Do you want to buy a digital camera, but don’t understand them at all? In this article we will tell you how to choose a digital camera and give some recommendations for purchasing.
If you're standing in the middle of a store and don't have time to understand the intricacies and nuances of digital photography, below is a list of quality cameras in various categories.
Many cameras have optical zoom, which is much superior to the digital zoom of mobile device cameras. Even if your smartphone has a dual camera, the lens of a compact camera will still be better than the optics of a mobile phone or tablet.
Mobile camera cameras have come a long way over the past few years. However, it should be borne in mind that a camera that was specifically designed for photography is superior to mobile devices in quality, speed and functionality. Therefore, even novice photographers prefer cameras for shooting events, holidays or travel.
Digital cameras with interchangeable lenses are divided into SLR cameras and cameras without a mirror. Cameras with interchangeable lenses have several advantages:
Single-lens cameras include pseudo-reflex cameras and compact point-and-shoot cameras. Pseudo-mirror cameras are very similar to DSLR cameras and are usually equipped with high-quality optics.
Single lens cameras have the following advantages:
If you decide to buy a camera with interchangeable lenses, you need to decide whether to choose a SLR camera or a camera without a mirror. Many people believe that a DSLR camera is the only right choice. This is not always true. The quality of photographs taken with a camera without a mirror and with a DSLR camera is very close, provided that similar sensors and optics are used. SLR cameras with interchangeable lenses of medium and high class are equipped with productive, modern electronics, a sophisticated autofocus system and are characterized by a high speed of shooting a series of photographs. Keep in mind that the quality of your photos is more impacted by an expensive lens than an expensive body.
The following are the advantages of DSLR cameras:
Cameras with interchangeable lenses without a mirror also have a number of positive qualities:
If you need very high quality photos, pay attention to the sensor size. The larger the sensor, the better. However, with the size of the sensor, the price of the camera also increases.
If you plan to shoot video, pay attention to cameras with good autofocus systems. There are also cameras on sale with the ability to shoot video with 4K resolution and a large number of frames per second.
If you plan to shoot a lot in low light conditions, pay attention to your camera's ISO. Cameras with a large sensor and a good image stabilization system are better suited for these purposes.
Cameras with large zoom multipliers are great for travel because you can zoom in on distant objects. If you plan to shoot sports, you will need a camera with a very good autofocus system.
The following are the main types of lenses:
Photography speed is important if you plan to photograph action or objects in motion. In this case, pay attention to the autofocus system and the speed of the camera when shooting a series of photos. You should also find out about the quality of images at high ISO values (ISO 800 - ISO 6400).
If you plan to photograph wildlife, then your camera should have a dust and waterproof body. Some models are also suitable for photography in low temperatures. Compact cameras for underwater photography are available for sale. You should also keep in mind that a DSLR camera has a longer battery life than an interchangeable lens camera without a mirror. You will also need spare batteries, memory cards and a good, comfortable bag for your camera and accessories.
The viewfinder is very important, especially if you have to shoot in bright conditions. In bright sunlight, using the LCD display is extremely inconvenient.
Today, cameras are presented on the market in a wide range. But nevertheless, most people are not aware of the criteria by which such equipment should be selected. Many people have heard the terms “matrix” and “megapixels” in passing, but what they are talking about is unclear.
Sellers skillfully take advantage of the inexperience of buyers in matters of choice and impose cameras at incredibly high prices with many unnecessary functions on ordinary photography enthusiasts. How to avoid falling for the tricks of trade workers? How to choose a good quality camera?
First of all, you should proceed from your financial capabilities and the level at which you are proficient in photography. Accordingly, the higher the price of a particular model, the greater functional potential it has. But for beginners it is better to buy a simpler device.
It’s not a fact that the passion for photography will not burn out in a month or two. Therefore, the most important question before purchasing should be: why do you need a camera? For what purpose? Only after receiving objective answers can you move on to finding an answer to the main question of how to choose a camera.
A camera for an amateur will satisfy his needs with simple and, at first glance, high-quality photographs. The main thing is that they turn out clear. A professional photographer will prefer a model with the latest bells and whistles that can improve and systematize image quality.
Most cameras produced today are digital. They can be separated into two groups.
If you do not have photographic skills, you should give preference to the most automated camera. A camera with variable optics can be mastered by a professional.
But which device is better to choose? Compact digital camera or DSLR? Semi-professional or for real pros? A brief overview of camera characteristics will help you make the right choice.
The main difference between SLR cameras and other devices is the ability to use removable lenses. Thus, the camera includes two parts - the frame (or “body”) and mobile optics. Such a device provides very high image quality, even if visibility conditions leave much to be desired.
But how to choose the right DSLR camera? Needs to be considered several important criteria.
Having selected a model in accordance with the above criteria, it would be a good idea to try it out. You can take a few pictures in the store itself before purchasing. Sometimes the quality of a super-sophisticated DSLR is worse than that of a device that is a standard inexpensive point-and-shoot camera.
After receiving the answer to the question of how to choose a SLR camera, the next step will be purchasing a lens for it.
The most difficult question for a novice photographer is how to choose a lens for a camera. It is clear that a modern lens that will meet all parameters has not yet been invented. However, there is the most balanced model called Kit.
The result is a good device that meets the following parameters:
In the future, you can purchase more advanced camera lenses. But for a beginner, Kit will be just right.
In addition to the lens, the flash plays an important role in a DSLR camera. How to choose a flash for shooting? Which one should you prefer? Here you need to act consistently, making a selection according to several criteria.
Modern cameras are almost all digital. They differ in the range of functions and quality of parts. Such diversity sometimes confuses the buyer, especially if he is not exactly a pro in this industry. How to choose a digital camera so that it is also professional?
It is believed that the best brand on the market producing cameras for professionals is Canon. A Canon camera, whether professional or semi-professional, will be equipped with accessories from the same brand.
Such devices are quite expensive, so when purchasing, you should give preference to high-quality equipment with good optics and lenses.
Before you buy a memory card, you need to familiarize yourself with the technical characteristics of the camera and find out what type of memory is suitable for it. Information can also be found on the Internet. In addition to information about memory, you need to clarify information about the size of the flash card that your tool will “pull”.
If the question of which flash drive manufacturer to prefer is not relevant to you, then it is better not to contact companies about which you have not heard anything. Leaders in the production of memory cards are Transcend, SanDisk, Kingston.
If you are offered a free memory card when purchasing a camera, then know that this is a marketing ploy by the seller. It’s good if the card simply turns out to be defective and does not harm the device. Remember that a high-quality memory card cannot be cheap.
If you need a large amount of memory, then do not put it in one flash drive. Buy two cards with equal volume. You will protect yourself if one carrier suddenly stops working.
Before paying money to the store's cash register, check the card for serviceability. If everything works, then you can safely make a purchase.
Most camera owners dream of purchasing a tripod to go along with it, the function of which is to hold the camera in a stationary position. But how to choose a compact and at the same time reliable tripod? To do this you need to know main characteristics of the device.
The number of lovers of high-quality photographs and digital cameras is constantly growing. However, it is not always easy to choose the optimal model, especially if a person is not well versed in this. We offer a brief overview of the 5 best DSLR cameras for every taste and budget.
The best model for a beginning photographer who has a limited budget, but wants to purchase a compact SLR camera with the maximum number of functions for fairly little money.
Pros:
Minuses:
Camera Nikon D3300 Body
This model is for experienced amateur photographers who place fairly high demands on the camera. Reviews about the camera are generally positive; buyers are only confused by the high cost of the device. But more about everything.
Pros:
Minuses:
Camera Nikon D7100 Body
A very good, but also quite expensive model, produced by a Japanese company. Suitable for advanced users who want to get professional photos without spending extra effort.
Pros:
Minuses:
The ideal sharpness and clarity of the resulting images is, perhaps, the main review of this magnificent camera. However, the advantages of the device are not limited to this. There is also a fly in the ointment in this “celebration of life” - the high price of the device itself and the lenses for it.
Pros:
Minuses:
Camera Nikon D810 Body
One of the best professional cameras currently available. It has excellent characteristics, but at the same time it is characterized by high cost and high weight. Judging by the reviews, buyers are ready to turn a blind eye to such shortcomings.
Pros:
Minuses:
There are quite a lot of criteria by which you need to choose cameras. A person ignorant in this area may become confused. That is why it is better for a beginner to purchase an inexpensive model for the first time. Over time, experience and knowledge in the field of photography will become wider, and then the question of how to choose a camera will no longer cause difficulties.
At the beginning of the century, resolution was an important parameter when choosing a digital camera, but today you will have to struggle to find a camera with a resolution of less than 12 megapixels, which is more than enough for any reasonable use. Megapixels have nothing to do with the “professionalism” of a camera, and flagship reportage cameras have no higher resolution than amateur models. High resolution (20 megapixels or more) potentially increases the detail of a photograph, but at the same time, it exposes both the flaws of the lens and, to an even greater extent, the lack of skill of the photographer. Without good optics and the ability to handle them, an excess of megapixels will be of no use, while the size of files grows noticeably with increasing resolution.
All kinds of “creative” modes are for the most part absolutely useless and can be safely ignored by you. The presence of twenty stupid icons on the mode dial is the clearest sign of an amateur camera. However, even quite decent devices are not immune from such an infection.
The ability to save custom settings and then quickly switch between presets makes work faster and easier. It’s a pity that this most useful option is not available in all cameras.
Without exposure compensation, it is impossible to use automatic modes for determining exposure. Either a separate disk or one of the universal control disks in combination with the corresponding modifier button (+/-) must be responsible for exposure compensation. Controlling exposure compensation through the menu is absolutely unacceptable.
A three-channel RGB histogram is necessary to accurately assess the exposure of the photo you just took. A real-time histogram that allows you to adjust exposure before the shutter is released is innovative but still rare.
Exposure bracketing or exposure bracketing is useful when shooting HDR. The feasibility of other types of bracketing seems doubtful to me, but this is an individual matter.
Exposure controls should always be at hand. It is advisable that in manual mode, both shutter speed and aperture are controlled by separate dials. A single dial and modifier button is a compromise solution, but acceptable.
In a good camera, special buttons are responsible for controlling ISO sensitivity and white balance. In amateur cameras, ISO and white balance are adjusted through the menu.
The professional standard today is 1/250 s or shorter. In amateur cameras, the sync speed is usually 1/200 or even 1/180 s.
Flash exposure lock prevents the subject from blinking when shooting with fill flash. If you are going to actively photograph people or animals with flash, pay attention to this useful feature.
I prefer the shutter release and autofocus to be separated into separate buttons. A good camera always has a dedicated AF-ON button that you can use to activate autofocus. At worst, this function can be assigned to the AE-L/AF-L button. If the camera does not support rear button focusing, this is a serious flaw.
It is very good if the device allows you to adjust the lenses yourself. Factory adjustment errors, unfortunately, are not that uncommon.
No harm, no benefit. If you seriously want to shoot HDR or panoramas, then you should do it manually and special modes are unlikely to help here.
The need for a GPS module in a camera is beyond my understanding, but Wi-Fi can easily replace a card reader or USB cable if the traditional procedure of transferring photos from a camera to a computer causes you difficulties. It is likely that soon even toilets will be equipped with Wi-Fi and GPS.
Most photographers don't need a heavy-duty camera. Typically, digital cameras become obsolete much faster than they wear out. Only a very small percentage of photojournalists actually push their equipment to its limits, and unless you're willing to put your camera through the rigors, a metal body will only mean extra weight and expense.
The declared shutter life can be safely ignored. For modern cameras it ranges from 100,000 to 400,000 shots, and it’s rare that a photographer manages to capture so many masterpieces before the camera is broken or sold. If the camera's mileage reaches the desired number, this does not mean that the shutter will immediately jam - it usually continues to work as if nothing had happened.
Weather protection is useful if you spend a lot of time outdoors. By the way, splash protection does not mean that the camera will survive a fall into water. For underwater photography, special waterproof cases are used. Only a few compact cameras for outdoor enthusiasts have a completely sealed housing.
Amateur cameras usually use SD (SDHC) memory cards due to their compactness and low cost, while professional cameras use CF or XQD cards due to their high speed and capacity. It is very good if the camera has two slots for memory cards: the second card can be used for backup.
The larger the battery capacity, the better. A DSLR camera can take up to a thousand or more photos on a single battery charge, provided you don't overuse the built-in flash and Live View. Cameras with an electronic viewfinder are much more power-hungry and the battery lasts for 300-400 shots at best.
The battery grip serves not only to accommodate additional batteries, but also to shoot both horizontally and vertically oriented frames with equal comfort. In flagship models, the vertical grip handle is integrated into the body, and for most other cameras, the battery grip can be screwed on if necessary. If you plan to shoot a lot of portraits, make sure battery grips for your camera are commercially available.
Photographers have very different opinions regarding the optimal dimensions of a camera. Some people like large cameras as they are more grippy and convenient, while others like small ones as they are more practical and transportable. Being a mobile person, I prefer that the linear dimensions of the camera remain modest, although this has its drawbacks. For example, the handle of most junior DSLRs is too small for the average male hand and with a normal grip there is no room left for the little finger. With mirrorless cameras the situation is even worse - there may not be a handle at all. Additionally, the camera's small size means the controls are very cramped, and if you have large hands or will be using the camera with gloves, this can be a bit of a hassle. But the small camera is convenient to carry with you, and this advantage outweighs many of its disadvantages.
From my point of view, the weight of a camera should be as light as possible without noticeably compromising its reliability and functionality. It is generally accepted that a heavy camera is less susceptible to vibration, but this is little consolation for a photographer who is forced to carry a couple of cast-iron bricks around his neck all day.
I hope that now it will be much easier for you to decide on the choice of a camera that meets your personal needs. If you need more specific recommendations, you should refer to the article “Choosing a digital camera”.
Thank you for your attention!
Vasily A.
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According to the Japan BCN Award, the modern market for SLR cameras is not just occupied by Japanese manufacturers, but has actually turned into a battlefield of titans - Canon with 61.1% of the market and Nikon- with 34.4% they essentially divided it, the share of cameras from the same Sony, which recently had high hopes for their launch in the DSLR segment, is scanty. Yes, whatever one may say, during the invasion of mirrorless system cameras only the recognized giants of the genre remain afloat.
Even though in recent years there have been more and more shouts that “DSLRs” are outdated, and modern mirrorless cameras completely cover their capabilities despite their obvious advantages, this market segment is not going to die. Moreover, we are talking not only about the professional segment, where at least inertia means a lot: you must agree, having accumulated more than one lens, say, the Canon EF “L” series, no one will switch to a mirrorless camera with a different mount - and therefore Canon continues maintain the championship in photojournalism with his “five” and “one” to this day. Some of the decline in the DSLR camera market was largely due to the amateur segment - those who just want to “take a beautiful photo” have enough not only mirrorless cameras, but also more or less decent smartphones.
However, whatever one may say, even for an amateur, SLR cameras provide serious advantages: for example, the ability to use a huge number of lenses from the secondary market, including even Soviet ones with an inexpensive adapter - this is important in conditions of a limited budget. The same Canon EOS will allow you to acquire a high-aperture “portrait” lens extremely cheaply (“Helios-44” still has a lot left, and we haven’t even mentioned the old Japanese “glasses” from Ebay), but replacing the whale glass with a system UPC will already cost a significant amount . Well, we won’t even talk about “digital point-and-shoot cameras” with non-replaceable optics, and especially camera phones.
However, given the obvious migration of the main demand to the semi- and professional segment, we will change the conditions for selecting SLR cameras compared to the previous version of the rating, concentrating on the seriousness of the camera’s capabilities - if you buy a “DSLR”, then it’s definitely not for “playing around, exposing on Avito and return to your smartphone.”
The tendency of many functions to “flow” from the professional segment to the amateur segment fairly confuses the classification of cameras by user groups. But when creating the TOP 15 SLR cameras, you cannot do without their classification.
Which camera should I buy? Which camera to choose? Professional or amateur?
The difference in the quality of pictures taken with professional cameras and amateur ones is enormous.
To understand this phenomenon, you need to understand the terms. So: professional camera this is any camera held in the hands of a professional, amateur camera This is any camera that an amateur holds in his hands.
The parameters by which you can select a camera include certain (1) features of the technical specification of the device. , (6) personal aesthetic preferences.
Bayonet
Type of interchangeable lens mount that can be used with this camera model.
On a camera with an interchangeable lens, you can only install lenses that are specifically designed for this model. This is due to different types of mount, as well as different electronic “stuffing” of the lenses. As a rule, each major camera manufacturer develops its own standard of interchangeable lenses, which is not compatible with the standards of other manufacturers.
If you already have a set of lenses for your camera, then when choosing a new model, you can choose exactly the one that will be compatible with them.
Matrix type
The type of photosensitive matrix installed in a digital camera.
The camera matrix is an array of photosensitive elements (pixels). Using a lens, an image of the object being photographed is created on the matrix. During exposure (photography), each pixel accumulates an electrical charge proportional to the amount of light that hits it. After shooting, the signal from each photocell is read, converted into digital and processed by the processor.
Cameras typically use one of the following sensor types: CCD, CMOS, X-Trans CMOS, BSI CMOS, EXR CMOS, and Live MOS. In a CCD (Charge-Coupled Device, or CCD - charge-coupled device), when reading a signal, the accumulated charge is shifted from one matrix element to another, forming a finished image line or an entire frame at the output.
CMOS (Complementary-symmetry/Metal-Oxide Semiconductor), or CMOS matrix (CMOS - complementary metal-oxide semiconductor), consists of individual photocells and control transistors manufactured using CMOS technology. Transistors control the operation of the photosensor and provide signal reading.
X-Trans CMOS is a development of FUJIFILM in collaboration with Adobe Systems Incorporated. Processing photographs in RAW format from cameras equipped with this type of matrix in Adobe software allows you to more effectively combat moiré and correct colors in photographs.
X-Trans CMOS II is a new version of the matrix from FUJIFILM. Thanks to the technologies used to create this type of matrix, the speed of phase focusing has been increased, and the moire effect has also been reduced.
BSI CMOS (Back Side Illuminated CMOS - back-illuminated sensor) matrices differ from conventional CMOS in increased light sensitivity, which can significantly reduce the amount of visual noise when shooting in low-light conditions. This is achieved due to the fact that the reverse side of the matrix transmits more light, so the sensor is installed upside down.
EXR CMOS is a development of Fujifilm. In matrices of this type, the pixels are arranged in a different sequence from other types of matrices. Thanks to this, the EXR CMOS sensor can switch operating modes depending on the shooting conditions and requirements. There are three main modes. HD (high resolution) - all the pixels of the matrix are used, maximum resolution and clarity are achieved. DR (wide dynamic range) - some of the pixels take a photo with one exposure, and some with another, thereby achieving the HDR effect with just one shot (usually two or three are required), but the resolution is reduced. SN (high sensitivity) - pixels are combined into pairs, which improves the performance of the matrix in low light, but also reduces resolution.
Live MOS matrix is a photosensitive matrix made on the basis of MOS technology. Live MOS has fewer connections per element and is powered by lower voltage. Due to this and the simplified transmission of control signals, it is possible to obtain a “live” image in the absence of overheating and increased noise levels, which are traditional for such an operating mode.
LBCAST (Lateral Buried Charge Accumulator and Sensing Transistor Array) also uses light-sensitive semiconductor elements like a CMOS sensor, but since the LBCAST circuit structure is simpler, it can achieve miniaturization of the matrix and improve its performance. Thanks to this, it is possible to increase the shooting speed. In addition, the increased surface area of the photosensitive elements improves color depth and image contrast.
However, despite all the advantages, LBCAST matrices were not widely used.
Matrix format
The physical size of the matrix has a direct relationship with the format. Most cameras in the mid-price category and above have a matrix of a certain format: 1″, 4/3 (Four Thirds), APS-C, APS-H, Foveon, Full frame (35mm) or medium format. If the matrix format is not specified, then, as a rule, we are talking about a budget camera with a non-standard matrix size. Please note that the dimensions of a single sensor format may vary slightly from manufacturer to manufacturer.
1″ (Nikon CX) is a relatively small matrix in physical dimensions (13.2×8.8 mm). Installed in compact cameras Nikon, Sony and Samsung. Crop factor - 2.72.
APS-C is a very popular matrix format. Sensor dimensions for all manufacturers (except Canon) are 23.6x15.6 mm. Canon uses smaller matrices - 22.3x14.9 mm.
APS-H is a format used by Canon in some top-end SLR cameras and has dimensions of 27.9x18.6 mm.
4/3 (Four Thirds) is a popular matrix format for mirrorless cameras such as Four Thirds and Micro Four Thirds (“4/3”, “m4/3”). Sensor dimensions are 17.3x13 mm, crop factor is 2.0.
Foveon - format used only in Sigma cameras. Sensor dimensions: 20.7×13.8 mm.
Full frame (35mm) - full-frame sensor. Often found in top-end SLR cameras, the sensor dimensions are approximately 36x24mm.
Medium format - used in professional studio photographic equipment.
Number of megapixels of the matrix
The resolution of the matrix, which acts as photographic film in digital cameras, i.e. the number of photosensitive elements located on it (pixels).
The greater the number of matrix pixels, the higher the quality of the resulting images.
The maximum size at which an image can be reproduced without visible degradation in quality depends on the resolution of the matrix. For example, to output a 9x15 cm format print to a printer, a 2x-3x megapixel matrix (2-3 million elements) is sufficient; for an A4 size print, a 3x-4x megapixel matrix is needed.
The resolution of modern cameras significantly exceeds the required minimum, and the number of megapixels of the photo matrix increases every year and today reaches 15-20 or more. Increasing the resolution while maintaining the same matrix size leads to a decrease in pixel size. This in turn increases the noise level in the photo. So the race for megapixels does not always benefit quality.
Crop factor
The value of the crop factor of a digital camera.
Crop factor is defined as the ratio of the diagonals of a 35mm film frame (24x36mm) and the matrix of a digital camera.
If you compare two cameras - one with a full-frame 24x36 mm sensor and the second with a smaller sensor and a crop factor greater than one - then when using the same lenses, the second camera will have a smaller field of view than the first. This is explained by simple geometry. Since the angle of view is usually measured by the focal length of a 35mm camera lens, the concept of "equivalent focal length" has been introduced for digital cameras. It is equal to the product of the focal length of the lens and the crop factor. The equivalent focal length essentially determines the camera's angle of view.
Knowing the value of the crop factor for digital cameras with interchangeable lenses, you can easily determine what equivalent focal length (viewing angle) you will get when installing a particular lens.
When choosing lenses, you should also pay attention to the crop factor. On sale you can find special lenses for working with digital cameras with a crop factor greater than one. It is not advisable to use such lenses with 35mm cameras.
For most digital SLR cameras, the crop factor is in the range of 1.3-2.0. The lower the crop factor value, the larger the size of the photo matrix (see “Physical size of the matrix”) and the larger the area of one pixel (at a given matrix resolution), the lower the noise level.
Physical matrix size
The size of the camera's photosensitive matrix determines the size and area of the smallest photosensitive element - the pixel. The larger the matrix area, the larger the pixel area (with the same matrix resolution, of course). As the pixel area increases, the photosensitivity increases, the dynamic range of the matrix increases, and noise decreases. Increasing the size of the matrix, as a rule, leads to an increase in its cost, so large matrices with a large diagonal are used only in professional equipment. The size of matrices for inexpensive small-sized cameras is usually specified as the nominal diameter of the transmitting tube into which the matrix could fit and is measured in fractions of an inch. For large matrices, the size along two axes is indicated in millimeters.
ISO sensitivity, min
The minimum photosensitivity of digital camera matrix elements is indicated in ISO units.
Each photosensitive matrix has certain physical characteristics that determine its operating sensitivity range. In this range, the matrix transmits the image with minimal distortion and an acceptable noise level. The wider this range (the larger the maximum and the smaller the minimum sensitivity value), the more opportunities for scene shooting a digital camera has.
ISO sensitivity, max
Maximum photosensitivity of digital camera matrix elements.
Light sensitivity is the amount of light energy required to produce an image. It is indicated in ISO units and can take values of 100, 200, 400, 800, etc., by analogy with photographic film, in a certain interval. The higher the ISO number, the higher the sensitivity. The photographer, depending on the shooting conditions, can set one or another sensitivity value. The wider the sensitivity range of the photomatrix, the more shooting possibilities the camera has.
Shooting in low light conditions and shooting fast-moving objects (sports) require higher light sensitivity than shooting stationary objects in sunny weather. However, as the sensitivity of the matrix increases, the noise level of the image simultaneously increases (i.e., a large number of dots appear in the image, the brightness or color of which differs significantly from the average color of the object).
Maximum light sensitivity shows how sensitive the photomatrix can be.
Color depth
The number of bits used to represent the color of each pixel in an image.
The color of each pixel is encoded by a certain number of bits, that is, elementary units of information. Depending on how many bits are allocated to the color of each pixel, a different number of colors can be encoded. Thus, color depth allows you to determine the maximum number of colors that can be implemented in an image. For example, if the color depth is 24 bits/pixel, then a potential image could contain up to 16.8 million different colors and shades. Obviously, the more colors are used to electronically represent an image, the more accurate the information about the color of each of its points (i.e., its color rendering).
For modern digital cameras, a color depth of 24 bits/pixel is considered the norm. If academic accuracy in color reproduction is required, then the color depth must be at least 30 bits/pixel.
Image stabilization (still photography)
A type of image stabilizer used in photography.
Image stabilization allows you to compensate for hand shake when shooting and get a clear, blur-free photo. The effect of jitter becomes especially noticeable when photographing at high magnification (zoom) or with a long shutter speed. Image stabilizers can be optical or digital, and a combination of both is also possible (dual stabilizer).
An optical image stabilizer uses movement of one of the elements of the camera's optical system or a shift of the photo matrix to compensate for hand shake (see “Stabilizer system”). A special sensor detects the shift of the lens barrel. After this, a change occurs in the optical design or matrix shift. This compensates for micro-shift of the camera, and the image projected onto the matrix remains motionless.
In digital stabilization mode, the camera’s automatic system sets the maximum permissible value of the sensor sensitivity (ISO) for specific shooting conditions. In this case, the shutter speed value automatically decreases. The short shutter speed makes it possible to obtain blur-free images even with slight vibrations of the camera during shooting.
It should be noted that a digital stabilizer cannot help in all cases, so to obtain high-quality images, it is better to focus on an optical stabilization system.
Dual image stabilization is a combination of optical and digital image stabilization.
Image stabilization system
Design of a mechanical image stabilizer in a digital camera.
Image stabilization helps compensate for hand shake when shooting and produces clear, blur-free images (see “Image Stabilizer (Photography)”).
All modern mechanical stabilization systems can be divided into two types. The first system uses a moving element in the lens to compensate for camera shake, while the second uses a shift in the photosensitive matrix.
Matrix shift stabilization does not introduce additional distortions into the resulting image and does not affect the lens aperture. In SLR cameras with such a stabilization system, you can use any lenses.
An image stabilizer with an active element in the lens is considered more effective due to its higher operating speed.
Using a stabilizer increases the power consumption of the camera and may interfere with photography (when shooting with “wiring”). The stabilizer is not effective when shooting at long focal lengths and slow shutter speeds.
Maximum flash range
The maximum distance that the built-in flash can illuminate to obtain a high-quality photograph.
The maximum flash range is determined by the power of the flash emitter, so it is natural that for super-compact cameras the maximum range of the built-in flash will be less than that of larger cameras.
Built-in flash
The presence of a built-in flash lamp in the camera, which turns on simultaneously with the opening of the shutter and illuminates the subject at the moment of shooting.
The flash allows you to take photographs in low light conditions, for example in the evening, to avoid the appearance of shadows on the face, etc.
Most modern digital camera models are equipped with a built-in flash. Very compact or budget models may not have a built-in flash, as well as some high-end models designed exclusively for working with external lighting.
Synchro contact
The presence on the body of a special connector (sync contact) for connecting an external flash.
This connector allows you to connect a non-standard flash that is not compatible with the hot shoe mounted on the camera. The sync contact is often used for connection when shooting in a studio environment.
Flash bracketing
The camera has a flash bracketing mode.
Flash bracketing is an automatic burst shooting mode that varies the flash output for each frame by some amount above or below the average value. The average value is determined automatically.
This shooting mode can be used in cases where it is difficult to determine the exact exposure, as well as for special effects.
Shooting 3D
The presence of a system of two lenses (sometimes two pairs of lenses and matrices), allowing you to shoot photos and videos with the ability to view the footage in 3D format. 3D photography can also be implemented at the software level, that is, using a special algorithm that converts ordinary photographs into a three-dimensional format.
To obtain a three-dimensional image, it is necessary to record two separate frames (stereo pair) with angles for the left and right eyes and show each frame for “your” eye.
There are three most common methods for displaying volumetric images. The simplest and most inexpensive to implement is color coding of images. To obtain the effect, you need to use special anaglyph glasses, in which light filters are used instead of glasses (usually red for the left eye, and blue for the right). The stereo pair is encoded into one photograph, in which the red channel shows the left eye, and the blue channel shows the right. When viewing, each eye sees an image of the color that matches the color of its lens. The disadvantage of this method is incomplete color rendition, as well as discomfort when viewing images or videos for a long time.
The most common household method of obtaining high-quality three-dimensional images is the use of glasses with liquid crystal interrupters. To view, you need a playback or display device that supports 3D. Images for the left and right eyes are alternately displayed on the screen, and synchronized glasses, at the moment the image for the left eye is shown, close the right one and vice versa.
Also, a high-quality effect can be achieved by using polarized glasses. In this case, the glasses use different polarizing filters for each eye (with vertical and horizontal polarization or with left and right circular polarization). The image for each eye is displayed on a display device with the polarization corresponding to a specific eye.
Continuous shooting speed
Burst shooting speed. For more information about this mode, see the “Burst Mode” section.
The shooting speed is determined by the shutter speed and the digital image processing system. The higher this speed, the more photos of the event you are interested in you will have time to take.
For compact digital cameras, the fast shooting speed is usually in the range of 1 - 3 frames per second. Professional and semi-professional digital SLR cameras are capable of shooting up to 10 frames per second or more.
Please note that when shooting quickly, camera manufacturers use different image processing techniques. This means that the quality of such images may differ from the quality of normal shooting.
Manufacturers often provide the ability to change various quick shooting parameters, which allows the user to most accurately customize shooting for specific tasks.
Maximum Burst (RAW)
The maximum number of photos that can be taken in one series and saved in RAW format.
Burst shooting refers to the ability of the camera to take several frames in a row with a minimum interval (see “Burst mode”). The maximum number of shots in a series is limited by the operation of the camera electronics.
RAW is an image format that allows you to save raw photo data uncompressed or with lossless compression. The maximum burst when saving an image in the JPEG format is usually much larger than that of the RAW format. Therefore, if you need to get a long series, then choose saving in JPEG format.
Maximum Burst (JPEG)
The maximum number of photos that can be taken in one series and saved in JPEG format. The value corresponding to the maximum shooting speed is given (see “Fast shooting speed”).
Burst shooting refers to the ability of the camera to take several frames in a row with a minimum interval (see “Burst mode”).
The maximum number of shots in a series is limited by the operation of the camera electronics.
The more frames a camera can take in one series, the greater the opportunity for the photographer to “catch” an interesting event.
Note that in some cameras the user can choose fast shooting modes, select the burst length and shooting speed within the technical capabilities of the camera.
Time-lapse mode
Time-lapse is a shooting mode in which frames are taken after a significant period of time (from several seconds to tens of minutes). When played back at a normal frame rate, such a video appears to be sped up, covering a large period of time. The most typical scenes for this shooting mode: a blooming flower and sunrise/sunset, shown in a few seconds.
On time
The period of time from the moment you press the power button until the moment the camera is completely ready for use.
The turn-on time varies from a few seconds for “slow” cameras to tenths of seconds for “fast” devices.
Viewfinder pixel count
Resolution of the camera's electronic viewfinder.
The viewfinder is an optical device that allows you to see what will be captured by the camera.
The electronic viewfinder is a miniature LCD screen with a lens (eyepiece) installed inside the camera. It displays the future frame as it is “seen” by the light-sensitive matrix through the camera lens.
The higher the resolution of the LCD matrix in the viewfinder (and the higher the number of pixels), the more detailed and detailed the image the photographer will see.
LCD size
Diagonal size of the LCD display. According to established tradition, it is indicated in inches (1 inch = 2.54 cm). Most cameras have an LCD screen ranging in size from 3 to 6 cm. The larger the LCD screen, the more convenient it is to view the photos you have taken and understand the numerous camera settings.
Number of LCD dots
Number of LCD screen dots. The higher it is, the clearer and better quality the image is and, accordingly, the more comfortable it is to work with such a screen. For most digital cameras, the LCD dot count ranges from 120,000 to 921,000.
It is worth considering that most digital camera manufacturers by “number of screen dots” do not mean the number of pixels, but the number of subpixels. To form one pixel, three subpixels of basic colors are usually used: red, green and blue. Therefore, to find out the real number of pixels on the screen, you need to divide the number of its pixels by three.
Rotating screen
The camera has a rotating screen. The screen itself and the entire back panel of the device can be rotated. The screen can rotate around its axis by 90 degrees or open to the side, like a video camera.
Touch screen
The presence of a touch (pressure-sensitive) liquid crystal screen in a digital camera.
Most devices use separate buttons located on the back panel near the LCD screen to select various settings. Touchscreen models do not have these buttons. This display allows you to switch through the camera menu by clicking on certain areas of the screen itself. This makes it possible to enlarge the screen and occupy almost the entire back panel of the camera.
Using the touch screen makes operating and navigating the camera's numerous menus intuitive.
Shutter speed, min
Minimum camera shutter speed.
Shutter speed is the time during which the camera shutter remains open and lets light rays through to the photosensitive matrix.
Along with the aperture, this parameter determines the amount of light entering the sensor and, accordingly, the correct exposure. For well-lit subjects and for shooting moving subjects, the shutter speed should be very slow.
The lower the minimum shutter speed, the more opportunities for scene shooting a digital camera has.
Shutter speed, max
The maximum shutter speed of the camera.
- This is the time during which the camera shutter remains open to take a photo.
Along with this parameter, it determines the amount of light falling on the photosensitive surface (matrix), and, accordingly, the correctness of the exposure. For night photography or with a large F-number (see “Aperture value (F), min”, “Aperture value (F), max”), the shutter speed should be high.
The range of possible shutter speed values for each camera is set in accordance with its technical solution. The higher the maximum shutter speed, the more opportunities for scene shooting a digital camera has.
Exposure for X-Sync
The minimum shutter speed at which the camera shutter fully opens the frame.
X-Sync is an electronic flash mode that triggers the flash signal exactly when the shutter is fully open.
Mechanical shutters with curtains work in such a way that at very short shutter speeds the frame is not completely open, the shutter opens a gap for light that “runs” across the frame. Since the flash glow time is less than the time for which the shutter opens the frame, a short light pulse from the flash will illuminate only that part of the frame over which the shutter slit was located at the moment the flash was fired, that is, only part of the frame will be illuminated.
Therefore, it is not recommended to shoot with flash in X-Sync mode at shutter speeds slower than the X-Sync shutter speed. The lower this value, the wider the range of shutter speeds for working with flash and the more opportunities the photographer has to realize his ideas.
General exposure metering (Evaluative)
Operation of the camera's exposure metering system in general mode.
Exposure metering is the calculation of the required amount of light to take a high-quality photo. The camera takes measurements before each shot, as a result of which the required shutter speed and aperture are calculated.
There are several exposure metering modes. Each mode is better suited for certain shooting conditions.
General metering mode uses information from several sensors. When calculating exposure, the data obtained is compared with a database of typical frame compositions. The best exposure for the specific type of shot is then selected.
Electronic rangefinder
The presence of an electronic rangefinder function.
This function helps when using manual focus. The principle of operation is similar to rangefinder cameras, but the specific implementation and functionality depends on the device manufacturer and model.
Autofocus adjustment
The autofocus correction function allows you to increase focusing accuracy by fine-tuning it. In addition, the camera's memory may have preset settings for the most popular lenses.
Autofocus type
Type of camera autofocus system.
Since the inception of autofocus, several types of autofocus have been invented. It all started with active autofocus using ultrasonic waves, and then infrared. Today these methods are not used - they have given way to passive autofocus. It, in turn, can be contrast, phase or hybrid.
Contrast autofocus is common among mirrorless cameras. The camera processor analyzes the current image from the matrix and begins to move the lenses in one of two possible directions. If, after moving the lenses, the picture is more contrasting (clear), then the movement of the lenses continues until the desired focus is found. If the image has deteriorated, then the lenses move in the opposite direction, again, until the desired focusing is achieved. Contrast AF's strength is its accurate focusing in dark and low-light scenes.
Phase detection autofocus is most often used in SLR cameras. For its operation, special sensors are required, which can be located directly in the camera matrix or separately. The sensors receive fragments of light from different points in the frame using mirrors. After this, the sensor will calculate how to move the lenses to get a clear image. When two light streams are at a certain distance from each other, specified by the design of the sensor, the desired focus will be achieved. Phase detection autofocus boasts excellent focusing speed.
Hybrid autofocus systems are rare. This autofocus combines the positive aspects of both contrast and phase detection autofocus. The hybrid system is being implemented in both mirrorless and DSLR cameras. In DSLR cameras it works in Live View mode.
Number of focus points
Modern cameras have a different number of linear points along which focusing occurs when shooting. The focusing module is responsible for the focusing process. It focuses in those areas of the frame that fall within the field of view of the points. The number of such points on the camera affects the accuracy of calculating the desired focus object during shooting and the convenience of setting up the manual focusing mode.
Linear points can be horizontal or vertical. The effectiveness of their use depends largely on the objects being photographed. Dots with horizontal orientation focus well on objects with vertical lines. Dots in vertical orientation, in turn, focus better on objects with horizontal lines.
Microphone input
When shooting video, one of the main criteria is to capture high-quality sound. It will be quite problematic to achieve good sound on video using the microphone built into the camera due to the presence of extraneous noise (wind, roar of the audience). To solve this problem, camera manufacturers equip their models with a connector for connecting an external microphone, from which sound is recorded.
Headphone output
This interface can be used to monitor audio through headphones during video recording. Typically, a 3.5 mm mini jack is used as a connector.
To obtain high-quality sound when recording video, it is recommended to use an external microphone and other accessories.
Number of JPEG levels
The number of possible compression levels for images when saving them in JPEG format. JPEG is the most common recording format that compresses images to save memory. However, the compactness of images is achieved at the expense of quality loss, since the JPEG format, when compressed, recognizes some data as unimportant and discards it during compression. The higher the image compression rate, the more photos can fit on the memory card, but the worse their quality will be. In many cameras, the degree of compression, and therefore the quality of images, can be controlled. By varying the compression levels, you can save either more photos but of lower quality, or fewer photos but of higher quality.
Memory - Memory Stick
The ability to use removable memory cards in the Memory Stick format in the camera.
Memory Stick is a flash memory card format introduced by Sony, which is used mainly in digital cameras from this manufacturer. At the moment it is one of the most expensive media available. In addition to the Memory Stick standard, there are other varieties: Memory Stick Pro, Memory Stick Duo.
Memory Stick dimensions are 50x21.5x2.8 mm.
Memory - Memory Stick Duo
The ability to use removable memory cards in the Memory Stick Duo format in the camera.
This memory standard was developed and supported by Sony. The case of this card is very compact and quite durable. Memory Stick Duo was developed on the basis of the widely used Memory Stick standard from the same Sony, but the connector is incompatible with it and is small in size (20x31x1.6 mm). To use a Memory Stick Duo with a device that has a Memory Stick slot, you must use a special adapter.
Memory - XQD
Possibility of using removable memory cards in XQD format in the camera.
Memory cards were announced in 2011; their main difference from other cards is their high data transfer speed (up to 125 MB/s).
Cards of this standard have dimensions of 38.5 x 29.8 x 3.8 mm.
Maximum memory card capacity
The maximum capacity of a memory card that the camera can work with.
The higher the value of this parameter, the larger the card you can use, therefore, you can record more pictures and videos on it. If you already have a suitable type of high-capacity flash card, before purchasing a camera, you should make sure that the selected model supports cards of this capacity.
Interface - video
The camera has a composite video interface.
The composite interface is designed to transmit images to any video display device.
The video output is used for viewing photos and videos on a TV or for recording on a VCR.
To transmit high-resolution images to HDTV devices, it is recommended to use the HD output.
Interface - Bluetooth
Ability to connect the camera to a computer and other devices via Bluetooth wireless interface.
Bluetooth technology uses short-range radio communication and allows you to establish a high-speed wireless connection at a distance of up to 10 meters.
Using Bluetooth, you can transfer files from the camera to a computer, as well as directly print photos on a special printer equipped with a Bluetooth adapter.
NFC technology support.
NFC (Near Field Communication) is a short-range wireless communication technology. NFC allows two devices located close to each other (at a distance of no more than 10 cm) to exchange data.
Battery capacity
Capacity of the battery built into the camera.
A larger battery allows you to take more photos without recharging.
Maximum video recording resolution
The maximum video recording resolution in a camera with video recording capabilities.
The higher the video resolution, the clearer and more detailed the video image you can get. The video recording function on a digital camera is not the main one; it rather serves as a nice addition to the main functions.
Electronic stabilization for video shooting
Availability of electronic stabilization function during video recording.
When shooting video, camera vibrations cause the captured image to shake. Since most shooting is done handheld, you will have to deal with this problem quite often.
The electronic stabilization function is implemented through digital image processing using a built-in processor. To form a frame, only part of the image from the photosensitive matrix is used - a video frame is cut out from the overall image. When shaking, image displacement is monitored, and the video frame is accordingly moved up or down within the entire image field from the photo sensor to compensate for this displacement. As a result, the recorded image (video frame) remains motionless for the viewer.
The use of stabilization does not allow you to get rid of unpleasant effects in all cases.
FPS at 4K (3840x2160)
The maximum number of frames per second when shooting video with a resolution of 3840x2160 pixels.
Frames of 25 and 50 frames per second are standard in countries with PAL and SECAM broadcast systems (Europe, Asia, Russia), while frequencies of 30 and 60 frames per second are common in countries with the NTSC broadcast standard (USA, Canada, Mexico , Japan, the Philippines and a number of South American countries).
The camera's support for these frequency sets may depend on the country for which the camera is manufactured. Many cameras are universal: regardless of region, they support simultaneous frame rates of 25/30 (50/60) frames per second.
Record video in MOV format
Ability to save captured video in MOV format.
The MOV format (or container) was proposed by Apple. To view videos in this format, you usually use QuickTime.
Record video in MP4 format
Ability to save captured video in AVI format.
When describing standards for digital video, two concepts are usually used - video codec and video container. By codec we mean the method by which video information is compressed, and by container we mean the file extension. The type of container determines which programs can play this file, and the type of codec determines the degree of information compression and image quality.
MP4 is a multimedia container format that can contain audio and video streams, as well as other information. Codecs from the MPEG-4 family are usually used to compress video information.
Using the MJPEG video codec
Ability to save captured video using the MJPEG codec.
When describing standards for digital video, two concepts are usually used - video codec and video container. By codec we mean the method by which video information is compressed, and by container we mean the file extension. The type of container determines which programs can play this file, and the type of codec determines the degree of information compression and image quality.
When using the MJPEG (Motion JPEG) codec, each frame is processed separately, and the video quality does not depend on the dynamics of the scene. But this comes at the cost of a significantly larger video file size.
Video created with the MJPEG codec, compared to MPEG4 (see “Using the MPEG4 video codec”) is much better suited for subsequent editing, since the frames do not depend on each other and you can insert (or cut) video fragments starting from any frame.
HDR shooting
Taking photos with the HDR effect allows you to create high-quality photos in difficult lighting conditions, when there are both brightly lit areas and darkened objects in the frame. To create this effect with the highest quality, the camera automatically takes 2-3 frames with different settings and stitches them into one.
Orientation sensor
The presence in a digital camera of a special sensor that determines the orientation of the camera (horizontal or vertical) during shooting.
Thanks to this sensor, it is possible to automatically flip photos and videos taken in a vertical position when they are played back on a TV screen or when transferred to a computer. In the latter case, you will need special software supplied with the camera.
In addition, information about the camera position is used automatically when determining exposure and white balance.
Frost resistance
The camera has protection against low temperatures.
Some digital cameras are equipped with protection against low temperatures. Such models are suitable for working in bad weather.
Dust protection
The presence of dust protection significantly influences the choice of camera.
Some digital cameras are equipped with dust protection. Such models are suitable for working in bad weather.
Waterproof housing
The presence of a waterproof housing for a digital camera.
DSLR cameras often have waterproof housings. Some models with a waterproof case allow short-term immersion in water.
The weight of the camera and lens is sometimes a leading factor when choosing a camera.
A digital camera is a fairly mobile device: people take it with them on vacation and often carry it with them, so when choosing its dimensions and weight are far from the least important considerations.
Based on the size of the camera, it can be divided into several categories:
— ultra-compact cameras weighing up to 200 g. The technical characteristics of such cameras are not the most impressive, but they can easily fit in a woman’s handbag or in the breast pocket of a shirt;
— compact cameras, the most common, their weight is up to 300 g. They have higher technical capabilities compared to ultra-compact cameras and at the same time are quite convenient for transportation;
— advanced, or semi-professional, cameras weighing 400-600 g. Equipped with high-aperture optics, the ability to install an external flash, and manual settings for shooting modes;
— professional SLR cameras, weighing from 600 g and above. They are equipped with removable lenses, the camera body is usually made of metal, and have the widest range of technical characteristics.
