TETRAPLOID (from the Greek tetrapl6os - fourfold and didos - species), an organism that has 4 main (haploid) sets of chromosomes (4p) in all body cells, or a separate cell with four haploid sets of chromosomes. In grapes, as in other plants, T. can arise spontaneously under normal natural conditions on industrial plantations in the form of large-berry somatic genomic mutations with a frequency of 1:25,000. They can also be obtained experimentally after treating grape plants with colchicine or gamma rays. The first natural tetraploid forms of grapes were discovered by B. Nebel (1929), who cytologically proved that large-berry clones of Muscat gigas and Sultanina gigas contain 4 haploid sets of chromosomes in somatic cells (An = 76). Some species of this genus, for example T. oliviforme Planch., have edible berries. Species of the genus T. are characterized by 3 somatics. set of chromosomes:
ordinary diploid plants of the same varieties contain 2 such sets (2 l = 38). Later, many T. grapes were identified among large-berry varieties (for example, White Kishmish, Gherkin, Malbec, Muscat of Alexandria, Rhenish Riesling, Portugieser, Tokay, Shabash, etc.). Tetraploid forms of grapes, resulting from spontaneous somatic mutations, are found in many countries with developed industrial viticulture. The most common and characteristic feature of T. grapes is an increase in the size of meristematic cells. However, ultimately, the size of an individual organ and the plant as a whole also depends on the number of cells and the degree of their stretching. Therefore, in T., an increase in size as a result of tetraploidy (the gigas effect) is most often observed and is most pronounced in organs with a final type of growth (for example, anthers, seeds, berries, bunches). It has also been established that in T. grapes there is a change in the growth rate, leading to an increase in habit in some varieties (for example, Shabash large-berry), when this indicator increases, or vice versa, to a decrease in the plant as a whole (for example, Sageret, Chasselas gros Kulyar pink ) if the growth rate decreases. It is especially important that under natural conditions, grape varieties usually self-pollinate and do not cross with related diploid grape plants, i.e., a genetic barrier arises between them. See also Autopolyploidy, Amphidiploid, Polyploidy.
Literature: Dermen X. Colchiploidy in grapes. - In the book: Polyploidy: Sat. articles / Ed. P.A.Baranova, B.L.Astaurova. M., 1956; Golodriga P. Ya. et al. Spontaneous tetraploid mutants of grapes. - Cytology and genetics, 1970, vol. 4, No. 1; Rudenko I. S., Zotkin I. I. Autotetraploid form of grapes. - Izv. Academy of Sciences of Moldova, ser. biol. and chem. Sciences, 1972, No. 5; Topale Sh. G. Polyploidy in grapes. - K., 1983; Rives M., Pouget R. Le chasselas Gros Coulard - mutant tetraploide. - Vitis, 1959, Bd.2, H. 1.
Classification of daylilies according to the number of sets of chromosomes in the cell nucleus. There are two main types of daylilies:
Ploidy is a characteristic of daylilies based on the number of sets of chromosomes found in the cell nucleus. The main types of modern daylilies are diploids and tetraploids.
By their natural origin, most species of daylilies and old varieties of daylilies are diploid. Diploids have a double set of chromosomes. Their number in the cell nuclei is 22. Diploid daylilies have delicate, elegant shapes. Most spiders and terry forms are diploids. Pure pink daylilies are mostly diploids. Many diploid varieties have been converted to tetraploid varieties.
Tetraploid daylilies have four sets of chromosomes. Their number in tetraploids is 44. There are also triploid daylilies that have a triple set of chromosomes.
The first tetraploid daylilies were obtained in the late 40s - the last century, which was a breakthrough in daylily breeding. Tetraploids were obtained artificially, as a result of the action of a mutagen on diploid plants. By treating plants with a naturally occurring chemical, colchicine, polyploidy was provoked (an increase in the number of chromosomes in the cell nucleus during cell division). As a result, plants with a double set of chromosomes were obtained.
Tetraploid daylilies have numerous varieties with larger, more intensely colored flowers and a more rounded shape. Tetraploid plants themselves are more powerful; their flower stalks have strong, thick stems that allow them to hold large massive flowers. In addition, they are hardier in unfavorable conditions and more resistant to disease. The shape of the bush itself is dense, structural, does not fall apart even in heavy rain and wind, with powerful elastic leaves. Tetraploids are ideal for creating landscape compositions.
Some varieties of daylilies exist in two varieties: diploid and tetraploid. Diploids and tetraploids have their own advantages and disadvantages, which manifest themselves when creating new varieties. But this is more interesting to specialists involved in hybridization. Diploids, as a rule, only cross with diploids, tetraploids with tetraploids. Most gardeners prefer modern tetraploid versions with improved characteristics. And if you don't intend to hybridize, don't give a damn about which version of daylily you buy.
Classification of daylilies according to the type of their foliage and behavior in winter. There are three main types:
In this group of daylilies, the foliage completely dies off for the winter with the onset of the first frost, and the plant goes into a dormant period until spring. This group of daylilies is ideal for growing in our climate.
Dormant daylilies can be divided into three subgroups:
With the fall in temperature in autumn, their foliage turns yellow, and with the onset of the first frosts it quickly dies. Moreover, not only the above-ground part of the daylily dies, but also the underground part. When the daily temperature drops, the growth point stops growing until spring and begins to grow very late. Spring growth of daylilies begins later than all other groups, only when temperatures rise and become warm enough to support the growing season.
This type of daylilies in our climate will remain dormant all winter, regardless of thaws and rising temperatures. Daylilies of this type are not suitable for growing in hot climates. They will not have enough rest period for a normal growing season, they will not be able to fully prepare for the next season, they will gradually stop blooming and die. This type of daylilies is ideal for our climate.
To stop the growing season, a really strong drop in temperature is required. Both the aboveground and underground parts of the plant die. In spring, dormant daylilies start growing late.
This type of daylily will also remain dormant all winter in our climate. Daylilies of this type are also not suitable for growing in warm climates. This type of daylily is well suited to our climate.
Daylilies of this group are the last to fall asleep, at the end of autumn - beginning of winter, after a long cold spell. They require real frosts. The foliage dies only to the level of the ground surface. The lower part with the growing point does not die off completely. And during winter thaws or warm winters it can begin to grow. In spring, daylilies of this group are the very first to wake up from sleep; their foliage grows very early. Daylilies of this group are suitable for growing in countries with warm winters. Their characteristics are similar to semi-evergreen daylilies. This type of daylilies can be grown in our climate.
Daylilies of this type have an almost continuous growing season only in warm climates (southern states of America, Australia, and other warm countries). The dormant period of evergreen daylilies lasts 2-3 weeks, when their active growth slows down slightly. Then growth and flowering begin again.
In our climate zone, which has large temperature differences in winter, evergreen daylilies behave differently. Therefore, evergreen daylilies can be divided into two subgroups according to their behavior in cold climates:
In our climate zone, the foliage of evergreen daylilies is frozen, the aboveground part dies off, but 3-5 cm of the stem still remains even under the snow. At the first thaw, the plant begins to grow. The frequency of thawing and freezing in winter has a detrimental effect on the growth bud and the plant may die. Daylilies of this group definitely require winter mulching and hilling. In late autumn, each bush is covered with 15-20 cm of pre-prepared dry compost or garden soil. In early spring, the mulch is raked away from the bush so that the plant can freely begin to grow. In the spring, after the snow thaws, a mushy mass of old, rotted leaves is formed, which rots and infects the healthy tissues of the plant’s root collar. Therefore, it is very important to remove the affected tissue in a timely manner. Daylilies of this group are the least suitable for growing in our climate. They have the highest probability of death even among experienced gardeners. They are not recommended for beginning daylily lovers. If you want to grow evergreen daylilies, you need to choose early-blooming varieties that will have time to lay flower buds. There is sufficient long-term experience in growing evergreen early-flowering varieties in regions with harsh winters, subject to proper agricultural practices. Late-blooming evergreen daylilies will not bloom in our climate zone, since they will not have time to lay flower buds.
Daylilies of this group have the lowest winter hardiness. In our climate zone, daylilies of this group freeze not only the above-ground part to the snow level, but also all parts located underground. In this case, the growing point dies and such a plant does not recover in the spring. Daylilies of this group are not suitable for growing in our climate; they are recommended to be grown only in regions with warm winters, where there is no freezing of the soil.
Semi-evergreen daylilies have intermediate foliage behavior during the winter. Daylilies of this group are flexible and can adapt to conditions of both hot and cold climates.
In warm regions, the foliage partially dies off after the onset of cold weather, about 10 cm of green young leaves remain above the soil surface and after a short period of dormancy begin to grow again.
In cold climates, the foliage of semi-evergreen daylilies will practically die off, but they cannot completely slow down their growth, like dormant ones. Therefore, for daylilies of this group it is also not so much low temperatures that are dangerous, but winter thaws. In snowy winters, these daylilies overwinter well in our climate. Daylilies of this group also need to be protected from winter temperature changes by mulching for the winter. Semi-evergreen daylilies are well suited to growing in our climate.
Different varieties of daylilies bloom from early spring to late autumn. Flowering times also depend on the planting location. Daylilies planted in partial shade bloom 2 weeks later, but their flowers do not fade in the sun. This is primarily important for dark varieties and varieties with intense bright colors (red and orange). By selecting varieties of different flowering periods, you can achieve continuous flowering throughout the season.
Among early and mid-flowering daylilies there are many re-flowering remontant varieties (Rebloom or abbreviated as Re). Remontant varieties of daylilies have the feature of repeated flowering. After the main flowering, the daylily has a short dormant period, and then re-blooms closer to autumn. There are varieties that bloom continuously for several months.
According to the timing of flowering, daylily varieties according to the American classification are divided into 7 groups:
Daylilies of this group are the first to open the flowering season. In our climate zone it is the beginning of June. There are very few such varieties.
Daylilies of this group begin flowering in mid-June.
Flowering time is from late June to mid-July.
The peak flowering period for daylilies in the garden is July. Most varieties bloom during these times.
 |
 |
 |
The beginning of flowering is mid-August - early September, occurring after the mass peak of flowering.
These varieties bloom when most daylilies have already bloomed - late August. Many varieties of this group do not have time to bloom before frost and prepare for winter. Evergreen and semi-evergreen late-flowering varieties are not suitable for our climate. They will not have time to lay flower buds and will never bloom.
Daylilies of this group do not bloom in our climate.
This classification includes the characteristics of flowering varieties: the time of day when the daylily opens its buds, and how many hours the flower lasts before withering.
The short life of the flower is compensated by the abundant flowering of the bush for a long time. One flower gives way to another.
Daylilies of this type open their buds early in the morning. The flower lasts all day until the evening. Most daylilies are of this type.
The flower opens towards the end of the day in the evening or at night, remaining open all night, and fades the next morning or afternoon.
Daylilies have another characteristic that shows the peculiarity of flower opening, which can be either diurnal or nocturnal. This is the Flower Opening Duration (Extended - EXT). This characteristic shows how long the flower remains open and does not fade. This characteristic is assigned to varieties whose flowers remain open for at least 16 hours, regardless of what type (day or night) they belong to. Some varieties open in the evening and can bloom for almost a day. But there are varieties in which the flowers fade almost immediately after blooming. There is daytime long flowering and night long flowering.
A peduncle is a leafless stem bearing a flower in its upper part. Most of the flower stalks have a branch at the end, consisting of two or three branches, each of which bears its own flower bud. Different varieties of daylilies have different flower stem heights. Based on the height of their flower stalks, daylilies are divided into 3 groups:
 |
 |
 |
This classification is based on the size of the daylily flower. There is no direct relationship between the size of the flower and the height of the peduncle or daylily bush. Daylilies with large flowers can be stunted, and miniature daylilies can also rise on tall peduncles high above the foliage.
Based on flower shape, daylilies can be divided into six groups:
The flowers have six petals: three internal and three external, six stamens and one pistil.
This is the most numerous and popular group of daylilies, which is distinguished by great diversity.
Terry daylilies differ from simple-shaped daylilies by the presence of additional perianth petals. Moreover, the double form can be found in large-flowered daylilies, small and miniature daylilies, and spiders.
Terry daylilies are of two types:
Daylilies of this type, along with the main six petals, have an additional row of petals, and look like a “flower within a flower.”
 |
This type of double daylilies resembles the shape of double peonies, where the petals inside the flower are so tightly packed that it gives the impression of a peony flower. These additional petals are obtained due to modification of the stamens and are called petaloids.
The fullness of daylilies is not a constant value. It may not appear on individual flowers, especially at the beginning of the flowering season. Newly planted plants may not show their double qualities in the first years. Climatic and weather conditions can also affect terry.
Spiders are daylilies with narrow, long, curved petals. The length of the petals of such daylilies is much greater than their width. Measurements are taken at the largest petal in a flat, straightened state in length and width. The ratio of the length of the petal to its width in spiders is at least 4:1. Recently, the fashion for spiders has become established. Spiders are rapidly gaining popularity among daylily lovers, outstripping all other forms for their grace and originality.
The term UFO (Unusual Form) refers to the classification of daylilies according to their exceptional and unusual shape. The ratio of the length of the petals to their width does not allow them to be classified as spiders.
There are three types of daylilies of unusual shape (Unusual Form):
There are three varieties of twisted type of daylilies of unusual shape:
These daylilies have pinched petal tips or have a pointed fold effect.
The petals resemble a corkscrew shape or are twisted at the ends like a pinwheel.
At the base, the petals curl lengthwise into a tube shape and end at the end with a flat part resembling a bird's feather.
The narrow petals of such daylilies cascade down, resembling a waterfall, and at the ends they curl under themselves, looking like wood shavings. Each petal of such daylilies is an independent element, not united into a single whole with other petals, and is separated from neighboring petals, starting from the place of its attachment.
Daylilies of this type have narrow petals at their attachment points, flaring at the ends in the shape of a kitchen spatula.
Many varieties of daylilies with unusual shapes can bloom like typical representatives of their class, but can often combine more than one trait. As the flower opens, they change their shape or combination of shapes. Also, the inner and outer petals of the flower may have characteristics that belong to different types of daylilies with unusual shapes.
The term Polymeric or polymeric refers to daylilies that have a different number of flower segments than the normal number. Typically, daylilies have three inner and three outer petals in each flower whorl. Polymer daylilies have an increased number of segments. For example, 4x4 polymer daylilies (tetramers) have four inner and four outer petals. 5x5 polymer daylilies (pentamers) have five and five respectively. There are even 6x6 polymer daylilies with a petal count of 12. Polymer daylilies have additional petals evenly spaced in a whorl, unlike double daylilies, which have additional petals (petaloids) pointing up or lying on top of the main row of petals. This type of daylily is also called polytepalous or polytepal. In recent years, this type of daylilies has also become very popular.
This term is used for daylilies, in which it is difficult to determine the exact belonging to a certain class. They can exhibit two or more forms (spiders, unusual shapes, polymers or terry). For example, this type of daylilies may include: spider of an unusual shape, terry polymer, or polymer of an unusual shape.
The term multiform is used when registering daylilies whose flowers have two or more forms. There are varieties of daylilies in which, during flowering, a spider form, an unusual form, a polymer form, or a terry form may appear on one plant.
 |
 |
Daylily flowers come in a wide variety of shapes. Below is a classification based on the flower shape of daylilies.
If you look at a blooming flower from above, the shape of the flower is round. Wide and short petals are pressed tightly against each other or overlap, creating the feeling of a single shape.
When viewed from the side, the flowers are completely flat except for the concave throat.
If you look at a daylily from above, it does not have a specific shape.
Flower segments may be unevenly distributed, widely spaced, or drooping.
Looking at the flower from the side, the flower segments appear convex, tucked in and folded under themselves. When the inner petals of daylilies are curled but the outer petals are not, this results in a triangular shape. If both the inner and outer petals are curved, the result is a round shape.
The petals of such daylilies become elongated and pointed, and space appears between the petals. When we look at star-shaped daylilies from above, we can see that the flower resembles a three-pointed or six-pointed star.
When viewing such daylilies from above, their shape resembles a triangle. The outer petals are usually curved back.
Looking at the flower from the side, it resembles a real lily. The petals are slightly convex and extend upward from the daylily's throat much more than a typical daylily.
This characteristic shows the number of branches in one peduncle. Different varieties can have either triple or quadruple branching. For temperate climates, varieties with a high degree of branching of peduncles are better suited. This guarantees long and abundant flowering.
All branched peduncles end in buds. Their number varies for each variety. This is a characteristic of the variety based on the number of buds on one peduncle. The daylily flower is open for only one day. But, given that the bush has several stems, on which many flowers continuously open, in general, the daylily bush blooms for quite a long time. There are varieties in which the number of buds on one peduncle reaches up to 40.
This classification is based on the degree of odor. There are varieties with a subtle aroma, while some varieties have a strong aroma.
This characteristic shows the number of flowering cycles in a season.
One of the important characteristics of the variety. Some varieties begin to bloom early and resume flowering after a short period of dormancy. Such varieties are called remontant. Modern tetraploid varieties are mostly re-flowering. But not all varieties described as remontant in warm climates will exhibit these characteristics in temperate climates. For daylilies to bloom again in central Russia, a warm, long summer is necessary.
The color range of modern daylilies is so diverse that it is impossible to give an accurate description of the color of the flower. In various sources there is a different classification based on this criterion. When describing the basic color of the flower itself, the American Hemerocallis Society (AHS) identifies only 5 groups of primary colors when registering daylilies:
When describing varieties by hybridizers, to accurately clarify the color, as a rule, they use a detailed classification based on flower color:
The red group includes scarlet, carmine, tomato-red, burgundy, wine-red, crimson daylilies. Tetraploid pure red scarlet daylilies have appeared recently. For a long time it was not possible to obtain a pure red color without an admixture of bluish tint. In recent years, hybridization of pure red daylilies has been quite successful.
Pink daylilies include daylilies close to pink in color and its shades: pale pink, deep pink, reddish pink. In tetraploid daylilies, pure pink color is quite rare. But among diploid varieties, flowers with a pure pink color are often found.
Purple colors include: purple, crimson, ruby, cherry, burgundy (the colors of Burgundy wine).
Lilac daylilies include: lavender, grape, violet.
This group includes lavender, bluish, lilac varieties.
This group includes all shades of orange: from light to bright orange.
There are no completely white daylilies. White daylilies include all light varieties that have different shades: cream, peach, apricot, melon, pinkish, soft lavender.
Pastel daylily
Pastel daylily
Daylilies do not have a pure black color. But the color of daylilies in this group is so dark that in cloudy weather they appear completely black in the garden, although in bright sun they have shades of burgundy, purple and violet.
The central area of a daylily flower is called the throat. Most daylilies have a throat color that differs from the main color of the flower. The throat color usually has shades of green, yellow, gold, orange, apricot, and melon.
The color of the stamens may differ from the main color of the flower and throat. The stamens may not differ in color from the color of the petals. Typically their color ranges from light yellow to greenish. The anthers (at the tips of the stamens) are usually darker in color, sometimes black.
1. Plain (Self)
2. Mixed color (Blend)
4. Bitone
5. Two-color (Bicolor)
8. Midline (Midrib)
10. The arrangement of one color relative to another on the petals (Dusted, Dotted, Overlay, Wash, Speckled, Stippled, Flecked, Patterned, Butterfly, Kaleidoscope)
The outer and inner petals of solid daylilies are a shade of the same color. The color of the stamens and throat may vary.
Mixed-color daylilies have two-tone coloring on the inner and outer petals. For example, light and dark pink tones smoothly transition into each other.
In multicolored (polychrome) daylilies, many tones are mixed when coloring the petals. Daylilies change from one color to another. Such daylilies have at least three different tones in the color of the petals. For example, melon, pink, lavender and yellow.
In two-tone varieties, the color of the inner and outer petals is the same, but different in shade and intensity. The inner petals of two-tone daylilies are darker than the outer petals. For example, the inner petals are intense pink, the outer petals are soft pink. In reverse - two-tone (reverse) varieties, on the contrary, the inner petals are lighter than the outer ones.
Two-color daylilies have absolutely different colors of inner and outer petals. The inner petals of two-color daylilies have a more saturated color tone. Reverse bicolor daylilies have more saturated outer petals.
A characteristic feature of many daylilies is the presence of the so-called eye zone - when around its throat there is an area in the form of a circle, different in color from the main color of the petals themselves. The pattern of the eye zone can have varieties:
The Eye is the circular dark area around the throat. The eye covers all the petals. There are modern varieties where the eye area encroaches so much on the petals that it is impossible to distinguish where the eye ends and the color of the petal itself begins. Now a new direction has appeared in hybridization: daylilies with kaleidoscopic (rainbow) eyes (Kaleidoscopic eyes). It is impossible to accurately describe eye color. It shimmers with all the colors of the rainbow.
Band - similar to an eye, but the circular dark area is located only on the inner petals.
Halo - similar to a hoop, but only the pattern appears on both the outer and inner petals. The drawing itself is light, barely visible.
Watermark is a wide area in the eye area of a barely discernible tone.
Each daylily flower has a border (Edge) or picotee (Picotee) of a contrasting color along the edge of the petals.
Edge is the outer boundary of the inner and outer petals, i.e. border of petals. The color of the border may match or differ from the color of the daylily's eye. The border can be so thin that it can resemble a thin wire, and also very wide (about 1 cm). The border can be bizarrely shaped in the form of hooks, tentacles, owl ears, horns, shark teeth, bubbles, knobs, fringe, angel wings, or braids.
Picotee is a special type of border, when the border differs in color from the main color of the flower. The picote may have a lighter or darker edge, but must be of a contrasting color. For example, a red border on a light daylily. But the distinctive feature of picote is precisely the contrast, in contrast to the border, which in tone can match the main color of the petals. Picote can be bizarrely shaped like hooks, owl ears, horns, teeth, bubbles, fringe or braiding. Every picote can be said to be a border, but not every border can be called a picote.
 |
The midline is a stripe that runs along the midrib along the entire daylily petal. It can be either very light in color or close in tone to the main color of the petals. The middle line can be flush with the surface of the petals, be convex or concave, creating a relief in-depth line cutting along the axis of the daylily petals.
The tips of the petals, and usually the tips of the inner petals, are painted in a different, most often contrasting color, different from the main color of the petals. In some daylilies, this color can occupy up to a third of the entire petal.
On the surface of the petals, another color may appear on top of the main, base color. This new color can transition into the main color in completely different ways.
This group combines various terms.
Dusted- when a new color appears in the form of an unclear coating on the main color
Dotted- this is when almost the entire surface of the daylily petals has dots of a different color
Overlay- a superposition of two colors when one color overlaps another
Wash- this term is used when another color appears unevenly distributed on top of the main base color of the petals. It's as if one color is being blurred by another.
Patterned- daylilies with an unusual pattern, having a pattern
Diamond coating is the coating of flower petals in the form of tiny crystals that reflect light and sparkle in the sun. This gives the flowers a shiny and sparkling appearance, as if gold, silver or diamond dust had been applied to the petals.
Chromosomes are carriers of genes that contain hereditary information. Mature germ cells (sperm and eggs) contain a single or so-called haploid set of chromosomes. It constitutes half of the double (diploid) set characteristic of the chromosomes of all other (somatic) cells of the body. In a diploid set, each chromosome is represented by a pair, one of which is maternal and the other is paternal. I think that everyone remembers from school that the normal human chromosome set consists of one pair of sex chromosomes and 22 pairs of autosomes, i.e. 46 chromosomes. However, sometimes violations occur. This is called polyploidy, i.e. an increase in the number of chromosome sets in one cell (derived from the Greek words polyploos - multiple and eidos - species). When human cells have 69 chromosomes, it is called triploidy(23 chromosomes * 3), and if 92, then tetraploidy(23 chromosomes *4).
Triploidy is one of the most common spontaneous chromosomal anomalies during human embryogenesis. In humans, the vast majority of triploid embryos die at the beginning of the second month of intrauterine development (before the 8th week of pregnancy). Approximately 22.6% of all spontaneous miscarriages are due to polyploidy. Only about 1% of fetuses develop before the sixth to seventh month of development. And an extremely rare case is the birth of a living child with triploidy. However, just a few hours after birth, such children die.
Only two ways can lead to the appearance of triploidy:
A triploid set of chromosomes leads to numerous developmental defects:
However, it is known that even significant developmental anomalies of a different nature do not always lead to death; in some cases, children live for weeks, months and even years. Triploidy is completely incompatible with the life of a child. Why? Scientists have yet to answer this question.
I would like to note that there is no predisposition to this anomaly in humans. Currently, not a single case of re-appearance of a child with this pathology in the same family has been described in the literature. Based on this, we can conclude that the risk of recurrence of triploidy in a family is virtually zero.
Tetraploidy, that is, two diploid (92 chromosomes) sets of chromosomes are extremely rare in cells - three times less common compared to triploidy. Of all embryos with existing chromosomal abnormalities, tetraploidy is diagnosed in no more than 5-6%.
This chromosomal abnormality can also occur in various ways:
The development of tetraploids in humans, as well as triploids, is accompanied by malformations of many organs. Very rarely such embryos survive to the fertile period. Most often, death occurs during the first two months of embryogenesis. Currently, only five cases of live births of children with tetraploidy are described in the literature. All children had a wide variety of malformations of the body, their life span did not exceed several months.
Triploidy is currently screened for prenatally. You can read more about prenatal screening .
When choosing daylilies for a collection and when studying the descriptions of varieties, attention is always drawn to whether the variety is a diploid or a tetraploid.
Diploids carriers 22 chromosomes,tetraploids same 44 !
Initially, all daylilies were diploid, but in the middle of the 20th century a way was found to translate diploids V tetraploids. Parts of the daylily were treated with colchicine (an extract of the sap of the autumn colchicum), resulting in daylilies with 44 chromosomes!
Thus the first tetraploid varieties were obtained in the early fifties of the 20th century.
It was a breakthrough at the time tetraploids became incredibly in demand and surpassed diploid varieties!
Firstly - tetraploids have excellent growth and disease resistance.
Secondly, the size of the flower tetraploids more, the colors of the flowers are more intense and varied! Peduncles are more powerful and durable. Flower petals are also denser and waxy.
However, most terry varieties, as well as spiders, still remain diploid!
But such a strong difference was clearly expressed when comparing tetraploids with old varieties diploids!
Modern diploid varieties are not inferior tetraploids neither in the quality of the flower, the variety of colors, nor in the speed of growth, but in the size of the flowers they often even surpass tetraploids!
Additional benefits diploids this is a good opening of flowers in the early morning even after a cold night, and also in diploids there is no such drawback as fragility of peduncles, which some people suffer from tetraploids!
To summarize, we can say that modern varieties of diploids are in no way inferior to modern tetraploids, and in some characteristics even surpass them!
I love and happily purchase varieties from these two groups without giving preference to varieties based on ploidy characteristics!
But I use them in different ways in the garden landscape!
Diploids They look more elegant and airy! Peduncles (especially tall ones) with openwork branching bend slightly, creating the effect of spontaneous natural freedom and picturesqueness :-) Varieties with a height of 1.2 - 1.5 m look very organic against the background of low shrubs, in combination with cereals (especially molinia). Varieties within 1 m in height perfectly decorate the foreground of flower arrangements and beautifully frame the lawn!
Tetraploids Thanks to powerful, vertical peduncles, heavier flowers (the petals are very dense, waxy, in some varieties they seem simply porcelain) look more monumental and majestic! Such varieties are organic in regular, ceremonial compositions, against the background of conifers with a pyramidal or rounded crown, in borders, for framing garden paths.
Thanks to their pronounced differences, the varieties of these two groups allow us to play with them in an interesting and creative way in garden design!
Some examples of diploids and tetraploids
Diploids
Tetraploid ANIMAL EMBRYOLOGY
TETRAPLOID – a polyploid containing four haploid sets of chromosomes.
General embryology: Terminological dictionary - Stavropol. O.V. Dilekova, T.I. Lapina. 2010 .
tetraploid- tetraploid... Spelling dictionary-reference book
Cultivated plants- Cultivated plants on the globe are mainly angiosperms (flowering) plants. They have undergone diverse genetic, physiological and biochemical evolution. Many organic compounds are characteristic... ... Biological encyclopedia
pharmaceutical camomile- General view of a group of flowering plants... Wikipedia
Polyploidy- (from the Greek polýploos multipath, here multiple and éidos species) a multiple increase in the number of chromosomes (See Chromosomes) in plant or animal cells. P. is widespread in the plant world. It is rare among dioecious animals...
Wheat- (Triticum) is a genus of herbaceous plants of the grass family (See Cereals). Unites over 20 wild and cultivated species belonging to 3 series: diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, differing in the number of chromosomes in somatic... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Durum wheat- (Triticum durum) a type of wheat (See Wheat) with a non-fragile, usually spinous, dense ear and bare, glassy grain at the break of various colors. The species is tetraploid: it contains 28 chromosomes in somatic cells. Steppe drought-resistant... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- (Both mori), butterfly of the family. true silkworms (Bombycidae). Wingspan 40-60 mm, whitish. The body is massive. The number of generations per year distinguishes between monovoltine (one), bivoltine (two) and multivoltine (many) breeds of T. sh. Wintering... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary
.jpg)
