ffMunicipal budgetary educational institution secondary school No. 17.
Phraseologisms
Project work in Russian language
students of class 8 B MBOUSOSH No. 17
Souravskaya Alina
Teacher: Teremkova Tatyana Ivanovna
Tula, 2015
Introduction
Theoretical part
3. Practical part
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction.
Phraseologisms These are stable figures of speech that have independent meaning and are characteristic of a particular language. In other words, phraseological unit is a catchphrase that has no author.
A phraseological unit is indivisible in meaning, that is, its meaning does not consist of the meanings of its constituent words. It only works as a single unit, a lexical unit.
I chose this topic for my project work because I am interested in learning the origin of phraseological units, what they are needed for, and the meanings of some of them.
The purpose of my work is to study the concept of phraseological units, show its use in various styles of speech (colloquial, artistic), the reasons for obsolescence and the emergence of new phraseological units.
The tasks that I set for myself:
Find out where phraseological units came from
Find out the meanings of some of them
Show where they are used
The origin of phraseological units.
By origin, some phraseological units are actually Russian, others are borrowed.
The main source of Russian phraseology are free phrases, which, when used in a figurative meaning, become phraseological units. For comparison: A boat floats with the current. - He doesn’t want to change anything, he goes with the flow. The usual area for the occurrence of such expressions is colloquial speech.
Some phraseological units of an original Russian nature are closely related to the history and culture of Russia, the customs and traditions of the Russian people, for example: clumsy work, register Izhitsa, the sky seemed like a sheepskin.
Some phraseological units were borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language: bear your cross, salt of the earth, manna from heaven, Doubting Thomas and reflected the superstitious ideas of our ancestors
So, for example, a phraseological unit is nothing (wishing someone good luck, success in any business). Originally it was a wish of good luck to a hunter going on a hunt, expressed in a negative form so as not to “jinx” it by directly wishing good luck.
The expression “after the rain on Thursday” is believed to be associated with pagan beliefs, i.e. never. Thursday among the Slavs was the day of Perun, the god of thunder, and during the drought, rain was expected on this day, but since the prayers did not reach Perun, this expression, colored with sadness and regret, was born.
Proverbs also gave rise to many phraseological units: “chasing two hares” (if you chase two hares, you won’t catch either one), “grandmother said in two” (grandmother wondered and said in two: either it will rain or snow, either it will happen or not).
The works of Russian writers had a great influence on Russian phraseology. Many phraseological units came to us from the fables of I.A. Krylova: “and the cart is still there,” “and Vaska listens and eats.”
Oral folk art is also a rich source of Russian phraseology. Phraseologisms came from folk tales: the fairy tale about the white bull - “endless repetition of the same thing” , under Tsar Gorokh - “a very long time ago”, Koschey the immortal - “a very thin and terrible man”, etc.
The main source of phraseological units of original Russian origin is, for example, professional speech (sharpen the lasses, hit the nails, without a hitch, remove the shavings, run aground, play the first violin).
After the October Revolution, in Soviet times, many phraseological units appeared related to technology (putting on the brakes, gaining altitude, missing a screw), with the development of sports (scoring a goal into your own goal, coming to the finish line, an illegal move, a second wind).
Some phraseological units entered the literary language from jargon (rubbing points, bit card, going all-in - among gamblers) and colloquial speech. Some came from dialects and are associated with the labor of the peasantry (turning shafts, from bag to matting, written on water with a pitchfork).
Many phraseological units have their source in liturgical books (the holy of holies, the fiend of hell, in the image and likeness, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, the promised land).
In Russian phraseology there are a considerable number of phraseological units that came to us from other languages. Most often, these are expressions associated with Greek mythology. Take, for example, the expression “Augean stables.” It has the meaning of “a neglected room” or “difficult to remove disorder”, and is associated with the myth of Hercules, who cleaned the huge stables of King Augeas.
Sometimes borrowed phraseological units are used without translation: alma mater (lat. mother-nurse); tabula rasa (Latin: blank slate; something untouched, absolutely clean).
The source of the original phraseology are phrases from the works of writers: happy hours do not watch (A. Griboyedov); affairs of bygone days (A. Pushkin); knight for an hour (N. Nekrasov); living corpse (L. Tolstoy); man in a case (A. Chekhov); Man - that sounds proud! (M. Gorky)
Over time, some phraseological units disappear from speech, that is, they become outdated, while others, on the contrary, come to replace them. Why is this happening? What causes this phenomenon?
The development of language is reflected in changes in vocabulary and phraseology. If the phenomenon with which the general meaning of a phraseological unit is associated disappears, or the words that make up the phraseological unit become obsolete, the entire phraseological phrase becomes obsolete.
New phraseological units reflect the events of our lives. Every important event is reflected in Russian phraseology: let’s take the expression “go into orbit,” which appeared in connection with the development of flights, meaning “to achieve success.”
The use of phraseological units in speech.
Phraseologisms should be distinguished from free phrases. To understand their fundamental differences, let us dwell on the features of the use of phraseological units in speech.
The most important feature of phraseological units is their reproducibility. They are not created in the process of speech (like phrases), but are used as they are fixed in the language.
Phraseologisms, like other words, serve to convey thoughts and reflect the phenomena of reality. Their main meaning is to give an emotional coloring to the expression, to enhance its meaning. If used correctly, they will help add special expressiveness, accuracy and imagery to your speech.
However, not all phraseological units are figurative. They do not characterize the phenomenon, but only name it. Some terminological phraseological units sometimes begin to be used in a figurative meaning and in this case acquire figurativeness. Thus, the marine phraseological unit to give up - “to sail from the shore” began to be used in the meaning of “to die.”
Phraseologisms are characterized by stability of grammatical structure; the grammatical forms of words usually do not change in them. Thus, it is impossible to say to beat the baklusha, to grind out the lyasa, replacing the plural forms of the baklusha, lyasa with the singular forms, or to use a full adjective instead of a short one in the phraseological unit on bare feet. However, in special cases, variations of grammatical forms in phraseological units are possible (cf.: warm your hand - warm your hands, has it been heard - has it been heard).
Most phraseological units have a strictly fixed word order. For example, you cannot swap words in expressions at the drop of a hat; the beaten one is lucky; everything flows, everything changes; although the meaning, it would seem, would not be affected if we said: “Everything changes, everything flows.”
At the same time, in some phraseological units it is possible to change the order of words (cf.: put water in your mouth - put water in your mouth, leave no stone unturned - leave no stone unturned). Rearrangement of components is usually allowed in phraseological units consisting of a verb and nominal forms dependent on it.
Some phraseological units are the only ones for expressing the phenomena they denote, because there are no words or other phraseological units in the language that can convey the same meaning.
Other phraseological units have synonyms. For example, if you need to say about something that is very little, then people say: “the cat cried” or “a drop in the bucket.” However, these phraseological units cannot be used in every case.
Errors in spoken language are quite common.
These include:
The use of a phraseological unit in a meaning unusual for it: Vasya wrote the title beautifully, like a chicken with its paw.
Replacement of words as part of a phraseological unit: “speak wide open” instead of “soul wide open.”
Using phraseological units in an unusual style (for example, colloquial phraseological units in business papers).
Thus, we see that in colloquial speech, along with the correct use, there is an incorrect use of phraseological units. In fiction, phraseological units are sometimes transformed to create imagery.
Let's take an excerpt from the text by Yu. K. Olesha:
A notebook appeared in Pushkin’s hands. He leafed through it and, having found what he was looking for, read the title out loud. From the very first words, the friends realized that now they would hear poems that would talk about them. And so it turned out. Pushkin read poems about his comrades, and they didn't take their eyes off him.
Here the author uses the phraseology “keep your eyes open.” This, of course, does not mean that Pushkin’s comrades sat and looked at the poet without blinking. Not at all. This phraseological unit means that they looked intently and incessantly at Pushkin with admiration. It is used to show how attentively his comrades listened to his speech.
Let’s also take, for example, a small fragment from the text by Yu. Ya. Yakovlev
- All? – asked the director.
- No, we were still at the police station.
It's not getting any easier hour by hour! The director noisily pushed his chair towards the table.
Phraseologism “it’s not getting easier hour by hour!” used when more and more new difficulties arise as something develops. So it is here - the boy tells the director about how he brought the dog to school and one of the teachers yelled at him. Then the director thought that was all, but then the boy says that he was in the police. Everything got even worse, because it’s one thing to leave a dog under a desk, and quite another to be in the police station because of it! The author uses this phraseology to show that the more the boy talks, the more problems he “appears.”
In his novel “Foma Gordeev” M. Gorky also uses phraseological units:
Sitting at school, Foma felt freer and began to compare his
comrades with other boys. He soon found that both of them were the best
at school and first conspicuous, as sharp as these two numbers 5 and 7,
not erased from the black chalkboard. And Foma felt pleased that he
comrades are better than all the other boys.
Foma thinks that his friends are very bright personalities, they cannot be ignored. To enhance this effect, the author uses the phraseological unit “catching the eye,” which gives the speech liveliness and colorfulness.
Conclusion.
So, I came to the conclusion that phraseological units play a big role in human speech.
Sometimes there are cases when a phraseological unit does not have an equivalent expression and to accurately convey a particular phenomenon it is necessary to use it.
Phraseologisms are used both in ordinary colloquial speech and in fiction. This makes our speech brighter and more imaginative.
Some phraseological units become obsolete over time, “go out of the language,” but they are always replaced by others that are connected with the events of our lives.
I consider my work relevant because phraseological units are often found in OGE and USE tasks. This project helped me prepare for my upcoming exams.
Bibliography.
V.P. Zhukov, A.V. Zhukov “School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language”
N.S. Ashukin, M.G. Ashukina “Winged words”
Y. K. Olesha “Friends”
Yu. Ya. Yakovlev “He killed my dog”
M. Gorky “Foma Gordeev”
Content
I Introduction__________________________________________________________3
II Phraseologisms - the wisdom of the people______________________________________4 III Sources of origin of phraseological units 1.
Sources of original Russian phraseological units____________________52. Sources of borrowed phraseological units_____________________6a) borrowings from Slavic languages_________________________________6b) borrowings from non-Slavic languages______________________________6 IV The role of phraseological units in the Russian language________________________________7
V Conclusion_________________________________________________7
VI References_______________________________________________ 9
IIntroduction
Phraseologisms are constant companions of our speech. Speech is a way of communication between people. Often, simple words are not enough to achieve a certain speech effect. Irony, bitterness, love, mockery, your own attitude to what is happening - all this can be expressed much more succinctly, more precisely, more emotionally. To do this, in everyday speech we often use phraseological units, sometimes without even noticing - after all, some of them are simple, familiar, and familiar from childhood. Phraseologisms decorate our speech, make it expressive and figurative. The richer a person’s vocabulary, the more interesting and vividly he expresses his thoughts.
Relevance:
The study of the topic “Phraseological Units” is not provided for in the primary school curriculum and students have to obtain all the information on this topic on their own, and sometimes many phraseological units remain a mystery to many.
To achieve the goal, we settasks:
Object of study: phraseological units of the Russian language
Research methods:
collection of information, observation, study, analysis, synthesis of results
Stages of work:
1. Observation of phraseological units, their interpretation;
2. Study of theory (what are phraseological units, their origin);
3. Acquaintance with phraseological dictionaries, visiting the library;
4. Conclusion
Phraseologism , or phraseological unit – a phrase or sentence that is stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in meaning, performing the function of a separate vocabulary unit. In other words, a phraseological unit cannot be divided into individual words and explained in the same way as ordinary phrases.
Phraseologisms in their own way reflect the life of our people from very distant times; they express the spirit of the people, their history, and customs.
Phraseology is fabulously rich. Its storerooms contain words from the most ancient to the newly born. There, bit by bit, phraseological phrases were collected - the wisdom of the Russian people. Phraseologisms are one of the best decorations of speech
IIISources of origin of phraseological units of the Russian people
The history of the origin of phraseological units is interesting. Why are we talking“bang your thumbs”, “crocodile tears”?
Beat your thumbs. What are baklushi? It turns out that originally this phrase meant: splitting an aspen log into logs (baklushi) for making spoons, ladle and other small products from them. This was a simple matter that did not require much effort or skill, so the expression “knuckle down” turned into a phraseological unit.
Crocodile tears.This phraseological unit means feigned, hypocritical pity, insincere regret. The expression comes from a widely spread belief in ancient times that a crocodile supposedly cries when eating its prey.
From the point of view of origin, phraseological units of the Russian language are divided into native Russian and borrowed.
1. Sources of original Russian phraseological units The overwhelming majority of Russian phraseological units arose in the Russian language itself or the Russian language inherited from the languages of its ancestors: “you can’t spill water,” “in what your mother gave birth.” A whole series of Russian phraseological units are associated with the life, customs, traditions and beliefs of the ancient Slavs. These include:1) superstitious ideas of our ancestors: a black cat crossed the road (there was a quarrel, a disagreement between someone); neither fluff nor feather (wishing someone good luck, success in any business) - initially: wishing good luck to a hunter going on a hunt, expressed in a negative form, so as not to “jinx” it if you directly wish good luck;2) games and entertainment, for example: alive, smoking room (someone exists, acts, manifests himself) - from an ancient folk game in which with the exclamation: “Alive, alive, smoking room!” pass a burning torch to each other until it goes out; play tricks (doing trifles, doing nothing, wasting time); not even a blow (to know nothing at all, not to understand); 3) ancient customs of punishing criminals, for example: shorten the tongue (make someone talk less, talk less, be less impudent); written on the forehead (quite noticeable);4) details of Russian life, for example: washing dirty linen in public (divulging quarrels, squabbles that occur between loved ones); easy to remember (appears at the moment when they think or talk about it)5) historical events in the life of the Russian people, for example: shouting at the top of Ivanovo (very loud); long box (for an indefinitely long time); how Mamai went through (complete disorder, defeat) - from a historical event - the devastating invasion of Rus' (in the 14th century) by the Tatars under the leadership of Khan Mamai. The professional speech of artisans is also the most important source of Russian phraseology. Almost every craft in Rus' has left its mark in Russian phraseology. For example: from shoemakers - two of a Kind - "the same"; from hunters and fishermen - with reel fishing rods - “to leave hastily”cast a fishing rod- “to find out something carefully”, scover your tracks - "hide something"; from musicians- play first violin– “to excel”; from the sailors - drop anchor - "settle" , in full sail -"quickly", run aground - “get into an extremely difficult situation.” Oral folk art is a rich source of Russian phraseology. Phraseologisms came from folk tales:megillah - “endless repetition of the same thing”, under Tsar Gorokh - "a long time ago",Lisa Patrikeevna - “a very cunning person”Koschei the Deathless – “a very thin and scary person”, etc. 2. Sources of borrowed phraseological units Borrowed phraseological units are stable combinations, catchphrases that came into the Russian language from other languages. Two groups of borrowed phraseological units can be distinguished: borrowings from Slavic languages and borrowings from non-Slavic languages. A) Borrowings from Slavic languages Old Church Slavonic phraseological units became entrenched in the Russian language after the introduction of Christianity; most of them originate from books, including the Holy Scriptures. Most often they are bookish in nature. For example, “a proverb,” “seek and ye shall find,” “throwing pearls before swine,” and others. These are outdated phraseological units (archaisms). Old Church Slavonic phraseological units most often represent expressions taken from biblical and evangelical texts translated into Old Church Slavonic: in the sweat of his brow - "to work very hard"the Forbidden fruit -"about something tempting but forbidden"stumbling block -"interference, difficulty" holy of holies - “the most dear, cherished”daily bread - "what is necessary for existence." b) Borrowings from non-Slavic languages A significant group of Russian phraseology consists of phraseological units borrowed from other languages, among them – phraseological units that have become international. These are primarily expressions from ancient Greek mythology:Achilles' heel - "the most vulnerable place"Gordian bond l – “confusing coincidence of circumstances”,sword of Damocles - “about the constantly threatening danger”,draconian laws - " cruel laws”, etc. Some phraseological units came from Western European languages and literature. These are proverbs, catchphrases, quotes, sayings:storm in a teacup- "excitement over trifles"Princess on the Pea- “pampered, spoiled person”out of place- "in a bad mood",after us there might be a flood– “if only we felt good”, etc. A large number of borrowed phraseological units in the Russian language are phraseological calques, that is, foreign language expressions that are translated word by word, although some of them are used without translation from the Latin language. By literal translation of a foreign language expression, phraseological units arose from the English language:time - money, blue stocking, flying saucer; from German: straw widow, so that's where the dog is buried;from French:honeymoon, black market, idea fix and etc.
So, phraseological units are the creation of the people, a manifestation of their wisdom and linguistic flair. Many phraseological units of the Russian language reflect traditions and customs. and beliefs of the Russian people.
Since ancient times, our language has preserved many words and expressions that we easily, without thinking, use in conversation, but often do not even realize their true meaning, yet their history is interesting and instructive. IV The role of phraseological units in the Russian language The role of phraseological units in the Russian language is great. Often they express wise sayings of people that have become stable phrases. Each phraseological unit is a short expression of a long human thought. It’s easier to say “You can’t pull a fish out of a pond without effort” than to describe it in a few sentences. It can also be noted that phraseological units are a part of the life of our ancestors, because they were the first to use them, which means that this is part of our history. To a greater extent, of course, the history of the Russian language. Beautiful, correct speech is an undoubted advantage of both adults and children. Accurate figurative expressions, such as phraseological units, especially enrich it.VConclusion The Russian language is very rich in its words and expressions. Often the same meaning can be expressed in different ways. This is done using synonymous expressions. But as you know, synonyms are only close in meaning, which means you can express your thoughts with the help of one of them more briefly and more accurately. Phraseologisms often come to our aid with this. Phraseologisms are not very big phrases; as a rule, they have a figurative meaning. A catchphrase is an expression whose author is not exactly known, but it has become so ingrained in our speech that we sometimes forget the name of the author. The wealth and strength of the Russian language is determined by the inexhaustible possibilities that are hidden in every word or phraseological unit, because, according to A.S. Pushkin “the mind is inexhaustible in the understanding of concepts, just as the language is inexhaustible in connecting words.” Russian phraseological units are our invaluable cultural and national dignity.
VIBibliography. Bulatov M. A. Winged words - M.: Detgiz, 1958.Vvedenskaya L. A., Baranov M. T., Gvozdarev Yu. A. Methodological instructions for the optional course “Vocabulary and phraseology of the Russian language” - M., 1991.Volina V.V. I explore the world. Children's encyclopedia. Russian language - M.: AST Publishing House, 1997.Ozhegov S.I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, M.: LLC “A TEMP”, 2008.Fomina N. D., Bakina M. A. Phraseology of modern language - M.: Peoples' Friendship University Publishing House, 1985.Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language, edited by A. I. Molotov - M.: Russian language, 1987.
"GYMNASIA"
The wonderful world of phraseological units
Research work.
Completed by: Egorov Alexander,
2nd grade student
Head: Tatyana Anatolyevna Domnenko,
Nyagan
Chapter 1. The wonderful world of phraseological units…………………………………..6
1.1. The concept of “phraseologisms” and their characteristics………..………………... 6
1.2 Variety of phraseological units..…………………………………… 7
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….12
List of used literature and information sources………..13
Applications………………………………………………………………………………...14
Appendix 1……………………………………………………………………………….15
Appendix 2……………………………………………………………………………….16
Appendix 3……………………………………………………………………………….17
Appendix 4……………………………………………………………………………….19
Appendix 5……………………………………………………………………………….26
"For those interested in history,
culture of its people, phraseology -
one of the most exciting and
interesting areas of language"
N. M. Shansky
Introduction
The Russian language is known throughout the world for its richness and beauty. Often in a conversation you can hear: “There are no words to express...”, “There are no words to describe this...”. In fact, our language has quite enough words to express and designate any concept, any phenomenon.
Not all of these combinations are understandable to us, people of the 21st century, but at the time of the creation of phraseological units, these combinations made sense and were well understood. Only time, having erased the circumstances of their occurrence, made them mysterious.
The relevance of my work lies in the fact that not enough time is devoted to the topic of phraseological units, and therefore for some they remain a mystery.
Due to the fact that nowadays phraseological units are used quite rarely and are gradually going out of use, I became interested - how much do my peers know phraseological units? And can I help them develop an interest in these beautiful figurative means?
Therefore, I decided to search for answers to these questions and determined topic his research project “The Wonderful World of Phraseologisms.”
I conducted a survey among students in my class, in which 23 people took part.
No – 67%
18% of students explained the meaning of all phraseological units, 82% gave explanations only selectively. Difficulties caused - to beat the head, with a big nose, seven spans in the forehead.
from parents – 34%
from the teacher – 42%
from friends – 21%
I don’t recognize it at all – 12%
Often – 4%
Sometimes – 56%
Never – 40%
A survey of students showed that most children do not know what phraseological units are, understand their meaning only selectively, cannot always explain in their own words what an expression means or come up with their own interpretations, and therefore they are used quite rarely in speech.
Thus, the chosen topic of work is quite relevant.
Goal of the work
Based on this goal, I set myself the following tasks:
Subject of study- use of phraseological units in speech.
Hypothesis: if a person understands the meaning of a phraseological unit, this makes him want to use it in his speech, which significantly embellishes and enriches it.
Research methods – questioning, searching, collecting information, analysis, summarizing.
Stages of work:
Chapter 1. The wonderful world of phraseological units
Ozhegov’s dictionary says that phraseological units are stable expressions with independent meaning. Each individual word has lost its original meaning. They acquired a completely different, common meaning for them. For example, in the meaning of the phraseological unit “brew porridge” there is no food, in the phraseological unit “golden hands” there is nothing made of gold.
Even the great M.V. Lomonosov called stable combinations “phrases”, “Russian proverbs”, proposing to include them in the dictionary. Scientists realized that phraseological units create, as it were, a special tier in the language. A new section on language was born - phraseology. Phraseology is a science that studies stable phrases. Stable combinations of words are phraseological units. The word "phraseology" comes from two Greek words: "phrasis" - "expression" and "logos" - "teaching". Phraseology is the greatest treasury and enduring value of any language. Phraseologisms in their own way reflect the life of our people from very distant times; they express the spirit of the people, their history, and customs. A tough nut to crack - this very phraseology. Until now, many philologists are scratching their heads, talking about phraseological units in the Russian language.
The sources of phraseological units are different. Some of them arose on the basis of human observations of natural phenomena (smoke from a rocker), others are associated with mythology and real historical events (as if Mamai had passed), others came from folklore and literary works (the fairy tale “About the White Bull,” “And the Cart”) now there” from I. Krylov’s fable “Swan, Crayfish and Pike”)
2.Many phraseological units can be easily replaced with one word:
headlong - fast, just a stone's throw - close.
3.The most important feature of phraseological units is their figurative meaning. Often a direct expression turns into a figurative one. Phraseologisms cannot be taken literally, otherwise speech becomes comically meaningless.
We inherited language from many generations of people as our most precious wealth. It is considered one of the most expressive languages in the world. The more words a person knows, the more accurately and vividly he expresses his thoughts. “A lame word is a crooked speech,” says the Russian proverb.
1.2 Variety of phraseological units
Correct and appropriate use of phraseological units gives speech special expressiveness, accuracy, and imagery. A well-chosen phraseological unit enlivens speech, makes it emotional and interesting.
To clarify the meaning of phraseological units, dictionaries have been created. The first phraseological dictionary edited by V.A. Molotkov. appeared in the late 60s. It contains over 4000 phraseological units.
While studying material about phraseological units, I wondered if this topic was in our Russian language textbook. After looking through the textbook, we found out that the topic “Phraseological Units” is studied at the end of the year and very few pages are devoted to it in the book. I have highlighted all the phraseological units that we will have to study this year. There were 54 of them (Appendix 3). After re-reading them, I realized that most of the combinations were unfamiliar to me. While studying the meaning of these phraseological units using a phraseological dictionary, I made a discovery for myself: it turns out that phraseological units, just like words, can express opposite meanings (antonyms) or have a similar meaning (synonyms).
During the research, I identified 7 groups of phraseological synonyms:
We decided to create our own phraseological dictionary, which can be offered to classmates for use. The meaning of phraseological units will be explained in the dictionary and pictures will also be added for better understanding.
After production, the dictionary was printed and offered to the children in the class for familiarization (Appendix 4). He got their attention. Everyone liked the pictures that illustrated the phraseology. After looking at the images, the children enjoyed reading the explanations for the phraseological units.
After the guys in the class studied our dictionary, we were asked to write an essay using these phraseological units.
The essays turned out to be very interesting, rich in phraseological units (Appendix 5).
We proved that after children learned to understand the meaning of phraseological units, they began to use them in their speech, their speech became more vivid and expressive.
Conclusion
The topic of our research seemed interesting. In the course of our work, we came to the conclusion that not all the children in the class have an idea of what phraseological units are, much less can explain their meaning. Quite a few of our peers use phraseological units in their speech. We hope that our research helped the children see the variety of phraseological units, understand their meaning and use them in their speech.
It is necessary to pay more attention to the study of phraseological units, because thanks to them, vocabulary increases, speech becomes more figurative, vivid and emotional.
Working on this topic, we gained a more complete understanding of phraseological units, their characteristics, learned to determine their meaning and use them in our own speech.
The goal of our research work has been achieved. The tasks assigned to us have been completed, the hypothesis put forward has been confirmed.
By getting to know phraseological units and applying them in our speech, we delight each other with a funny joke and a well-aimed word. After all, phraseological units are part of our culture, without which our speech becomes simplified and loses color.
List of used literature and information resources
Guys!
I ask you to answer the questions in the questionnaire for conducting research work on phraseological units.
Nick down____________________________
Throw your hat in ______________________________
With a gulkin nose ______________________________
Seven spans in the forehead __________________________
□ from parents
□ from the teacher
□ from friends
□ I don’t recognize it at all
4. Do you use phraseological units in your speech?
□ sometimes
□ never
Survey results
ANNEX 1.
APPENDIX 2.
| No. | phraseological unit | Meaning |
| 1. | You won't have time to look back | Very soon |
| 2. | Nick down | Remember it firmly |
| 3. | Only the heels sparkled | Run very fast |
| 4. | Out of the blue | Suddenly |
| 5. | How I fell from the moon | Doesn't understand what everyone understands |
| 6. | I took some water into my mouth | As if numb, speechless |
| 7. | My mouth is full of trouble | A lot of things to do and worries |
| 8. | Doesn't fit in mouth | There is no desire to eat |
| 9. | Neither light nor dawn | Early |
| 10. | Tongue without bones | Talkative |
| 11. | Pull the wool over someone's eyes | Boast, deceive |
| 12. | Chasing the quitter | Sit back |
| 13. | Keep your mouth shut | Be silent |
| 14. | Puzzle over | Think |
| 15. | As two drops of water | Very similar |
| 16. | Don't get under your feet | Do not interfere, do not distract |
| 17. | At any moment | Very soon, very soon |
| 18. | With a gulkin nose | Very little |
| 19. | Sit in one's hands | Sit back |
| 20. | What does the spirit have? | Run fast |
| 21. | Working hard | Work hard, work diligently |
| 22. | Sparrow knee-deep | Very fine |
| 23. | At full speed | Run fast |
| 24. | Sparing no effort | Work hard, work diligently |
| 25. | Beat your head | Sit back |
| 26. | To the fullest extent | Run fast |
| 27. | Rolling up my sleeves | Work hard, work diligently |
| 28. | With all my might | Run fast |
| 29. | Working up a sweat | Work hard, work diligently |
| 30. | Rush with full sails | Run fast |
| 31. | catch flies | Be inattentive |
| 32. | By the sweat of your brow | Work hard, work diligently |
| 33. | The cat cried | Few |
| 34. | Headlong | Run fast |
| 35. | With all my strength | Run fast |
| 36. | Brew the porridge | Start an unpleasant business |
| 37. | Far away | Very far |
| 38. | With a light heart | Joyfully, without worries |
| 39. | Live by your own mind | Make decisions on your own |
| 40. | Live in someone else's mind | Stick to other people's views |
| 41. | Just a stone's throw | Very close |
| 42. | To fix the mess | Unraveling an unpleasant matter |
| 43. | With a heavy heart | With a feeling of anxiety |
| 44. | Sleeveless | Work carelessly |
| 45. | Sharpen the laces | Chat |
| 46. | Sink into eternity | Disappear forever, be forgotten |
| 47. | Seven spans in the forehead | Very smart |
| 48. | Lead by the nose | Deceive |
| 49. | Mislead | Deceive |
| 50. | Lay down your head | Die |
| 51. | Break your neck | Get injured |
| 52. | Head up | Act with confidence |
| 53. | Turn up your nose | become proud |
| 54. | Greet with bread and salt | Show honor |
APPENDIX 3.
APPENDIX 4.
APPENDIX 4.
APPENDIX 4.
APPENDIX 4.
APPENDIX 4.
APPENDIX 4.
APPENDIX 4.
Today I woke up at the crack of dawn. We need to get ready for school. I washed my face, had breakfast and got dressed as best I could. Walking me to school, my mother said:
Sasha, take it easy on yourself, don’t catch flies in class, don’t sit idly by, work until you sweat. Don't talk, keep your mouth shut. During recess, behave calmly, don’t run headlong, otherwise you might break your neck.
I will try to fulfill my mother's order. I will work with my sleeves rolled up and everything will work out.
Fishing.
One day my dad and I were getting ready to go fishing. We got up early, had breakfast and hit the road. Our place where we usually fish was far away. So we set off with full sail. At first, fishing was not successful, as we caught only a small fish’s nose. Dad said that the fish don’t bite because we sharpen our lines loudly. Then we stopped chatting and fell silent as if we had filled our mouths with water. Before we knew it, we caught a lot of fish. We fished until we sweat. We returned home with a light heart. There my mother greeted us with bread and salt.
APPENDIX 5.
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Municipal entity Yamalsky district
Municipal budgetary educational institution
“Novoportovsk boarding school named after L.V. Laptsuya"
V OPEN RESEARCH COMPETITION
PROJECTS
AMONG JUNIOR SCHOOLCHILDREN
Creative project in Russian language
Subject:
2nd grade student
Supervisor:
Ozhereleva Luiza Khaidarovna,
primary school teacher
New Port
2017
Relevance: This project will expand my knowledge of Russian language and literature.
Target: development of research skills, cultivating attention to language, the ability to think about the meaning of words and expressions and improving speech culture.
Tasks:
Study theoretical literature on the topic of the project;
Learn to identify and recognize phraseological units in the text, interpret them correctly, match pictures to expressions;
Create a collection of stable word combinations “Wonderful World”
phraseological units"
Phraseologisms
1. What are phraseological units?
Phraseologisms are stable combinations of words that are equal in meaning to either one word or a whole sentence.
The word phraseology came from the addition of two Greek words: phrasis (phrasis) - expression, figure of speech and logos (logos) - word, concept, doctrine.
From the etymology of this word it follows that the figure of speech acts as a word that has a single meaning.
A phraseological unit is a stable combination of words peculiar only to a given language, the meaning of which is not determined by the meaning of the words included in it, taken individually. Due to the fact that phraseological units cannot be translated literally (the meaning is lost), difficulties in translation and understanding often arise. On the other hand, phraseology has remarkable advantages: it gives our speech imagery, emotionality, brevity, and clearly expresses the national identity of the language. That is why phraseological units are so widely used in the artistic works of masters of words, in journalism as a bright stylistic means.
Often the grammatical meaning of idioms does not correspond to the norms of the modern language, but are grammatical archaisms. An example of such expressions in Russian: “stay on your toes”, “knock it off”, “give back”, “play the fool”, “point of view”, etc.
2. Where did so many phraseological units come from in the Russian literary language?
1) Most phraseological units come from songs, fairy tales, parables, proverbs of the Russian people, folk speech: with all your might, wherever your eyes look, pay with your head, shed burning tears...
2) Some of the phrases from the speech of people of different professions: as if it were a breeze (doctor), look with all eyes (border guard), salivating (cook)…
3) Often phraseological units are associated with the names of animals (the cat cried, the chickens don’t peck).
4) Many phraseological units were born in fiction, biblical tales, mythology and only then came into the language. For example, “monkey labor” (useless labor).
They are called catchphrases or aphorisms.
5) The wealth of Russian phraseology is presented in dictionaries and reference books.
6) Among the phraseological units of the Russian language, as well as between words, there are antonyms:
* Raise to heaven - trample into the dirt.
*You can’t see anything - at least collect needles.
*The cat cried - the chickens don’t peck.
Phraseologisms (meaning)
Come what may
- no matter what happens... (this is an expression of complete determination to do something, say something.)
Hanging by a thread
- be in danger. (The patient was in serious condition, his life hung by a thread. Speech.)
At full speed
- very quickly, with great speed, rapidly.
Keep your eyes open - to very carefully, continuously observe, follow someone or something.
To tears
- very strongly, extremely. About strong feelings and desires. Laugh until you cry.
The soul sank to its feet
- someone experiences strong fear from fear, from excitement...
As two drops of water
- very similar, very similar. We are talking about the complete, usually external, similarity of persons, objects, and phenomena.
Like behind a stone wall - be; to live, to feel completely safe, under protection, under reliable protection.
As if nothing had happened
- not noticing what happened or pretending that nothing happened or happened.
As if taken off by hand - rapid recovery from illness, fatigue or severe mental trauma.
Where the eyes look
- go in an uncertain direction, no one knows where, wherever you want.
Don't believe your eyes - to be very surprised, amazed at what you see, usually something unexpected.
Neither alive nor dead - very frightened (about a person who is in a state of stupor from strong fear, horror.)
Stopped dead in his tracks
– stood motionless, frozen in place from surprise, fear (or horror).
White as a sheet - from fear, from excitement.
Have a heart-to-heart talk - frankly, without hiding anything. Tell each other everything.
Goof - due to ignorance of something, find yourself in an unpleasant, awkward, disadvantageous position; to be mistaken, to be deceived in something.
Pay with your head
- get killed doing something dangerous
Spoil the blood - cause a lot of trouble, unnecessary trouble for someone.
Look with all your eyes
- be very attentive, vigilant, on guard (without losing sight of anything). Often used as a warning or instruction.
Smite on the spot
- to be very surprised by something. (translated) To kill outright, that is, immediately to death.
Stand like a mountain - to defend, defend someone or something. (For example, for a friend, for the truth. Stand up for each other.)
One step forward, two steps back
– slowly, carefully, reluctantly.
Antonyms:
1
. Raise to heaven
- to exorbitantly praise, praise someone or something.
Trample into the mud - to cruelly humiliate, denigrate (insult) someone.
2
.
Can't see anything
- this is how they usually speak about impenetrable, thick darkness. Very dark.
At least collect needles - there is enough light at night to do something.
3
.
The cat cried
- very little.
Chickens don't peck
- a lot (often about money).
Results of the study of student questionnaires
Unfortunately, not all students know and use phraseological units in their speech. I decided to find out what level of proficiency in phraseological units my classmates have. During the study, a survey was conducted among 20 grade 2 students using specially designed questions.
Purpose of the survey – find out whether schoolchildren know what phraseological units are; do they understand the meaning of phraseological units; How often do schoolchildren use phraseological units in everyday speech?
Students were asked questions:
Do you know what phraseological units are? (Not really)
I found out that not all children surveyed know what phraseological units are. Twelve of the children surveyed know what phraseological units are, eight people do not know
2. Do you use phraseological units in your speech? (Yes, no, sometimes)
Analysis of the responses showed that 10 students use phraseological units in their speech, 4 students - sometimes, 6 people - never used phraseological units in their speech.
Conclusion:
1. The Russian language is rich in phraseological phrases; they greatly embellish speech, make it expressive and figurative.
2. The main feature of phraseological units is the meaning of the whole expression, and not the words included in it.
Results:
1. Learned to find phraseological units in the text and understand the meaning
2. Consolidated the knowledge acquired during the project by completing a test (application).
Resources:
1) Wikipedia: ru.wikipedia.org.
2) V.V. Vinogradov. On the main types of phraseological units in the Russian language // Vinogradov V.V. Selected works. Lexicology and lexicography. - M., 1977. - P. 140-161. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012.
3) Dictionaries and encyclopedias on the academician: dic.academic.ru.
4) Pictures and photos - yandex.ru/images.
Application
Test
1. Choose the most suitable phraseological unit for this picture:
a) have a heart-to-heart talk,
b) like two peas in a pod,
c) like behind a stone wall.
2. Find phraseological units that are similar in meaning:
a) keep your eyes open,
b) where the eyes look,
c) look with all eyes.
3. Explain the expression “to strike on the spot” in one word: …………………..
4.Choose the most suitable phraseological unit for this picture:
a) pay with your head,
b) as if it happened by hand,
c) spoil the blood.
5. Choose the most suitable picture for the phraseological unit “wherever your eyes look”:
A)
b) 
V)
6. Explain the expression “to stand like a mountain” in one word:……………………………
7. Choose the most suitable phraseological unit for this picture:
a) as if nothing had happened,
b) don’t believe your eyes,
c) turned white as a sheet.
8. Find phraseological units that are similar in meaning:
a) neither alive nor dead,
b) come what may,
c) my soul has sunk into my heels.
9. Find expressions that are opposite in meaning:
a) at full speed,
b) one step forward, two steps back,
c) to tears.
10. Select the most suitable pictures for phraseological units:
“the cat cried” and “the chickens don’t peck.”
A)
b)
V)
G)
Answers:
1.b
2.a-c
3.surprise
4.c
5.c
6.protect
7.a
8.a-c
9.a-b
10. “the cat cried” - b, “the chickens don’t peck” - d.
Test score:
For each correct answer, 1 point is awarded.
8-10 correct answers – the material has been mastered well, the child has learned to correctly interpret phraseological units and find suitable images for them.
But you can’t stop there, you need to read a lot, improve your vocabulary and even learn to use phraseological units in your speech.
5-7 correct answers - the material has been mastered at an average level. You need to read more and consult dictionaries more often, try to think more about the meaning of words and expressions and improve your speech culture.
2-4 correct answers – the material has been mastered at a low level. It is necessary to read more (for example, Russian folk tales, there are many phraseological units in them), write out and maintain your own dictionary of phraseological units, consult various dictionaries to find out their meaning and try to illustrate them, in order to ultimately increase your level of knowledge.
0-1 – the material has not been mastered.
Back forward
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Relevance of the implemented project:
Currently, the problem of lack of knowledge about phraseological units has arisen, and now it is especially acute, because graduates of the 9th and 11th grades take the State Examination and the Unified State Exam, the test materials of which contain tasks that require knowledge of phraseological units. It turned out that many high school students have great difficulty finding phraseological units in the text, do not understand their meaning, and do not know how to use them in speech. Phraseological phrases - a special layer of the Russian language, part of the culture of our people - should return to our speech and enrich it.
The fundamental question of the project: Why are phraseological units needed in a language?
The goal of our project: by conducting certain research in the field of linguistics, to study the nature of phraseological units and learn from the example of Russian folk tales and the works of Russian classic writers to use phraseological units in their speech
Project objectives:
To achieve the goal of the project, it was decided to study scientific data on phraseological units, to study the history of the appearance of phraseological units in the language, into what groups phraseological units of the language are divided into by origin. It was also necessary to become familiar with phraseological dictionaries. The content of the project included familiarization with synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms of phraseological units. You can only learn to use phraseological units in your speech using the example of Russian folk tales and the works of Russian classics, so it was decided to turn to the works of I.A. Krylova, M.E. Saltykova-Shchedrina, N. Nosova. To get an objective picture of the use of phraseological units in our speech, a sociological survey of adults and peers was conducted. All students took part in creating an illustrated dictionary of phraseological units.
To achieve the goal, we used methods of research, observation, comparison, sociological survey, analysis, and generalization.
Stages of project preparation and implementation:
STAGE 1. Development of design specifications
1. The class is divided into 4 groups that receive tasks
Group 1 - explore scientific data on phraseological units; study the sources of phraseological units;
Group 2 - sociological survey of students, teachers, parents;
Group 3 - research work; object of study: Russian folk tales, works by I.A. Krylova, M.E. Saltykova-Shchedrina, N. Nosova;
Group 4 - study of dictionaries of phraseological units; selection of phraseological units-synonyms, antonyms, homonyms.
2. Discussing the students’ work plan individually or in a group, identifying sources (find on the Internet, ask at home, use encyclopedias, think well for yourself).
STAGE 2. Collection and clarification of information, questionnaires.
STAGE 3. Implementation of results.
Students prepare a presentation on the progress report
Teacher consultations.
STAGE 4. Evaluation of results (analysis of the implementation of project tasks )
Students participate in preparing for the presentation of material in a presentation lesson.
STAGE 5. Conducting the lesson “The role of phraseological units in our speech.”
Results of the project:
Students learned the meaning of the concept of “phraseologism”, became acquainted with the sources of phraseological units in the Russian language, and with phraseological dictionaries.
As a result of the project, we organized an exhibition of drawings “Phraseologisms in Drawings”
All project participants came to the conclusion: it is necessary to constantly become familiar with phraseological units so that speech becomes more precise and richer. To do this, you need to read more, consult various dictionaries, conduct search work, turning to the works of writers, the works of Russian scientists.
Prospects for further development of the project. This project can be used by other teachers in their work. to develop students’ competence in the field of independent cognitive activity, skills of independent work with large amounts of information; provide assistance in understanding the meaning of phraseological units, develop the ability to use them in a speech situation; teach a brief presentation of your thoughts orally and in writing.
Resources involved in the implementation of the project.
1. V.P. Zhukova, A.V. Zhukova. School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. M.: "Enlightenment". 1983.
2. Rosenthal D.E. and others. Russian language for schoolchildren in grades 5-9. Journey to the land of words. Tutorial. M.: Bustard, 1995.
4. Fedorov A.I. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language: approx. 13,000 phraseological units. M.: Astrel: AST, 2008.
5. Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Philologist (linguistics) / Comp. M. V. Panov. M.: Pedagogy, 1984.
Goals:
During the classes
1. Teacher's word:
We present a research project "The role of phraseological units in our speech." Putting a spoke in the wheels, leading by the nose, the cat cried... How often do we use these expressions in our speech? Do we understand their meaning?
“Phraseological units constitute the national physiognomy of the language, its original means and its... wealth,” wrote the great Russian critic V.G. Belinsky Therefore, we decided to learn everything about phraseological units and joined the project “The role of phraseological units in our speech.”
We have created working groups to work on the project. Each group had its own task.
2. The floor is given to students of group 1:
While exploring various information sources, we became acquainted with the concept of “phraseologism”. We learned that phraseological units are stable combinations of words that are close in lexical meaning to one word. Therefore, phraseological units can often be replaced with one less expressive word. Let's compare: at the edge of the world (earth) - far away; lather the neck - teach a lesson, punish; walks under the table - small; the tooth does not touch the tooth - it is frozen; hack on the nose - remember; how to look into the water - to foresee, etc. There are phraseological units throughout the history of language. Since the end of the 18th century, they have been explained in special collections and explanatory dictionaries under various names: catchphrases, aphorisms, idioms, proverbs and sayings.
Even M.V. Lomonosov, drawing up a plan for a dictionary of the Russian literary language, indicated that it should include “phrases”, “idioms”, “utterances”, that is, phrases and expressions. However, the phraseological composition of the Russian language began to be studied relatively recently.
We got acquainted with the sources of phraseological units:
1) original Russians ( rough work, green street);
2) Old Slavonic ( seek and ye shall find);
3) Latin and Greek ( Augean stables, contribute);
4) Western European ( blue stocking, throw down the gauntlet)
Most of the phraseological units reflect the deeply folk, original character of the Russian language. The direct (original) meaning of many phraseological units is connected with the history of our Motherland, with some customs of our ancestors, and their work. So the expression kick your ass(idle) arose on the basis of the direct meaning of “splitting a block of wood into loaves of wood (chocks) to make spoons, ladle, etc. from them,” that is, to do a simple, easy task.
We found phraseological units that came from myths very interesting:
We got acquainted with phraseological units that came from the Bible:
3. The floor is given to students of 2 groups:
We conducted a sociological survey of adults (parents and school teachers) and children. Respondents were asked the following questions:
4. Your favorite phraseological unit.
93% of teachers know what a phraseological unit is, 7% do not know; 65% of parents know, and 35% do not know; of children, 83% know, 17% do not know.
Most often, adults encounter phraseological units in fairy tales and oral speech, children - in works of art and fables.
Of all the wealth of phraseological units, phraseological units were most often heard in the speech of our respondents beat your head, break into pieces, kill on your nose.
Adult respondents heard phraseological phrases for the first time at school, child respondents heard them for the first time in kindergarten and at school.
Among adult respondents, 58% do not use phraseological units in their speech, although they know them; among children, 44% do not use phraseological units in their speech.
The origin of phraseological units turned out to be unknown for many adults and children (83% and 78%, respectively), and only 17% of adults named the Bible and myths as the source of origin, and 22% of children named ancient Rus'.
Favorite phraseology of teachers - neither light nor dawn, students - like water off a duck's back, parents - Nick down.
4. The floor is given to students of 3 groups:
We have carried out some research work, as a result of which we found out whether our writers use phraseological units in their works.
To obtain the result, the fables of I. A. Krylov were studied. In them we found 9 phraseological units:
- "Donkey and Nightingale": in a thousand ways, far away
- "Trishkin caftan": Trishkin caftan;
- "Two dogs": walk on hind legs;
- "Monkey": monkey's work;
- "The Cat and the Chef": and Vaska listens and eats;
- "Demyanov's ear": Demyanova's ear;
- "Squirrel": like a squirrel in a wheel;
- "Casket": and the casket simply opened;
- "Wolf in the kennel": and I have known your wolfish nature for a long time;
20 phraseological units were found in Nikolai Nosov’s stories:
Getting acquainted with the tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin and Russian folk tales, we found phraseological units.
Phraseologisms from fairy tales by M.E. Saltykova-Shchedrin
| phraseological unit | Lexical meaning of phraseology | Fairy tale title |
| keep a stone in your bosom | hold a grudge | "Wild Landowner" |
| don't give in an inch | not to give at all | "Wild Landowner" |
| stand one's ground | achieve your demands | "Wild Landowner" |
| nowhere to stick my nose | nowhere to go | "The Wise Minnow" |
| mental ward | have a lot of brains | "The Wise Minnow" |
| keep your eyes open | be vigilant | "The Wise Minnow" |
| sleep in hand | prophetic dream | "The Wise Minnow" |
| go seven miles away to slurp jelly | go far for something | "The Wise Minnow" |
| to our yard | in place | "Crucian idealist" |
| hold your pocket wider | hope for something that cannot be | "Crucian idealist" |
Phraseologisms came from folk tales:
Such research work allowed us to conclude: our writers very often use phraseological units in their works, which help them vividly, figuratively characterize the hero, logically, consistently present their thoughts, make the speech intense, emotional, and rich. This is what we should strive for. And we need to learn from our classics.
5. The floor is given to students of 4 groups:
We learned that there are phraseological dictionaries that present the sources of the origin of phraseological units and their meaning. Authors of dictionaries: V.P. Zhukov and A.V. Zhukova "School phraseological dictionary", A.I. Fedorov "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language", A.I. Molotkov "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language", E.A. Bystrova, A.P. Okuneva, N.M. Shansky "Educational phraseological dictionary" and others.
We learned that phraseological units have homonyms, synonyms and antonyms.
In the dictionaries we found examples of phraseological units-homonyms: To let a rooster fly means to produce a melody out of tune. Letting a rooster mean setting something on fire.
Here are examples of synonymous phraseological units: Uma chamber - seven spans in the forehead
And finally, examples of antonym phraseological units:
View a presentation prepared by students.
U: Now let's summarize our work. What is the result of our work? What new things did we learn while working on the project?
Questionnaire.
1. Do you know what a phraseological unit is?
2. Where do you most often find phraseological units?
3. Give examples of phraseological units.
4. Your favorite phraseological unit.
5. Do you use phraseological units in your speech?
6. Where did phraseological units come to us from?
Questionnaire for students and teachers
| Question No. | №1 | №2 | №3 | №4 | №5 | №6 |
| 1 | ||||||
| 2 | ||||||
| 3 | ||||||
| 4 | ||||||
| 5 |
Questionnaire for parents and grandparents.
