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Almost any brand dreams of a breakthrough in its niche and recognition. And when this happens, popularity itself can play a trick on trademarks: they lose patent protection and become household names.
website decided to recall the most interesting cases of such transformations.
(Aqualung, Aqua Lung; from Latin aqua - “water” and English lung - “light”).
Brand name of a self-contained breathing apparatus for scuba diving, invented in 1943 by Frenchmen Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Émile Gagnan. Now the rights to the trademark belong to the American company Aqua Lung International, which is part of the international corporation Air Liquid. The word "scuba" has become common in Europe and the former USSR.
In the US, the word scuba comes from the English abbreviation scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus).
(Aspirin: from "a" - "acetyl" and "spir" from Spiraea, the Latin name for meadowsweet - the plant from which salicylic acid was first chemically isolated).
Trademark under which the German pharmaceutical company Bayer produced acetylsalicylic acid from 1899 to 1918. As a result of the Treaty of Versailles, which obliged Germany to pay reparations to the Entente countries, Bayer lost its foreign property and rights to its trademarks in many countries around the world.
(Vaseline; from German wasser - "water" and Greek elaion - "oil").
Trademark registered by the inventor of Vaseline (a mixture of mineral oil and solid paraffinic hydrocarbons), American chemist Robert Chesbrough in 1872. He founded Chesebrough Manufacturing Co. owned the rights to the trademark until 1987. Now the Vaseline trademark belongs to the international corporation Unilever.
(Heroin; from German heroisch - “heroic”, “impressive with its power”; in such terms, the first volunteers who tested the drug described their emotional experiences).
Trademark owned by Bayer. It was registered in 1898. Heroin (diacetyl-morphine) was originally sold in pharmacies as a cough suppressant until it was found to be highly addictive as one of its side effects. In 1924, heroin was legally banned from production and sale in the United States. In Germany, it was sold in pharmacies by prescription until 1971.
(Gramophone; from the Greek gramma - "letter", "record" and phone - "sound").
Trademark of a revolutionary invention patented by the American Emil Berliner in 1887 - audio recordings on flat discs (gramophone records) and a device for playing them (before that, audio carriers were produced in the form of small cylinders coated with wax and played back on a phonograph - a device invented by Thomas Edison ten years previously).
(Jacuzzi - surname Jakuzi)
The name of the American company and brand under which the hot tubs are sold. It comes from the names of the seven brothers who founded it, immigrants from Italy. Founded in 1915, the Jacuzzi company was successful in the early years in the aircraft industry, but after the crash of their plane, which resulted in the death of one of the brothers, the family business was repurposed, and Jacuzzi began to produce hydraulic pumps.
The whirlpool bath owes its appearance to the five-year-old son of one of the brothers, who suffered from rheumatoid arthritis. Although the boy was undergoing hydrotherapy treatments at a local hospital, his father, Candido Jacuzzi, decided to adapt the hydraulic pump for a home bath.
(Dictaphone; from Latin dicto - “I dictate” and Greek phone - “sound”)
Trademark under which the American company Columbia Graphophone began producing sound recording devices in 1907. Formed from Columbia Graphophone in 1923, Dictaphone has gone through several takeovers and is today part of the international American corporation Nuance Communications. Dictaphone is officially recognized in the US as one of the oldest surviving brands.
Trademark owned by Chrysler. The word jeep already existed in the language; There are several versions regarding the origin of the trademark. According to one of the most popular, jeep goes back to the abbreviation GP (General Purpose - “universal”; the abbreviation denoted a class of cars). Another version attributes the authorship to the popular cartoon character Eugen the Jeep (Eugen the Jeep; was created in 1936) - a mysterious animal with magical abilities, whose name the soldiers called off-road vehicles capable of "passing everywhere."
According to the third version, the word became common after the publication in February 1941 of an article in the Washington Daily News newspaper, which reported on the new army off-road vehicles, "known as jeeps or quads" (quads, short for "square" - zd. "all-wheel drive vehicle "). None of these versions is generally accepted.
(Yo-yo; from Filipino tayoyo, "to spin")
Trademark owned by the American company Yo-yo Manufacturing from its inception in 1928 until 1965. This year, a court decision was made, according to which yo-yo could no longer be considered a trademark, the word became a household word. It is believed that the birthplace of the yo-yo toy is the Philippines.
A trademark that appeared in 1916 when the American company U.S. Rubber began producing canvas shoes with rubber soles. The Keds brand is now owned by the Stride Rite Corporation, which specializes in the production of sports shoes.
(Leukoplast)
Products under the brand name Leukoplast were first introduced by the German company Beiersdorf in 1921.
(from Latin linum - “flax”, “linen” and oleum - “oil”)
Trademark registered by English linoleum inventor Frederick Walton in 1860. Interestingly, in the USA, linoleum began to be made 10 years later than in England, in a town called Linoleumville. After the transfer of production in 1931 to Philadelphia, local residents decided to give the city a new name - Travis.
(Magnetophon; from English magnet - "magnet" and Greek phone - "sound")
The name of the first magnetic tape recorder developed in the 1930s by engineers from the German company AEG.
(eau de Cologne; from French - lit. "Cologne water")
The name of the famous perfume created by the Italian perfumer Johann (Giovanni) Maria Farina in Cologne in 1709. Currently serves as a household name for a class of perfume substances containing 2 to 5 percent essential oils. The perfume factory in Cologne is the oldest production in the world, managed by direct descendants of Farina in the eighth generation. The original Eau de Cologne, designed by Farina, is still produced at the factory according to a secret formula.
(trademark of Procter & Gamble)
“Pampers” is now used to refer to all diapers, not just P&G products. Currently, the brand has replaced the word "diaper", it has become of little use.
(Ping-Pong; the name of the game is onomatopoeic from hitting the ball on the table; ping corresponds to a higher sound, pong to a lower one)
Trademark registered by the English company J. Jaques & Son in 1901. Table tennis originated in England in the 80s of the XIX century and by the beginning of the XX century it was known under the names Gossima, Whiff-Waff, Pim-Pam, Table Tennis, Indoor Tennis, Netto, Royal Game, etc., including Ping- Pong. Gradually, the variety of names was reduced to the two most popular - ping-pong and table tennis.
(Primus; from Latin "first")
Trademark for the first non-smoking kerosene stove and the name of the Swedish company that started producing it. The Primus kerosene stove was designed by inventor Frans Lindqvist in 1892 and proved to be very popular.
(SPAM; from the English abbreviation SPiced hAM - “spicy ham”)
(Tabloid)
Trademark of the English pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome. One of its founders, Henry Wellcome, patented in 1884 the name for the tablet medicines already being produced at that time. Under the Tabloid brand, the company produced medicines and tea. At the beginning of the 20th century, small format tabloid newspapers began to be called tabloids.
(Thermos; from the Greek. thermos - "warm", "hot")
Trademark of the German company Thermos GmbH, which was the first to master the industrial production of vacuum containers in 1904. The thermos was invented by the English scientist Sir James Dewar in 1892 (in chemical laboratories, containers for storing liquefied gases are called Dewar vessels).
(Unitas; from Latin unitas - "unity")
According to a common misconception that has not escaped even dictionaries, the word comes from the name of the company that produced plumbing. In fact, the word owes its origin to the world's first all-ceramic (hence the name Unitas) toilet bowl, designed by the English engineer Thomas Twyford in 1883. Unitas was installed in the royal Buckingham Palace and exported, including to Russia, where it was accompanied by unprecedented success: “toilet” became a household word for all such items. The name patented in 1908 by the Swiss chemical engineer Jacques Branderberger for the transparent he invented recycled cellulose material. Cellophane is used primarily as a packaging material; it is often confused with polyethylene, with which it has nothing in common.
(Escalator; from lat. scala - "ladder")
Trademark of the American company Otis Elevator, which at the beginning of the 20th century built the first mechanical device with moving stairs. Later, Otis lost its exclusive rights, and the word "escalator" was recognized as a household name for all "moving stairs".
(eskimo pie)
Trademark patented in 1922 by Danish-American Christian Nelson. Nelson came up with the idea to create chocolate-dipped ice cream after an incident at his father's candy store; the boy could not choose between ice cream and a chocolate bar - there was not enough money for both. In 1921, Nelson made some of the first popsicle packs, initially under the name I-Scream Bar. In the same year, he signed an agreement with chocolate manufacturer Russell Stover, and after obtaining a patent for the Eskimo Pie trademark, they sold the rights to produce ice cream under this brand to many local manufacturers.
Many of these words are familiar to us from childhood. Let's take a closer look at historical figures whose names have become common nouns.
Gaius Maecenas was a statesman in the Roman Empire. Friendly relations with the emperor allowed the Maecenas to openly express his position on most issues. Often it differed from the opinion of the head of state.
In fact, Gaius Zilnius was the Minister of Culture. He spent most of his time supporting talented people: scientists, artists, poets. He gave Horace a whole estate, and Virgil was able to return the illegally seized housing. The death of Maecenas was a serious loss for the inhabitants of Rome.
Sir Robert Lovelace is a skilled lover from the book "Clarissa", the author of which was S. Richardson. The novel was published during the dawn of the Enlightenment. The heroine of the story is a sixteen-year-old girl of noble birth, who they want to marry to a wealthy, but unloved man.
Lovelace steals Clarissa and settles with her in a brothel, where the prostitutes hired by him play the role of noble cousins of a young man. Clarissa, no matter how hard the kidnapper tries, does not return his feelings. Then he deprives her of innocence by giving her sleeping pills. Even after this, the girl refuses to marry a man and dies.
And at the end of the story, Lovelace dies in a duel.
This form of rebellion was named after the British retired officer Charles Boycott. He was the manager of an estate in Ireland, which belonged to a noble lord.
The crop failure provoked famine. Many Irish residents decided to leave the region, then the trade union organization demanded reform. It was supposed to allow the purchase of plots of land and establish an adequate rent for the use of these plots.
Boycott started laying off workers. Then the Irish Land League did everything possible to prevent him from hiring people. In addition, Boycott and his family became "untouchable". Neighbors did not communicate with them, postmen did not deliver correspondence, and shopkeepers did not sell food. In 1880 Captain Bycott was forced to leave Ireland and then Great Britain.
According to Greek mythology, Megara is the goddess of revenge. With her Fury sisters, she was reborn from the blood of Uranus. Megaera lives in Hades, where she punishes people for murder and adultery.
Mr. Hooligan lived in Britain in the 19th century. The police listed him as a thief and troublemaker. However, not only Patrick Hooligan had a difficult temper, but also all his relatives.
The family allegedly owned an inn. It was said that the guests of the Hooligans were killed and robbed. There were also rumors that this family was the owners of a private school, the pupils of which were treated cruelly.
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Common surnames. Stories of people we no longer remember, but whose names we still pronounceThe word "hooligan" was once the surname of an Irish family who lived in the London Borough of Southwark. Its members were distinguished by a violent temper: rowdy, participated in pogroms and robberies. A gang of Hooligans is mentioned in police reports in 1894 and newspaper chronicles in London at the end of the 19th century. Some sources mention the head of the gang - a young Irishman Patrick Hooligan: he worked as a bouncer, and in his spare time, together with his brothers, robbed and beat people on the streets.
At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, the image of the Hooligans acquired humorous shades: in England a cheerful song was composed about the Irish family, in the USA a family representative became the hero of newspaper comics, which were published in the New York Journal from 1900 to 1932, and then the film. The image of the "happy hooligan" has become the most popular work of the artist Frederic Burr Opper.
Her Majesty Margherita of Savoy, wife of King Umberto I of Italy, took an active part in the cultural life of Italy and supported charitable institutions in every possible way - especially the Red Cross. With its help, exhibitions were opened and new names sounded. But her own name soon began to sound in an unexpected context. This is the story passed from mouth to mouth.
It turned out to be the owner of the best pizzeria in Naples, Rafaelo Esposito. He came to the royal couple with three pizzas: two traditional ones and a third made especially for the occasion - with red cherry tomatoes, green basil and white mozzarella, which matched the colors of the Italian flag. The Queen liked this pizza the most and was named after Her Majesty.
An ironic nickname for treacherous friends. Often used as part of the expression: "And you, Brutus!" It came from the name of the Roman senator Mark Junius Brutus Caepion, who, being close and friend of Caesar, took part in a conspiracy against him and participated in the murder. When the attack began, Caesar tried to resist, but when he saw Brutus, according to legend, he said: “And you, Brutus!”, fell silent and no longer resisted. This story became famous thanks to Shakespeare and his tragedy "Julius Caesar" - the name Brutus began to be perceived as a synonym for betrayal and deceit of loved ones.
The image of Uncle Sam is associated with both the US government and the United States as a whole. He is portrayed either as a kind merry fellow, or as an evil old man, depending on his attitude towards America.
The prototype of this image, according to legend, was the meat supplier Samuel Wilson, who brought beef to American soldiers at the base during the Anglo-American War of 1812-1815. He signed the barrels of meat U.S., referring to the United States. Once, when the Irish watchman was asked what these letters meant, he deciphered by the name of the supplier: Uncle Sam. The soldiers liked this answer very much and at first it became an army joke, and then, thanks to the newspapers, it spread both in the USA and in the world.
Especially famous is the image of Uncle Sam, depicted on a campaign poster. “I need you in the U.S. Army,” the angry man says, pointing his finger at the viewer. The image was created by artist James Montgomery Flagg in 1917 and was used to recruit recruits during the First and Second World Wars. Subsequently, the author admitted that he drew Uncle Sam from himself. In 1961, the US Congress passed a resolution officially recognizing Samuel Wilson as the prototype of Uncle Sam.
This drink, like its name, appeared in the 18th century thanks to the British admiral Edward Vernon, whom the sailors behind his eyes called Old Grog (Old Grog) because of his cloak made of thick material - fai (English grogram). In those days, the daily diet of sailors of the British Royal Navy included a portion of undiluted rum - half a pint, which is a little less than 300 ml. Rum was used as a preventative against scurvy and other diseases, and also served as an alternative to water supplies that quickly deteriorated at sea.
However, Admiral Vernon considered the legal half-pint too large a portion, especially since the British were losing the war with the Spaniards. In 1740, Old Grog decided to put an end to drunkenness and brawls on board and ordered sailors to be served half-diluted rum with the addition of heated or cold water and squeezed lemon juice. The drink was nicknamed "grog", or "rum on three waters." At first, the sailors were unhappy with the changes, but it soon became clear that the "grog" helps prevent scurvy, which was scientifically proven by the Scottish doctor James Lind in 1947. Shortly thereafter, Edward Vernon's drink officially entered the diet of all sailors in the British Royal Navy.
Chauvinism
The word "chauvinism" comes from the name of the Napoleonic soldier Nicolas Chauvin, who especially zealously served Napoleon and France and had a habit of expressing his patriotism in pathos of the common people. He became the subject of the 1821 play The Farmer Soldier, the 1831 vaudeville The Tricolor Cockade, and the engravings of the draftsman Charlet. And in the 1840s, the word "chauvinism" was already firmly established as a common noun. In 1945, the geographer, traveler and playwright Jacques Arago, the author of the article “Chauvinism”, wrote about him this way: “Nicolas Chauvin, the one to whom the French language owes the appearance of the word in the title of this article, was born in Rochefort. At the age of 18, he became a soldier and since then participated in all campaigns. 17 times he was wounded, and wounded only in the chest and never in the back; three fingers amputated, a broken arm, a terrible scar on his forehead, a saber presented as a reward for courage, a red ribbon, a pension of 200 francs - this is what this old warrior has accumulated over his long life ... It would be difficult to find a more noble patron for chauvinism ".
The surname of the private comes from the word "bald" (Calvinus) and is common in France, today it has become synonymous with nationalism, while the comic component is almost forgotten.
Guppy
A small viviparous fish from South America is named after the British Robert John Lechmer Guppy. This man lived an amazing life: at the age of 18 he left England and went on a sea voyage. However, the ship on which he sailed was shipwrecked off the coast of New Zealand. After that, the young man spent two years among the Maori and did not waste time: he made a map of the area. He then moved to Trinidad and Tobago, where he studied wildlife and paleontology, published several scientific papers and became president of the local scientific community, although he did not have a special education. The British were extremely interested in small fish that lived in the fresh waters of Trinidad. In 1866, a naturalist sent one of these specimens to London for cataloging and scientific description. The then curator of zoology at the British Museum, Carl Günther, named the fish Girardinus guppii in honor of the discoverer. And although it soon became clear that Robert Guppy was not the discoverer of fish and that the German ichthyologist Wilhelm Peters had already described them a little earlier, the name “guppies” had already been fixed and became international.
In 1886 Robert Guppy returned to England to give a lecture to the members of the Royal Society. He also spoke about the amazing fish, which, according to the inhabitants of Trinidad, do not spawn, but give birth to live young. This caused ridicule from the scientific community - they considered Guppy a naive amateur who bought into the fiction of the Trinidadians. But soon guppy fish were brought to England, and scientists could no longer deny the obvious.
Saxophone
The name of the Belgian musical master Adolphe Sax is immortalized in the musical instrument saxophone. He invented it in the middle of the 19th century in Paris, having remade it from a clarinet. But Sax did not come up with the name “saxophone” himself: at the Brussels Industrial Exhibition in 1841, he presented his development under the name “mouthpiece ophicleid”. The French composer Hector Berlioz, a friend of the inventor, called the instrument a saxophone in an article devoted to the invention, and the word immediately became popular.
Sachs' competitors haunted him, and before he could patent the instrument and his name, they were already suing him, accusing him of fraud and falsification. The judges issued an absurd decision: "a musical instrument called "saxophone" does not exist and cannot exist," and five months later Sachs managed to prove the opposite and receive a patent in August 1846. Nevertheless, the attacks on the talented inventor of musical instruments did not stop: competitors, provoking trials and accusations of plagiarism, brought Adolf Sachs to ruin. Having lived to be 80 years old, the author of saxophones and saxhorns died in poverty long before the invention of jazz.
The word "masochism" was formed on behalf of the Austrian writer Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, who in his novels described despotic women and weak men who take pleasure in humiliation and punishment ("The Divorced Woman", "Venus in Furs"). In 1866, the German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Richard von Kraft-Ebing coined this term and suggested using it in the emerging science of sexology. By the way, a curious fact: Sacher-Masoch comes from Lviv, which during the life of the writer was Lemberg and belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 2008, two sights appeared in Lviv in honor of the writer: "Masoch-cafe" and a monument.
The atmosphere of the masochistic works of Sacher-Masoch is recreated in the cafe: red color and objects of violence dominate - chains, handcuffs, lashes, etc. which you can see changing erotic pictures. And inside there is a “secret”: if you put your hand into the pocket of the monument, you can touch his manhood… and rub it “for good luck”.
Sandwich
A sandwich with two slices of bread and a filling inside was named after the fourth Earl of Sandwich, John Montagu (1718-1792). According to one version, which is more like an anecdote than a true story, the count was an avid gambler and during one of the long games in 1762 he asked the cook to fry a couple of pieces of bread, and put roast beef between them - so he could hold a sandwich and play cards without messing them up. However, given the high position of John Montagu, who was an English diplomat and First Lord of the Admiralty, another legend seems more convincing.
In the 1770s, the round-the-world expedition of James Cook took place, and it was the Earl of Sandwich who was engaged in the preparation of this voyage. He probably had no time to be distracted by food, and hesimple and convenient fast food - sandwich. By the way, James Cook highly appreciated Montagu's contribution to the organization of circumnavigation, giving his name to three open geographical objects at once: the South Sandwich Islands, the main island in this archipelago - Montagu, as well as the Hawaiian Islands, which Cook originally christened the Sandwich Islands (this name was used until the middle of the 20th century).
Boycott
The word "boycott" owes its appearance to the British Charles Boycott, who worked as a manager for Lord Erne, a landowner in the west of Ireland. In 1880, workers refused to harvest and went on strike under the leadership of the local union, the Land League of Ireland. The people of Boycott's County Mayo fought for fair rents, the right to remain on the land, and the right to freely purchase land. When the manager tried to stop their protests, the Irish began to ignore the Englishman in every possible way: they stopped greeting him, sat down from him in church, and local sellers refused to serve him in stores. The campaign against the Boycott was widely reported in the British press, and although he soon left Ireland, his name had already become a household name, spread around the world and lived a life of its own. By the way, that harvest cost the government dearly: it was necessary to spend ten times more to protect the fields and sent workers than the harvest itself cost.
Stroganov
There are Russian heroes among the generous people who donated their names. So, in the word "beef stroganoff" you can hear the name of Count Alexander Stroganov. The invention of this dish of beef and tomato-sour cream sauce belongs not to the count himself, but to his French chef - hence the word formation in the French manner: bœuf Stroganoff, that is, “Stroganoff-style beef”. According to one legend, the cook came up with food personally for the count when he was old and chewed food badly due to lack of teeth.
According to another, beef stroganoff was invented in Odessa for those who dined at Stroganov's. In the middle of the 19th century, the count became the governor-general of Novorossiysk and Bessarabia, after which he received the title of honorary citizen of Odessa. Being such an important person, he organized an "open table": any educated person in a decent suit could come to his dinners. At the behest of the count, the cook came up with a convenient and quick way to cook meat, which, due to small cuts into pieces, was easy to divide into portions.
carpaccio
Vittore Carpaccio is an early Renaissance painter who lived and worked in Venice, the most independent Italian city. The most successful is his cycle of paintings dedicated to the life of St. Ursula. In it, the master immortalized his native city: gondolas, high arcades of bridges, majestic palazzos, squares filled with a motley crowd...
More than four centuries later, in 1950, a large exhibition of the artist was held in Venice. At the same time, a new dish was served for the first time in the famous Venetian "Harry's Bar": beef fillet seasoned with a mixture of olive oil and lemon juice, accompanied by parmesan, arugula and cherry tomatoes. The recipe was invented by the owner of the establishment, Giuseppe Cipriani, especially for Countess Amalia Nani Mocenigo, who was forbidden by doctors to eat cooked meat. Remembering how many shades of red Vittore Carpaccio used in his palette, Giuseppe decided to name a new dish in his honor. So they reunited - the artist and the beef fillet.
Attic
The carpenter's son Francois Mansart did not receive a systematic education, but his love for architecture and talent allowed him to become one of the greatest masters of the French Baroque. Oddly enough, the desire for perfection undermined his professional reputation: if Mansart was not satisfied with what was done, he could demolish what had already been built and start doing it again, which is why he was accused of waste and neglect of the interests of the customer. Thus, he lost the order to rebuild the Louvre and the royal tomb in Saint-Denis, and the construction of the famous palace in Versailles, Louis XIV entrusted his rival Louis Levo. Nevertheless, the name Mansara has been on everyone's lips for four centuries.
Architect Francois Mansart
In most of his projects, the architect used the steep, kinked roof traditional for France, equipping it with windows for the first time in history. Thus, a double effect was achieved: decorative and practical. The rooms arranged under the rafters turned from dark closets into quite habitable apartments. Having a residential attic (as the French called the premises) has become not only fashionable, but also profitable: from the attic, which was not considered a full-fledged floor, taxes were not taken from homeowners.
Nicotine
The French diplomat Jean Villeman Nico was ambassador to Portugal from 1559 to 1561, where he had the mission of facilitating the marriage of Princess Marguerite de Valois and the infant King Sebastian of Portugal. He did not succeed in his task, but he brought tobacco to his homeland and introduced the fashion at court to sniff it. The novelty was liked by the Queen Mother Catherine de Medici and the Grand Master of the Order of Malta, Jean Parisot de la Valette. Soon the fashion spread throughout Paris, and the plant was called Nicotiana.
In the future, tobacco has been repeatedly studied. The substances obtained by distillation were used for skin diseases, asthma and epilepsy. Nicotine itself was discovered in 1828 by German chemists Christian Posselot and Carl Reimann. They named the alkaloid in honor of the ambassador-enthusiast, who “hooked” the whole of Paris on tobacco in the 16th century.
James Thomas Bradnell, aka the 7th Earl of Cardigan, was famous for his impeccable taste and was known as a fashionista. He did not lose these properties in military service, where he led a cavalry brigade that took part in the Battle of Balaklava in 1854. Considering that it is necessary to look elegant even in battle, Lord Cardigan acquired a new uniform for the 11th Hussars at his own expense. And in case of frost, he came up with a jacket without a collar and lapels, large knit, with buttons to the very bottom, which should be worn under a uniform. The innovation, which the grateful warriors named after the commander, quickly gained fans in civilian life.
Later, the excitement subsided, but a century later, the fashion for cardigans was revived - now they have become a sign of belonging to Bohemia. Marilyn Monroe's photo session, where she poses on the beach in a rough-knit cardigan on her naked body, especially strengthened their positions. And now this cozy clothes have not lost their relevance and are in the wardrobe of almost everyone.
Shrapnel
From a certain moment, the affairs of Lieutenant of the Royal Artillery of the British Army, Henry Shrapnel, quickly went uphill: in 1803 he received the rank of major, the next - lieutenant colonel, and ten years later he was assigned a salary of £ 1200 from the British government. A little later, he was promoted to the rank of general. This was preceded by some event.
In 1784, Henry invented a new kind of projectile. The grenade was a solid hollow sphere, inside of which there was lead shot and a charge of gunpowder. It was distinguished from other similar ones by the presence in the body of a hole for the ignition tube. When fired, the gunpowder in the tube ignited. When it burned out during the flight, the fire passed to the powder charge located in the grenade itself. There was an explosion, and the body shattered into fragments, along with bullets that struck the enemy. Of interest was the ignition tube, the length of which could be changed immediately before the shot, thereby adjusting the range of the projectile. The invention quickly demonstrated its effectiveness - it won’t kill, it will cripple it - and was named shrapnel after the inventor.
There are words that we use automatically in our speech, without thinking about the fact that some of them owe their origin to specific people. Of course, everyone knows that the months of July and August are named after emperors, salad Olivier bears the name of its creator, and some units of measurement can also be included here, for example: volt, ampere, etc.
There are many such words. For example, a shirt hoody is most directly related to the great writer - in many photographs, Lev Nikolayevich is depicted in a tight shirt loose. Many who called themselves the writer's students and called themselves Tolstoy, wanting to emphasize their closeness to him, often appeared in shirts similar to those worn by Leo Tolstoy. So the oversized shirt became known as a sweatshirt.
Word hooligan- of English origin. It is believed that the surname Houlihan was once a well-known London brawler, who brought a lot of trouble to the inhabitants of the city and the police. The Oxford Dictionary dates the frequent appearance of this Mr's name in police reports to 1898. The surname has become a household name, and the word is international, characterizing a person who grossly violates public order.
But what, according to some sources, is the history of the origin of the word academy. The philosopher Plato often expounded his teachings in a shady grove near Athens. According to legend, the Attic hero Akadem was buried in this grove. That is why it was called the Academy. First, the word became the name of the school of Plato, and later - a certain type of educational institution and community of scientists.
Interesting origin of the word boycott. In the 19th century, an English earl hired a steward named Charles Cunningham Boycott for his estate in Ireland. Boycott was a harsh man, often punishing peasants and farmers, which aroused hatred on their part. People who heard about his cruelty refused to have anything to do with him, avoided communication with him. Since then, punishing a person with complete isolation has been called a boycott.
Word mausoleum also has its own history. In 352 BC. In the city of Halicarnassus (Asia Minor), King Mausolus died. According to the custom of those times, the corpse of the king was burned, and the ashes were placed in a funeral urn. According to one of the legends that have come down to us, his widow Artemisia decided to build a huge tomb and thereby perpetuate the memory of her husband, whom she loved very much. Well-known masters were involved in the construction and decoration of the structure, including the court sculptor of Alexander the Great Leohar. The tomb was as high as a ten-story building. At the top stood a gigantic statue of the Mausoleum. The Halicarnassus tomb was named a mausoleum and ranked among the seven wonders of the world.
History has preserved a lot of information about murderers. Among them come across such villains, whose names have become common nouns as the personification of absolute evil. Of course, many of them have done a lot of dashing, but whether they are guilty of what they have been accused of for centuries, we will try to figure it out further in the review.
The ruler of Wallachia, Vlad III Tepes, became a real embodiment of otherworldly evil not in the 15th century, when he ruled, but in 1897 after the release of Bam Stoker's novel Dracula. The novelist described him as a ruthless blood-drinking vampire. If we turn to history, then everything was somewhat different.
Dracula means "dragon" in Romanian. And this nickname has nothing to do with mysticism. Vlad's father was a member of the Order of St. George, which was also called the Order of the Dragon. The ruler of Wallachia received another nickname Tepes for executions by impalement. But given that in those days this method of deprivation of life was quite common, in the eyes of his subjects, Dracula was not such a cruel ruler.
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Perhaps everyone at least once heard about the child-killing king Herod. The Gospel of Matthew details the episode in which Herod is informed of the birth of a child (Jesus) who will overthrow the king from his throne. Then the ruler gives the order to kill all the boys in the city under the age of two.
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When they say "Glory to Herostat", they mean shameful and insignificant fame. This expression has its roots in ancient Greece. In 356 BC. e. in the city of Ephesus, the temple of Artemis of Ephesus burned down. The culprit was someone named Herostat. During interrogation, he admitted that he set fire to the temple in order to glorify himself in history, since he had no other virtues.
Herostat was executed, and his shameful name was forbidden to be mentioned by the authorities. But today it is still known, because the ancient Greek historian Theopompus described this case, thereby glorifying Herostat for centuries.
On this one could put an end, but there is one "but". In ancient times, in temples, not only called upon the gods and performed rituals, but also collected the money savings of the parishioners for safekeeping. After the fire, the gold stored in the Temple of Artemis suddenly disappeared. Most likely, Herostat was just a performer, diverting attention from another crime.
There are also many real murderers in Russian history. Among them, without hesitation, can be attributed
