Test
discipline Psychology and Pedagogy
on the topic "Needs. Their types and development"
need communication motivational achievement
Introduction
1.Identification of needs
2. Types of needs
3. Development needs. The concept of professionally significant features of the motivational-need sphere of personality.
4. Achievement needs and affirmations and their role in achieving professional success
Bibliography.
Introduction
Human needs know no boundaries, the more a person has and knows, the more needs. At present, when a rich world of material and spiritual possibilities is bustling around us, needs play a special role - the role of our guide. Needs are our engine, they guide us, make us move forward and not stop there.
But at the same time there are also negative sides. Needs are often confusing and make it difficult to determine the true goal, they also instill in us a number of complexes and shortcomings.
The world of needs is as rich as our imagination, and since I am only an amateur in the field of psychology and pedagogy, I propose to turn to the works of famous authors.
1.Identification of needs
Maklakov A.G.: “Need is the initial form of activity of living organisms. Need can be described as a periodically occurring state of tension in the body of living beings. The occurrence of this condition in a person is caused by a lack of a substance in the body or the absence of an object necessary for the individual. This state of an organism's objective need for something that lies outside it and constitutes a necessary condition for its normal functioning is called a need.
A need is a state of need of a person in certain conditions of life and activity or material objects. A need, like any state of a person, is always associated with a person's feeling of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. All living beings have needs, and this distinguishes living nature from non-living. Another difference, also related to needs, is the selectivity of the response of the living thing to exactly what constitutes the subject of needs, that is, to what the body lacks at a given moment in time. The need activates the body, stimulates its behavior, aimed at finding what is required.
The quantity and quality of needs that living beings have depends on the level of their organization, on the way and conditions of life, on the place occupied by the corresponding organism on the evolutionary ladder. Plants that need only certain biochemical and physical conditions of existence have the least needs. A person has the most diverse needs, who, in addition to physical and organic needs, also has spiritual and social needs. Social needs are expressed in the desire of a person to live in society, to interact with other people.
The main characteristics of human needs are the strength, frequency of occurrence and method of satisfaction. An additional, but very significant characteristic, especially when it comes to a person, is the objective content of the need, that is, the totality of those objects of material and spiritual culture with the help of which this need can be satisfied.
2. Types of needs
The man of modern society is engaged in a variety of activities. It is hardly possible to classify all types of activities, since in order to represent and describe all types of human activity, it is necessary to list the most important needs for a given person, and the number of needs is very large, due to the individual characteristics of people.
However, it is possible to generalize and single out the main activities characteristic of all people. They will correspond to the general needs that can be found in almost all people without exception, or rather, to those types of social human activity in which each person inevitably joins in the process of his individual development.
There are needs:
by areas of activity:
labor needs
knowledge
according to the object of needs:
material
spiritual
ethical
aesthetic, etc.
by importance:
dominant/minor
central/peripheral
in terms of temporal stability:
sustainable
situational
by functional role:
natural
culturally conditioned
by subject of needs:
group
individual
collective
public
Desire (specified need) - a need that has taken a specific form in accordance with the cultural level and personality of the individual with historical, geographical and other factors of the country or region
A need is a state of an individual created by his need for something. There are various classifications of needs, one of the most significant of them was proposed by P. V. Simonov, he believed that human needs can be divided into biological or organic (the need for food, water, oxygen, etc.), and social. Social needs should include, first of all, the need for contacts with their own kind and the need for external impressions, or a cognitive need. These needs begin to manifest in a person at a very early age and persist throughout his life.
An important contribution to the classification of needs was made by the American psychologist A. Maslow. His ideas are most detailed in the 1954 book Motivation and Personality (Motivation and Personality).
Maslow himself identifies 5 levels of needs, without putting them in a hierarchical sequence:
Physiological: hunger, thirst, sexual desire, etc.
Existential: security of existence, comfort, constancy of living conditions.
Social: social connections, communication, affection, concern for others and attention to oneself, joint activities.
Prestigious: self-respect, respect from others, recognition, achievement of success and appreciation, promotion.
Spiritual: knowledge, self-actualization, self-expression, self-identification.
Later, a more detailed classification was drawn up. There are seven main levels (priorities) in the system:
(lower) Physiological needs: hunger, thirst, sex drive, etc.
Need for security: feeling confident, getting rid of fear and failure.
The need for belonging and love.
The need for respect: achievement of success, approval, recognition.
Cognitive needs: to know, to be able, to explore.
Aesthetic needs: harmony, order, beauty.
(higher) The need for self-actualization: the realization of one's goals, abilities, the development of one's own personality.
As the lower needs are satisfied, the needs of a higher level become more and more urgent, but this does not mean at all that the place of the previous need is occupied by a new one only when the former is fully satisfied. Also, the needs are not in an inseparable sequence and do not have fixed positions, as shown in the diagram. This pattern takes place as the most stable, but for different people the mutual arrangement of needs may vary.
Speaking of human needs, they mean different types of needs which are both conscious and unconscious.
They are the source of generations of feelings, emotions, desires, aspirations and a catalyst for activity in order to satisfy them.
What does the term "need" mean? Human survival depends on the availability of appropriate conditions and means.
If at a certain moment they are absent - this is causes a state of need.
Ultimately, the human body begins to respond to irritating factors and show activity, since by nature it is programmed to preserve life and further survival.
The state of need, leading to the activity of the subject, is called need.
Not a single living being on the planet there are not as many needs as people. In order to realize them, a person is forced to act actively, as a result of which he develops and cognizes the world around him in different directions.
Satisfying a need is accompanied by positive emotions, otherwise negative ones.
Regardless of gender, nationality or position in society, every person has needs. Some of their types appear at birth, others in the course of later life.
With age, the list of needs changes. Among the primary include the need for air, water, food, sex. Secondary needs are directly related to psychology. These include the need for respect, success, recognition.
The question related to human needs has been studied by many scientists and at different times. In this regard, there are many theories and interpretations that describe the relationship between needs, needs and the process of their satisfaction in different ways.
Main types of needs:
In the scientific work of psychologist P. V. Simonov, the following classification of human needs is given:
Ideal needs, consisting in the desire to know the truth, do not contain such a division.
Since the true meaning of things and processes implies them the only form.
In the study of human needs in our time, an integrated approach and a full arsenal of scientific methods are used.
Without knowing the reliable reasons for the origin and formation of needs and the degree of their influence on brain activity, it is impossible to effectively solve the following tasks:
Hierarchy of needs brought psychologist Abraham Maslow. He arranged numerous needs and desires of people in a form that clearly demonstrated his scientific view on this problem. In the pyramid, Maslow placed needs as they increase.
The scientist was sure that while an individual is in dire need of primitive things, he does not think about the needs of a higher level. Maslow gave examples to prove his theory.
The individual begins to search for a social group, belonging to which could satisfy his desires and save him from loneliness.
The fourth level is associated with prestigious needs of people. These are the needs that a person satisfies as a result of his activity. These include:
Each member of society needs recognition of his abilities and talents from those around him. Human seeks self-respect and begins to believe in his own strength when he achieves certain results in life.
They are on the fifth level. Here are:
Maslow is convinced that the need for self-expression manifests itself in a person only after all lower needs are fully satisfied.
In accordance with the theory of the scientist, the individual acts in strict accordance with the hierarchy given in the pyramid. Most people do just that.
However, there are exceptions. There is a narrow group of individuals who put their ideals above everyday problems.
This includes people of science and art, striving for self-realization and development, despite deprivation and hunger. Typically, these individuals have personal hierarchy of needs by which they live.
What is the difference between higher and lower needs? Lower needs are associated with natural needs of the body.
The need for basic conditions for survival - food, air, water - is determined by nature itself.
What are the highest needs? higher needs go far beyond necessary for physical survival and to support the functioning of the body.
The need of an individual for development, care for other people and love, self-realization is no longer just a series of important needs, but a list of values that are not directly related to the needs of the body.
For physical survival and a comfortable existence, a person needs to satisfy needs. To achieve this goal, people learn different means and learn different ways to achieve what they want.
Goods are the objects and means of satisfying human needs. These are things or means that are designed to satisfy certain human needs.
In this capacity are:
How can people's needs be identified? Natural needs are most fully described by Maslow.
They are characteristic of the vast majority of people. An effective way to identify needs is to carefully analyze the characteristics and actions of a particular person:
Natural needs are an integral part of human existence. It does not matter what level he is at the moment and what he needs.
If you have difficulty meeting basic needs, the individual to go down a step. And it will stay there until it fully satisfies this need.
Fundamental human needs and their satisfaction:
Human needs as a source of his activity
08.04.2015Snezhana Ivanova
The very needs of a person are the basis for the formation of a motive, which in psychology is considered as the “engine” of a personality ...
Man, like any living being, is programmed by nature to survive, and for this he needs certain conditions and means. If at some point in time these conditions and means are absent, then a state of need arises, which causes the appearance of a selective response of the human body. This selectivity ensures the occurrence of a response to stimuli (or factors) that are currently the most important for normal life, life preservation and further development. The experience by the subject of such a state of need in psychology is called a need.
So, the manifestation of a person's activity, and, accordingly, his life activity and purposeful activity, directly depends on the presence of a certain need (or need), which requires satisfaction. But only a certain system of human needs will determine the purposefulness of his activities, as well as contribute to the development of his personality. The very needs of a person are the basis for the formation of a motive, which in psychology is considered as a kind of “engine” of a personality. and human activity directly depends on organic and cultural needs, and they, in turn, give rise to, which directs the attention of the individual and its activity to various objects and objects of the world with the aim of their knowledge and subsequent mastery.
Needs, which are the main source of personality activity, are understood as a special internal (subjective) feeling of a person's need, which determines his dependence on certain conditions and means of existence. The activity itself, aimed at satisfying human needs and regulated by a conscious goal, is called activity. The sources of personality activity as an internal motivating force aimed at satisfying various needs are:
Human needs are reflected in the most persistent and vital dependencies of the organism and the environment, and the system of human needs is formed under the influence of the following factors: the social conditions of people's lives, the level of development of production and scientific and technological progress. In psychology, needs are studied in three aspects: as an object, as a state, and as a property (a more detailed description of these values is presented in the table).
The Importance of Needs in Psychology
In psychology, the problem of needs has been considered by many scientists, so today there are quite a lot of different theories that understand needs as needs, as well as the state, and the process of satisfaction. For example, K. K. Platonov I saw in needs, first of all, a need (more precisely, a mental phenomenon of reflecting the needs of an organism or personality), and D. A. Leontiev considered needs through the prism of activity in which it finds its realization (satisfaction). Famous psychologist of the last century Kurt Lewin Under the needs, first of all, he understood the dynamic state that occurs in a person at the moment he performs some action or intention.
An analysis of various approaches and theories in the study of this problem allows us to say that in psychology, the need was considered in the following aspects:
Human needs in psychology are understood as dynamically active states of the personality, which form the basis of its motivational sphere. And since in the process of human activity, not only the development of the individual takes place, but also changes in the environment, needs play the role of the driving force of its development, and here their subject content is of particular importance, namely the volume of the material and spiritual culture of mankind that affects the formation of needs. people and their satisfaction.
In order to understand the essence of needs as a driving force, it is necessary to take into account a number of important points highlighted E.P. Ilyin. They are as follows:
Needs are passive-active in nature, that is, on the one hand, they are due to the biological nature of a person and the lack of certain conditions, as well as his means of subsistence, and on the other hand, they determine the activity of the subject to overcome the deficit that has arisen. An essential aspect of human needs is their social and personal nature, which finds its manifestation in motives, motivation and, accordingly, in the entire orientation of the individual. Regardless of the type of need and its focus, they all have the following features:
In the needs that form human behavior and activity, as well as in production motives, interests, aspirations, desires, inclinations and value orientations, the basis of the individual's behavior lies.
Any human need initially represents the organic interweaving of biological, physiological and psychological processes, which determines the presence of many types of needs, which are characterized by strength, frequency of occurrence and ways to satisfy them.
Most often in psychology, the following types of human needs are distinguished:
Basic, fundamental (or primary) and secondary needs are also found in the psychological literature.
The greatest attention in psychology is paid to three main types of needs - material, spiritual and social (or public needs), which are described in the table below.
Basic types of human needs
material needs of a person are primary, since they are the basis of his life. Indeed, in order for a person to live, he needs food, clothing and housing, and these needs were formed in the process of phylogenesis. spiritual needs(or ideal) are purely human, as they primarily reflect the level of development of the individual. These include aesthetic, ethical and learning needs.
It should be noted that both organic and spiritual needs are characterized by dynamism and interact with each other, therefore, for the formation and development of spiritual needs, it is necessary to satisfy the material ones (for example, if a person does not satisfy the need for food, then he will experience fatigue, lethargy, apathy and drowsiness, that cannot contribute to the emergence of a cognitive need).
Separately, one should consider public needs(or social), which are formed and developed under the influence of society and are a reflection of the social nature of man. Satisfaction of this need is necessary for absolutely every person as a social being and, accordingly, as a person.
Since the moment psychology became a separate branch of knowledge, many scientists have made a large number of attempts to classify needs. All these classifications are very diverse and basically reflect only one side of the problem. That is why, to date, a unified system of human needs that would meet all the requirements and interests of researchers from various psychological schools and trends has not yet been presented to the scientific community.
Informational author P.V. Simonov needs divided into biological, social and ideal, which in turn can be the needs of need (or preservation) and growth (or development). According to P. Simonov, social needs of a person and ideal ones are divided into needs “for oneself” and “for others”.
Quite interesting is the classification of needs proposed by Erich Fromm. A well-known psychoanalyst identified the following specific social needs of a person:
But the most popular among all existing classifications was the unique system of human needs of the American psychologist Abraham Maslow (better known as the hierarchy of needs or the pyramid of needs). The representative of the humanistic direction in psychology based his classification on the principle of grouping needs by similarity in a hierarchical sequence - from lower needs to higher ones. A. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is presented in the form of a table for ease of perception.
Hierarchy of needs according to A. Maslow
| Main groups | Needs | Description |
| Additional psychological needs | in self-actualization (self-realization) | maximum realization of all the potentials of a person, his abilities and personality development |
| aesthetic | the need for harmony and beauty | |
| cognitive | the desire to learn and know the surrounding reality | |
| Basic psychological needs | in respect, self respect and appreciation | the need for success, approval, recognition of authority, competence, etc. |
| in love and belonging | the need to be in a community, society, to be accepted and recognized | |
| in safety | the need for protection, stability and security | |
| Physiological Needs | physiological or organic | needs for food, oxygen, drink, sleep, sex drive, etc. |
Having proposed their classification of needs, A. Maslow clarified that a person cannot have higher needs (cognitive, aesthetic and the need for self-development), if he has not satisfied the basic (organic) needs.
The development of human needs can be analyzed in the context of the socio-historical development of mankind and from the standpoint of ontogenesis. But it should be noted that both in the first and in the second case, material needs will be the initial ones. This is due to the fact that they are the main source of activity of any individual, pushing him to maximum interaction with the environment (both natural and social)
On the basis of material needs, the spiritual needs of a person developed and transformed, for example, the need for knowledge was based on satisfying the needs for food, clothing and housing. As for aesthetic needs, they were also formed due to the development and improvement of the production process and various means of life, which were necessary to provide more comfortable conditions for human life. Thus, the formation of human needs was determined by socio-historical development, during which all human needs developed and differentiated.
As for the development of needs during a person's life path (that is, in ontogenesis), here everything also begins with the satisfaction of natural (organic) needs, which ensure the establishment of relationships between a child and adults. In the process of satisfying basic needs, children develop needs for communication and cognition, on the basis of which other social needs appear. An important influence on the development and formation of needs in childhood is provided by the process of education, through which the correction and replacement of destructive needs is carried out.
Development and formation of human needs according to A.G. Kovalev must obey the following rules:
In addressing the question of the formation of human needs, it is necessary to return to the hierarchy of needs of A. Maslow, who argued that all human needs are given to him in a hierarchical organization at certain levels. Thus, from the moment of his birth, in the process of his growing up and personality development, each person will consistently manifest seven classes (of course, this is ideal) of needs, ranging from the most primitive (physiological) needs and ending with the need for self-actualization (the desire for maximum realization the personality of all its potentialities, the most complete life), and some aspects of this need begin to manifest themselves not earlier than adolescence.
According to A. Maslow, a person's life at a higher level of needs provides him with the greatest biological efficiency and, accordingly, a longer life, better health, better sleep and appetite. In this way, purpose of satisfying needs basic - the desire for the emergence of higher needs in a person (in knowledge, in self-development and self-actualization).
Satisfaction of human needs is an important condition not only for its comfortable existence, but also for its survival, because if organic needs are not met, a person will die in a biological sense, and if spiritual needs are not satisfied, then the individual as a social entity dies. People, satisfying different needs, learn in different ways and learn different means to achieve this goal. Therefore, depending on the environment, conditions and the individual himself, the goal of satisfying needs and the ways to achieve it will differ.
In psychology, the most popular ways and means of satisfying needs are:
So, at the heart of any activity and activity of a person there is always some kind of need, which finds its manifestation in motives, and it is the needs that are the motivating force that pushes a person to movement and development.
a form of manifestation of the intentional nature of the psyche, in accordance with which the living organism is encouraged to carry out qualitatively defined forms of activity necessary for the preservation and development of the individual and the genus. The primary biological form of need is NEED. Instincts are aimed at its completion, in which the properties of objects relevant to the need and the basic behavioral acts necessary to achieve them are specified. It is characteristic of man that even those of his needs that are connected with the tasks of his physical existence are different from the similar needs of animals. Because of this, they are able to significantly change depending on the social forms of his life. The development of human needs is carried out at the expense of the socially determined development of their objects. Needs are divided according to the nature of the activity (defensive activity, food, sexual, cognitive, communicative, play). Subjectively, needs are represented in the form of emotionally colored DESIRES, INTENSIONS, STRIVINGS, and their realization - in the form of evaluative emotions.
NEED). In Rotter's theory, a set of different behaviors that have in common how they acquire similar reinforcers (eg, recognition, love, and affection). (J. Frager, J. Feidiman, p. 705)
the original form of activity of living beings is a form of manifestation of the intentional nature of the psyche, according to which the living organism is induced to carry out qualitatively certain forms of activity necessary for the preservation and development of the individual and the genus. Dynamic education that organizes and directs cognitive processes, imagination and behavior. The main driving force of human development. Irritation of attraction. Through needs, life becomes purposeful, and either the satisfaction of the need is achieved, or an unpleasant collision with the environment is prevented.
Need is the primary biological form of need. Certain states of tension periodically arise in the body; they are associated with a lack of substances (object) required for the continuation of life. These states of the organism's objective need for something that lies outside it and constitutes a necessary condition for its normal functioning are called needs. This is the state of the individual, created by his need for objects necessary for his existence and development, and acting as a source of his activity. Instincts are aimed at filling the need, in which both the properties of objects relevant to the need and the basic behavioral acts necessary to achieve them are set.
A need is a dynamic force emanating from an organism. Neither pressure nor need exists in isolation: meeting a need involves interacting with and transforming social situations in order to achieve adaptation; at the same time, the situations themselves and the needs of other people can act both as an incentive (need) and as an obstacle (pressure).
Needs do not remain unchanged, but change and improve depending on the growth of a person’s general culture, his knowledge of reality and attitudes towards it. It is better to start the analysis of needs with their organic forms.
To the set of elementary biological needs innate in man and higher animals, we must add the need for communication - the need for contacts with their own kind, primarily with adult individuals, and the need for knowledge. With regard to these two needs, two important points should be noted: at first they are closely intertwined with each other, and both constitute a necessary condition for the formation of personality at all stages of development. They are necessary in the same way as organic needs, but if the latter only ensure biological existence, then contact with people and knowledge are necessary for the formation of the subject as a personality.
Needs are divided according to the nature of the activity (defensive, food, sexual, cognitive, communicative, play activities). When considering the relationship of needs with activity, it is necessary to immediately distinguish two stages in the life of each need: the period before the first meeting with the object that satisfies the need, and the period after this meeting.
At the first stage, the need, as a rule, is not revealed to the subject: he may experience a state of some kind of tension, dissatisfaction, but not know what caused it. On the part of behavior, the need state is expressed in anxiety, search, enumeration of various objects. In the course of the search, the need usually meets its object, and this completes the first stage of the life of the need. The process of "recognition" by the need of its object is called the objectification of the need (-> need: objectification). By the very act of objectification, the need is transformed - it becomes a definite need, a need in this particular object.
The need can be understood as a kind of hypothetical variable, which, according to circumstances, manifests itself either as a motive or as a trait. In the latter case, the needs are stable and become qualities of character.
According to H. Murray, the list of needs is as follows: 1) dominance - the desire to control, influence, direct, convince, hinder, limit;
2) aggression - the desire in word or deed to disgrace, condemn, mock, humiliate;
3) search for friendships - the desire for friendship, love; good will, sympathy for others; suffering in the absence of friendships; desire to bring people together, remove obstacles;
4) rejection of others - the desire to reject attempts at rapprochement;
5) autonomy - the desire to get rid of any restrictions: from guardianship, regime, order, etc.;
6) passive obedience - submission to force, acceptance of fate, intrapunity, recognition of one's own inferiority;
7) the need for respect and support;
8) the need for achievement - the desire to overcome something, to surpass others, to do something better, to reach the highest level in some business, to be consistent and purposeful;
9) the need to be the center of attention;
10) the need for play - a preference for playing any serious activity, a desire for entertainment, a love for witticisms; sometimes combined with carelessness, irresponsibility;
11) selfishness (narcissism) - the desire to put above all one's own interests, complacency, autoeroticism, painful sensitivity to humiliation, shyness; tendency to subjectivism in the perception of the external world; often merges with the need for aggression or rejection;
12) sociality (sociophilia) - forgetfulness of one's own interests in the name of the group, altruistic orientation, nobility, compliance, concern for others;
13) the need to search for a patron - expectation of advice, help; helplessness, seeking solace, gentle treatment;
14) the need to provide assistance;
15) the need to avoid punishment - restraining one's own impulses in order to avoid punishment, condemnation; the need to reckon with public opinion;
16) the need for self-defense - difficulties in recognizing one's own mistakes, the desire to justify oneself with references to circumstances, to defend one's rights; refusal to analyze their mistakes;
17) the need to overcome defeat, failure - differs from the need to achieve an emphasis on independence in actions;
18) the need to avoid danger;
19) the need for order - the desire for accuracy, order, accuracy, beauty;
20) the need for judgment - the desire to raise general questions or answer them; propensity for abstract formulas, generalizations, enthusiasm for "eternal questions", etc.
Since the process of satisfying needs acts as a purposeful activity, needs are a source of personality activity. Realizing the goal subjectively as a need, a person becomes convinced that the satisfaction of the latter is possible only through the achievement of the goal. This allows him to correlate his subjective ideas about the need with its objective content, looking for the means of mastering the goal as an object.
It is characteristic of man that even those needs that are connected with the tasks of his physical existence are different from the similar needs of animals. Because of this, they are able to significantly change depending on the social forms of his life. The development of human needs is realized through the socially determined development of their objects.
Subjectively, needs are represented in the form of emotionally colored desires, inclinations, aspirations, and their satisfaction - in the form of evaluative emotions. Needs are found in motives, inclinations, desires, etc., which induce a person to activity and become a form of manifestation of a need. If in need activity is essentially dependent on its object-social content, then in motives this dependence manifests itself as the subject's own activity. Therefore, the system of motives revealed in the behavior of the individual is richer in features and more mobile than the need that constitutes its essence. The education of needs is one of the central tasks of personality formation.
English needs) - a form of communication between living organisms and the outside world, the source of their activity (behavior, activity). P. as the internal essential forces of the organism induce it to the implementation of qualitatively defined forms of activity necessary for the preservation and development of the individual and the genus.
In their primary biological forms, P. act as a need experienced by the body for something that is outside of it and necessary for its life. Biological P. is inherent in a homeostatic character: the activity they stimulate is always aimed at achieving the optimal level of functioning of the basic life processes, resumes when it deviates from this level, and stops when it is reached (see Homeostasis, Organic Sensations). P. animals are reduced to the preservation of the individual and procreation, metabolism with the environment, the development and improvement of vitally important orienting and executive reactions. Most animals have the form of instincts, in which not only the properties of objects relevant to the needs are “recorded” from birth (see Motive), but also the main sequence of behavioral acts necessary to master them.
Items of the person and animals are not identical. Even the physical existence of a person, due to the characteristics of his organism, is different from similar animal P., since in humans they do not determine the forms of his life activity, but, on the contrary, are able to transform depending on the higher, specifically human forms of life activity, to which they enter into submission. .
The specificity of human P. is due to the fact that he opposes the world not as an isolated individual, but as an element of various social systems, including humanity as a whole as a tribal community. Therefore, a person's higher P. reflect, first of all, his connections with social communities of different levels, as well as the conditions for the existence and development of the social systems themselves. This applies both to the P. of social groups and society as a whole, and to the P. of each individual, in which its social essence is expressed.
Nevertheless, the question of the nature of human P. remains debatable. Some researchers consider them innate (see, for example, A. Maslow, 3. Freud). Others believe that the sociality of all human desires, without exception, is manifested in their content, origin, and in the ways of realization (satisfaction). From this t. sp. P. of a person are not innate, they are formed in the process of mastering social reality, the formation of his personality. The development of human P. occurs through the expansion and change in the range of their subjects. The social production of material goods and spiritual values determines the development of social goods, which are appropriated by individuals in the process of their socialization, entry into the world of social relations, and mastery of the material and spiritual culture of mankind.
The main basis for singling out P.'s types is the nature of the activity to which P. is induced by the subject. On this basis, defensive, food, sexual, cognitive, communicative, play, creative, etc. P. are distinguished. Among them, substantial P. are distinguished, the vital significance of which is determined by the need for one form or another of interaction with the subject of P. ), and functional P., inducing to activity, the main point of which is the process itself (recreational, game P.). There are several dozen other bases for the classification of human mental health. The most significant and widespread of these classifications are: by origin (biogenic, psychogenic, and sociogenic mental health), by subject (individual, group, social, universal), by object (material and spiritual), according to function (P. of physical and social existence; P. of preservation and P. of development), etc. However, many P. are difficult to unambiguously classify on these grounds; so, there are P., combining the features of material and spiritual or aesthetic and cognitive P. (see Problem-based learning).
P. of a person are formed in ontogenesis on the basis of innate prerequisites that create the possibility of certain interactions with the world, and the need for certain forms of activity, determined by the biological and social program of life. A prerequisite for the formation of P. in a particular activity is the experience of this activity, which at the early stages of development is carried out jointly with an adult and / or can act as a means of implementing other P. So, for example, P. in alcohol develops in the process of its consumption , initially acting as a means of implementing P. in communication, self-affirmation, belonging to a group, or being a consequence of an example and direct persuasion of elders.
P. manifest themselves in human behavior, influencing the choice of motives that determine the direction of behavior in each specific situation. P. of a person represent a dynamic hierarchy, in which the leading position is occupied by one or another P., depending on the implementation of some and the actualization of other P. In this case, the choice of motive is determined not only by the dominant p. in a given situation, but also by others. , comparatively less pressing. Subjectively, P. are experienced in the form of emotionally colored desires, inclinations, aspirations, and the success of their implementation - in the form of evaluative emotions; P. themselves may not be realized at the same time. Actual P. also organize the course of cognitive processes, increasing the readiness of the subject to perceive information relevant to them. (D. A. Leontiev.)
Needs). In Rotter's terminology, it is practically synonymous with goals. When Rotter focuses on the environment, he talks about goals; when talking about a person, he uses the word "needs", sometimes understanding by them the behavior or a set of behaviors that, in the opinion of a person, bring him closer to the goal. The six categories of needs that Rotter considers are recognition/status, dominance, independence, protection/dependence, love/affection, and physical comfort. The need complex includes three components - the potential of the need, freedom of movement and the value of the need.
in the Gestalt approach, interest is aimed more at need in the broad sense of the word than at desire. Needs can be organic (for food, sleep), psychological, social (eg the need to be included in a group) or spiritual (eg the need to give meaning to one's life), etc. (A. Maslow). They are not always easy to detect and clearly articulate. The "need satisfaction cycle" (or "contact cycle" or "Gestalt") is often broken or disrupted. Finding these gaps, blockages or distortions is one of the goals of therapeutic work.
Specificity. In accordance with them, the living organism is encouraged to carry out qualitatively defined forms of activity necessary for the preservation and development of the individual and the genus. Need is the primary biological form of need. Instincts are aimed at its completion, in which both the properties of objects relevant to the need and the basic behavioral acts necessary to achieve them are set. It is characteristic of man that even those of his needs that are connected with the tasks of physical existence are different from the similar needs of animals. Because of this, they are able to change significantly depending on social forms of life. The development of human needs is carried out at the expense of the socially determined development of their objects. Subjectively, needs are represented in the form of emotionally colored desires, inclinations, aspirations, and their realization - in the form of evaluative emotions.
Kinds. Needs are divided according to the nature of the activity (defensive activity, food, sexual, cognitive, communicative, play).
Demand, urgent need. Often used in this sense in relation to internal or external states that have motivating properties; for example, the need for food or the need for a family.
1. Some thing or some state of affairs which, if present, would improve the welfare of the organism. A need, in this sense, can be something basic and biological (food), or it can involve social and personal factors and come from complex forms of learning (achievement, prestige). 2. The internal state of an organism that needs a thing or a state of affairs. Note that the value 1 refers to what is needed, while the value 2 refers to the hypothetical state of the organism in a state of deprivation. These two definitions are simple, although they may hide some important subtleties of usage that are reflected in the specialized literature. For example, some people tend to view need as equivalent to drive. This usage extends the above meanings in a theoretically interesting but sometimes confusing direction. The equation with drive endows the state of need with motivational properties that are not explicitly represented in meaning 1, although they are implicit in meaning 2. To appreciate the problem, it should be understood that there are needs for which there are no drives, for example, the need for oxygen, since the tension you feel when you hold your breath is not a craving for oxygen, but a craving to lower your carbon dioxide levels. In the behavioral tradition, attempts have been made to subject the concept of need to a strictly operationalist analysis. That is, this need is characterized in terms of procedures. The body's "need" for food, for example, is specified in any of several ways, such as comparing body weight to what it would be on a normal diet (for example), or establishing how much time has passed since a meal. Although this lexicographic device helps to clarify some issues, it does not help to understand the complex relationships between biological needs, social needs, and the problem of motivation. There are other uses, but they are neither as common nor as inevitable as these. For example, need is sometimes used as a synonym for such terms as motive, stimulus, desire, aspiration, etc. An excess of quasi-synonyms is a characteristic feature of concepts whose main characteristics are essential to the theoretical basis of psychology, but whose connotations are so diverse that it is impossible to establish the boundaries of these concepts. In general, most authors use clarifying phrases in order to delineate the exact meaning of the term, as shown in the following articles.
an experienced state of internal tension that arises as a result of the reflection in the mind of a need (need, desire for something) and encourages mental activity associated with goal setting.
Need is defined as a state of a person created by the need for objects necessary for his existence, and acting as a source of his activity. Man is born as a human individual, as a bodily being, and organic needs are innate in him to sustain life.
A need is always a need for something, for objects or conditions necessary to maintain life. Correlating a need with its object turns the state of need into a need, and its object into an object of this need, and thereby gives rise to activity, orientation as a mental expression of this need.
Human needs can be defined as a state of dissatisfaction, or need, which he seeks to overcome. It is this state of dissatisfaction that makes a person take certain steps (to carry out production activities).
Relevance This topic is one of the most important topics in this discipline. In order to work in the service sector, you need to know the basic methods of meeting customer needs.
Purpose: is to study the methods of meeting the needs of the service sector.
Object of study: method.
Subject of study: methods of meeting the needs of the service sector
Tasks that need to be solved in order to achieve the goal:
1. Consider the concept and essence of human needs
2. Consider the concept of the service sector
3. Consider the main methods of meeting human needs by the field of activity.
To research this topic, I used various sources. Thanks to the book by MP Ershov "Human Need" to the psychologist A. Maslow, the philosopher Dostoevsky, I revealed the basic definitions of need. I learned the basic methods of satisfying needs from the textbook "Man and His Needs" ed. Ogayanyana K. M. And to determine the methods for a certain character, the book “Fundamentals of General Psychology” Rubinshtein S. L. and the teaching aid Kaverin S. V. helped me.
Needs are an unconscious stimulus of personality activity. It follows that need is a component of the inner spiritual world of a person, and as such exists before activity. It is a structural element of the subject of activity, but not the activity itself. This, however, does not mean that the need is separated by a Chinese wall from activity. As an incentive, it is woven into the activity itself, stimulating it until a result is obtained.
Marx defined need as the ability to consume in a system of productive activity. He wrote: "As a need, consumption itself is an internal moment of productive activity, a moment of such a process in which production is really the starting point, and therefore also the dominant moment."
The methodological significance of this thesis of Marx lies in overcoming the mechanical interpretation of the interaction between need and activity. As a residual element of naturalism in the theory of man, there is a mechanical concept, according to which an individual acts only when he is prompted by needs, when there are no needs, the individual is in an inactive state.
When needs are considered as the main cause of activity without taking into account the mediating factors that are between the need and the result of activity, without taking into account the level of development of society and a particular individual, a theoretical model of a human consumer is formed. The disadvantage of a naturalistic approach to defining human needs is that these needs are derived directly from the natural nature of man without taking into account the determining role of the specific historical type of social relations that act as a mediating link between nature and human needs and transform these needs in accordance with the level of development of production, making them truly human needs.
A person relates to his needs through his attitude towards other people and only then acts as a person when he goes beyond the limits of his natural needs.
"Each individual as a person goes beyond the limits of his own special need," wrote Marx, and only then do they "relate to each other like people..." when "the common generic essence is recognized by all."
In M. P. Ershov's book "Human Need" (1990), without any argument, it is stated that need is the root cause of life, a property of all living things. “I call a need a specific property of living matter,” writes P. M. Ershov, “which distinguishes it, living matter, from non-living matter.” There is a touch of teleology here. You might think that cows graze in the meadow, overwhelmed by the need to give milk to children, and oats grow because horses need to be fed.
Needs are a segment of a person's inner world, an unconscious stimulus of activity. Therefore, the need is not a structural element of the act of activity, it does not go beyond the limits of the somatic existence of a person, it refers to the characteristic of the mental world of the subject of activity.
Needs and desires are concepts of the same order, but not identical. Desires differ from needs by the lightness of their status in the spiritual world of man. they do not always coincide in the need for sustainable functioning with the vitality of the organism and the human personality, and therefore belong to the sphere of an illusory dream. You can, for example, wish to be forever young or be absolutely free. But one cannot live in society and be free from society.
Hegel emphasized the irreducibility of interest to gross sensuality, to the natural nature of man. "A closer examination of history convinces us that the actions of people follow from their needs, their passions, their interests ... and only they play a major role." Interest, according to Hegel, is something more than the content of intentions, goals, he has it associated with the cunning of the world mind. Interest is connected with needs indirectly through the goal.
Psychologist A. N. Leontiev wrote: “... in the very need state of the subject, an object that is able to satisfy the need is not rigidly recorded. Prior to its first satisfaction, the need "does not know" its object, it must still be discovered. Only as a result of such a discovery, the need acquires its objectivity, and the perceived (represented, conceivable) object - its motivating and guiding function, i.e. becomes a motive. St. Theophan describes the motivating side of human behavior in this way: “The course of revealing this side of the soul is as follows. There are needs in the soul and in the body, to which the needs of life, family and social, have also taken root. These needs in themselves do not give a certain desire, but only compel one to seek their satisfaction. When the satisfaction of the need in one way or another is given once, then after that, along with the awakening of the need, the desire for that which has already satisfied the need is born. Desire always has a certain object that satisfies the need. A different need was satisfied in various ways: therefore, with its awakening, different desires are born - first of this, then of a third object that can satisfy the need. In the revealed life of a person, the needs behind the desires are not visible. Only these last ones swarm in the soul and demand satisfaction, as if for themselves. //Theoretical problems of personality psychology. / Ed. E. V. Shorokhova. - M.: Nauka, 1974. S. 145-169. .
Need is one of the determinants of behavior, the state of the subject (organism, personality, social group, society), due to the need he feels for something for his existence and development. Needs act as a stimulus for the activity of the subject, aimed at eliminating the discrepancy between necessity and reality.
A need as a need experienced by a person for something is a passive-active state: passive, since it expresses a person’s dependence on what he needs, and active, since it includes the desire to satisfy it and what can satisfy her.
But it is one thing to experience aspiration, and another to be aware of it. Depending on the degree of awareness, aspiration is expressed in the form of attraction or desire. Unconscious need appears first in the form of attraction. Attraction is unconscious and pointless. As long as a person only experiences attraction, not knowing what object will satisfy this attraction, he does not know what he wants, he does not have a conscious goal to which he should direct his action. The subjective experience of need must become conscious and objective - attraction must turn into desire. As the object of need is realized, turning it into a desire, a person understands what he wants. The objectification and awareness of the need, the transformation of attraction into desire are the basis for setting a conscious goal by a person and organizing activities to achieve it. The goal is the conscious image of the anticipated result, towards the achievement of which the desire of a person is directed Leontiev AN Activity. Consciousness. Personality. - M.: MGU, 1975. - 28 p.
There is only one circumstance that gives rise to a "need" - this is the case when an adult refuses an event with a child, when he replaces himself, substitutes some object substitute in his place (the fundamental parental principle is therefore not accidental: "whatever the child amuses, only would not cry"). The substitute is objective only in form, its content is always another person.
It is this substitution, the alienation of an adult, that forms for the first time a specific functional organ - a “need”, which subsequently begins to live its own “life”: it determines, requires, forces a person to carry out a certain activity or behavior. G. Hegel wrote that "... we rather serve our feelings, inclinations, passions, interests, and even more habits, than we possess them" Rubinshtein SL Fundamentals of General Psychology. - M., 1990. - p. 51. In psychology, there are various classifications of human needs. The founder of humanistic psychology A. Maslow identifies five groups of human needs. The first group of needs - vital (biological) needs; their satisfaction is necessary for the maintenance of human life. The second group is security needs. The third group is the need for love and recognition from other people. The fourth group is the needs of self-esteem, self-esteem. The fifth group is the needs of self-actualization.
The representative of the factor concept of personality, J. Gilford, distinguishes the following types and levels of needs: 1) organic needs (for water, food, sexual desire, general activity); 2) needs related to environmental conditions (in comfort, pleasant environment); 3) needs related to work (general ambition, perseverance, etc.); 4) the needs associated with the position of the individual (the need for freedom); 5) social needs (the need for other people). Often the proposed classifications of human needs are empirical, based on common sense. This is due to the lack of a reasonable theory of the origin of human needs. Below is a hypothesis of the nature of human needs, stated in the context of content-genetic logic.
Depending on the subject of needs: individual, group, collective, social needs. Depending on the object of needs: spiritual, mental, material needs. Detailed descriptions of these classes are possible.
One of such detailed classifications is the hierarchy of individual human needs by A. Maslow (Maslow, Abraham Harold, 1908-1970, psychologist and philosopher, USA) Hekhauzen H. Motivation and activity. - M .: Pedagogy, 1986. S. 33-34 .:
(a) physical needs (for food, water, oxygen, etc.);
(b) the need to maintain its structure and function (physical and mental security);
(c) needs for affection, love, communication; needs for self-expression, self-affirmation, recognition; cognitive and aesthetic needs, the need for self-realization.
Similarly, in accordance with the tripartite structure of a person's essence (spiritual-mental-physical), all human needs (as well as any other subject of needs) can be represented as three classes:
(1) the highest, determining the results of any human behavior, spiritual needs,
(2) subordinate to the spiritual - mental needs,
(3) lower, subordinate to the spiritual and mental - physical needs).
In the chain of elements that make up any of the parts (spiritual-mental-physical) of a person, needs occupy a central position: ideals - motives - needs - behavior plans - action programs Kaverin S.V. Psychology of needs: Teaching aid, Tambov, 1996. - p. 71.
Examples of needs related to activity: the need for activity, knowledge, result (in achieving some goal), self-actualization, joining a group, success, growth, etc.
Needs - this is a necessity, the need of a person in certain conditions of life.
In the structure of the needs of a modern person, 3 main groups can be distinguished (Fig.): elementary needs, needs for general living conditions, needs for activity.
Table 1
Classification of the needs of modern man
To restore and preserve his life, a person must first of all satisfy elementary needs: the need for food, the need for clothes, shoes; housing needs.
Needs in the general conditions of life include: needs for security, needs for movement in space, needs for health, needs for education, needs for culture.
Social services that satisfy and develop the needs of this group are created in the sectors of social infrastructure (public order, public transport, health care, education, culture, etc.).
The active life (activity) of a person consists of work (labor), family and household activities and leisure. Accordingly, activity needs include the need for work, the need for family activities, and the need for leisure.
Production creates goods and services - a means of satisfying and developing human needs, increasing their well-being. In production, working, the person himself develops. Consumer goods and services directly satisfy the needs of a person, a family.
Human needs do not remain unchanged; they develop with the evolution of human civilization, and this concerns, first of all, higher needs. Sometimes there is an expression "a person with undeveloped needs." Of course, this refers to the underdevelopment of higher needs, since the need for food and drink is inherent in nature itself. Exquisite cooking and table service most likely testify to the development of needs of a higher order, connected with aesthetics, and not just with simple satiety of the stomach.
The definition of human nature as a set of basic human needs opens up new perspectives in its problematic analysis. Yes, and you have to start not from scratch - there are corresponding developments. Among them, the concept of the famous American social psychologist, the founder of the so-called humanistic psychology, Abraham Maslow, seems to us to be the most fruitful. His classification of basic human needs will form the basis of our further analysis of human nature.
Each of the basic general human needs considered by Maslow is a block or complex of less general, particular human needs and demands, a kind of syndrome with a mass of specific symptoms - its external, individual manifestations.
The initial basic human need, according to Maslow, is the need for life itself, that is, the totality of physiological needs - for food, breathing, clothing, housing, rest, etc. Satisfying these needs, or this basic need, strengthens and continues life , ensures the existence of the individual as a living organism, a biological being.
Social security is the next basic human need in ascending order of importance. She has a lot of symptoms. Here and concern for the guaranteed satisfaction of their physiological needs; here is an interest in the stability of living conditions, in the strength of existing social institutions, norms and ideals of society, as well as in the predictability of their changes; here and job security, confidence in the future, the desire to have a bank account, an insurance policy; here and the lack of anxiety for personal safety; and much more. One of the manifestations of this need is also the desire to have a religion or philosophy that would "bring into the system" the world and determine our place in it Godfroy J. What is psychology.: In 2 vols. - T. 1. M .: Mir, 1992 pp. 264.
The need for attachment, belonging to a team - is, according to Maslow, the third basic human need. Her manifestations are also very diverse. This is love, and sympathy, and friendship, and other forms of human closeness. This, further, is the need for simple human participation, the hope that your sufferings, grief, misfortune will be shared, and also, of course, successes, joys, victories. The need for community-belonging is the reverse side of a person's openness or trust in being - both social and natural. An unmistakable indicator of the dissatisfaction of this need is a feeling of loneliness, abandonment, uselessness. Satisfying the need for affection and belonging is essential to a fulfilling human life. The absence of love and friendship is just as painful for a person as, say, a lack of vitamin C.
The need for respect and self-respect is another basic human need. The person needs it. to be valued - for example, for skill, competence, responsibility, etc., to recognize his merits, his uniqueness and irreplaceability. But recognition from others is not enough. It is important to respect yourself, to have self-esteem, to believe in your high destiny, that you are engaged in a necessary and useful business, that you occupy a worthy place in life. Respect and self-respect is also taking care of one's reputation, one's prestige. Feelings of weakness, disappointment, helplessness are the surest evidence of the dissatisfaction of this human need.
Self-realization, self-expression through creativity is the last, final, according to Maslow, basic human need. However, it is final only in terms of classification criteria. In reality, a truly human, humanistically self-sufficient development of a person begins with it. This refers to the self-assertion of a person through the realization of all his abilities and talents. A person at this level strives to become everything that he can and, according to his internal, free motivation, must become. Man's work on himself is the main mechanism for satisfying the considered need Man and his needs. Tutorial. / Ed. Oganyan K. M. St. Petersburg: SPbTIS Publishing House, 1997. - p. 70.
Why is Maslow's five term attractive? First of all, its consistency, and therefore clarity and certainty. True, it is not complete, it is not exhaustive. Suffice it to say that its author singled out other basic needs, in particular - in knowledge and understanding, as well as in beauty and aesthetic pleasure, but did not manage to fit them into his system. Apparently, the number of basic human needs may be different, most likely much larger. In Maslow's classification, in addition, a certain, namely, subordination or hierarchical logic is visible. The satisfaction of higher needs has as its premise the satisfaction of lower needs, which is quite justified and understandable. Truly human activity begins in reality only after the physiological, material needs of its bearer and subject are satisfied. What kind of dignity, respect and self-respect of a person can be discussed when he is poor, he is hungry and cold.
The concept of basic human needs, according to Maslow, does not impose any, except, perhaps, moral ones. restrictions on the variety of ways, forms and methods of their satisfaction, which is in good agreement with the absence of any fundamentally insurmountable barriers to the historical development of human society, with the diversity of cultures and civilizations. This concept, finally, organically links the individual and generic principles of man. The needs of lack or necessity, according to Maslow, are generic (i.e., affirmed by the very fact of belonging to the human race) qualities of a person, while the needs of growth are his individual, free-willed qualities Berezhnaya N.M. Man and his needs / Ed. V.D. Didenko, SSU Service - Forum, 2001. - 160 p.
The basic needs of a person are objectively correlated with universal human values, which we are witnessing an increase in interest in in the modern world. The universal human values of goodness, freedom, equality, etc. can be considered as products or results of the worldview specification of the content richness of human nature - in its, of course, normative expression. The extremely general nature of basic human needs, their disposition and aspiration to the future explains such a high, ideal (from the word "ideal") status of universal human values. Human nature is a kind of archetype of society, social development. Moreover, society here should be understood as all of humanity, the world community. The idea of an interconnected, interdependent world thus receives one more, anthropological confirmation - the unity of the basic needs of people, the single nature of man Hekhauzen H. Motivation and activity. - M.: Pedagogy, 1986. - p. 63.
The pluralism of needs is determined by the versatility of human nature, as well as the variety of conditions (natural and social) in which they manifest themselves.
The difficulty and uncertainty of identifying stable groups of needs does not stop numerous researchers from looking for the most adequate classification of needs. But the motives and grounds with which different authors approach classification are completely different. Economists have some reasons, psychologists have others, and sociologists have others. As a result, it turns out that each classification is original, but narrow-profile, unsuitable for general use. So, for example, the Polish psychologist Obukhovsky K. counted 120 classifications. How many authors, so many classifications. P. M. Ershov in his book "Human Needs" considers the most successful two classifications of needs: F. M. Dostoevsky and Hegel.
Without going into a discussion of the question why Ershov finds similarities in two people who are completely far from each other in terms of intellectual development and interests, let us briefly consider the content of these classifications as presented by P. M. Ershov.
Dostoevsky's classification:
1. The need for material goods necessary to sustain life.
2. Needs of knowledge.
3. The needs of the global unification of people.
Hegel has 4 groups: 1. Physical needs. 2. Needs of law, laws. 3. Religious needs. 4. Needs of knowledge.
The first group, according to Dostoevsky and Hegel, can be called vital needs; the third, according to Dostoevsky, and the second, according to Hegel, are social needs; the second, according to Dostoevsky, and the fourth, according to Hegel, are ideal.
