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Today the whole country pays tribute to the participants of the Second World War. Thematic films are shown from everywhere, demonstrations are held in cities and field kitchens are opened. current generation should know what our relatives had to go through to see a peaceful sky overhead.

We will also contribute. But what is special about the years of the Second World War to tell on a technical resource? Correctly, about the methods of communication of that time.

What's the problem?

Communication is the most important thing during the fighting. Without communication with the management, there will be no coordinated actions and relevant decisions.

In the arsenal of modern military there are a huge variety of ways to communicate. Satellite communications, closed messengers, dedicated radio frequencies and even separate telephone lines.

But more than seventy years ago, a good half of the modern methods of communication were simply didn't exist.

I hope everyone understands that there were no cell phones at that time either. But the military still had to keep in touch. Here's how they did it:

The most effective way was courier mail

This is almost the very first efficient the way to send a message is through a person who will deliver the text personally. Of course, there was no courier service. The necessary messages were transmitted with the help of soldiers: signalmen and scouts.

The transfer of information in this way could take several weeks. Therefore, they resorted to it only in extreme cases: if it was necessary to send an emergency or encrypted message.

In war, all means are good. Therefore, information was sent both with the help of signal lights and with the help of pigeons. But, perhaps, wired and radio communications developed fastest of all.

There was also a wired connection, but not for long and rarely

At that time, wired communication had already stepped from the telegraph to the telephone, and communication using radio frequencies was also improving. Despite this, in the early years of World War II, the Soviet command preferred precisely wires.

Do not underestimate this method of communication, such phones made it possible to establish communication right in the field, in the absence of any infrastructure. At the same time, in order to listen to the conversation, you must first find the cable and connect to it directly. Such a signal is not direction-finding and is not tracked from the side.

Telephone communication systems were inexpensive, functional and simple, and also compatible with each other. They could practically use any soldier, after a brief briefing.

At the same time, telephone lines are very vulnerable. The Wehrmacht was well aware of the method of communication used in the Soviet Union, so telegraph poles were one of the priority targets for bombing, and German saboteurs were actively working to search for and destroy field communication lines.

Another problem follows from this: the lack of a cable. Part of the infrastructure remained in the occupied areas, part was simply destroyed, and new wires did not have time to be produced.

The final reason for abandoning the wires is the changed nature of warfare. Tanks and aircraft became the key to victory, in which there was no way to deploy a wired connection. All maneuvers required clear, coordinated actions, so they tried to provide the USSR army with reliable radio communications as soon as possible.

By the way, this is what the telephone equipment looked like

Telephone set TABIP-1

TABIP-1 is a telephone set of the 1941 model, which worked without power sources. Speech was transmitted through electromotive force, created in the line by the reversible electromagnetic primer of the handset. The signal range is 5 km on the ground and 15 km on air lines.

TAI-43 and UNA-FI-43

TAI-43 and UNA-FI-43 telephones were used for communication between large headquarters via telegraph lines (the telegraph worked at the same time). The first weighed 4.6 kg, worked on dry AP elements. The second one could also work on water-filled elements, weighed 7.6 kg and transmitted a signal almost 200 km.

Field switch PK-10

Such a switch could connect four pairs of subscribers. Served by UNA-FI telephone exchange. Two switches could be connected and coordinated up to 20 users.

Naturally, there was radio communication. But not at once

By 1941, the USSR had only three plants, producing this or that equipment for radio communication: "Krasnaya Zarya" (telephones) plant named after. Kulakov (telegraphs), plant them. Comintern (radio equipment). These production capacities were not enough to provide the army with the necessary equipment. Plus, these factories were evacuated and re-deployed in the rear, which took the necessary time.

In the same years, German fighters interacted in a group using FuG 7 onboard receivers. At the same time, the strike link could direct even from the ground.

And the German bombers were able to drop bombs without observing the target at all. For aiming, an analogue of stereo sound was used: the radar system generated beams that converged in the target city. One transmitter broadcast the Morse code "dash" signal into the pilot's right earpiece, the other transmitter sent "dot" type signals. The pilot is literally I heard that he veers off course.

Such radio communication stations were installed in tanks

Soviet aircraft were not equipped with radios. When air surveillance stations recorded an intrusion, information about the direction and altitude of the enemy's flight was laid out on the ground using white canvases. The pilots communicated with each other in the air using swinging wings. Therefore, the groups flew within sight of visual signals.

In the tank troops, the situation was little better: there were radio stations, though bulky and unreliable. The installed station cut the ammunition load by a third, while it often was out of order. As a rule, tanks had neither external nor internal communications, acting as independent units.

The infantry was also not provided with radio communication equipment in full. Often remade for military needs civil engineering.

And this is what the radio itself looked like

Radio station RB (3-R)

Such a portable radio station was used among the infantry and artillery. "Fed" with dry batteries BAS-60 (four pieces) and one battery 2NKN-22, which were placed in a remote battery box. Produced since 1938 and was so successful that the United States asked license for production.

Radio station "North"

This legendary radio station provided communication at a distance of up to 500 km, in some cases, the craftsmen overclocked it up to 600-700 km. Often used in partisan detachments and reconnaissance groups. During the war, the number of such stations increased fivefold.

Tank receiver "Malyutka-T"

Tank radios usually consisted of a receiver and transmitter, which were connected to the tank's on-board network. Unit commanders broadcast their orders simultaneously to all receivers on the frequency. They were also installed on armored vehicles.

All the achievements of the Soviet economy during the Great Patriotic War would have been impossible without the genuine heroism of people who worked in very difficult conditions, sparing no effort, showing exceptional stamina and perseverance in fulfilling the tasks set, mastering new professions. Only thanks to this, it was possible to relatively quickly overcome all the difficulties of restructuring the economy of the USSR on a war footing and then continuously increase the production of weapons; provide the troops with everything necessary to achieve victory.
The war brought about major changes in the country's workforce. Millions of Soviet people went to the front. Many, not having time to evacuate, remained in the territory occupied by the enemy. As a result, the number of workers and employees in the national economy of the USSR declined sharply. By the end 1941 it amounted to only 18.5 million people (58.7 % pre-war level).

The provision of personnel for the main sectors of the economy was carried out through the establishment of a new labor regime, the mobilization and redistribution of the labor force, and its planned use. Already at the end June 1941 The working day was extended, mandatory overtime work lasting from one to three hours was introduced, holidays were cancelled. These measures made it possible in the first months of the war, without increasing the contingent of workers and employees, to load production capacities by about a third.

December 1941 In order to eliminate staff turnover at military enterprises, all employees were declared mobilized by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Unauthorized leaving from enterprises was considered as desertion, and those who committed it were criminally liable. Military discipline was established in transport. In the most important sectors of the economy, a considerable part of skilled workers and specialists were also secured through reservations - exemption from conscription for one period or another. From among those liable for military service, but not fit for military service, columns and construction battalions were created for work in industry, transport and construction, which the government disposed of as military units. By the end 1941 there were more than 700 thousand people.

The war changed the Soviet people, they became more disciplined, the clarity and organization of work increased, and not only and not so much because of a sense of fear of punishment. They felt like participants in the great battle for the freedom and independence of their Fatherland. This determined the meaning of their life and activity, their state of mind. For the vast majority of home front workers, the slogans put forward by the Communist Party have become law: “Everything for the front, everything for the victory over the enemy!”, “Work not only for yourself, but also for a comrade who has gone to the front!”, “In work - like in battle !

From the first war years, many home front workers exceeded the norms, showed initiative and ingenuity, and made rationalization proposals. The desire of people to work as best as possible, to produce more products for the front, led at the very beginning of the war to the birth of a movement of two hundred workers, labor leaders who systematically exceeded the norms twice. It was initiated by a young Moscow turner F. Bukin. In July 1941 Mr.. he offered to work not only for himself, but also for a comrade who had gone to the front, to give two norms daily. This call was taken up by many. Already in August at the Gorky Automobile Plant over 500 workers performed two norms or more.

Of course, the organizational and propaganda work of the party and Komsomol organizations had a strong moral impact on the masses. Far from being the last motive for overfulfilling the output norm were various economic incentives. The leaders of production received increased food rations, hot meals at work. Prizes were awarded to the winners of the competitions. They were thanked, awarded with certificates, medals, orders.

Soviet women made a great contribution to providing the front with everything necessary, replacing their sons, husbands, fathers at the enterprises, who left with weapons in their hands to defend the Fatherland. It was the woman who became the leading figure in the war economy. If in 1940 among workers and employees employed in the national economy of the USSR, women accounted for 38.4%, then in 1944 city ​​- 57.4%. They took on the hard work of manufacturing military products. Often they had to perform work that was traditionally considered masculine, because it required great physical strength. The girls were welding the bodies of self-propelled artillery mounts. When the walls were welded, it was still tolerable, but when they got to the ceiling seams, it became completely unbearable: inside the cramped case, the temperature exceeded 40 °. They worked crouching or lying down, sweating in the suffocating gas from welding. After an hour of such work, the welder was pulled out, poured water over the robe smoking from sparks, then she continued to work again.

Soviet people who, for one reason or another, ended up in prison, worked with greater dedication than before the war. In the camps and colonies, Stakhanov shifts, labor salutes were widely practiced, personal accounts were opened for the release of above-planned products to the fund of the High Command. Labor productivity of prisoners in 1944 city ​​surpassed the pre-war level by almost two times.

Scientists and engineers who had been repressed even before the war for political reasons worked on assignments from military people's commissariats. Special design bureaus (OKB) were created under the supervision of representatives of the NKVD. One of these design bureaus, headed by the aircraft designer A. Tupolev, was located near Moscow, in Bolshevo. With his assistants, Tupolev designed the Tu-2 front-line bomber. His deputy, the Italian communist R. Bartini, with a small team, improved transport aircraft in the same design bureau. All of them, even being imprisoned, sincerely wanted one thing - to bring the victory of the Soviet Union closer.

The patriotism of the home front workers was also expressed in their personal financial and material assistance to the country and the army. Already in the first days of the war, a mass movement arose for the creation of a foundation for the defense of the Motherland on a voluntary basis. Money, government bonds, gold and silver items, and valuables were contributed to the defense fund. Large sums earned during Sundays were also transferred to it. Grain, meat, butter, vegetables, fruits and many other foodstuffs came from the countryside, as well as raw materials for the manufacture of uniforms. Many collective farms sowed "hectares of defense" in excess of the plan, the entire harvest from which went to the needs of the front.

Almost simultaneously with the creation of the defense fund, a movement arose in the country to raise personal funds for the construction of tank columns, squadrons of combat aircraft, armored trains, submarines, combat boats, artillery batteries and other types of military and transport equipment. In total, for the construction of weapons from home front workers received 17 350 mln rub. in cash, 4.5 billion rubles. government bonds, 1 776 mln rub. various jewels. At the expense of these funds, more than 30.5 thousand tanks, more than 2.5 thousand combat aircraft, several thousand artillery pieces and other military equipment were built and transferred to the active army.

In connection with the transition of many enterprises to the production of weapons and military equipment, the production of civilian products has decreased. The assortment of goods for the light and food industry has changed: the main place was taken by the products necessary for supplying the army with food and uniforms. Due to the loss of vast areas under crops and livestock in the occupied regions, agricultural production has declined. In this regard, the distribution of food resources was carried out according to cards.
In rural areas, cards were not introduced, but even there, according to guaranteed norms, the supply of bread to the population not connected with agricultural production, including evacuated urban residents, was established. Rural teachers, medical workers and other members of the intelligentsia were given bread according to coupons or lists.

The introduction of a rationed supply allowed the state, in conditions of an acute shortage of agricultural products, to provide people, first of all, with such an important food product as bread, which helped many escape starvation.

If the population of all cities and workers' settlements, without exception, was supplied with bread on cards, then the rationing system for meat, fish, cereals and pasta was by no means introduced everywhere. The norm of bread indicated on the card was issued in full, it was not replaced by other products. The rest of the products put on the cards, in tense periods with food, were issued to certain categories of the population not in full norm. Often, the consumer received substitutes: instead of meat - egg powder, instead of sugar - low-quality confectionery, etc.

Among the serious problems of military life was housing. As a result of mass migration, the overcrowding of settlements in the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia has sharply increased. AT 1943 In the eastern regions of the country, the population increased by a third due to the evacuated workers and employees with their families, mobilized in industry and for the construction of collective farmers. For example, in the cities of the Sverdlovsk region, the norm of living space during the war did not exceed 2.5 -3 m2 per person.
The Soviet people were convinced of the justice of the cause for which they fought at the front and for which they worked selflessly and endured hardships in the rear. They trusted the leadership, did not doubt the correctness of the policy pursued. This gave them the strength to survive in the most difficult conditions of the war, instilled confidence in victory, hope for a better life.

Great Patriotic War - known and unknown: historical memory and modernity: materials of the international. scientific conf. (Moscow - Kolomna, May 6-8, 2015) / ed. editor: Yu. A. Petrov; In-t grew up. history of Ros. acad. sciences; Ros. ist. about; Chinese ist. o-vo and others - M.: [IRI RAN], 2015.

June 22, 1941 is the day from which the countdown of the Great Patriotic War began. This is the day that divided the life of mankind into two parts: peaceful (pre-war) and military. This is a day that made everyone think about what he chooses: to submit to the enemy or fight him. And each person decided this question himself, consulting only with his conscience.

Archival documents testify that the absolute majority of the population of the Soviet Union made the only right decision: to give all their strength to the fight against fascism, to defend their homeland, their relatives and friends. Men and women, regardless of age and nationality, non-party and members of the CPSU (b), Komsomol and non-Komsomol members became the Army of Volunteers that lined up to apply for enrollment in the Red Army.

Let us recall that Art. The 13th Law on universal conscription, adopted by the IV session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on September 1, 1939, the People's Commissariats of Defense and the Navy were given the right to recruit women with medical, veterinary and special technical training, as well as invite them to training camps. In wartime, women with this training could be drafted into the army and navy for auxiliary and special service.

After the announcement of the beginning of the war, women, referring to this article, went to the party and Komsomol organizations, to the military commissariats, and there they persistently sought to be sent to the front. Among the volunteers who applied in the first days of the war to be sent to the active army, up to 50% of the applications were from women. Women also went and signed up for the people's militia.

Reading the statements of female volunteers that were submitted in the first days of the war, we see that for young people the war seemed completely different than it turned out to be in reality. Most of them were sure that the enemy would be defeated in the near future, and therefore everyone was eager to participate in its destruction as soon as possible. The military registration and enlistment offices at that time carried out the mobilization of the population, following the instructions received, and refused those who were under 18 years old, refused those who were not trained in military craft, and also refused girls and women until further notice. What do we know and know about them? There are many about some of them, and we are talking about most of them as “defenders of the motherland”, volunteers.

It was about them, about those who left to defend their homeland, that the front-line poet K. Vanshenkin later wrote that they were "knights without fear and reproach." This applies to men and women. This can be said about them in the words of M. Aliger:

Everyone had their own war
Your way forward, your battlefields,
And everyone was in everything himself,
And everyone had only one goal.

The historiography of the Great Patriotic War is rich in collections of documents and materials about this spiritual impulse of the women of the USSR. A huge number of articles, monographs, collective works and memoirs have been written and published about the work of women during the war years in the rear, about exploits at the fronts, in the underground, in partisan detachments operating in the temporarily occupied territory of the Soviet Union. But life testifies that not everything, not about everyone and not about everything, has been said and analyzed. Many documents and problems have been "closed" to historians in past years. At present, there is access to documents that are not only little known, but also documents that require an objective approach to study and their impartial analysis. Doing about is not always easy due to the prevailing stereotype in relation to this or that phenomenon or person.

The problem of "Soviet women during the Great Patriotic War" has been and remains in the field of view of historians, political scientists, writers and journalists. They wrote and write about female warriors, about women who replaced men in the rear, about mothers, less about those who took care of evacuated children, who returned from the front with orders and were embarrassed to wear them, etc. And then the question is, why ? After all, back in the spring of 1943, the Pravda newspaper stated, referring to the decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, that “never before in all past history has a woman participated so selflessly in the defense of her homeland as in the days of the Patriotic War of the Soviet people.”

The Soviet Union was the only state during the Second World War in which women were directly involved in the fighting. From 800 thousand to 1 million women fought at the front in different periods, 80 thousand of them were Soviet officers. This was due to two factors. Firstly, an unprecedented upsurge of patriotism among young people, who were eager to fight the enemy who attacked their homeland. Secondly, the difficult situation prevailing on all fronts. The losses of the Soviet troops in the initial war led to the mass mobilization of women in the spring of 1942 to serve in the army and rear formations. Based on the decision of the State Defense Committee (GKO), mass mobilization of women took place on March 23, April 13 and April 23, 1942 to serve in the air defense forces, communications, internal security, on military highways, in the Navy and the Air Force, in the communications troops.

Healthy girls aged at least 18 were subject to mobilization. The mobilization was carried out under the control of the Komsomol Central Committee and local Komsomol organizations. At the same time, everything was taken into account: education (preferably not lower than 5 classes), membership in the Komsomol, health status, absence of children. Most of the girls were volunteers. True, there were cases of unwillingness to serve in the Red Army. When this was found out at the collection points, the girls were sent home, to the place of their conscription. M. I. Kalinin, recalling in the summer of 1945 how girls were drafted into the Red Army, noted that “the female youth who participated in the war ... were higher than average men, there is nothing special ... because you were selected from many millions . They didn’t choose men, threw a net and mobilized everyone, they took everyone away ... I think that the best part of our female youth went to the front ... ”.

There are no exact figures on the number of those called. But it is known that only at the call of the Komsomol, more than 550 thousand women became soldiers. Over 300 thousand patriots were drafted into the air defense forces (this is over ¼ of all fighters). Through the Red Cross, 300,000 Oshinsky nurses, 300,000 nurses, 300,000 nurses, and more than 500,000 air defense sanitary troopers received a specialty and came to serve in the military medical institutions of the Red Army sanitary service. In May 1942, a GKO decree was adopted on the mobilization of 25,000 women in the Navy. On November 3, the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League conducted a selection of Komsomol and non-Komsomol women of the formation of a women's volunteer rifle brigade, a reserve regiment and the Ryazan Infantry School. The total number of people mobilized there was 10,898 people. On December 15, the brigade, reserve regiment and courses began their normal studies. During the war years, five mobilizations were carried out among communist women.

Not all women, of course, took a direct part in the hostilities. Many served in various rear services: economic, medical, staff, etc. However, a significant number of them directly participated in the hostilities. At the same time, the range of activities of female soldiers was quite diverse: they took part in raids by reconnaissance and sabotage groups and partisan detachments, were medical instructors, signalmen, anti-aircraft gunners, snipers, machine gunners, drivers of cars and tanks. Women served in aviation. These were pilots, navigators, gunners, radio operators, and armed men. At the same time, female aviators fought both in the composition of ordinary "male" aviation regiments and separate "female" ones.

During the Great Patriotic War, women's combat formations first appeared in the Armed Forces of our country. Three aviation regiments were formed from female volunteers: the 46th Guards Night Bomber, the 125th Guards Bomber, and the 586th Air Defense Fighter Regiment; A separate women's volunteer rifle brigade, a separate women's reserve rifle regiment, the Central Women's School of Snipers, a separate women's company of sailors, etc. The 101st long-range air regiment was commanded by Hero of the Soviet Union B.S. Grizodubova. The Central Women's School of Sniper Training provided the front with 1,061 snipers and 407 sniper instructors. The graduates of this school destroyed over 11,280 enemy soldiers and officers during the war. In the youth divisions of Vsevobuch, 220 thousand female snipers and signalmen were trained.

Located near Moscow, the 1st Separate Women's Reserve Regiment trained motorists and snipers, machine gunners and junior commanders of combat units. There were 2899 women in the personnel. 20,000 women served in the Special Moscow Air Defense Army. About how difficult this service is, documents in the archives of the Russian Federation speak.

The largest representation of participants in the Great Patriotic War was among women doctors. Of the total number of doctors in the Red Army - 41% were women, among surgeons they were 43.5%. It was estimated that the female medical instructors of rifle companies, medical battalions, and artillery batteries helped over 72% of the wounded and about 90% of the sick soldiers return to duty. Women doctors served in all branches of the military - in aviation and marines, on warships of the Black Sea Fleet, the Northern Fleet, the Caspian and Dnieper flotillas, in floating naval hospitals and ambulance trains. Together with the horsemen, they went into deep raids behind enemy lines, were in partisan detachments. With the infantry they reached Berlin, participated in the storming of the Reichstag. For special courage and heroism, 17 female doctors were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

A sculptural monument in Kaluga reminds of the feat of female military doctors. In the park on Kirov Street, on a high pedestal, a front-line nurse in a raincoat, with a sanitary bag over her shoulder, rises to her full height.

Monument to military nurses in Kaluga

The city of Kaluga during the war years was the focus of numerous hospitals, which cured and returned to service tens of thousands of soldiers and commanders. In this city, there are always flowers near the monument.

There is practically no mention in the literature that during the war years about 20 women became tankmen, three of whom graduated from the country's tank schools. Among them, I.N. Levchenko, who commanded a group of T-60 light tanks, E.I. Kostrikova, commander of a tank platoon, and at the end of the war, commander of a tank company. And the only woman who fought on the IS-2 heavy tank was A.L. Boykova. Four female tank crews participated in the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943.

Irina Nikolaevna Levchenko and Evgenia Sergeevna Kostrikova (daughter of the Soviet statesman and politician S.M. Kirov)

I would like to note that among our female Heroes there is the only female foreigner - 18-year-old Anela Kzhivon, a shooter of the female company of submachine gunners of the female infantry battalion of the 1st Polish Infantry Division of the Polish Army. The title was awarded posthumously in November 1943.

Anelya Kzhivon, who has Polish roots, was born in the village of Sadovy, Ternopil region, Western Ukraine. When the war began, the family was evacuated to Kansk, Krasnoyarsk Territory. Here the girl worked in a factory. Several times I tried to go to the front as a volunteer. In 1943, Anelya was enrolled as a shooter in a company of submachine gunners of the 1st Polish division named after Tadeusz Kosciuszko. The company guarded the headquarters of the division. In October 1943, the division fought offensive battles in the Mogilev region. On October 12, during the next German air strike on the positions of the division, the shooter Kzhivon served at one of the posts, hiding in a small trench. Suddenly she saw that the staff car caught fire from the explosion. Knowing that it contained maps and other documents, Anelya rushed to save them. In the covered body, she saw two soldiers, stunned by the blast. Anelya pulled them out, and then, suffocating in the smoke, burning her face and hands, she began to throw folders with documents out of the car. She did this until the car exploded. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of November 11, 1943, she was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. (Photo courtesy of the Krasnoyarsk Museum of Local Lore. Natalya Vladimirovna Barsukova, Candidate of History, Associate Professor of the Department of Russian History, Siberian Federal University)

200 female warriors were awarded Orders of Glory II and III degree. Four women became full Cavaliers of Glory. We almost never called them by name in recent years. In the year of the 70th anniversary of the Victory, we will repeat their names. These are Nadezhda Alexandrovna Zhurkina (Kiek), Matrena Semyonovna Necheporchukova, Danuta Jurgio Staniliene, Nina Pavlovna Petrova. Over 150 thousand women soldiers were awarded orders and medals of the Soviet state.

The figures, even if not always accurate and complete, which were given above, the facts of military events show that history has not yet known such a massive participation of women in the armed struggle for the Motherland, which was shown by Soviet women during the Great Patriotic War. Let's not forget that women also showed themselves heroically and selflessly in the most difficult conditions of the occupation, standing up to fight the enemy.

There were only about 90,000 partisans behind enemy lines at the end of 1941. The issue of numbers is a special issue, and we refer to official published data. By the beginning of 1944, 90% of the partisans were men and 9.3% women. The question of the number of female partisans gives a spread in numbers. According to the data of later years (obviously, according to updated data), in total during the war years there were over 1 million partisans in the rear. Women accounted for 9.3% of them, that is, over 93,000 people. The same source also has another figure - over 100,000 women. There is one more feature. The percentage of women in partisan detachments was not the same everywhere. Thus, in the detachments in Ukraine it was 6.1%, in the occupied regions of the RSFSR - from 6% to 10%, in the Bryansk region - 15.8% and in Belarus - 16%.

Our country was proud during the war years (and is also proud now) of such heroines of the Soviet people as partisans Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Liza Chaikina, Antonina Petrova, Anya Lisitsina, Maria Melentyeva, Uliana Gromova, Lyuba Shevtsova and others. But many are still unknown or little known due to years of verification of their identities. Great prestige among the partisans was won by girls - nurses, doctors, partisan scouts. But they were treated with a certain distrust and with great difficulty allowed to participate in military operations. At first, it was widely believed in the partisan detachments that girls could not be demolition workers. However, dozens of girls have mastered this difficult task. Among them is Anna Kalashnikova, head of a subversive group of a partisan detachment in the Smolensk region. Sofia Levanovich commanded a subversive group of a partisan detachment in the Oryol region and derailed 17 enemy echelons. Ukrainian partisan Dusya Baskina had 9 derailed enemy trains. Who remembers, who knows these names? And during the war years, their names were known not only in partisan detachments, they were known and feared by the invaders.

Where partisan detachments were operating that destroyed the Nazis, the order of General von Reichenau was in effect, which demanded to destroy the partisans “... to use all means. All captured partisans of both sexes in military uniform or in civilian clothes shall be publicly hanged.” It is known that the Nazis were especially afraid of women and girls - residents of villages and villages in the area where the partisans operated. In their letters home, which fell into the hands of the Red Army, the invaders frankly wrote that "women and girls act like the most seasoned warriors ... In this respect, we would have to learn a lot." In another letter, Chief Corporal Anton Prost asked in 1942: “How long will we have to wage this kind of war? After all, we - the combat unit (Western Front p / n 2244 / B. - N.P.) are opposed here by the entire civilian population, including women and children! .. "

And as if confirming this idea, the German newspaper "Deutsche Algemeine Zeitung" of May 22, 1943 stated: "Even harmless-looking women picking berries and mushrooms, peasant women heading for the city, are partisan scouts ..." Risking their lives, the partisans carried out tasks .

According to official data, as of February 1945, 7,800 female partisans and underground fighters received the medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" II and III degrees. 27 partisans and underground fighters received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. 22 of them were awarded posthumously. We cannot say with certainty that these are exact figures. The number of those awarded is much higher, since the process of awarding, more precisely, the consideration of repeated submissions for awards, continued into the 90s. As an example, the fate of Vera Voloshina can be.

Vera Voloshina

The girl was in the same reconnaissance group as Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. Both of them on the same day went on a mission to the intelligence department of the Western Front. Voloshina was wounded and lagged behind her group. Got captured. She was executed, like Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, on November 29. The fate of Voloshina remained unknown for a long time. Thanks to the search work of journalists, the circumstances of her capture and death were established. By decree of the President of the Russian Federation in 1993, V. Voloshina (posthumously) was awarded the title of Hero of Russia.

Vera Voloshina

The press is more often interested in numbers: how many feats have been accomplished. At the same time, they often refer to the figures taken into account by the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (TSSHPD).

But what kind of accurate accounting can we talk about when underground organizations arose on the ground without any instructions from the TsSHPD. As an example, we can name the world-famous Komsomol-youth underground organization "Young Guard", which operated in the city of Krasnodon in the Donbass. Until now, there have been disputes about its size and composition. The number of its members ranges from 70 to 150 people.

There was a time when it was believed that the larger the organization, the more effective it was. And few people thought about how a large underground youth organization could operate under the conditions of occupation without betraying their actions. Unfortunately, a number of underground organizations are waiting for their researchers, because either little or almost nothing has been written about them. But the fates of underground women are hidden in them.

In the autumn of 1943, Nadezhda Troyan and her comrades-in-arms managed to carry out the verdict handed down by the Belarusian people.

Elena Mazanik, Nadezhda Troyan, Maria Osipova

For this feat, which entered the annals of the history of Soviet intelligence, Nadezhda Troyan, Elena Mazanik and Maria Osipova were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Their names are usually not remembered often.

Unfortunately, our historical memory has a number of features, and one of them is forgetfulness of the past or "inattention" to facts, dictated by various circumstances. We know about the feat of A. Matrosov, but we hardly know that on November 25, 1942, during the battle in the village of Lomovochi, Minsk region, partisan R.I. Shershneva (1925) closed the embrasure of the German bunker, becoming the only woman (according to others data - one of two) who accomplished a similar feat. Unfortunately, in the history of the partisan movement there are pages where there is only a list of military operations, the number of partisans participating in it, but, as they say, the majority of those who specifically took part in the implementation of partisan raids remain “behind the scenes of events”. It is not possible to name everyone now. They, the privates, the living and the dead, are rarely remembered, despite the fact that they live somewhere near us.

Behind the hustle and bustle of everyday life in the last few decades, our historical memory of the everyday life of the past war has somewhat faded. On the privates of the Victory write and remember infrequently. As a rule, only those who accomplished a feat already captured in the history of the Great Patriotic War are remembered, less and less, and even then in a faceless form, about those who were next to them in the same ranks, in the same battle.

Rimma Ivanovna Shershneva is a Soviet partisan who closed the embrasure of an enemy bunker with her body. (According to some reports, the same feat was repeated by the lieutenant of the medical service Nina Aleksandrovna Bobyleva, a doctor of a partisan detachment operating in the Narva region).

Back in 1945, during the beginning of the demobilization of warrior girls, there were words that little was written about them, warrior girls, during the war years, and now, in peacetime, they can even be forgotten. On July 26, 1945, in the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, a meeting was held between the girls-soldiers who had finished their service in the Red Army, and the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, M.I. Kalinin. A transcript of this meeting has been preserved, which is called “M.I. Kalinin’s conversation with warrior girls.” I will not retell its content. I draw your attention to the fact that in one of the speeches of the Hero of the Soviet Union, pilot N. Meklin (Kravtsova), the question was raised about the need to "popularize the heroic deeds, the nobility of our women."

Speaking on behalf of and on behalf of the girl warriors, N. Meklin (Kravtsova) said what many people were talking about and thinking about, she said what they are talking about now. In her speech, there was, as it were, an outline of a plan that had not yet been told about girls, women - warriors. It must be admitted that what was said 70 years ago is still relevant today.

Finishing her speech, N. Meklin (Kravtsova) drew attention to the fact that “almost nothing has been written or shown about girls - Heroes of the Patriotic War. Something has been written, it is written about partisan girls: Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Lisa Chaikina, about Krasnodontsy. Nothing is written about the girls of the Red Army and Navy. But this, perhaps, would be pleasant for those who fought, it would be useful for those who did not fight, and it would be important for our posterity and history. Why not create a documentary, by the way, the Central Committee of the Komsomol has long thought to do this, in which to reflect women's combat training, as, for example, during the defense of Leningrad, to reflect the best women working in hospitals, to show snipers, female traffic controllers, etc. . In my opinion, literature and art are indebted to warrior girls in this respect. That's basically all I wanted to say."

Natalya Fedorovna Meklin (Kravtsova)

These proposals were implemented partially or not in full. Time has put other problems on the agenda, and much of what the girl warriors proposed in July 1945 is waiting for their authors now.

The war separated some people in different directions, brought others closer together. There were separations and meetings during the war. There was love in the war, there were betrayals, everything was there. But after all, the war united men and women of different ages in its fields, mostly young and healthy people who wanted to live and love, despite the fact that death was at every step. And no one in the war condemned anyone for this. But when the war ended and demobilized female warriors began to return to their homeland, on whose chests there were orders, medals and stripes about wounds, the civilian population often threw insults into their eyes, calling them "PPZh" (field wife), or poisonous questions: “What did you get awards for? How many husbands did she have? etc.

In 1945, this became widespread and even among the demobilized men aroused widespread protest and complete impotence how to deal with it. The Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League began to receive letters with a request to "put things in order in this matter." The Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League drew up a plan on the question raised - what to do? It noted that "... we do not always and everywhere sufficiently promote the exploits of girls among the people, we do not tell the population) and young people about the huge contribution made by girls and women to our victory over fascism."

It should be noted that at that time plans were made, lectures were edited, but the severity of the issue practically did not decrease for many years. Warrior girls were embarrassed to put on their orders and medals, they took them off their tunics and hid them in boxes. And when their born children grew up, the kids sorted out expensive awards and played with them, often not knowing why their mothers received them. If during the years of the Great Patriotic War, women warriors were talked about in the reports of the Sovinformburo, they wrote in newspapers, they published posters where there was a woman warrior, then the further the country moved away from the events of 1941-1945, the less often this topic sounded. A certain interest in it appeared only on the eve of March 8. Researchers have tried to find an explanation for this, but their interpretation cannot be accepted for a number of reasons.

There is an opinion that "the starting point in the policy of the Soviet leadership in relation to women's memory of the war" is the speech of M.I. Kalinin in July 1945 at a meeting in the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League with female soldiers demobilized from the Red Army and the Navy . The speech was called "Glorious daughters of the Soviet people." In it, M.I. Kalinin raised the question of the adaptation of demobilized girls to civilian life, the search for their professions, etc. And at the same time he advised: “Do not be conceited in your future practical work. You don’t talk about your merits, but let them talk about you - that’s better.” With reference to the work of the German researcher B. Fizeler "Woman at War: Unwritten History", these words of M.I. Kalinin cited above were interpreted by the Russian researcher O.Yu. Nikonova as a recommendation "demobilized women not to brag about their merits." Perhaps the German researcher did not understand the meaning of Kalinin's words, and the Russian researcher, building her "concept", did not bother to read the publication of M.I. Kalinin's speech in Russian.

At present, attempts are being made (and quite successfully) to reconsider the problem of women's participation in the Great Patriotic War, in particular, what motivated them when they applied for enrollment in the Red Army. The term "mobilized patriotism" appeared. At the same time, a number of problems or not fully explored subjects remain. If women warriors are written about more often; especially about the Heroes of the Soviet Union, about the women of the labor front, about the women of the home front, there are less and less generalizing works. Obviously, it is forgotten that one could "participate directly in the war, and one could participate by working in industry, in the possible military and logistics institutions." In the USSR, assessing the contribution made by Soviet women to the defense of the Motherland, they were guided by the words of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU L.I. Brezhnev, who said: “The image of a female fighter with a rifle in her hands, at the helm of an aircraft, the image of a nurse or a doctor with epaulettes on her shoulders will live in our memory as a shining example of selflessness and patriotism.” That's right, figuratively said, but ... where are the women of the rear? What is their role? Recall that what M.I. Kalinin wrote about in the article “On the moral character of our people”, published in 1945, directly applies to the women of the home front: “... all the previous pales before the great epic of the current war, before heroism and the self-sacrifice of Soviet women, showing civic prowess, endurance in the face of the loss of loved ones, and enthusiasm in the fight against such strength and, I would say, majesty, which have never been seen in the past.

On the civil prowess of women in the home front in 1941-1945. can be said in the words of M. Isakovsky, dedicated to the "Russian Woman" (1945):

... But can you tell about this -
What years did you live in!
What an immeasurable heaviness
On women's shoulders lay down! ..

But without facts, this generation is hard to understand. Recall that under the slogan "Everything for the front, everything for victory!" all the collectives of the Soviet rear worked. Sovinformburo in the most difficult time of 1941-1942. in their reports, along with reports on the exploits of Soviet soldiers, they also reported on the heroic deeds of home front workers. In connection with leaving for the front, in the people's militia, in the destruction battalions, the number of men in the national economy of Russia by the autumn of 1942 fell from 22.2 million to 9.5 million.

The men who had gone to the front were replaced by women and teenagers.

Among them were 550,000 housewives, pensioners, and teenagers. In the food and light industry, the proportion of women during the war years was 80-95%. In transport, more than 40% (by the summer of 1943) were women. In the All-Russian Book of Memory of 1941-1945, in an overview volume, interesting figures are given that do not need comments about the increase in the share of female labor throughout the country, especially in the first two years of the war. Thus, among steam engine drivers - from 6% to at the beginning of 1941 to 33% at the end of 1942, compressor operators - from 27% to 44%, respectively, metal turners - from 16% to 33%, welders - from 17% to 31%, locksmiths - from 3.9 % to 12%.At the end of the war, women in the Russian Federation accounted for 59% of workers and employees of the republic instead of 41% on the eve of the war.

Up to 70% of women came to individual enterprises where only men worked before the war. There were no enterprises, workshops, sites in industry where women would not work, there were no such professions that women would not have mastered; the proportion of women in 1945 was 57.2% compared with 38.4% in 1940, and in agriculture - 58.0% in 1945 against 26.1% in 1940. Among communication workers, he reached 69.1% in 1945. The proportion of women among workers and apprentices of industry in 1945 reached 70% in the professions of drillers and revolvers (in 1941 it was 48%), and among turners - 34%, against 16.2 % in 1941. In 145 thousand Komsomol youth brigades of the country, 48% of women from the total number of young people were employed. Only in the course of the competition for increasing labor productivity, for the manufacture of super-planned weapons for the front, over 25 thousand women were awarded orders and medals of the USSR.

To tell about themselves, their girlfriends, with whom they shared their joys and troubles, women warriors and women of the home front began years after the end of the war. On the pages of these collections of memoirs, which were published locally and in the capital's publishing houses, it was primarily about heroic military and labor deeds and very rarely about the daily difficulties of the war years. And only decades later they began to call a spade a spade and not hesitate to recall what difficulties Soviet women had to face, how they had to overcome them.

I would like our compatriots to know the following: on May 8, 1965, in the year of the 30th anniversary of the Great Victory, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Slovak Republic, International Women's Day on March 8 became a public holiday "in commemoration of the outstanding merits of Soviet women ... in defending the Motherland during the Great Patriotic War , their heroism and selflessness at the front and in the rear…”.

Turning to the problem of "Soviet women during the Great Patriotic War", we understand that the problem is unusually broad and multifaceted and it is impossible to cover everything. Therefore, in the presented article, one task was set: to help human memory, so that in the memory of the people "the image of a Soviet woman - a patriot, a fighter, a toiler, a soldier's mother" will forever be preserved.

NOTES

See: Law on General Conscription, [September 1, 1939]. M., 1939. Art. thirteen.

Truth. 1943. March 8; Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI). F. M-1. He. 5. D. 245. L. 28.

See: Women of the Great Patriotic War. M., 2014. Section 1: official documents testify.

RGASPI. F. M-1. He. 5. D. 245. L. 28. We quote from the transcript of the meeting in the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League with demobilized warrior girls.

The Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945: an encyclopedia. M., 1985. S. 269.

RGASPI. F. M-1. He. 53. D. 17. L. 49.

The Great Patriotic War. 1941-1945: Encyclopedia. S. 269.

See: Women of the Great Patriotic War.

The Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945: an encyclopedia. S. 440.

There. P.270.

URL: Famhist.ru/Famlrist/shatanovskajl00437ceO.ntm

RGASPI. F. M-1. Op. 53. D. 13. L. 73.

The Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945: an encyclopedia. S. 530.

There. P.270.

URL: 0ld. Bryanskovi.ru/projects/partisan/events.php?category-35

RGASPI. F. M-1. Op. 53. D. 13. L. 73–74.

There. D. 17. L. 18.

There.

There. F. M-7. Op. 3. D. 53. L. 148; The Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945: an encyclopedia. C. 270; URL: http://www.great-country.ra/rabrika_articles/sov_eUte/0007.html

For more details, see: "Young Guard" (Krasnodon) - an artistic image and historical reality: Sat. documents and materials. M, 2003.

Heroes of the Soviet Union [Electronic resource]: [forum]. URL: PokerStrategy.com

RGASPI. F. M-1. Op. 5. D. 245. L. 1–30.

There. L. 11.

There.

There. Op. 32. D. 331. L. 77–78. Highlighted by the author of the article.

There. Op. 5. D. 245. L. 30.

See: Fieseler B. Women at War: An Unwritten History. Berlin, 2002, p. 13; URL: http://7r.net/foram/thread150.html

Kalinin M.I. Selected works. M., 1975. S. 315.

There. S. 401.

There.

All-Russian book of memory, 1941-1945. M., 2005. Review volume. S. 143.

Great Patriotic War 1941-1945: Encyclopedia. S. 270.

All-Russian book of memory, 1941-1945. Review volume. S. 143.

RGASPI. F. M-1. Op. 3. D. 331 a. L. 63.

There. Op. 6. D. 355. L. 73.

Quoted from: Great Soviet Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. M., 1974. T. 15. S. 617.

CPSU in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee. Ed. 8th, add. M., 1978. T 11. S. 509.

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War and children... It's hard to imagine something more incompatible. What heart does not burn the memory of the fiery years, which became a severe test for millions of Soviet children, who are now well over eighty! The war immediately cut off their sonorous songs. It swept like black lightning through the pioneer camps, dachas, courtyards and outskirts - everywhere the sunny morning of June 22 foreshadowed a new joyful day of summer holidays. Horns sounded alarmingly: "War!"

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June 22, 1941 War... Terrible, cruel, evil. She did not spare anyone, adults and children, women and men, boys and girls fought. Children. “We were young, terribly young, among the gaps and trenches” - these lines of the poet Oleg Shestinsky are dedicated to the children and adolescents of the Great Patriotic War, those who were under 18 by the beginning of the war. Their fathers went to the front, many died already at the beginning of hostilities on the territory of our Motherland.

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Children of military, fiery years! Childhood and war merged into a single whole for boys and girls in 1941, 1945. How early they grew up. In the rear, the guys worked in the fields and factories, collected scrap metal and medicinal herbs, looked after animals and helped to carefully harvest so that not a single spikelet was lost in the field.

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The life of children and adolescents during the war cannot be called easy. Many thousands of children died of starvation and disease. On collective farms, children from the age of 9 were already working in the field, collecting, together with adults, parcels for the front for the fighters of the Soviet army. Girls worked in hospitals as nurses, concert teams were organized in schools to perform in hospitals. Schoolchildren collected scrap metal so that factories would make weapons from it to defend the Motherland

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To organize the work of adolescents, even before the start of the Great Patriotic War, the Main Directorate of Labor Reserves was created in the USSR. It was engaged in the mobilization of children and their distribution to vocational and factory schools. During the war, children began to be drafted into enterprises, like adults into the army. For example, at the Perm Engine Plant N 19 im. Stalin, which produced aircraft engines, at that time about eight thousand teenagers worked. Most were 14-16 years old, although they met even younger: they took on auxiliary work from the age of 11.

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From teenagers, too, the benefit was not great, however, for a different reason. They did not have professional skills, they could only do rough work. Many were frail and weak - after all, children, and war - not a mother, you can’t eat. Some factory bosses drove such weak workers away: what is the use if the shaft alone weighs as much as 160 kilograms and teenagers, even if they push themselves, still cannot lift it? But besides them, there was no one to work.

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The youngest citizens of our country, pioneers and schoolchildren, also worked alongside their older brothers and sisters; they were sent to where help was needed for the elders. Women and teenagers who had never worked in production before were getting to the machines. After the end of the working shift, people went to the station to unload trains, helped to transfer and install machines, build buildings for future workshops.

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Many factories were evacuated, and many teenagers worked on the factory floors. The guys made shells, various parts for military equipment. Often such workers were made special stands made of wood, because they had not yet grown to the height of the machines. In woodworking shops, teenagers made boxes for shells, mines, and cartridges.

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Children, despite their age, had to work as adults, for 29 hours in a row. For this they were rewarded with a day's rest and a "commercial" dinner, which included soup, millet porridge, tea and two hundred grams of bread. Usually at the factory they were fed with empty gruel, so the children were very pleased with such encouragement. Often, young workers did not even go home from the workshop - they spent the night right at the plant: in stokers, in the toilet on boxes. Clothing was no better. Children who came from far away had no one to turn to for help. They wore out what they brought from home. The management of the plant understood that workers, especially children, needed to be supported. Therefore, right at the enterprise they began to sew clothes, roll felt boots. Both were then distributed among the needy.

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More than 200,000 pioneers and schoolchildren of the region took an active part in the tense struggle for bread in the first war year. About a million workdays were worked out by high school students together with their teachers. In those difficult days, collective farms and state farms owed a lot to young patriots - schoolchildren. A heavy burden fell on the children's shoulders the worries of the labor front. And in truth, “Gulliverian” were the production standards in the fields, where boys and girls worked, thousands of hectares of mowed bread, thousands of bundled sheaves, thousands of milled grain. Thousands... The language of numbers is concise and dispassionate. But it is the figures that most convincingly tell how much was done by the young school army in a difficult year for the Motherland. In 1942, the pioneers and schoolchildren of the region again provided great assistance in harvesting. 193 thousand students were employed in agricultural work. Together with their teachers, they worked out about two million workdays and earned 800,000 rubles.

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In order to mobilization of all resources state in the first days of the war began a radical restructuring of the entire life of the country on a military footing. The defining program of activity was the slogan: “ All for the front, all for victory!».

The economic situation was greatly complicated by the fact that at the beginning of the war more than 1.5 million square meters were seized by the enemy. km, where 74.5 million people used to live and up to 50% of industrial and agricultural products were produced. The war had to be continued with the industrial potential of almost the beginning of the 1930s.

June 24, 1941 was created Evacuation Council chaired by N.M. Shvernik. Main directions of economic restructuring:

1) evacuation of industrial enterprises, material assets and people from the frontline to the east.

During July - November 1941, 1523 industrial enterprises, including 1360 large military ones, were relocated to the eastern regions of the country. They are located in the Volga region, in the Urals, in Western and Eastern Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. In record time, these enterprises were put into operation. Thus, Europe's largest blast furnace No. 5 with a capacity of 1,400 tons of cast iron per day was built at the Magnitogorsk Combine in a few months (in peacetime, it took 2.5 years to build a blast furnace).

From this position the war became the apogee in the realization of the possibilities of the Soviet totalitarian system. Despite the enormous difficulties, the conditions of this regime made it possible to use such advantages as over-centralization of management, huge natural and human resources, lack of personal freedom, as well as the tension of all the forces of the people caused by patriotic feelings.

The outcome of the war was determined not only at the front, but also in rear. Before winning a military victory over Germany, it was necessary to defeat her militarily-economically. The formation of the war economy in the first months of the war was very difficult:

carrying out evacuation in conditions of disorderly withdrawal of troops;

the rapid loss of economically important regions, the destruction of economic ties;

loss of qualified personnel and equipment;

Railroad Crisis.

In the first months of the war, the decline in production was up to 30%. A difficult situation has developed in agriculture. The USSR lost territories that produced 38% of grain and 84% of sugar. In the autumn of 1941, a rationing system was introduced to provide the population with food (covering up to 70 million people).

Emergency measures were taken to organize production - from June 26, 1941, compulsory overtime work was introduced for workers and employees, the working day for adults was increased to 11 hours with a six-day working week, holidays were canceled. In December 1941, all employees of military industries were declared mobilized and assigned to work at these enterprises.

By the end of 1941, it was possible to stop the decline in industrial production, and at the end of 1942, the USSR significantly outstripped Germany in the production of military equipment, not only in quantity (2,100 aircraft, 2,000 tanks monthly) ^ but also in qualitative terms: from June 1941, the mass production of mortar installations of the Katyusha type, the T-34/85 tank was modernized, etc. Methods for automatic welding of armor were developed (E. O. Paton), automatic machine tools for the production of cartridges were designed. |

In the shortest possible time, backup enterprises were put into operation in the Urals and Siberia. Already in March 1942, an increase in the military field began. It took time to produce weapons and equipment in a new place. Only in the second half of 1942, at the cost of the incredible efforts of the home front workers, with the hard organizational work of the party committees, was it possible to create a well-functioning military-industrial complex, which is releasing more weapons and equipment than Germany and its allies. In order to provide enterprises with a labor force, the responsibility of workers for labor discipline was tightened. In February 1942, a decree was adopted, in accordance with which workers and employees were declared mobilized for the duration of the war. The bulk of the home front workers and rural workers were women and teenagers. In the cities, a card distribution system was introduced. By 1943, the army was equipped with new models of military equipment: Il-10, Yak-7 aircraft, T-34 (m) tanks.

A significant contribution to the strengthening of the Armed Forces was made the science. Oya covered new oil and gas fields, mastered the production of high-quality ~ | quality steels, new radars have been created, work has begun on the fission of the nuclear nucleus. West Siberian fi| Lial of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

Thanks to the selfless work of the home front to the end of 1943 was woneconomic victory over Germany, and arms production reaches its maximum level in 1944.

Men who went to the front at enterprises and collective farms were replaced by women, pensioners and teenagers (40% of the number of workers in industry were women, 360 thousand students in grades 8-10 came to production in the second half of 1941). In 1944, there were 2.5 million people under the age of 18 among the working class, including 700,000 teenagers.

The population erected fortifications, organized duty in hospitals, donated blood as doyors. A great contribution to the cause of victory was made by the prisoners of the Gulag (by the beginning of the war, their number had reached monstrous proportions - 2 million 300 thousand people; in 1943 it was 983,974 people). They were mining, produced shells, sewed uniforms. For special distinctions in the rear, 198 people were awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor; 16 million people were awarded the medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945." However, speaking of labor accomplishments and mass heroism in the rear, one should not forget that the war undermined the health of the people. Poorly arranged life, malnutrition, lack of medical care have become the norm for millions of people.”

The rear sent weapons, ammunition, military equipment, food and uniforms to the front. The achievements of industry made it possible by November 1942 to change the balance of forces in favor of the Soviet troops. The quantitative increase in the production of military equipment and weapons was accompanied by a rapid improvement in their qualitative characteristics, the creation of new types of vehicles, artillery systems, and small arms.

So, medium tank T-34 remained the best in World War II; it surpassed the same type of fascist tank T-V ("Panther"). In the same 1943, serial production of self-propelled artillery mounts (ACS) began.

In the activities of the Soviet rear, 1943 became a turning point. During the war, the tactical and technical data of aircraft improved. More advanced fighters La-5, Yak-9, Yak-7 appeared; In 1930-1990s, serial production of the Il-2 attack aircraft, nicknamed the "tank destroyer", was mastered, an analogue of which the German industry was never able to create.

A great contribution to the expulsion of the invaders was made partisans.

According to plan "Ost" the Nazis established a regime of bloody terror in the occupied regions, creating the so-called "new order". There was a special program for the export of food, material and cultural values. About 5 million people. Collective farms have been preserved in many districts with appointed headmen for the withdrawal of food. Death camps, prisons and ghettos have been set up. The symbol of the destruction of the Jewish population was Babi Yar in Kyiv, where in September 1941 over 100 thousand people were shot. In extermination camps on the territory of the USSR and other European countries (Majdanek, Auschwitz etc.) killed millions of people (prisoners of war, underground workers and partisans, Jews).

The first call for the deployment of a resistance movement behind enemy lines was made in directiveSNKsTsIKVKP(b) dated June 29, 1941 Were supplied tasks disrupt communications in the occupied territories, destroy transport, disrupt military activities, destroy the Nazis and their accomplices, help create subversive fighter groups. The partisan movement at the first stage was spontaneous.

In the winter of 1941-1942. in the Tula and Kalinin regions formed the first partisan detachments, which included communists who went underground, soldiers from the defeated units and the local population. At the same time, underground organizations were engaged in reconnaissance, sabotage and informing the population about the situation on the fronts. The name of a 17-year-old Moscow Komsomol member, scout became a symbol of courage of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya , daughter of the repressed, abandoned behind enemy lines and hanged by the Nazis.

May 30, 1942 in Moscow was created The central headquarters of the partisan movement in g pavé with P. K. Ponomarenko , and at the headquarters of the armies - special departments for communication with partisan detachments. From that moment on, the partisan movement acquires a more organized character and coordinates its actions with the army (Belarus, the northern part of Ukraine, the Bryansk, Smolensk and Oryol regions). By the spring of 1943, subversive underground work was being carried out in almost all cities in the occupied territory. Large partisan formations (regiments, brigades) led by experienced commanders began to emerge: WITH.A. Kovpak, A. N. Saburov, A. F. Fedorov, Hi 3. Kolyada, S. V. Grishin and others. Almost all partisan formations had radio contact with the Center.

Since summer 1943 large formations of partisans carried out combat operations as part of combined arms operations. Particularly large-scale were partisan actions during the Battle of Kursk, operations "Rail War and"Concert ». As the Soviet troops advanced, partisan formations were reorganized and merged into regular army units.

In total, during the war years, the partisans put out of action 1.5 million enemy soldiers and officers, blew up 20 thousand enemy trains and 12 thousand bridges; destroyed 65 thousand vehicles, 2.3 thousand tanks, 1.1 thousand aircraft, 17 thousand km of communication lines.

The partisan movement and the underground became one of the essential factors in the ditch of the Victory.

Anti-Hitler coalition.

In the first days of the war, British Prime Minister W. Churchill, who was a supporter of an uncompromising struggle against Germany, declared his readiness to support the Soviet Union. The United States also expressed its willingness to help. The US official entry into World War II on December 8, 1941 significantly affected the balance of power in the world conflict and contributed to the completion of the creation of the anti-Hitler coalition.

On October 1, 1941, in Moscow, the USSR, England and the USA agreed on the supply of weapons and food to our country in exchange for strategic! raw materials. Deliveries to the USSR of weapons, food and other military materials from the USA and England began in 1941 and continued until 1945. some of them went in three ways: through the Middle East and Iran (British and Soviet troops entered Iran in August 1941), through Murmansk and Arkhangelsk, through Vladivostok. adopted in the USA lend-lease law - nelending or leasing necessary materials and armaments to allies). The total cost of this assistance amounted to about $11 billion, or 4.5% of all material resources used by the USSR in World War II. For planes, tanks, trucks, the level of this assistance was higher. In general, these supplies helped the Soviet economy reduce the negative effects in military production, as well as overcome broken economic ties.

Legally, the anti-Hitler coalition formedJanuary 1, 1942 26 states signedin WashingtonUnited Nations Declaration. The governments of the allied countries undertook to direct all their resources against the members of the Tripartite Pact, and also not to conclude a separate truce or peace with enemies.

From the very first days of the war, there were disagreements between the allies on question of opening a second front : With a request to open the Second Front, Stalin turned to the allies already in September 1941. However, the actions of the allies were limited in 1941-1943. battles in North Africa, and in 1943 - a landing in Sicily and southern Italy.

One of the reasons for the disagreement is the different understanding of the Second Front. The Allies understood the Second Front as military operations against the fascist coalition in French North-West Africa, and then according to the "Balkan option"; for the Soviet leadership, the Second Front was the landing of Allied troops in Northern France.

The issue of opening the Second Front was discussed in May-June 1942 during Molotov's visits to London and Washington, and then at the Tehran Conference in 1943.

The second front was opened in June 1944. On June 6, the landing of Anglo-American troops began in Normandy (Operation Overlord, commander D. Eisenhower).

Until 1944, the Allies carried out local military operations. In 1942, the Americans were conducting military operations against Japan in the Pacific Ocean. After the capture by Japan by the summer of 1942 of Southeast Asia (Thailand, Burma, Indonesia, the Philippines, Hong Kong, etc.), the US fleet in the summer of 1942 managed to win the battle near about. Midway. The transition of the Japanese from offensive to defensive began. British troops under the command of Montgomery won a victory in North Africa in November 1942 near El Alaimen.

In 1943, the Anglo-Americans completely liberated North Africa. In the summer of 1943 they landed on about. Sicily and then Italy. In September 1943, Italy went over to the side of the anti-Hitler coalition. In response, German forces overran most of Italy.

Tehran conference.

With November 28 to December 1, 1943 in Tehran J. Stalin, F. Roosevelt, W. Churchill met.

Main questions:

it was decided that the opening of the Second Front would take place in May 1944;

Stalin announced the readiness of the USSR to enter the war with Japan after the surrender of Germany;

the Declaration on Joint Actions in the War and the Post-War; cooperation;

no decision was made about the fate of Germany and the borders of Poland.

On the Yalta Conference (February 1945).) questions raised:

about the post-war borders of Germany and Poland;

about the preservation of Germany as a single state; Germany itself and Berlin were temporarily divided into zones of occupation: American, British, French and Soviet;

about the timing of the entry of the USSR into the war with Japan (three months after the end of the war in Europe);

on the demilitarization and denazification of Germany and the holding of democratic elections in it. The Declaration on a Liberated Europe was adopted, in which the Allied Powers declared their readiness to help the European peoples "to establish democratic institutions of their own choice."

Serious controversy was raised by questions about the fate of Poland and reparations. According to the decisions of the conference, the USSR was to receive 50% of all reparation payments (in addition, Poland received territories in the west and north as "compensation" for Western Ukraine and Western Belarus.

The Allies agreed to establish the UN, and on April 25, 1945, its founding assembly was held in San Francisco. The main organs of the UN: the UN General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat. The headquarters is in New York.

From July 17th to August 2nd Potsdam (near Berlin) the last high-level meeting during the war took place. It was attended by I. Stalin, G. Truman (F. Roosevelt died in April 1945), W. Churchill (with On July 28, he was replaced by K. Attlee, leader of the Labor Party, who won the parliamentary elections). The conference adopted the following decisions:

on the German question, the disarmament of Germany, the liquidation of its military industry, the prohibition of Nazi organizations and the democratization of the social system were envisaged. Germany was viewed as a single A economic entity;

the question of reparations and the division of the German military and merchant fleets was resolved;

In Germany, it was decided to create four zones of occupation. East Germany entered the Soviet zone;

to govern Germany, a Control Council was created from representatives of the allied powers;

territorial issues. The USSR received East Prussia with the city of Koenigsberg. The western border of Poland was determined by the river. Oder and Western Neisse. The Soviet-Finnish (established in March 1940) and Soviet-Polish (established in September 1939) borders were recognized;

a permanent Council of Foreign Ministers of the great powers (USSR, USA, Great Britain, France and China) was created. He was instructed to prepare peace treaties with Germany and her former allies - Bulgaria, Romania, Finland and Italy;

the Nazi party was outlawed;

a decision was made to convene an international tribunal to try the main war criminals.

Yalta and Potsdam summed up the results of World War II, fixing a new alignment of forces in the international arena. They were proof that only cooperation and negotiations can lead to constructive solutions.

International Conferences of the Heads of Powers of the USSR, Great Britain and the USA

Lend-Lease.

In October 1941, the US provided the USSR with a $1 billion loan based on the Arms Lending or Lease Act. England took upon itself the obligation to organize the supply of aircraft and tanks.

In total, according to the American lend-lease law extended to our country (it was adopted by the US Congress back in March 1941 and provided for assistance to other countries with raw materials and weapons in the interests of US defense), during the war years the Soviet Union received 14.7 thousand tons of ammunition from the United States. aircraft, 7 thousand tanks, 427 thousand vehicles, food and other materials. The USSR received 2,599,000 tons of petroleum products, 422,000 field telephones, over 15 million pairs of shoes, and 4.3 tons of food. In response to the aid rendered, the Soviet Union during the war years delivered to the USA 300,000 tons of chromium ore, 32,000 tons of manganese ore, a large amount of platinum, gold, and furs. From the beginning of the war to April 30, 1944, 3384 aircraft, 4292 tanks were received from England, 1188 tanks came from Canada. There is a point of view in the historical literature that the supply of goods by the Allies during the entire war amounted to 4% of the volume of Soviet industry. The insignificance of the supply of military materials was recognized during the war by many political leaders in the United States and Britain. However, the indisputable fact is that they became not only material, but above all political and moral support for our country in the most tragic months of the war, when the Soviet Union was gathering decisive forces on the Soviet-German front, and Soviet industry was not able to provide the Red Army everything necessary.

There has always been a tendency in the Soviet Union to underestimate allied Lend-Lease supplies. American sources estimate the help of the allies at 11-12 billion dollars. The problem of supply caused a copious correspondence at the highest level, the tone of which was often rather biting. The Allies accused the USSR of "ungratefulness" because its propaganda was completely silent about foreign aid. For its part, the Soviet Union suspected the allies of intending to replace the opening of a second front with a material contribution. So, the "second front" Soviet soldiers jokingly called the American stew they liked.

In reality, lend-lease deliveries of finished goods, semi-finished products and foodstuffs provided significant economic support.

Debts for these deliveries remain with our country until now.

After the signing of the capitulation by Germany, the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition abandoned the Yalta plans for its division. The control council, consisting of the commanders-in-chief of the Allied armed forces, was supposed to regulate life in the four zones of Berlin. The new agreement on the German question, signed in Potsdam in July 1945, provided for the complete disarmament and demilitarization of Germany, the dissolution of the NSDAP and the condemnation of war criminals, and the democratization of the administration of Germany. Still united by the struggle against Nazism, the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition had already embarked on the path of splitting Germany.

The new alignment of forces in the post-war world objectively made Germany an ally of the West in the fight against communism, widespread in Eastern and Southeastern Europe, so the Western powers began to speed up the recovery of the German economy, which led to the unification of the American and British zones of occupation. So the contradictions and ambitions of the former allies led to the tragedy of an entire nation. It took more than 40 years to overcome the division of Germany.

Defeat and surrender of Japan

Germany's unconditional surrender did not mean the end of World War II. The Allies had to eliminate another serious enemy in the Far East.

For the first time, the question of the participation of the Red Army in the war against Japan was raised at the Tehran Conference. In February 1945, at the second meeting of I. Stalin, F. Roosevelt and W. Churchill in the Crimea, the Soviet side confirmed its agreement to participate in the war with Japan two or three months after the surrender of Germany, at the same time putting forward a number of conditions for consideration by the allies, which were accepted them. The agreement signed by the leaders of the three countries provided for the following.

Preservation of the status quo of the Mongolian People's Republic.

Restoration of Russia's rights violated as a result of its defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905:

a) to return to the Soviet Union the southern part of about. Sakhalin and all adjacent islands;

b) the internationalization of the commercial port of Dairen (Dalniy) and the restoration of the lease of Port Arthur as a naval base of the USSR;

c) joint operation of the Chinese Eastern and South Manchurian railways on the basis of organizing a mixed Soviet-Chinese society with the priority interests of the Soviet Union secured.

Transfer of the Kuril Islands to the Soviet Union.

By signing the Yalta Agreement, the United States was able to avoid heavy losses of American soldiers in the war against the Japanese army, and the USSR was able to return all the objects listed in the document that were lost and were in the hands of Japan.

The US interest in the war against Japan was so great that in July 1945, during the work of the Potsdam Conference, I.V. Stalin had to confirm the readiness of the USSR to enter the war by mid-August.

By August 1945, American and British troops managed to capture a number of islands in the Pacific Ocean captured by Japan and significantly weaken its navy. However, as the war approached the coast of Japan, the resistance of its troops increased. Land armies still remained a formidable force for the Allies. America and Britain planned to launch a combined attack on Japan, combining the power of American strategic aviation with the actions of the Red Army, which was faced with the task of defeating a large formation of Japanese ground forces - the Kwantung Army.

On the basis of repeated violations by the Japanese side of the neutrality treaty of April 13, 1941, the Soviet government denounced it on April 5, 1945.

In accordance with allied obligations, as well as to ensure the security of their Far Eastern borders The Soviet Union on the night of August 8-9, 1945 entered the war with Japan and thus placed her in front of inevitable defeat. With converging strikes by the troops of the Transbaikal (commanded by Marshal R.Ya. Malinovsky), the 1st Far East (commanded by Marshal K.A. Meretskov) and the 2nd Far Eastern (commanded by General of the Army M.A. Purkaev) fronts, the Kwantung Army was dismembered and piecemeal destroyed. In combat operations, the Pacific Fleet and the Amur Flotilla actively interacted with the fronts. The general command of the troops was carried out by the marshal A. M. Vasilevsky. Together with the Soviet troops, the Mongolian and Chinese people's armies fought against Japan.

More 6 and 9 August 1945 d., more in pursuit of the goal of establishing dictatorship in the post-war world than in accordance with strategic necessity, USA first used a new deadly weapon - atomic bombs. As a result of the American aircraft nuclear bombing of Japanese citiesHiroshima and Nagasaki more than 200 thousand civilians died and became crippled. This was one of the factors that led Japan to surrender to the allies. The use of nuclear weapons against Japanese cities was caused not so much by military as by political reasons and, above all, the desire to demonstrate (and test in real conditions) a trump card for putting pressure on the USSR.

The Soviet Union made a great contribution to the victory over Japan, defeating the Kwantung grouping within three weeks, from August 9 to September 2, 1945

On August 28, 1945, the landing of American troops began on the territory of Japan, and on September 2, in Tokyo Bay, an act of unconditional surrender of Japan was signed aboard the American battleship Missouri. The Second World War has ended.

The Russians occupied the southern part of Sakhalin(which was transferred to Japan in 1905) and Kurile Islands(which Russia ceded to Japan in 1875). By agreement with China received back half ownership of the Chinese Eastern Railway(sold in 1935 to Manchukuo), including a branch to Port Arthur, which was lost in 1905. Sam Port Arthur, like Dairen, until the conclusion of a formal peace with Japan, he had to remain under joint Chinese-Russian administration. However, a peace treaty with Japan was not signed (differences over the ownership of the islands of Urup, Kunashir, Khabomai and Iturup. World War II was over.

Nuremberg Trials.

With December 1945 to October 1946 in Nuremberg took place trial of the leaders of the Third Reich. It was carried out by specially created International military tribunal of the victorious countries. The highest military and statesmen of Nazi Germany were put on trial, accused of plotting against peace, humanity and of the gravest war crimes.

Of paramount importance is the fact that Nuremberg Trials for the first time in history, he put on trial not just individuals, but also the criminal organizations created by them, as well as the very ideas that pushed them to misanthropic practices for their implementation. The essence of fascism, plans for the destruction of states and entire peoples were exposed.

Nuremberg Trials- the first court in world history that recognized aggression as the gravest criminal offense, punished as criminals statesmen guilty of preparing, unleashing and waging aggressive wars. The principles enshrined by the International Tribunal and expressed in the verdict were confirmed by a resolution of the UN General Assembly in 1946.

Results and consequences of the war

The Second World War was the bloodiest and largest conflict in the history of mankind, in which 80% of the world's population.

The most important outcome of the war was the destruction of fascism as a form of totalitarianism .

This was made possible thanks to joint efforts of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition.

The victory contributed the growth of the authority of the USSR and the USA, their transformation into superpowers.

For the first time Nazism was judged internationally . Were created conditions for the democratic development of countries.

The collapse of the colonial system began .

WithcreateeUnited Nations in 1945 which opened up opportunities for formation of a collective security system, the emergence of a radically new organization of international relations.

Winning factors:

Mass heroism of the whole people.

The effectiveness of the actions of the state apparatus.

Mobilization of the economy.

An economic victory has been won. Efficient rear work.

The creation of an anti-Hitler coalition, the opening of a second front.

Lend-Lease deliveries.

Military art of military leaders.

partisan movement.

Serial production of new military equipment.

The Soviet-German front was the main one in World War II: on this front, 2/3 of the ground forces of Germany were defeated, 73% of the personnel of the German army were destroyed; 75% tanks, artillery, mortars, over 75% aviation.

The price of victory over the fascist bloc is very high. The war brought great destruction. The total cost of destroyed material assets (including military equipment and weapons) of all the warring countries amounted to more than 316 billion dollars, and the damage to the USSR was almost 41% of this amount. However, first of all, the price of victory is determined by human losses. It is generally accepted that the Second World War claimed more than 55 million human lives. Of these, about 40 million deaths are accounted for by European countries. Germany lost over 13 million people (including 6.7 million military); Japan - 2.5 million people (mostly military personnel), over 270 thousand people - victims of atomic bombings. The loss of Great Britain amounted to 370 thousand, France - 600 thousand, the USA - 300 thousand people dead. The direct human losses of the USSR during all the years of the war are enormous and amount to more than 27 million people.

Such a high figure of our losses is explained primarily by the fact that for a long period of time the Soviet Union actually stood alone against Nazi Germany, which initially headed for the mass extermination of Soviet people. Our losses were counted as killed in battles, missing in action, dying of disease and starvation, and killed during the bombing, shot and tortured in concentration camps.

Huge human losses and material destruction changed the demographic situation and gave rise to post-war economic difficulties: the most able-bodied people dropped out of the productive forces; the existing structure of production was disrupted.

The conditions of the war necessitated the development of military art and various types of weapons (including those that became the basis of modern ones). So, during the war years in Germany, the serial production of A-4 (V-2) missiles was launched, which could not be intercepted and destroyed in the air. With their appearance, the era of the accelerated development of rocket and then rocket and space technology began.

Already at the very end of World War II, the Americans created and for the first time used nuclear weapons, which were best suited for mounting on combat missiles. The combination of a missile with a nuclear weapon has led to a dramatic change in the overall situation in the world. With the help of nuclear missile weapons, it became possible to deliver an unexpected strike of unimaginable destructive force, regardless of the distance to the enemy’s territory. With the transformation in the late 1940s. The arms race intensified from the USSR to the second nuclear power.

The decisive contribution to the defeat of fascism was made bySoviet people . Living itself under the conditions of the despotic Stalinist regime, the people made a choice in defense of the independence of the Motherland and the ideals of the revolution. Heroism and self-sacrifice became a mass phenomenon. exploits I. Ivanova, N. Gastello, A. Matrosova, A. Meresyeva repeated by many Soviet soldiers. In the course of the war, commanders such as A. M. Vasilevsky, G. K. Zhukov, K. K. Rokossovsky, L. A. Govorov, I. S. Konev, V. I. Chuikov and others. The unity of the peoples of the USSR has stood the test. According to a number of scientists, the administrative-command system made it possible to concentrate human and material resources in the most important areas for defeating the enemy. However, the essence of this system led to the "tragedy of victory", because the system needed victory at any cost. This price was human death and the suffering of the population in the rear.

Thus, having suffered huge losses, the Soviet Union won a difficult war:

during the war, a powerful military industry was created, an industrial base was formed;

As a result of the war, the USSR included additional territories in the West and East;

the foundation was laid for the creation of “a bloc of socialist states in Europe and Asia;

opportunities for the democratic renewal of the world and the liberation of the colonies opened up;