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Hyphenation

• Adverbs formed by repeating words or stems: barely, for a long time, for a long time, firmly, after all, willy-nilly.
• If an adverb is formed from two synonyms: unexpectedly, unexpectedly, in a good time.
• Adverbs with the prefix PO- and suffixes –OMU, -EMU, -SKI,- KI, -I: kindly, kindly, friendly, German, birdlike.
• With prefixes VO-, V- and suffixes –ИХ, -Их : Firstly Secondly.
• With the suffixes -TO, - EITHER, - ANYTHING, the prefix SOME-: somewhere, somewhere, someday, somewhere.

Continuous writing

The combined and separate writing of adverbs causes certain difficulties. This is because although there are rules for writing, there are many exceptions to them. Therefore, there are a lot of words you just need to remember how they are written.

• If the adverb is formed from adverbial combinations: in two, on the right, end to end, on display. BUT: on the run, at a swoop, at the joint, to laugh.
• If formed by combining prepositions with adjectives, pronouns, adverbs: slowly, hard-boiled, in four, in two, with might and main, completely, everywhere, forever.
• Adverbs with the meaning of circumstances of place and time, containing nouns: top, bottom, before, back, height, depth, distance, width, century, beginning. For example: up, forward, behind, at the beginning.
• If an adverb without a prefix into which the preposition is transferred is not used: in abundance, after, to pieces, completely, familiarly, from under the brows, on the sly, by the way, on one side, down the drain, on an empty stomach, by hearsay, one by one, early in the morning, half asleep, too much.
• Combination of the preposition B and nouns with a vowel: in exchange, point-blank, in an armful.
• Combinations of prepositions WITHOUT and DO with nouns: to no avail, until I drop.
• Combinations of nouns with other prepositions: on the fly, on a grand scale, abroad, at home.
• Some combinations that have a figurative meaning: fundamentally (wrong), (this is) to our advantage, (to get) into a dead end.

Separate writing

Distinguish adverbs from combinations of prepositions with nouns, ask questions, look at the meaning of words:

perform out of spite - complain about evil

stand to death - go to death

break it completely - put it on your head.

These are the rules for writing adverbs. However, there are many exceptions, words that need to be remembered.

Remember the spelling of adverbs

Continuous writing

Separate writing

Here are examples of adverbs:

1). With separate writing: as a joke, for laughter, alone, tirelessly, until midnight, for two.

2). With continuous writing: rashly, blindly, five times, twice, close, out of spite, on purpose, early in the morning.



3). Spelled with a hyphen: in a scientific way, in a spring way, in different ways, somewhere, somewhere, a little, barely.



The adverb is the youngest part of speech, so it clearly shows traces of its predecessors (for example, nouns with prepositions), and also therefore the most confusing spelling rules are associated with it.

Most adverbs are written together. Examples: for a long time, recklessly, unbearably, occasionally.

A group of adverbs is written with a hyphen. Examples: in Italian, firstly, somehow, someday, barely.

They are written separately, openly, under the arms, on the go.

Adverbs that are written together can be seen in the table below:



Separate spelling of adverbs can be seen in this table:



Rules and examples of adverbs that are written with a hyphen are indicated in this table:



Here are some more examples:

Adverbs that are written together: early, not without reason, by surprise, by hand, by heart, in advance, in two.

Adverbs that are written with a hyphen: barely, a long time ago, first of all, somewhere, once, somewhere, somehow, somewhere, ever.

Adverbs that are written separately: alone, without knowledge, abroad, in our hearts.

Hyphenated such adverbs (with the prefix -po-) will be written (written) that are formed from adjectives using the suffixes -mu-, -emu-, -tski-, -ski-, -ii-, as well as adverbs that are formed from numerals with prefixes -в-/-в-.

These are adverbs such as still, in Russian, in summer, firstly, thirdly and others:



Examples separate writing adverbs can be the following: without asking, without tiredness, as well as the following adverbs:



Also apart adverbs are written to death, to death, behind the scenes, to the eye, to glory.

Together The following adverbs are written: from afar, to the top, to the bottom, hastily, finally, in reality.

Also below there is a small list of adverbs, some of which are written seamlessly, and others apart:





Among the adverbs that are written seamlessly, many words have been noticed that are not used freely, that is, without a prefix, for example:

to pieces, by surprise, in the dark, half asleep, early in the morning, by hearsay, in a hurry, in the heat of the moment, on an empty stomach, at random, completely.

Adverbs formed from short and full forms of adjectives are written together. You need to look carefully at the word and see in it these forms of the generating word, for example: with hot a, c young y, with blind at, before red ah, before white ah, for dead O.

Apart adverbs are written - children of forms of nouns with a preposition, in which this connection is still noticeable, that is, you can insert a question or an adjective, a pronoun between the preposition and the word, for example:

to a dead end, downhill, behind the scenes, to match, at a loss, after midnight, under the nose, abroad, in the morning, at the root, at retail, on the sly, alone, on their feet, under the hammer, on the run.

With a hyphen, according to the well-known spelling rule, adverbs are written with the prefix po- and the suffixes -mu/-emu, -sk-i/ tsk-i, -i, -i, for example:

murmurs like spring, shines like summer, dress like an evening, greet like a friend, pat on the shoulder like a friend, treat like a human, like a miner, like a Cossack, like a fox, like a wolf, like Latin.

Examples of adverbs that are written together:

Easily, for good reason, ahead of time, early in the morning, early, late, recently, long ago, obvious, for a reason, not without reason, not for long, often, frankly, unusual, unusual, excellent, good, bad, satisfactory, great.

Examples of adverbs that are written separately:

Out of town, before noon, uphill, on the run, the other day, in our hearts, as a keepsake, alone, face to face, side by side, without looking back, at any cost, as if nothing had happened, to match, in the dark.

Examples of adverbs that are written with a hyphen:

Somehow, somewhere, sometime, summer-style, winter-style, spring-style, autumn-style, firstly, somewhere, cat-like, criss-cross, quickly-quickly, exactly- exactly, once upon a time, unexpectedly.

Written with a hyphen:

1) adverbs with the prefix po- and suffixes -om,

Him, -i, formed from full forms of adjectives

and pronouns: still, apparently,

bearish, in my opinion, in our opinion, in another way;

2) adverbs with the prefix v- (vo-) and suffixes -х,

Them, formed from ordinal numbers: firstly

first, second, etc.;

3) indefinite adverbs with suffixes -to, -or,

Somewhere and a prefix: somewhere, somewhere, from-

somewhere, somewhere;

4) complex adverbs formed by repeating one

of the same word, same root or synonymous

words: a little bit, quietly-quietly, a long time ago, just-

just, little by little, firmly. With two black

It is written exactly in dots.

§ 110. Vowels and a soft sign at the end of adverbs

Adverbs with prefixes with-, from-, to-, formed from

short adjectives, written at the end with the letter a

(again, long ago, red-hot), with prefixes in; on-, for- -

with the letter o (to the left, tightly, easily).

In adverbs formed from adjectives, after

hissing under stress the letter o is written, without stress -

nia - e: general, fresh, hot, powerful, melodious.

At the end of adverbs after sibilant ch and shch, as well as

after f in the adverb wide open it is written ь: gallop, on-

attentively, helplessly, backhand, completely.

Scheme of morphological analysis of an adverb

1. Rank by value.

2. Method of education.

3. What member of the sentence is it.

Sample morphological analysis

Everyone approaches autumn differently. (Prosk.)

In its own way - a defining adverb (of image and method of action).

Formed from a pronoun in a suffix-prefix way

(using the prefix po- and the suffix -em). In the sentence is-

This is the circumstance of the image and method of action.

Questions and tasks for self-control

1. What is called an adverb?

2. How does an adverb differ from other significant parts of a sentence?

3. Name the categories of adverbs by meaning.

4. What features characterize predicative adverbs?

5. How do predicative adverbs differ from equally sounding adverbs?

What short neuter adjectives are there?

6. How are adverbs formed in modern Russian?

7. What adverbs are written together?

8. What adverbs and adverbial combinations are written separately?

9. What adverbs are written with a hyphen?

10. In what adverbs are k and nc written?

11. How are adverbs ending in hissing written?

12. In what adverbs with prefixes is written a at the end, in ka-

Functional parts of speech

Prepositions

§ 111. General characteristics of the preposition

A preposition is a functional part of speech that

indicates the grammatical dependence of the substantive

different from other words and expresses different relative

communication between them in sentences and phrases.

These relationships are very diverse:

1) spatial (from, to, from, on, around)

lo, near, behind, from under): My childhood passed by the Black Sea

I studied and lived in Moscow, worked on the Bug,

basked on the Volga. (M. Lis.);

2) temporary (from, from, to, in, during, in pro-

due): During the night, invitees arrived.

3) causal (due to, due to, as a result of, due to)

du): And the old man doesn’t seem to listen out of habit.

4) target (for, for the sake of, in the name of): He

I didn’t fight for glory. (Tward.);

5) comparative (s. like, like):

The fontanel is just the size of a child’s palm. (R.R.);

6) objective (about, by, pro. for. in, on. with, about): When-

then in the young heart the dream of happiness sang loudly.

Prepositions convey relationships not by themselves, but in

connection with significant words. Depending on

depending on the meaning of the word with which the preposition is used,

one and the same preposition can express different relations

solutions (go in the morning - go from class - go from

joy - to go with a friend; spoke with excitement

I coped with my anxiety.) In turn, different

prepositions can express the same relationships (with

this creates whole synonymous series): pro-

wandering (near the shore, near the shore, near

shore, near the shore, near the shore, next to the shore),

causal (due to illiteracy, due to illiteracy

ness. due to illiteracy, due to illiteracy

due to illiteracy, due to lack of

power), etc.

Prepositions can clarify the meaning of indirect forms

cases (on the table - under the table - in the table - at the table), and

sometimes be the only formal indicators -

mi case (from depot - R. p., to depot - D. p., with de-

by - P. p; near the line - R. p., along the line - D. p., on the line -

NI - P. p.).

Most prepositions are combined with one

with R. p. - from, to, from. because of, without, for the sake of, around, around,

by, during, in continuation, as a consequence, etc.;

with D. p. - to, thanks to, in agreement with, contrary to, towards

chu, contrary, etc.;

with V. p. - about, through, through, after, despite and

with T. p. - above, before (before), in connection with, etc.;

with P. p. - at.

Some prepositions are used with two or even

three cases:

with R. and T. p. - between (between): between the rocks, between the slopes

with V. and T. p. - behind, under: beyond the river, beyond the river; under the table,

under the table;

with V. and P. p. - in, on, about (about): in the garden, in the garden; to the lake,

on the lake; about the earth, about the earth;

with R., V. and T. p. - with: from the mountain, from the mountain, from the mountain;

sD., V.i.p. - by: walking along the shore, water. according to

Leno, telegraph upon arrival.

The preposition po in Russian is used with the form

mothers of the dative case of nouns for expression

knowledge of spatial relations (sail along rivers,

walk through virgin soil), objective (missing your mother, su-

based on the results), causal (absent

due to illness, say by mistake). Expressing temporary

relations, the preposition by combines with nouns

singular in the form of the prepositional case (by

graduation from the institute, upon arrival at the place of appointment

meanings), and with plural nouns -

in the dative case (work in the evenings, leave-

press on weekends).

In the Belarusian language the preposition pa, corresponding to

in Russian, with plural nouns

number always requires the prepositional case (cf.: swim

along the rivers - swim and laugh. to be sad for relatives -

sumavat for relatives), and with nouns the same

of the real number - predominantly (cf.: walk along

garden - walk in sadze, talk on the phone - gava-

knight on the phone; but: build according to the project - will-

let's go to the project).

Prepositions on, in, expressing spatial

relations, in Russian the prepositions s are antonymous,

from (to go to Ukraine - to come from Ukraine, by-

to go to Belarus - to come from Belarus). IN

in the Belarusian language it is used to express

of these relations there is only one preposition - z, therefore in

Russian speech of Belarusians is sometimes observed to be incorrect

correct use of the preposition with instead of (they say: true-

back from vacation, back from school, we are from Belarus

Instead of returning from vacation, we came from school. from

Written with a hyphen:

1. Adverbs with the prefix po-, formed from adjectives and pronouns and ending in -oom, -emu, -ki, -i, for example: still, in your opinion, in German, fox-like.

Notes

1. The prefix is ​​written together in adverbs formed from short adjectives and from pronouns: in vain, because, etc.

2. The colloquial adverb in Latin and the technical term na-mountain are written with a hyphen.

3. If an adverb with a prefix is ​​formed from a complex adjective with a hyphen, then the hyphen is written only after the prefix: in the social-democratic way (cf. social-democratic), etc.

2. Adverbs with the prefix v- (vo-), formed from ordinal words, for example: firstly, thirdly.

3. Adverbs formed by repeating the stem and combining synonymous or associated words, for example: barely, a long time ago, unexpectedly, at the very least.

Exercise 216. Explain the spelling of adverbs. Words whose spelling was previously poorly understood or completely unknown, write them down in dictionaries and try to remember them.

Close, close, back and forth, apparently, invisible, secondly, firstly, just about, lastly, fifthly, just, thirdly, fourthly, a long time ago, far away far, day after day, long, long, barely, barely, after all, criss-cross, little by little, on the mountain, unexpectedly, not today or tomorrow, in English, in combat , in a Bolshevik way, in your way, in a spring way, apparently, in a military way, in a wolf way, kindly, in a friendly way, in a foolish way, in a winter way, in a snake way, in a different way, according to - Cossack, communist, Latin, summer, fox, human, completely, bearish, in my opinion, truly, ours, German, new , in a special way, in an autumnal way, as before, in a bird's way, in an empty way, in a Russian way, in their own way, in a nightingale way, in a social democratic way, in a student way, in your way, in a Turkish way, according to -Turkmen, in Uzbek, in non-commissioned officer, in French, in turtle, simply, from the bay-floundering, weakly-weakly, quietly-quietly, quietly-quietly, exactly, tightly-tightly, back and forth, at the very least, black and black, a little bit.

Exercise 217. Rewrite, opening the parentheses.

1. Alexander Mikhailovich (long ago) retired a long time ago. (T.) 2. The underground was concerned, (firstly) with the fate of its comrades in prisons, (secondly) with the growing events in the villages of Podluzhye and, (c) thirdly, with the need for communication with the white barracks. (Bakhm.) 3. Each puddle underfoot crunched (in) its own way. (Smirn.) 4. “The Lieutenant General (is) about to return,” said the lieutenant colonel. (Sim.) 5. Time then already (slightly), just a little, began to turn towards a lull in arrests. (Sim.) 6. In the courtyard, where it is quiet (like) night, Katya’s figure moves quickly. (Trif.) 7. Time passes like water, (quietly) quietly and imperceptibly. (Trif.) 8. Stepan Ivanovich once again looked at his new comrades. (Apparently) experienced underground fighters. (Koptel.) 9. Krzhizhanovsky, his closest friend, wrote that the police officer allowed him to come to Shushenskoye. Amazing! The first guest is (specially) dear and pleasant! (Koptel.)

Exercise 218. Re-saw, opening the brackets.

1. All that remained for the vicars was to get away from certain prison and hard labor as quickly as possible (yes) in good health. (Hertz.) 2. “Come (out) here (to get) well,” - as if everything had already been decided, (c) a friend calmly said Anatoly. (Dem.) 3. The night was (like) autumn dark. The thin moon overturned over the rocks of the mountainous shore, and their jagged edge, illuminated from behind, emerged as a bizarre serpentine stripe. (Polev.) 4. In any case, if Budulai and Claudia (still) had not met each other, then through Vanya they had already managed to learn a lot about each other that they did not know before. (Kalin.) 5. There were no tickets, but the administrator, having learned that the comrade general needed (only) one seat, but certainly (for) today, wrote him a pass to the directorate box. (Sim.) 6. (C) the conversation began about collective farm news. The store manager stubbornly strives to speak (in) Turkmen, but Ataniyaz just as stubbornly interrupts him, forcing him to speak (in) Russian so that I don’t act like a fool. And yet they sometimes forget about me and all three of them begin to speak briskly (in) their own way. (Trif.) 7. Father shook his head and stopped asking questions. And Shurka was the first (really) afraid for Yashka. What will happen to them, to the Rooster and his sister, if their mother (and) friend dies? (Smirn.) 8. “Exactly. And (by) God and (by) simple, (by) human, all this is ours, not someone else’s,” Nikita Aladin (confidently) firmly concluded. (Smirn.) 9. Svetka and Kostya - he was then in his last year - very soon found themselves defeated. But they were not at all offended - (on) the contrary, Anatoly’s victory brought them closer, and they (like) students began to look up to him (from below). (Dem.) 10. Laughed loudly, with all my heart, (to the point of) tears in my eyes, at the funny remarks of Yakov Borisych. With gentle condescension, even kindness, as if he were the first to see a person in him, he said to Vygodsky: “You, Kolya, try to treat life at least a little like an adult.” (Dem.)

The peculiarity of the adverb in the Russian language is that this part of speech has no conjugation and does not change according to gender, case and number. The spelling of adverbs depends on several factors, each of which is described in this article. In addition, there are available examples for each rule, as well as exceptions to them.

Features of spelling adverbs

Adverb in Russian- this is an independent part of speech that does not change in numbers, gender and cases and has no conjugation. In phrases it can be adjacent to other adverbs, verbs, adjectives and nouns. The spelling of adverbs depends on the method of their formation and which syllable is stressed in the word.

Integrated and separate writing of adverbs

Table Integrated and separate writing of adverbs includes rules, examples and exceptions.

Hyphenated (semi-continuous) spelling of adverbs

The following adverbs are written with a hyphen:

• Formed from pronouns and full adjectives using a prefix in- (in Japanese, differently, in your way).
• Formed from ordinal numbers using a prefix in-(in-) (secondly, thirdly, fifthly).
• Adverbs with particles -something, -or, -that, still-, something- (from somewhere, someone, something).
• Complex adverbs formed by repeating the same word or two synonyms (little by little, a long time ago, a little bit).

Need to remember: on-mountain(term), exactly, side by side, one by one, because, therefore, therefore.

Writing suffixes at the end of adverbs

1. At the end of adverbs formed from full adjectives the following is written:

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• suffix -O after hard consonants (cold - cold, strong - strong, loud - loud);
• suffix -e after soft consonants (brilliantly - brilliantly, internally - internally, sincerely - sincerely).

2. At the end of adverbs after sibilants, in an unstressed position it is written -e (brighter, louder, stronger). Under stress - -o (hot, good, light). Exception - more.

3. At the end of adverbs formed from short adjectives it is written:

• suffix -O in-, behind-, on (to the left, again, for a long time);
• suffix -A, if the adverb has prefixes to-from-(-is), from-(co-) (from afar, to the right, completely).

4. At the end of adverbs after sibilants h And w is written ь (jump, backhand, all over). Exceptions: wide open, already, married, unbearable.

Spelling NOT and NOR with adverbs

NOT written together with adverbs in the following cases:

• if the adverb is without NOT not used (inconspicuous, unbearable, impossible);
• if adverb with NOT can be replaced by a synonymous adverb without negation (not bad - good, inexpensive - cheap, slightly - weak);
• If NOT is under stress (no need to do it, no time to call, nowhere to get it).

NI written together with adverbs only in unstressed position and used with a second negation (I’ll never finish, I can’t cope, I won’t be surprised by anything).

The topic “Spelling adverbs” is studied in Russian language lessons in 7th grade.

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