Phonetics is a capricious lady, although interesting. It's no secret that all sounds in the Russian language are divided into consonants and vowels. The former, in turn, are divided into voiced and voiceless, soft and hard. This classification is based on the way we pronounce sounds and the characteristics of our articulatory apparatus. So how can you tell them all apart?
1st grade begins to study soft and hard consonant sounds at the very beginning of the Russian language course. But in order to distinguish some phonemes from others, you must first understand what the difference is between them and vowels.
Vowel sounds are pronounced only with the voice. You can sing them, stretch them out - this is exactly how teachers explain to children at school. When the air leaving the lungs passes through the trachea, larynx, and oral cavity, it does not encounter any obstacles. When we talk about consonants, to pronounce them you need to use your lips, teeth and tongue - they all participate in the process, so to speak.
Comparing consonants and vowels by their sound, we notice the following trend: when vowels, as mentioned above, are sounded only with the help of one voice, then the consonants still contain noise created by the interference that the air has to encounter when pronouncing them. This is their main difference. Unvoiced sounds are pronounced only with this very noise, while in voiced sounds a voice is also added to it. Compare, for example, the pronunciation of the words “grotto” and “mole” or “house” and “tom”. In both cases, the first letters are the letters of hard consonants, voiced and unvoiced, respectively.
Now that we already know a little about the differences in consonants, let's move on to our main topic.
The best way to learn is by example, right? And again let's turn to the comparison: let's say the following pairs of words:
Racket rack, bun bureau, mother - ball, vine - ice, tower - view.
There is some difference in the way we pronounce consonants. Is not it? It is determined by vowel sounds that come after consonants. The words are specially selected so that the sounds we need are in the same position in all examples. In this case, they show all their diversity. Say it again, slowly. Do you feel how the tongue, in those words where the consonants sound softer, does not rest against the palate, but seems to relax and become flat? This can be considered main feature, which our hard consonants have during articulation.
Well, now let's move on to a specific theory. Hard consonants - a table that will consist of two parts. The first thing you need to remember is that the hardness or softness of a sound is determined by its neighboring vowel. When after the letter there is a, o, y, s , then the sound it denotes will definitely be hard (mitten, stomp, lips, played), and if there are e, e, yu, i, and , the consonant will sound softer (blizzard, doggie, mint, Kyiv). Thus, we can say that there is no point in memorizing all hard consonants. Almost all of them are paired. This property was shown in the first row of words, where we learned to distinguish between solid and soft sounds. Therefore, everything depends on this very vowel.
Another question is how to deal with unpaired consonants. There are very few of these in the Russian language: w, w, c . No matter how hard you try, you won't be able to say them softly. Even if after them those vowels that are usually used with soft consonants are written: ramrod - rustling - chic, creepy - liquid - tin, price - circus - king. These consonants are contrasted with unpaired h, sch, th , which will sound soft in all cases: chock - thicket - cleaning, cheeks - squint - crushed stone, yot - yogurt.
In this situation, you need to understand that the rule of following a vowel with them does not apply to unpaired hard consonant sounds. The table, which can be compiled for better assimilation of the material, in any case, will consist of two parts - paired, the equivalent of which can always be found by changing the vowel, and unpaired, living by their own rules.
Now let's move on to methods of studying and memorizing. 1st grade remembers hard consonants reluctantly - it’s too boring. But there is always a way to increase efficiency by getting the student interested unusual shape work even with such theoretical and unnecessary, at first glance, material. Various pictures, diagrams, drawings and games with word choice will come to our aid.
Let's make cards, perhaps. You will need two sheets of colored paper or colored cardboard. The main thing is that they are contrasting. We cut out identical clouds, balls, figures - whatever comes to your mind. Then we connect the two figures with glue so that these very contrasting sides are on the outside. And then, with the participation of your little helper, on one side we write vowels that are friendly with soft consonants, and on the other - with hard consonants. In order not to forget anything at all, you can also place unpaired and paired ones next to each other, respectively. When everything is at hand, it is much easier.
Next, we draw something that can help create an association - a brick on cardboard with hard sounds written on it, and a feather with soft phonemes. Or something else like that. Having before my eyes specific example, the student will probably learn the information better. Later, for reinforcement, you can ask your student to distinguish between hard and soft sounds in written words. different colors- red and blue, for example, so that you can easily check his homework.
To prepare the signs mentioned above, you still need to have some kind of material. Hard consonant sounds - a table that you can rely on to make sure you don’t get confused. For convenience, it contains paired and unpaired sounds in terms of hardness and softness. By the way, if we want to indicate the softness of a sound, in phonetic transcription, for example, an apostrophe is placed after it.
In this table, all phonemes at the top are hard. Below are their soft counterparts. True, we have three cases when the sound does not have a pair. This means it is never soft.
Shall we continue to practice? Let's give more examples of words where the same consonant sound appears in a hard or soft position. One more nuance. In addition to those very vowels that influence a consonant, it can be softened or made hard by a soft and hard sign, respectively. Let's not forget about this in our next task.
Beaver - white, blizzard - goalkeeper, city - helium, entrance - clerk, giraffe, winter - teeth, whale cat, horse - lemonade, zhmenya - sea, Neptune - rhinoceros, steamboat - break, decision-novel, owl - family, cake - theme, film-photography, halva - diagram, chicken, hat.
Determine the words from the presented pair that demonstrate soft or hard consonants. As you can see, the letters used to designate them are still the same. Please note that in some words, hardness and softness are influenced not only by vowels, but also by consonants that stand next to our sound. In addition, you can also ask your child to come up with examples for unpaired consonants, so that he can see for himself that they are only hard. Yet own experience a far clearer confirmation than any memorized theory.
To study the topic of soft and hard consonants, you can offer the student another game like this. It's very simple. In front of him is a series of words, from which only hard consonants need to be written out. And then, inserting vowels into them, come up with some word. For example, there are a number of words: pickles - footman - knives. We write out the consonants: s, l, n, add vowels. And the first thing that comes to mind is the short but capacious word “elephant”. Shall we continue?
In conclusion, I would like to remind you that under no circumstances should you say “hard consonants.” Only sounds are like that. And their designations are absolutely the same as in the case of soft ones (this was clear from the table above). Now that you have all the material in your hands, all that remains is to practice. You can find a huge amount on the Internet various games and exercises to determine the type of consonants. And, of course, you can re-read the material on the topic “Hard consonant sounds” several times - the table presented in the article will help systematize all our knowledge. It will be much easier to repeat with her.
Do not forget to give new examples for each paired and unpaired sound, so that our student himself learns to compare the different sounds of consonant phonemes. It sometimes depends not only on the subsequent vowel or soft and hard sign, but also on neighboring consonants, which, depending on their hardness or softness, can also influence the original sound. It's not as complicated as it seems. More games and practice - and everything will definitely work out.
Consonants in in different words sound different. Somewhere it’s hard, and somewhere it’s soft. In this lesson we will learn to distinguish between soft and hard consonant sounds and to indicate the softness of consonant sounds in writing with the letters I, E, E, Yu, I and b. Let's find out which consonants form hard-soft pairs, and which are only hard or only soft.
Compare the first consonants. When pronouncing the sound in the word KIT, the middle part of the tongue rises to the palate, the passage through which air flows narrows, and a sound is obtained, which scientists conventionally call soft. And the opposite sound was called - solid.
Let's complete the task. You need to put the vegetables in two baskets. In the first place we put those whose names contain some soft sounds, in the second those in whose names all consonant sounds are hard. Beets, turnips, eggplant, cabbage, onions, tomatoes, onions, pumpkin, cucumber.
Let's check. In the first basket they put: beets(sound [v’]), turnip(sound [r’]), tomato(sound [m’]),cucumber(sound [r’]). Second: cabbage, pumpkin, eggplant, onion .
It is important to listen to the sounds of spoken words. If you say the word NOS otherwise - with solid first sound, we get a completely different word - NOSE.
Let's listen and watch the movement of our tongue:
row - sound [p’] - rad - sound [p]
hatch - sound [l’] - bow - sound [l]
Rice. 3. Bow ( )
crumpled - sound [m’] - small - sound [m]
Sounds can be written (conventionally) using icons. Musical sounds are written in notes, and speech sounds are written in letters, but in special square brackets - in transcription. In order not to confuse hard and soft sounds when reading the transcription, scientists agreed to show the softness of the sound with an icon very similar to a comma, only they put it on top.
Most consonant sounds form pairs based on softness and hardness:
Some consonants are only hard or only soft. They do not form pairs in terms of hardness/softness:
Only hard consonants: [zh], [w], [ts]. Only soft consonants: [th’], [h’], [w’].
Let's complete the task: indicate the paired sound.
[z] - ? [and] - ? [R'] - ? [h’] - ? [With'] - ? [l] - ? Let’s check the correctness of the task: [z] - [z’]; [r’] - [r]; [s’] - [s]; [l] - [l’]. [zh], [h’] - unpaired sounds in terms of softness and hardness.
In writing, the hardness of consonant sounds is indicated by the vowels A, O, U, Y, E, and the softness of consonant sounds is indicated by the vowels E, Yo, I, Yu, Ya.
There are words with soft consonant sounds at the end of words or in the middle of words before other consonant sounds. Listen to the words: salt, horse, notebook, coat, ring, letter. Then a soft sign will come to the rescue. Even his name suggests - a sign soft, for soft consonants.
Let’s make a reminder on how to act when writing words:
I hear a hard consonant sound - after it I write the letters in place of the vowel sound: A, O, U, Y, E.
I hear a soft consonant sound before a vowel sound - I indicate its softness with vowels: E, Yo, I, Yu, Ya.
I hear a soft sound at the end of a word or before a consonant sound - I show softness b.
Rice. 5. Hard and soft consonants ()
So, today we learned that consonant sounds can be soft and hard, and the softness of consonant sounds in writing in Russian is indicated by the letters i, e, e, yu, i and ь.
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Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy said that there is nothing sedimentary or crystalline in the Russian language; everything excites, breathes, lives. Such "liveness" of our native language, is the merit of the words included in it. But before you learn to use them, you need to learn the letters and sounds. They will be discussed in this article.
When learning a language with your child, you need to clearly make him understand the differences between oral and in writing. To do this, it is important to give him the concept of what a sound is and what a letter is.
Sounds are what we perceive with our ears. Our brain easily separates what relates to speech from other sounds and interprets them into images. We can write down the sounds of speech in letters, forming words from them.
A letter is a graphic symbol of the alphabet, thanks to which we can display on paper what we hear by ear. But here lies a very big difficulty for the child. After all, the number of sounds and letters that reproduce them on paper in different words may differ in one direction or the other.
IMPORTANT: We hear and can produce sounds with our speech apparatus. We can see and write letters! Sounds exist in all languages. Even in those where there is no written language.
In a word like "chair" letters correspond to sounds. But, in the word "sun", the letter "L" not pronounced. Letters are also not pronounced "Kommersant" And "b". They only slightly change the pronunciation of the words in which they are used.
There is also such a “school” word as "Compass". In which instead of sound [AND] sound is pronounced [s].
There are still a lot of words in the Russian language that are pronounced differently from how they are written in letters. Therefore, it is very important for a child to learn to correctly understand this difference.
Language is the main invention of mankind. Moreover, for every nation that has created its own language, it is distinguished by the characteristics peculiar to this people. At a certain stage in the development of a community that a particular people uses, there appears a need to record speech sounds combined into words and sentences. This is how writing appeared, and at the same time the alphabet. That is, a set of all the letters used in writing, standing in strict order.
The alphabet of the Russian language contains 33 letters and looks like this:
The alphabet is the basis of any language that everyone who studies it needs to know. Is it possible to learn to speak without knowing the alphabet? Certainly. But, in addition to the ability to express your thoughts, you need to learn to write and read. And this is impossible to do without knowing the alphabet.
Today, children have a lot of different aids for learning the alphabet. You can buy special flash cards, magnets, and a small primer that your child can take with him on walks or trips.
In our computerized era, electronic gadgets can also be called upon to help in learning the alphabet. Type letters in text apps and name the sounds that teach them. You can use your imagination and use graphic editors, change fonts and add fills. Create your own alphabet that will be interesting to your child. Then learning will go faster and more efficiently.
INTERESTING: Teachers have come up with a very interesting and exciting way to learn the alphabet. Dedicate each new day in your family to one of the letters of the alphabet. Of course, we shouldn’t forget about the rest. Bake buns in the shape of letters, make letters from plasticine with your child, draw them, assemble them from counting sticks. Be sure to talk about the letter the day is dedicated to and give examples of its use.
Introducing a child to the alphabet is very exciting activity. But this is only one of the first steps in mastering the language. To continue studying its elementary units, you need to learn how to divide them according to their characteristics.
Those letters that are pronounced drawlingly are called vowels.
We have already clarified the difference between the elementary particles of language.
Letters I, Yo, Yu, E - iotized. They involve one or two sounds.
From this table, this difference can be seen again:
INTERESTING: By the way, about the letter “Y”. Today it is mistakenly believed that Karamzin introduced it into our alphabet. But that's not true. This was done by the director of the St. Petersburg Academy, Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, on November 18, 1783 at a meeting on the occasion of the creation of the first explanatory dictionary in Russia. She suggested changing the letters “IO” to one “E”.
For example: sn e g, st ý l, shk A f
For example: To ABOUT rzina (heard instead of ABOUT, sound A), m E dva d (In the first unstressed vowel sound instead E, can be heard AND), pl E cho (vowel sound AND is heard instead E).
IMPORTANT: Stress is not placed in words with one syllable and in words with a letter Yo.
Vowels Yotated letters Ya, Yu, E, Yo soften the consonant sound in front of them and create one sound: e → [e] or [i], е → [o], yu → [u], i → [a ].
For example:
Hard and soft vowels have a direct effect on consonants. For example, a consonant "P", maybe as solid (in the word "plastic bag"), and soft (in the word "cookie").
Consonant letters are called such because they contain consonant sounds. There are 36 consonant sounds in the Russian language:
An apostrophe marks soft sounds.
And 21 consonants:
Consonants, like vowels, can be either hard or soft. For example, in the word "River", beech "R" soft, but in a word "Hand"– hard. In general, several factors influence the softness and hardness of sounds in a word. For example, the location of a sound in a word. The sounds are softened by iota vowels ( "E", "Yo", "YU" And "I") and diphthongs that come after consonants. For example:
The letter also softens sounds "AND", and its antipode "Y", on the contrary, makes the sound hard. The presence of a soft sign at the end of a word plays an important role:
A soft sign can soften the sound, even if it is inside a word:
Consonants can be voiced or unvoiced. Voiced sounds are obtained with the participation of the voice in the formation of sound. Whereas in the formation of a dull sound, the voice practically does not play its creative role.
Voiced consonants are formed when an air stream passes through oral cavity and vibration of the vocal cords. Thanks to this, consonants such as:
To make it easy to remember voiceless consonants, remember the expression: STYOPKA DO YOU WANT CHEEK? - FI!
If you delete all the vowels from this expression, only voiceless consonants will remain.
In terms of hardness and softness, most sounds form pairs:
In the Russian language, it is customary to distinguish pairs of voiceless-voiced consonants:
The remaining consonants are unpaired:
Sometimes there is “forced” deafness or sonority of a consonant sound. This occurs due to the position of the sound in the word. A frequent example of such a forced state is the words: pond [rod] And booth [booth].
Sonorous- voiced unpaired consonant sounds. There are only 9 of them: [th’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [r], [r’]
Noisy consonant sounds - there are voiced and voiceless:
Summary table of common soft and hard letters and sounds in Russian:
Consonants "AND", "SH", "H" And "SCH" called sizzling. These letters add some zest to our language. At the same time, they make it very difficult. Even while learning these letters, the child should know the rules:
Letters "AND" And "H" are voiced, and the remaining two ( "SH" And "SCH") deaf. Important feature These sounds are something that cannot be pronounced without opening the mouth. Compare their pronunciation with the pronunciation "M" or "N". To pronounce sibilant consonants, there must be a gap between the lips through which air will escape, creating an acoustic accompaniment for these sounds.
Letter "Y" or "And short" found in almost all Slavic alphabets, as well as in those non-Slavic alphabets that use the Cyrillic alphabet. In the Russian alphabet this letter occupies 11th place. It was formed from the vowel "AND" and a voiced consonant "J".
It is interesting that in the 18th century, when the civil script was introduced (as opposed to the church script), all superscript characters disappeared from it. And the letter "Y" an important part of her was missing. At the same time, the sound denoted by this letter “did not suffer” from such reforms. Return "Y" writing succeeded under Peter I. However, it was not returned to the alphabet. This was done only in the 20th century.
Today, more and more philologists attribute sound "Y" to sonorant consonants. That is, those sounds that are located between vowels and consonants, but still relate to a consonant. In addition, it is always considered soft.
Various manuals help very well in learning the Russian language. One of these benefits is "Summer of Letters". It helps to understand the difference between letters, quickly develop reading skills in children and make it easier phonetic analysis words.
At least at first glance "Ribbon of Letters" carries a minimum of information, this is far from true. This manual can be used not only at school, but also at home. Parents can independently teach their child literacy using this tool.
In the Russian language, most consonant sounds are soft and hard, this quality is meaningful. Compare the words:
However, there are also those whose hardness is a constant quality, which means that they are always hard.
It occurs in the following words:
When comparing spelling and sound, the following conclusion can be drawn: after this consonant the letter is written And, and the sound [s] is heard. When choosing this spelling, you need to be guided by the rule: write ZHI with the letter I.
To play with a child in order to practice spelling skills, you can use, for example, the following text:
A beetle is buzzing over a honeysuckle. He lives somewhere near the ground beetle. She guards her home from him. And red hedgehogs run past the puddle. The bush is reflected in its liquid liquid - just like a living one, only upside down.
It is solid in contrast to [zh], which is voiced. This phoneme can be observed in the words:
Here we are also dealing with the same tendency as in the case of the sound [zh]: after [w] the letter is written And. The rule is the same as for the previous spelling: “Write SHI with the letter I.”
To practice the skill of correctly writing such words, let's turn to dictation:
Mice rustle under the roof slopes. One of them hears the cat breathing in silence and hurries into her hole - she has babies there.
Let's let down always the solid ones serve identifying marks spelling "And after Zh and Sh."
The last sound for which hardness is a constant quality is [ts]. It presents more difficulties in terms of spelling. The spelling of vowels after this sound depends on the morpheme. Let's take examples of words with spelling at the root of words:
Where there is this hard consonant sound in a word, we hear [s] after it, but we designate this phoneme differently. In the examples given above, the spelling is controlled the following rule: after the letter C is written I at the root of the word. But there are exceptions in which you still need to put Y:
In addition to these exceptions, it is also possible to write Y in suffixes and endings:
Play with your child to practice spelling words associated with the letter C:
A gypsy performs in the circus, he tuts at the chickens: “Tsits!” They hide in the fox's paws. The girls laugh, stand on tiptoe and greet the fox’s kindness with loud applause.
Let's summarize: the sounds in the alphabet are always Zh, Ts, Sh. The following vowels can be written with them: I, Y.
The sound [ts] is not hissing. And the other two are called exactly that. In a weak position (at the end of a word or before voiceless consonants), the sound [zh] is replaced by [w]:
Dictation text on this topic, which will help you carry out interesting training work on this spelling:
This always happens when consonant, voiced, and hard sounds in a weak position are replaced by the same ones, only unvoiced.
The Golitsyn sisters got married. They can't stand it anymore. And the dowry is ready: spoons, mugs, pillows, boots, tubs, bowls, cups, ladle. And then a droshky appeared on the path, Seryozhka, Alyoshka, Proshka and Olezhka - the sisters' grooms - were riding there. Here the fairy tale ends, and they lived happily ever after.
Due to the fact that the above consonants are always hard, they are never used to indicate softness. However, there are times when you can find it after the letters Ж and Ш:
These examples illustrate the rule of using a soft sign to indicate the grammatical form of words:
We use the following suggestions for training:
It’s just a lie that the mouse is scary: don’t touch it when you walk by, and it won’t touch it either.
If the house is quiet, and you don’t scream, don’t jump, don’t make fun, there’s some kind of catch here, you won’t understand right away. What are you doing there, and you yourself are silent?
Always hard consonant sounds [zh] and [sh] are sometimes written with soft sign, and this depends on their grammatical category. And, conversely, the absence of this letter after them also has a morphological meaning:
Text for training:
My baby is good, handsome and looks like his dad. He will be a pilot, he will fly higher than the rooftops, you won’t be able to keep track of him.
Hard consonant sounds always require special attention, since the pronunciation of vowels after them does not always correspond to the spelling. This applies not only to the letters I and Y, but also O and E:
The name of this spelling is “O and Yo at the root after hissing ones.” Rule: “If you can find a word with the letter E in a word with the same root, then we write -Ё, if there is none, we write O.” Let's check:
In suffixes and endings after Ж and Ш the letter O is written under emphasis:
Without accent you need to write the letter -E:
After C, the letter E is never written, only O (with emphasis) or E (without emphasis).
Consonants representing solid sound(F, W, C) require a lot of attention. As we see, they are very connected a large number of spelling The school curriculum provides test, associated with testing knowledge specifically with these consonants. For example, here’s a dictation:
“One day we were out hunting and our dogs ran after us.
There are a lot of tasty things in the forests in autumn: pine cones, pears, honeysuckle berries, blackberries, acorns. Animals eat up at this time and get fat.
Now we are in the deepest part of the forest, we hear dogs barking and run to that place. There we see a fox hole. The dogs dug up the entrance and pulled her out. We drove the dogs away. The fox's red fluffy outfit is slightly wrinkled, but it is still silky and smooth. There are yellow circles around the eyes. The chest is white, the legs are black. Nice foxes!
We let the poor fellow go, she quickly darted into the bushes, and the sister fox was gone."
In the Russian language, not all speech sounds are designated, but only the main ones. The Russian language has 43 basic sounds - 6 vowels and 37 consonants, while the number of letters is 33. The number of basic vowels (10 letters, but 6 sounds) and consonants (21 letters, but 37 sounds) also does not match. The difference in the quantitative composition of basic sounds and letters is determined by the peculiarities of Russian writing. In Russian, a hard and soft sound is denoted by the same letter, but the sounds soft and hard are considered different, which is why there are more consonant sounds than the letters with which they are denoted.
Consonant sounds are divided into voiced and voiceless. Voiced ones consist of noise and voice, deaf ones consist only of noise.
Voiced consonant sounds: [b] [b"] [c] [v"] [d] [g"] [d] [d"] [z] [z"] [zh] [l] [l"] [ m] [m"] [n] [n"] [r] [r"] [th]
Voiceless consonants: [p] [p"] [f] [f"] [k] [k"] [t] [t"] [s] [s"] [w] [x] [x"] [ h"] [h"]
Many consonants form pairs of voiced and voiceless consonants:
Voiced [b] [b"] [c] [c"] [d] [g"] [d] [d"] [z] [z"] [g]
Voiceless [p] [p"] [f] [f"] [k] [k"] [t] [t"] [s] [s"] [w]
The following voiced and voiceless consonant sounds do not form pairs:
Voiced [l] [l"] [m] [m"] [n] [n"] [r] [r"] [th]
Voiceless [x] [x"] [ch"] [sch"]
Consonant sounds are also divided into hard and soft. They differ in the position of the tongue when pronounced. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate.
Most consonants form pairs of hard and soft consonants:
Solid [b] [c] [d] [d] [h] [j] [l] [m] [n] [p] [r] [s] [t] [f] [x]
Soft [b"] [c"] [d"] [d"] [z"] [k"] [l"] [m"] [n"] [p"] [p"] [s"] [ t"] [f"] [x"]
The following hard and soft consonant sounds do not form pairs:
Solid [f] [w] [c]
Soft [h"] [sch"] [th"]
The sounds [zh], [sh], [ch’], [sh’] are called hissing.
[g] [w] [h"] [sch"]
[z] [z"] [s] [s"] [ts]
Whistling sounds s-s, z-z, anterior lingual, fricative. When articulating hard s-z teeth exposed, the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, the back of the tongue is slightly curved, the lateral edges of the tongue are pressed against the upper molars, causing a groove to form in the middle. Air passes through this groove creating frictional noise.
When pronouncing soft s, s, the articulation is the same, but in addition the back of the tongue rises to the hard palate. When pronouncing sounds z-z, the ligaments are closed and vibrate. The velum is raised.
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