-al- (-ate-), -en- (-yang-), -ast- (-at-), -ev- (-ov-, -[j]-), -evat- (-ovat-), -en-, -enne- (-he N-), -ensk- (-insk-), -ive- (-Liv-, -chiv-), -in-, -ist-, -it- (-ovitis-), -To-, -l-, -n- (-shn-), -teln-, -uch- (-yuch-, -yach-), -chat-.
1. Suffix - al- (-ate such as they become under the influence of action ( stale, tanned, outdated).
2. Suffix - en- (-yang-) forms adjectives with the meaning:
1. made of this or that material or related to something ( leather, clay, wood, earthen);
2. intended for placing something ( wood-burning, wardrobe);
3. working on what is named original word (wind, oil, peat).
3. Suffix - ast- (-at-) forms adjectives naming parts of the human or animal body, external qualities of a person, accessories of his appearance ( hairy, shaggy, big-lipped, bespectacled, horned, high-cheeked). Exception [?]: striped, married.
4. Suffix - ev (-ov), [-j-] forms adjectives with the meaning:
1. belonging of an object to a person or animal ( grandfathers, mechanics, wolf, dog);
2. made from something, relating to someone, something ( pear, garden).
5. Suffix - enne-, -he N- form adjectives with the meaning:
1. characteristic or property ( cranberry, oath, morning, traditional);
2. exposure to action, result of action or characterization by action ( slow, amplified, in love).
6. Suffix - ensk- (-insk-) forms adjectives denoting geographical names (Cuban, Penza).
7. Suffix - ive 1) constant property, quality, inclination towards something; 2) possessing some quality to a large extent ( lazy, deceitful, handsome, playful).
8. Suffix - in- forms adjectives denoting people and animals: ( goose, uncle).
9. Suffix - ist- forms adjectives with the meaning:
1. similar to something ( silver, velvety);
2. having something in large quantities (vociferous, branchy);
3. having a tendency to do some action ( cocky, jerky, impetuous).
10. Suffix - it- (-ovitis-) forms adjectives with the meaning: possessing something to a greater extent ( eminent, poisonous, angry).
11. Suffix - To- forms adjectives with the meaning: 1) prone to some action; 2) one that often does something; 3) or one with which something is often done ( brittle, squishy, sticky, malleable, tenacious).
12. Suffix - l- forms adjectives with the meaning:
1. being in a state that arose as a result of an action called the original word ( rotten, skillful, tired);
2. possession of the characteristic named in the original word ( light).
13. Suffix - Liv- forms adjectives denoting 1) state, action, property; 2) inclination towards something; 3) or having some quality ( silent, happy, loud).
14. Complex suffix - l-n- forms: adjectives with the meaning of intended to perform an action ( knitting, maternity, drying).
15. Suffix - n (-shn) forms adjectives with the meaning:
1. a sign or property related to an object, phenomenon, action, place, time or number named by the original word ( spring, distant, yesterday, home, thousandth);
2. exposure to some action or the result of any action, which is named by the source word (verbal adjectives torn, read, called, tattered).
16. Suffix - ovat- (-evat-) forms adjectives with the meaning:
1. partly resembling someone or having some property of something ( manly, roguish, dashing);
2. shade of weakened (somewhat, slightly) quality ( bluish, whitish, sweetish).
17. Compound suffix - tel-n- forms adjectives with the meaning:
1. producing or capable of producing an action ( observant, satisfactory);
2. being the object of an action or capable of becoming one ( desirable, tactile);
3. intended to perform an action ( swimming, flying);
4. indicating a certain connection with the action ( selective. preparatory).
18. Suffix - uch- (-yuch-, -yach-) forms adjectives with the meaning: prone to some action ( melodious, smelly, hanging).
19. Suffix - chat- forms adjectives with the meaning:
1. possessing something, having something in large quantities or to a large extent ( patterned, log, lumpy);
2. filling with some quality or property what is denoted by the original word ( smoky, pipey, onion).
20. Suffix - chiv- forms adjectives with the meaning: capable, inclined to do something, exhibit some property ( resourceful, accommodating, resilient).
The spelling of suffixes is closely related to morphology. Exist different rules writing a given morpheme, they are studied differentiated for each part of speech. Let's look at what verb suffixes there are.
These suffixes form imperfective verbs, which are followed by the question “what to do?” For example: draw, dance, paint, dance.
Morphemes -ova-/eva- form imperfective verbs from other parts of speech, usually from nouns:
The spelling of these morphemes is checked using the first person singular verb form. numbers in the present tense. In order to put the verb in the required form, you need to ask the question: “What am I doing now?” The answer will be:
As you can see, the verb ends in -y. In this case, the suffix is written -ova-/-eva-.
Examples of words in which the verbal suffix -ova-/-eva- is emphasized:
Morphemes -yva-/-iva- also form verbs, which are followed by the question “what to do?” For example: take a bite.
The suffixes -yva-/-iva- produce imperfective verbs from perfective verbs:
(what to do?) experience - (what to do?) experience.
The spelling of these morphemes also depends on the 1st letter. the only one real numbers time. Let's remember the question: "What am I doing now?" And the answer will be: “I’m dancing now,” “I’m finishing now.”
After this, we determine that at the end - yu/-ivayu.
Examples of words in which it stands out:
I choke - choke, invent - invent, swing - swing, educate - educate, bite - bite, refuse - refuse, search - search, grease - grease, hang - hang, paint - paint, saw - saw, unwind - unwind, take apart - take apart, draw out - draw out, loosen - loosen, scatter - scatter, wink - wink, hang - hang, test - test, shudder - shudder, think - think.
The morphemes - ova-/-eva-, -ыва-/-iva- are preserved in active participles.
This is due to the fact that participles, denoting a characteristic of an object by action, are formed from verbs, and the spelling of verbal suffixes is preserved in them. For example:
If the stress falls on the final part of the verb, you cannot highlight -ova-/eva-, -ыва-/-iva-, since the suffix will be different - va. It is always stressed, and this differs from previous word-forming morphemes. For example, it is highlighted in the words:
This suffix forms imperfect species from the perfect, he appears in the form of nes. V. and disappears in the verbs of owls. V. This will help highlight it in the word:
Appearing in verbs, it takes on the stress, and the vowel in front of it turns out to be unstressed and turns into an orthogram. To select it, the following rule is applied: To correctly write a vowel before the stressed suffix -va, you need to omit this suffix.
This verbal suffix is written in intransitive verbs from which questions cannot be put in the accusative case:
Such verbs contain the meaning of an action that occurs without outside influence, and this meaning is introduced by the suffix -e.
Verb suffix past tense -l- is usually found after spelling vowels: ver...l, drive...l, hover...l, measure...l, detour...l, despair...l, stuck...l, sit...l, clean...l.
To choose a vowel before -l-, you need to put the verb in the initial form. The vowel that comes before -t will remain before -l:
Is the reference. It is also preserved in the gerunds before -v- and -louse-: desperate lice, stick-in, listen-in, sow-in, clean-in.
So, when you know what verbs there are and how they are written, you can move on to the practical part.
Letters are missing in this text. It is easy to restore if you remember some of the learned rules governing the spelling of verbs.
It is interesting to watch monkeys living in trees. You can look at them and photograph them, because they, without experiencing fear, freely perform various miracles of dexterity. They don’t jump...but flutter...from branch to branch, swing...and somersault on the vines. Everything that seems attractive to them, the monkeys tear it off, grab it with their tenacious paws, inspect it, sniff it and try to taste it, even bring it to their ear to listen. They pawn some things on the cheek, and discard others as unnecessary.
Without any hesitation, they beg for gifts, look out for the most beautiful things, and don’t yawn, keep your eyes open.
Discoverers, builders, sculptors,
Prospectors, fuses, seekers, rescuers,
Healers, feeders, warriors, teachers
And law enforcement officers - we are all earthly inhabitants
And servants of society.
It is not enough for a person to just be a person; he must do some kind of work, be someone by profession. There are a lot of words in the language that mean “a person by profession or occupation.” This value is expressed various suffixes, one of them is "tel".
The names of people's professions are usually formed from verbs that denote what a person does to earn money from it. From -t (sya) is separated, the generating base remains, and the suffix -tel is added to it. Examples:
It is more convenient to form these words from a past tense verb, since they denote a person who did something in the past. In this case, the past tense suffix is not included in the productive stem. Here you can see the following words with the suffix -tel-:
The suffix -tel- also forms words denoting inanimate objects. Such things are usually created by man and used by him for some purpose. These words come from a verb that has the meaning of the action for which the object is intended. The indefinite form of the verb without -т is used, and the suffix -tel is added to it. Examples:
Words with the suffix -tel- can have a spatial meaning.
This may be the name of the place where children left without parental care are taken for further distribution to orphanages - a reception center.
There is a place where they can sober up - a sobering station.
It happens that you need to delimit some place into sectors, then they draw a line, the name of which is a delimiter strip.
In mathematics, words with the suffix -tel- denote numbers with which mathematical operations are performed: division, multiplication, fractionation.
Nouns with the suffix -tel- belong to the masculine gender of the second declension, and change according to cases and numbers. Any word with the suffix -tel- and null ending standing in shape singular nominative case, genitive and accusative cases has the ending -я, in the dative - yu, in the instrumental - e, in the prepositional - e. For example, this is how a word with the suffix -tel- and a zero ending is changed in nominative case:
R. n. - caretaker;
d.p. - caretaker;
V. n. - caretaker;
TV n. - caretaker;
etc. - about the caretaker;
Such forms have a word with the suffix -tel- and in the initial form.
In the plural, words with the suffix -tel- and the ending -i are in the nominative case. The only exception can be one word - teachers, teachers. It has two forms plural, which require distinction:
Words with the suffix -tel- and ending -i: teachers, dividers, switches.
In the genitive, these words also have the ending - her, in the dative - yam, in the instrumental - -yami, in the prepositional - -yah. For example:
R. n. - caretakers;
d.p. - caretakers;
V. n. - caretakers;
TV n. - caretakers;
etc. - about caretakers.
This is how words with the suffix -tel and the ending -i change in the initial form.
It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the suffix -tel- is allocated only to nouns. If you have an adjective in front of you, then the morpheme -teln- stands out. This suffix forms adjectives with the meanings:
It is necessary to distinguish between words with the suffix -tel- and those ending with -tel, in which:
Interpretation of some words in -tel:
artel - bringing together people into a group to conduct business together;
gimp - a thin metal thread;
capital - top part column or pillar;
cartel - an association of industrial enterprises for the purpose of controlling prices;
carotel - round sweet carrot;
corncrake - quickly living in the grass;
mittel - font in printing, equal to 14 points;
monastery - a place where monks live;
trick - an unexpected trick;
These words change in the same way as words with the suffix -tel-, ending in zero.
Suffixes play a very important role in the Russian language. With their help, not only new words are formed, but also grammatical forms, and they also serve to convey the emotional component of speech. That is why it is simply necessary to know what suffixes are and what they are used for.
A suffix is a morpheme that comes behind a root. Sometimes there are cases when a suffix follows the ending. In this case it is called "postfix". First of all, this concerns the morpheme -sya-/-s-: wash themselves (ending -yut, postfix -sya-), get ready, show off and others.
The main function of a suffix is the formation of new words, however, there are cases when this morpheme plays a formative role. There are many suffixes in the language that have expressive and emotional connotations.
So numerous that it begins to be studied in school as early as primary classes. What are the suffixes in the Russian language? Grade 2 takes place already in the middle of the year.
Using this morpheme it is easy to find out which part of speech is in front of us. So, thanks to the specific -ush/-yusch and -ash-/-yash- we understand that this is a participle, and -v- clearly says that the word in question is a gerund. Let’s first consider these morphemes from the point of view of purpose, and then we’ll talk about belonging to any part of speech.
A word can exist without a suffix, but it is the suffix that gives the lexeme its special meaning. The opposite cases are also not uncommon, when there are two or even three suffixes. So in the word “teaching” there are two of them: -tel- and -stv-, and in the word “teaching” there are three: the verbal -ova- was added to the previous two.
Let's look at what suffixes are from the point of view of their functionality.
Also, suffixes can be subdivided depending on what shade of meaning they convey. It is no secret that the root carries the main semantic load. The suffix only clarifies and makes the word more expressive. Let's look at what suffixes are from this point of view and the meanings they convey:
IN high school They begin to study morphology in detail, so for each part of speech they determine what suffixes there are in the Russian language (grade 5). Let us analyze this morpheme from this point of view.
We will cite as an example only the most characteristic suffixes, by which one can unambiguously say about their morphological affiliation.
Noun suffixes:
Meaning |
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Oshk-/-ushk-/-yushk-/-yshk- | Diminutives: sparrow, wing, hut, snake. |
Chick-/-schik- | Occupation: loader, parquet floorer, estimator, furniture maker. |
Now let's talk about what adjective suffixes are.
This is perhaps the richest part of speech for these morphemes.
Meaning |
|
A quality acquired under the influence of something (time, location, etc.): stale, tired. |
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Indicate the material from which the item is made. They are always written with one “n” (exceptions: glass, tin, wood): clay, sand, leather. May also indicate the purpose of the item ( wardrobe) or on the method of work (wind, peat). |
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Indicates an expressive feature: enlarged body parts (lipped, tailed) or another quality (shaggy, bespectacled) |
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Ev-/-ov-, -in- | With the help of these suffixes grandfathers and fathers are formed. It also indicates what the item is prepared or made from: pear, anise. |
Enn-/-onn- | Property (military, morning, cranberry, slow) |
Iv-/-liv-/-chiv- | Inclination, some quality, possession of something: rainy, lazy, beautiful |
East, -chat- | Similarity: silvery, oily. Tendency, similarity: sweeping, impetuous, turnip-like (turnip-like). |
Performing an action or capable of it, having a connection: observant, surprising, selective. Object of action, its purpose: swimming; desirable. |
What are the suffixes for verbs in Russian? Most often they are formative (we wrote about them earlier). However, there are also those that are endowed with certain meanings. So -ova-/-yva- will tell us that the action has not ended, but is in the process (plan, fantasize, care) - these are all imperfective verbs.
The suffixes -sya-/-s- although they form reflexive verb, are not inflectional. They are included entirely in the base.
The last thing left to talk about is what pronoun suffixes are. There are only three of them: -this, -either, -something. They are all written with a hyphen and participate in the formation of anyone, any, something.
The source of enrichment of our speech is the continuous process of word formation. In Russian it occurs in several ways. One of the most common is suffixal: a small particle - a suffix, joining the root, gives birth to a word with a different semantic or emotional connotation. Some words contain notes of affection and tenderness, others - disdain and criticism. The sound of joyful tunes gives way to bitter irony. The ability to modify and transform words makes the suffix a significant part of them.
There are word-building and form-building suffixes that are responsible for the grammatical form. The first category is the most numerous and widespread. The derivational suffix -ost, for example, can transform one part of speech into another.
The suffix -ost has been known in Russian word formation for a long time. His activity is also evident today, when the process of replenishing vocabulary is gaining momentum. This word-forming suffix was and remains the most effective. There are more than four thousand words ending with it.
Semantic shades mainly refer to such semantic groups as:
From the above examples it is clear that words with this suffix do not have an ending, and nouns are derived from adjectives with the same stem and always belong to the feminine gender of the 3rd declension.
Often words with the suffix -ost form pairs of antonyms:
The zero ending in nouns with -ost in some cases makes the process of distinguishing words difficult. Nouns such as: awn, cane, dirty trick, volost, honeysuckle, fortress (only in the meaning of a structure!) do not have a suffix, and the particle of the same name is a separate morpheme belonging to the base of the word. This also includes “guest” - a masculine noun, 2 declension.
The suffix awn refers to constants. He is always in a weak unstressed position, therefore it easily forms nouns from derived adjectives with fixed stress based on:
This feature suggests a rule for its writing: regardless of the pronunciation [Ast], in all derived nouns the letter “O” should be written:
We hear: “tricky” - we write “tricky”
When declension of nouns female On the contrary, changes occur only at the visual level. “b” disappears from the spelling, while the sound [Ast] also remains unchanged:
