By the end of the 18th century. In the Russian Empire, there was a motley mosaic of boards, Senate expeditions, rapporteurs to the monarch on a certain range of issues on a personal basis, and, finally, governors general and simply governors who were in charge of almost all issues within the territory entrusted to them. This archaic structure in 1802-1811. was replaced by a system of sectoral management in the form of ministries and departments. In 1826, instead of numerous orders - the Grand Palace, feed, grain, falconer, stable, bed and others, the Ministry of the Imperial Household (MFA) was established. Of the institutions included in the new ministry, the earliest was the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty, which arose back in 1704 as the personal office of Peter I. Beginning in 1741, the Cabinet was in charge of the personal property of the emperors, including lands, mining plants and mines. He was in charge of the imperial Porcelain and Glass factories, the Kiev-Mezhigorsk faience factory, the Vyborg mirror factory, the Peterhof and Yekaterinburg cutting factories, the Peterhof and Ropshinsk paper factories, the Gornoshitsky marble factory, and the Tivdiysky marble breakers.
Through the e.i.v. Cabinet correspondence took place about the purchase and receipt of works of art as gifts, awards, benefits and pensions for artists, sculptors, actors, composers, about the production of artistic objects (dishes, carpets, furniture) for members of the imperial family, gifts to foreign monarchs and ambassadors; in the Cabinet, gifts from the emperor (gold and rings studded with precious stones, snuff boxes, watches, etc.) were prepared, stored and given out to state dignitaries and officials, as well as non-officials for official and non-official distinctions (for example, for literary or artistic activities). These gifts were not state awards, rather a sign of personal gratitude or favor of the emperor, but they were highly valued, and records of such a gift were entered into the official lists of employees.
The Court Office of His Imperial Majesty, which was formed in 1786 and at the same time took over the affairs of the administered Palace Chancellery, also became part of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Her functions included managing the maintenance of the St. Petersburg imperial palaces, the Hermitage, gardens and parks of the court department. The office was also in charge of the food supply of the imperial family, the court staff and the organization of court ceremonies.
The Gough Indenture's Office, transformed in 1797 from the former Office of Her Imperial Majesty's buildings of houses and gardens, was also included in the ministry. This office was in charge of construction and repairs, as well as room decoration and furnishings of the imperial palaces.
Since 1842, the Chapter of Russian Imperial and Tsarist Orders was included in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and became one of its most important structural parts. The management of the entire reward system of the empire was concentrated in it. The Chapter was headed by the Chancellor of the Orders; this position was concurrently held by the Minister of the Imperial Household.
Since 1843, the Court Medical Unit, which existed until 1918, was formed to manage the medical and pharmaceutical personnel of the institutions of the Ministry of the Imperial Household, as well as the sanitary supervision of the condition of palaces and palace cities. (from 1888 to 1898 it was called the Medical Unit Inspectorate).
In 1857, a Construction Office was established within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which reviewed projects and estimates for construction and repair work on buildings of the court department. In 1882 it was abolished with the transfer of some functions to the Control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In the same year, the Court E.I.V. was also abolished. office. In 1882, the Main Palace Administration was formed to manage palace buildings, gardens and parks, which was abolished in 1891 with the transfer of some functions to the St. Petersburg Palace Administration.
Other functions of the Main Palace Administration were transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs formed at the same time at the Marshal's Office, which was in charge of the provision of the imperial court, the management of the palace storerooms (serviceware, bathroom, linen), as well as the preparation of various ceremonies. The main concern of the Marshall's unit was the daily provision of the "highest table" and numerous "small tables".
One of the most important functions of the Ministry of the Imperial Household was the maintenance of the so-called Chamber-Fourier journals, in which in 1734 daily records were made of all court ceremonies and official actions of members of the imperial family (including dinners, receiving visitors, etc.), a kind of diary of the lives of crowned heads. These journals were initially kept at the Court E.I. in the office, then at the Main Palace Administration, and from 1891 to 1917 (until the recording of the abdication of Nicholas II) - at the Marshall's unit.
When the Ministry of the Imperial Household was created, it included the Department of Appanages, formed in 1797 to manage the lands and estates allocated for the maintenance of members of the imperial family, and from 1892 - the Main Directorate of Appanages. The appanage department also subordinated numerous court offices and offices of various grand dukes and princesses, which were in charge of their palaces, real estate and other properties.
Thus, in the activities of the Ministry of the Imperial Household, purely court functions (economic support for the life of the imperial family, construction and maintenance of palaces belonging to it, etc.), representative functions (organization of official ceremonies) and even the most important state functions (managing the system of state awards, receptions) were closely intertwined foreign heads of government and state, ambassadors), as well as cultural and educational (management of the Hermitage, Academy of Arts, Imperial Theaters, Court Chapel and Court Orchestra, etc.).
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs had a special system of court ranks and titles. Court ranks - from chief chamberlain to goff-fourier - were assigned to persons included in the court staff. At the highest levels of the civil service, having a court rank was considered more honorable than having a civilian equal in the table of ranks. For example, for a minister to be listed as a Jägermeister or Chief Stallmeister was more prestigious than just a secret or actual privy councilor. Since 1809, chamberlain cadet and chamberlain were not ranks, but honorary court titles, but the presence of such a title significantly facilitated access to the imperial court.
It is characteristic that over the entire 90-odd years of the existence of the Ministry of the Imperial Household, only 5 ministers were replaced, less than in any other department.
Employees of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, down to the lowest, were in a comparatively better position than officials of other departments. They had pension benefits, received numerous benefits and bonuses, had good medical care, and were provided with government apartments.
After the overthrow of the monarchy, the Ministry of the Imperial Household lost the main reason for its existence. But since his department included both cultural and educational institutions, palaces, parks, etc. of national value, as well as significant property (appanage estates), the process of liquidation of the department stretched until the beginning of 1918.
Or any other higher institution.
The ministry was headed by the Minister of the Court, who was under the direct supervision of the Sovereign. The Minister of the Imperial Court received all orders directly from the Sovereign, and in matters requiring the Highest permission, he also had the right to report directly to the Sovereign. This position of the Ministry of the Imperial Court is explained by the fact that the objects of its activities were not of a national nature, but concerned exclusively the Royal House.
In 1858, an expedition for ceremonial affairs was attached to the Ministry of the Imperial Court, and in 1859 - the Imperial Archaeological Commission. The Ministry of the Imperial Court underwent significant transformations in all its parts during the last reign, in the sense of replacing the collegial principle, which had dominated until then in the institutions of the Ministry of the Imperial Court, with an individual principle. These transformations were completed by the publication of a new establishment of the ministry on April 16, 1893. According to the new legislation, the Minister of the Imperial Court is the chief commander of all parts of the court department and at the same time the Minister of Appanages and Chancellor of the Imperial and Royal Orders. His main responsibility was the Imperial Academy of Arts and the Moscow Art Society.
In 1893, the position of Assistant Minister of the Imperial Household was established, with the rights and responsibilities of a Comrade Minister.
The Ministry of the Imperial Household consisted of the following parts:
TO general regulations The ministries of the Imperial Court belonged to:
Special regulations Ministries of the Imperial Court:
The first minister of the Imperial Court was Prince M. P. Volkonsky. For a list of other ministers, see Chancellor of Russian Orders.
In Western European countries, separate ministries of the Court do not exist everywhere.
In England there is no institution in which all court administration is concentrated; it is divided into three separate parts - the marshal (lord steward of the household), the chamberlain (lord chamberlain) and the master of the horse. Under the administration of the Lord Chamberlain there are also ladies of the court, with the mistress of the robes at their head. With the change of cabinet, the persons occupying the most important court positions also change.
In Italy, the management of the royal court is also entrusted to three persons: the minister of the court, the head of the economic department itself, the prefect of the palace and the first adjutant general; People who are completely alien to politics are usually appointed to these positions.
In Austria-Hungary there is also a Ministry of Foreign Affairs and a Ministry of the Court.
In Prussia, since 1819, there has been a special M. of the royal court, which is also in charge of matters regarding the rights of the noble state, for which it has a special institution - the heraldry (Heroldsamt).
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In 1897, the office of the M. Imperial Household was formed, from the office of the Minister of the Imperial Household and Appanages and the administrative department of the cabinet of His Emperor. Velich. In 1901, the staff of the specific administration was approved, and in 1902, the M. yard. Decree 11... ...
The Ministry of the Imperial Court is a state body of the Russian Empire, established on August 22 (September 3), 1826 under the name “Ministry of the Imperial Court and Appanages.” With the overthrow of the monarchy, the ministry lost... ... Wikipedia
I was established on August 22, 1826 under the name of the M. Imperial Court and Appanages and united all parts of the court administration, outside the control of the Senate or any other higher institution. The Minister of the Court was and is under... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
The Ministry of the Imperial Court is a state body of the Russian Empire, established on August 22 (September 3), 1826 under the name “Ministry of the Imperial Court and Appanages.” With the overthrow of the monarchy, the ministry lost its basic meaning... ... Wikipedia
The central government institution in the Russian Empire, which existed from 1802 to October 25 (November 7), 1917; was in charge of relations with foreign states. History Established by decree of Alexander I on September 8, 1802 (manifesto “On ... ... Wikipedia - (1791 1884), count (1847), statesman, infantry general (1843). In 1842-1857 he managed the Postal Department, under which postage stamps were introduced in Russia. In 1852 1870 minister of the imperial court and appanages. Since 1857 member of the Secret... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
MINISTRY OF THE IMPERIAL COURT AND APPLIANCES - the central state institution in Russia, managing the affairs of the im-per-ra-tor fa-mil-lia and im-pe -ra-tor-skogo yard, and also not-to-ry-mi uch-re-zh-de-niya-mi cult-tu-ry.
Established on August 22 (09/03), 1826, with the aim of unifying all central authorities at the court administration, -nik-shih in the 18th century. In his charge were: management of the personal property of the im-per-ra-to-ra and members of the imperial family, including appanages and the palace-tso-you-mi-kre-st-ya-on-mi (until 1863), ka-bi-net-ski-mi lands, appanages-now mi land-la-mi, dvor-tso-you-mi land-la-mi and race-on-women-us on them for-wo-da-mi, factories-ri-ka-mi, rud -no-ka-mi; construction, maintenance and protection of imperial palaces, gardens, parks; management of the palace-tso-you-mi town-ro-da-mi - Tsar-sky Se-lo (now Push-kin), Pe-ter-go-fom, Gat-chi-noy, Pav -lov-skom and Ora-ni-en-bau-mom (now not Lo-mo-no-sov), za-ve-do-va-nie po-li-tsi-ey in these cities ; organization of co-ro-na-tions (since 1856), celebrations with the participation of members of the imperial family, court ceremonies mo-niy (since 1858); device for court hunting; management of the owner of the imperial court; maintenance of the imperial theaters and the Court Singing Chapel, as well as the prices used in them chi-ne-ny; co-holding at the courtyard of the du-ho-ven-st-va, At the courtyard of the or-ke-st-ra, Er-mi-ta-zha, St. Pe -Terburg Theater School (since 1829). Under the “chief-in-chief” of the Ministry of the Imperial Court and the estates of the Academy of Arts (since 1829), St. Petersburg Bo-ta -Nicheskiy Garden (since 1830), Rumyantsevsky (1850-1861) and Kerchensky (since 1853) museums, Imperial Public Library (now not the Russian National Library; 1850-1863), Moscow Art Society, Ar-heo-lo-gi-che-skaya commission (since 1859), as well as all arch-heo-logical studies nia (since 1852). In the Ministry of the Imperial Court and Appanages, chamber-mer-fur-er's journals were kept, in which daily records were made about everyone at the court - ce-re-mo-ni-yahs and official events of members of the imperial family (including dinners, receptions in the se-ti-te-lei and the like ). Its composition includes the Ka-bi-net of His (Her) Im-pe-ra-tor-sko-go Ve-li-che-st-va, De-par-ta-ment ud-lov (with the exception of the years 1852-1856, when there was a Mi-ni-ster-st-in-de-lov), Ka-pi-tul or -den-sky (since 1842; the minister of the imperial court was the chancellor Ka-pi-tu-la of the Russian imperial and royal orders).
The Ministry of the Imperial Court and Appanages is under-the-kly-chi-tel-but they-pe-ra-to-ru, even after the creation of the ob-e-di-non- no-th pra-vi-tel-st-va - So-ve-ta mi-ni-st-drov (1905), although the minister of the imperial court and destinies participated in its for-se-da-ni-yah. Na-ho-di-elk is outside the control of Se-na-ta and other higher authorities, questions about his activities were outside of whom -pe-ten-tion of the Go-su-dar-st-ven-no-go control and Go-su-dar-st-ven-noy duma. Did the civil servants have court officials distinct from the general civil servants (see the article Table of Contents about the early gakh 1722), benefits for pension provision, the right to free treatment in departmental medical schools -re-zh-de-ni-yah, got-a-so-biy for the raising of children, for-graduate, provided ka-zen-ny-mi kvar-ti-ra-mi, etc.
Local authorities - palace administrations, specific offices (created in 1808 in the department of the Department of Property fishing; in the provinces with the number of appanage peasants of the male population there are less than 10 thousand actions from the de-le- of these offices), and since 1892 - the management of specific districts (there were 12 districts in total). Under the Ministry of the Imperial Court and Appanages there were rural schools in appanage estates (1828-1864), as well as agricultural school in St. Petersburg (1833-1849).
G. under the name "M. Imperial Court and Appanages" and united all parts of the court administration, outside the control of the Senate or any other higher institution. The Minister of the Court was and is under the direct authority of the Sovereign and is exclusively obliged to report to him. The Minister of the Imperial Court receives all orders directly from the Sovereign and, on matters requiring the Highest permission, also reports directly to the Sovereign. This position of the M. Imperial Court is explained by the fact that the objects of its activity do not have a national character, but relate exclusively to the Royal House. In the city, an expedition for ceremonial affairs was attached to the Moscow Imperial Court, and in the city - the Imperial Archaeological Commission. The M. Imperial Court underwent significant transformations in all its parts during the past reign, in the sense of replacing the collegial principle that had previously dominated in the institutions of the M. Imp. Dvora, the sole beginning. These transformations were completed by the publication of a new institution, M., on April 16. According to current legislation, the Minister of the Imperial Court is the chief commander of all parts of the court department and at the same time the Minister of Appanages and Chancellor of the Imperial and Royal Orders. Its main jurisdiction includes the Imperial Academy of Arts and the Moscow Art Society. A position was established in the city Assistant Minister of the Imperial Household, with the rights and duties of a comrade minister. Then the M. of the Imperial Court consists of: 1) a council under the minister, convened if necessary and consisting under the chairmanship of the minister or another person, by his appointment, from the heads of the establishment of M., 2) general regulations, 3) special regulations, 4) the chapter of the Imperial and Royal Orders (see Orders) and 5) the main administration of appanages (see Appanages). To the general regulations of the M. Imperial Court belong to: 1) the office of the Minister of the Imperial Court and Appanages (see); 2) the office of His Imperial Majesty (see); 3) control of the M. Imperial Court, consisting, under the control of the head, of the auditing, accounting and technical departments; 4) cash office of the Moscow Imperial Court, with branches in Moscow, Barnaul and Nerchinsk; 5) general archive of the M. Imperial Court and 6) inspection of the medical unit of the M. Imperial Court, head of the court pharmacy and hospitals of the palace department. Special regulations of the M. Imperial Court: management of the marshal's unit; expedition of ceremonial affairs; court stable part; Imperial Hunt; court clergy; court singing chapel; court musical choir; own E.I.V. libraries; Imperial Hermitage; Directorate of the Imperial Theaters; management of H.I.V.'s own palace; palace administrations of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Tsarskoye Selo, Peterhof, Gatchina, Warsaw; management of the city of Pavlovsk; Imperial Academy of Arts; Imperial Archaeological Commission; the courts of Their Imperial Highnesses the Grand Dukes and Grand Duchesses; electrical engineering department at M. Imperial Court; a company of palace grenadiers; administration of the Principality of Łovichi; Office of H.I.V. Sovereign Empress. Currently, there are two such offices: the office of Her I.V. Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and the office of the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna. The first minister of the Imperial Court was Prince M. P. Volkonsky. For a list of other ministers, see Art. Chancellor of Russian orders.
In Western European countries, separate M. Courts do not exist everywhere. In England there is no institution in which all court administration is concentrated; it is divided into three separate parts - the marshal (lord steward of the household), the chamberlain (lord chamberlain) and the master of the horse. Under the administration of the Lord Chamberlain there are also ladies of the court, with the mistress of the robes at their head. With the change of cabinet, the persons occupying the most important court positions also change. In Italy, the management of the royal court is also entrusted to three persons: the minister of the court, the head of the economic department itself, the prefect of the palace and the first adjutant general; People who are completely alien to politics are usually appointed to these positions. In Austria-Hungary there is also a Ministry of Foreign Affairs and a Ministry of the Court. In Prussia, since the city there has been a special M. of the royal court, which is also in charge of matters regarding the rights of the noble state, for which it has a special institution - the heraldry (Heroldsamt).
MINISTRY OF THE IMPERIAL COURT.
In 1826-1917. It was formed by the highest decree of August 22, 1826 by combining a number of institutions with different purposes that previously existed and served the Emperor and members of his family. The Minister of the Imperial Household and Appanages was directly subordinate to the Emperor, and was at the same time the Minister of Appanages (heading the Department of Appanages) and the manager of the Cabinet of the Supreme Commander. (12).
The ministry included:
E.I.V. office,
Department of Appanages,
Office,
Court stable office,
Jägermeister's office (2),
Goff Quartermaster's Office,
Court e.i.v. office,
Court clergy
Court singing chapel,
The Courts of Their Imperial Highnesses,
Theaters of both capitals,
Administration of the Imperial Porcelain and Glass Factories,
Palace administrations (Tsarskoye Selo, Peterhof, Oranienbauman, Gatchina, the cities of Pavlovsk).
In 1827, the Control of the Ministry of the Imperial Household was created as a special unit. In 1829, the following were annexed to the Ministry of the Imperial Court and Appanages:
Imperial Academy of Arts, Directorate of the Imperial St. Petersburg Theaters, Peterhof Lapidary Factory; in 1830 St. Petersburg Botanical Garden;
in 1842 the Chapter of the Russian Imperial and Tsarist Orders (the Minister of the Imperial Household became at the same time the Chancellor of the Russian Imperial and Tsarist Orders);
in 1843 the Court Medical Unit was allocated.
By the highest decree of August 30, 1852, the Ministry of the Imperial Household and Appanages was divided into two departments: the Ministry of the Imperial Household and the Ministry of Appanages. By the highest decree of November 24, 1856, the Ministry of Appanages was liquidated, and the Ministry of the Imperial Court and Appanages was restored to its previous composition.
On October 29, 1858, the Expedition of Ceremonial Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs became part of the Ministry of the Imperial Household and Appanages. In 1882, the Imperial Hunt was created on the basis of the Jägermeister office, and on the basis of the Court E.I.V. office, the Main Palace Administration was created, which in 1883 was transformed into the Main Palace Administration. In 1886, the Moscow Palace Administration (formerly the Moscow Palace Office (2)) became part of the Ministry of the Imperial Court and Appanages. In 1889, the Court and Stables Office of the Ministry of the Imperial Court and Appanages was transformed into the Court and Stables Unit. In 1891, the Ministry of the Imperial Court and Appanages began to be in charge of the Department of the Marshal's Unit. On December 26, 1892, the Department of Appanages was transformed into the Main Directorate of Appanages.
According to the “Establishment of the Ministry of the Imperial Household” of April 16, 1893, the Ministry of the Imperial Household and Appanages included: the Chapter of the Russian Imperial and Royal Orders, the Main Directorate of Appanages, as well as “general regulations” (Chancery, Cabinet of the E.I.V., Control, Cash Office with branches in Moscow, Barnaul and Nerchinsk, General Archive, Court Medical Unit) and “special institutions” (Management of the Marshal’s Unit, Expedition of Ceremonial Affairs, Court Clergy, Court Singing Chapel, Court Musical Choir, Management of the Own E.I. century libraries, the Imperial Hermitage, the Directorate of the Imperial St. Petersburg Theaters, the Imperial Academy of Arts, the Imperial Archaeological Commission, Management of the Emperor's own palace, the Imperial Hunt, the Court Stables Unit, the Company of Palace Grenadiers, the Offices of the Empress-Mother and the Reigning Empress, the courts of the great princes and princesses, palace administrations: St. Petersburg, Moscow, Tsarskoye Selo, Peterhof, Gatchina, Warsaw, the city of Pavlovsk, the principality of Lovech).
In 1897, the Court Musical Choir was renamed the Court Orchestra. To manage the lighting systems of the Imperial Palaces, the Electrical Engineering Department of the Ministry of the Imperial Household and Appanages was founded in 1899. In 1902, the Ceremonial Affairs Expedition of the Ministry of the Imperial Household and Appanages was transformed into the Ceremonial Unit of the Ministry of the Imperial Household and Appanages. To protect the Emperor and his residence, the Office of the Palace Commandant was created in 1905 as part of the Ministry of the Imperial Household and Appanages.
The number of the Ministry of the Imperial Household and Appanages, according to the surviving lists of the 1870s and until 1917, was large and stable: in 1878, 1,151 officials served here, and in 1914, 1,157 full-time and 124 freelance officials.
After the February Revolution, the Ministry of the Imperial Court and Appanages was abolished; in March-April 1917, cabinet and appanage estates were declared the property of the state and transferred to the Ministry of Agriculture, industrial enterprises to the Ministry of Trade and Industry, and palaces to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. After the October Revolution, the property of the Ministry of the Imperial Court and Appanages went to the People's Commissariat of Property of the Republic.
The ministers of the court were:
1. P.M. Volkonsky (August 22, 1826 August 27, 1852);
2. V.F. Adlerberg (August 30, 1852 April 17, 1870);
3. A.V. Adlerberg (April 17, 1870 August 17, 1881);
4. I.I. Vorontsov-Dashkov (August 17, 1881 May 6, 1897);
5. V.B. Fredericks, bar. (May 6, 1897 February 28, 1917).
