, discrimination, the use of violence and terrorism, and the establishment of the cult of the leader.
Tolerance- means respect, acceptance and correct understanding of the rich diversity of cultures of our world, forms of self-expression and ways of manifesting human individuality (translated as “tolerance”).
Volunteering (volunteering)– voluntary charitable work of people for the benefit of those in need of help, conscious activity to transform social reality, subject to the involvement of citizens in this activity on a voluntary basis.
Extremism, as a rule, is based on a certain ideology. Signs of extremism contain only such ideologies that are based on the assertion of exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of a person on the basis of social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion, as well as ideas of political, ideological, racial, national or religious hatred or enmity in in relation to any social group.
Extremism can be carried out by people who have very different social or property status, national and religious affiliation, professional and educational level, age and gender groups, and so on.
At the same time, it is necessary to distinguish extremism from the activities of opposition political parties, representatives of religions and confessions, national and ethnic communities as such. Their non-extremist activities are carried out in any forms provided for and not provided for by law. The forms of extremist activity are precisely defined in the legislation; their list is exhaustive and is not subject to broad interpretation.
In order to prevent extremism among young people, extremist groups should be distinguished from informal youth associations. Informal associations do not have clear membership and are usually considered as formations that unite young people on the basis of a subculture (Latin sub - “under” + culture).
Existing informal teenage and youth associations can be typologized into: hedonistic-entertainment (“enjoyment and entertainment”); sports and competition; career guidance; escapist (“withdrawal from the world”); mystagogical (“introducing into mystery”, associated with spiritual quests); commercialized (formed to achieve profit); subcultures of social intervention (all subcultures focused on improving or changing the existing social system or its elements); adjoining leadership and managerial ones; criminally oriented.
Extremist (radical) organizations usually declare what they are fighting against and what legal or illegal methods they intend to use. For example, “skinhead” groups are formed, in most cases, from among young people living in the same microdistrict or studying in the same educational institution. “Informal” leaders, who initially have hooligan motives for committing illegal actions against foreign citizens, unite young people around themselves, and subsequently, by promoting the ideology of radical structures, incite people who do not have a stable worldview to commit crimes on national grounds and racial hatred. It should be noted that skinhead groups mainly include young people who are not engaged in any socially useful activities, who do not attend sports sections, clubs, or other institutions of additional education. Marginal families are rare in this environment. As a rule, these are children who are financially secure, but have limited communication with their parents due to their constant employment.
Experts note that the most vulnerable environment for the penetration of extremist ideas are school students with an unformed and easily influenced psyche. After graduating from school, teenagers enter universities and colleges and fall under the influence of various political structures working for the region.
The main preventive task is to identify and prevent the commission of crimes of an extremist nature by schoolchildren.
The majority of schoolchildren have a negative attitude towards such phenomena as extremism and terrorism. The basis of this attitude is the rejection of cruelty, an understanding of the inadmissibility of intrusion into a person’s personal life. Schoolchildren prefer “civilized” ways of interacting with authorities. To protect their interests, they will turn to the media (more than half of respondents), courts and human rights organizations (every third). Every fifth person admits the possibility of their own participation in strikes and rallies. At the same time, despite the negative attitude towards such phenomena as extremism and terrorism, the study of value orientations shows that such an attitude is not sustainable. The value orientations of students “allow” forcible methods of influence. Most of the students surveyed are inclined to admit the blame for failures not on themselves, but on the state, employer, external circumstances, etc. The inability to implement their plans becomes a significant basis for social dissatisfaction and, as a consequence, the basis for extremist sentiments and actions.
The study records that schoolchildren for the most part oppose nationalism. However, quite often they have to deal with negative attitudes towards migrants: half have witnessed ethnic intolerance towards representatives of non-indigenous nationalities. Only one in four of the schoolchildren surveyed would stand up for a person who is insulted because of his nationality or religion. It is worth noting that young people’s tolerance towards religious groups is much higher than national ones. This may be explained by the relatively low, primarily institutional, involvement of young people in religious life, and, on the contrary, frequent everyday contacts with migrants. In the opinion of a group of researchers, low tolerance towards migrants is a serious risk factor for the development of extremist sentiments.
Such passivity, as noted in the study, and indifference to protecting one’s own interests, combined with a life crisis and in the presence of a leader who will promote extremism, can be a decisive factor for young people to join extremist groups.
Thus, the main task of state bodies, local governments, and all healthy forces in society is to ensure the prevention of extremism in order to eliminate or minimize the very possibility of the emergence and development of extremism among young people.
In accordance with Art. 2 of the Federal Law of July 25, 2002 No. 114-FZ “On Combating Extremist Activities”, countering (i.e. suppression and prevention) extremist activities is based on the following principles:
These basic principles are decisive when choosing means and methods of responding to facts and circumstances that have signs of extremism.
The most common forms of implementing measures to prevent extremism in educational institutions are:
Implementation of programs on civic-patriotic education, physical development, and the formation of a healthy lifestyle for children and youth. Based on the analysis of the results of military-patriotic work, several areas can be identified that have the greatest impact on the formation of the tolerant consciousness of young people, the prevention of extremism and xenophobia.
Among them:
In work on patriotic education, more attention should be paid to professional activity and sociocultural areas. Such work can be carried out by local history museums and art clubs. Love for the native land, its culture and customs, interest in folk traditions form the basis of a patriotic attitude towards one’s small Motherland and the country as a whole.
Carrying out activities to support national cultures. In most municipalities, such events are traditional and carried out with serious preparation. The significance of these events is most clearly felt in municipalities located in areas bordering other republics, as well as in places where various national and cultural groups traditionally live. Supporting national and cultural traditions in a municipality prevents the development of fertile soil for the manifestation of extremism on a national basis.
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