Stairs. Entry group. Materials. Doors. Locks. Design

FRAGMENT OF THE TEXTBOOK (...) During classes on industrial training at enterprises, the instructor must conduct detailed instructions, monitor compliance with occupational safety requirements and ensure that each student understands these rules and instructions. The instructor is obliged to provide training sessions with warning posters about occupational safety requirements, hanging them in prominent places; V necessary cases students should be equipped depending on the educational and production tasks they perform written instructions according to labor safety, industrial sanitation and fire safety requirements.
There are certain requirements for organizing a mechanic's workplace.
1. The workbench must be strong and stable. Tabletop. (cover) of the workbench must be flat and covered over the entire plane with sheet steel, textolite or linoleum, and the edges are covered with angle steel or wooden slats. A replaceable (retractable) mesh screen must be installed on each workbench to protect those working nearby from fragments flying off during cutting.
2. The rotary type parallel vise must be firmly and securely mounted on the workbench. In the compressed position, the jaws are parallel and at the same level. The overlay jaws are firmly fixed, well-hardened and have a clear cut for reliable fastening of the part.
Clamp the part in a vice only with hand effort, and not with body weight. Clamping" or releasing parts from a vice, the lever must be lowered smoothly, without throwing it, so as not to hurt your arm or leg. The vice must be kept clean and in good condition, and the rubbing parts must be regularly lubricated with an appropriate lubricant.
3. A footrest should be used in cases where the height of the vice does not correspond to the height of the student. The height of a workbench with clamps is considered normal if the student standing straight has an arm bent at the elbow joint at an angle of 90° and is at the level of the vice jaws with the shoulder part in a vertical position. The chosen stands should lie firmly on the floor. Incorrect position of the student’s body causes rapid fatigue and makes it difficult correct execution working methods and obtaining the required accuracy.
4. -One of the elements of workplace culture is properly fitted, neat and clean workwear. Robe or
overalls should be selected according to the size and height of the worker and should not restrict movement.
During work, overalls should always be buttoned with all buttons, and the sleeves should have fastened cuffs that tightly cover the wrist; You must wear a headdress (beret or scarf) on your head, under which you must carefully tuck your hair away.
There should be no hanging ends on clothes and headwear (ties, ribbons, ends of scarves) that could be caught in the rotating parts of machines, machines or mechanisms and lead to an accident.
5. Local lighting at the workplace must have serviceable movable fittings with a protective shade to direct the light onto the workpiece and the plane of the workbench. The voltage in the electrical network during local lighting should not exceed 36 V.
6. At the workplace there should be only those tools and devices that are necessary to complete the training and production task. Each tool, fixtures and materials must have its own specific place.
Tools, fixtures and materials must be arranged on the workbench in such a way that everything that is taken right hand, was located to the right of the worker, with his left hand to the left. More often than others, the tools and workpieces used must be located closer to the person working (Fig. 1). A certain order must be maintained in the drawer, where each tool must be assigned a permanent place.
Measuring and testing tools are placed separately from the working tool on a special shelf or tablet. Drawings and maps for educational tasks should be placed on a tablet stand installed on a workbench, at a distance sufficient for reading them.
MARKING FLAT SURFACES
Occupational safety requirements When starting to learn how to mark flat surfaces, the instructor must carefully inspect all tools and devices. It is prohibited to work with a faulty or improperly sharpened tool.
Tools in use must meet the following requirements.
Hammers must be firmly seated on the handles and wedged in the hole with steel wedges. The hammer handle should
Rice. I. Diagram explaining the principle of arrangement of tools, workpieces, documentation at the workplace
have an oval cross-section with uniform thickening towards the end. The surface of the handle must be clean and smooth, without knots, cracks or chips. The length of the handle for marking hammers weighing 200 g should be 250 - 300 mm. The working surfaces of the hammer must be smooth, flat surface, no cracks or chips.
The impact part of the punches should not be knocked down or beveled from impacts. The surface of the striking part should be smooth and slightly convex. The length of the center punch must be at least 70 mm so that the striking part of the instrument taken in the hand is 20 mm above the yals.
The working part of the punch should be a sharpened tip with an apex angle of 60°, and for marking the centers of holes to be drilled, with an apex angle of 45°. You cannot use a dull center punch, since when you hit it with a hammer, the point will slide off the marking plane and can cause hand injury. Impacts should be applied to the striking part along the axis of the punch when it is perpendicular location to the workpiece plane.
To prevent hand injuries, you must carefully handle the pointed ends of the compass, scriber and center punch; these tools must not be placed in clothing pockets.
Let's consider occupational safety requirements when working on sharpening machines.
General requirements.
1. Operate only a machine to which you are authorized to perform the work assigned to you.
2. It is prohibited to work on the machine wearing mittens or gloves, as well as with bandaged fingers.
3. If there is a power outage, immediately turn off the electrical equipment of the machine.
4. Every worker is obliged:
a) strictly comply with all labor safety requirements;
b) keep it clean workplace throughout the working day;
c) do not wash your hands in oil, emulsion and kerosene;
d) do not eat at the machine.
Before starting work.
5. Before each start of the machine, make sure that starting the machine does not endanger anyone.
6. Put your work clothes in order.
7. Check the strength of the fence.” It is prohibited to work without guards on the grinding wheel and belt drive.
8. Check the reliability and correct fastening of the tool rest (the gap between the tool rest and the grinding wheels should be no more than 3 mm), check the condition of these wheels by external inspection in order to identify noticeable cracks and gouges.
It is prohibited to use wheels that have cracks or potholes.
9. Check the proper operation of the machine at idle for 3 - 5 minutes, being away from the danger zone of possible rupture of the grinding wheel, and make sure that there is no radial or axial runout of the wheel exceeding the maximum limit.
10. If you discover a malfunction of the machine or a possible danger, immediately inform the instructor or foreman.
While working.
11. When sharpening a tool, it is necessary to move the tool onto the wheel smoothly, without jerking or strong pressure. You should stand away from the plane of rotation of the grinding wheel.
12. When working, a worker must use protective glasses or shields.
13. Sharpening and finishing of the tool grinding wheels produce only with cooling.