Sound is the smallest unit of language pronounced with the help of the organs of the speech apparatus. Scientists have discovered that at birth, the human ear perceives all the sounds it hears. All this time, his brain sorts out unnecessary information, and by 8-10 months a person is able to distinguish sounds that are exclusively native language, and all the nuances of pronunciation.
33 letters make up the Russian alphabet, 21 of them are consonants, but letters must be distinguished from sounds. A letter is a sign, a symbol that can be seen or written. The sound can only be heard and pronounced, and in writing it can be designated using transcription - [b], [c], [d]. They carry a certain semantic load, connecting with each other to form words.
36 consonant sounds: [b], [z], [v], [d], [g], [zh], [m], [n], [k], [l], [t], [p ], [t], [s], [sch], [f], [ts], [w], [x], [h], [b"], [z"], [v"], [ d"], [th"], [n"], [k"], [m"], [l"], [t"], [s"], [p"], [r"], [ f"], [g"], [x"].
Consonant sounds are divided into:
voiced and voiceless;
paired and unpaired.
The phonetics of the Russian language is significantly different from many other languages. It contains hard and soft consonants.
When pronouncing a soft sound, the tongue is pressed harder against the palate than when pronouncing a hard consonant sound, preventing the release of air. This is what distinguishes a hard and soft consonant sound from each other. In order to determine in writing whether a consonant sound is soft or hard, you should look at the letter immediately after the specific consonant.
Consonant sounds are classified as hard in the following cases:
The softness of sound is written as an apostrophe: mole - [mol’], chalk - [m’el], wicket - [kal’itka], pir - [p’ir].
It should be noted that the sounds [ш'], [й'], [ч'] are always soft, and hard consonants are only [ш], [тс], [ж].
A consonant sound will become soft if it is followed by “b” and vowels: i, e, yu, i, e. For example: gen - [g"en], flax - [l"on], disk - [d"ysk] , hatch - [l "uk", elm - [v "yaz", trill - [tr "el"].
Based on their sonority, consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. Voiced consonants can be sounds created with the participation of the voice: [v], [z], [zh], [b], [d], [y], [m], [d], [l], [r] , [n].
Examples: [bor], [ox], [shower], [call], [heat], [goal], [fishing], [pestilence], [nose], [genus], [swarm].
Examples: [kol], [floor], [volume], [sleep], [noise], [shch"uka], [choir], [king"], [ch"an].
Paired voiced and voiceless consonants include: [b] - [p], [zh] - [w], [g] - [x], [z] - [s]. [d] - [t], [v] - [f]. Examples: reality - dust, house - volume, year - code, vase - phase, itch - court, live - sew.
Sounds that do not form pairs: [h], [n], [ts], [x], [r], [m], [l].
Soft and hard consonants can also have a pair: [p] - [p"], [p] - [p"], [m] - [m"], [v] - [v"], [d] - [ d"], [f] - [f"], [k] - [k"], [z] - [z"], [b] - [b"], [g] - [g"], [ n] - [n"], [s] - [s"], [l] - [l"], [t] - [t"], [x] - [x"]. Examples: byl - bel, height - branch, city - cheetah, dacha - business, umbrella - zebra, skin - cedar, moon - summer, monster - place, finger - feather, ore - river, soda - sulfur, pillar - steppe, lantern - farm, mansions - hut.
To clearly see and compare soft and hard consonants, the table below shows them in pairs.
Solid - before the letters A, O, U, Y, E Soft - before the letters I, E, E, Yu, I | Hard and soft consonants | |||
| b | ball | b" | battle | |
| V | howl | V" | eyelid | |
| G | garage | G" | hero | |
| d | hole | d" | tar | |
| h | ash | z" | yawn | |
| To | godfather | To" | sneakers | |
| l | vine | l" | foliage | |
| m | March | m" | month | |
| n | leg | n" | tenderness | |
| P | spider | P" | song | |
| R | height | R" | rhubarb | |
| With | salt | With" | hay | |
| T | cloud | T" | patience | |
| f | phosphorus | f" | firm | |
| X | thinness | X" | chemistry | |
| Unpaired | and | giraffe | h | miracle |
| w | screen | sch | hazel | |
| ts | target | th | felt | |
Another table will help you remember consonant sounds.
| Doubles | Voiced | Deaf |
| B | P | |
| IN | F | |
| G | TO | |
| D | T | |
| AND | Sh | |
| Z | WITH | |
| Unpaired | L, M, N, R, J | X, C, Ch, Shch |
There are exactly 33 letters in the Russian alphabet,
To find out how many consonants -
Subtract ten vowels
Signs - hard, soft -
It will immediately become clear:
The resulting number is exactly twenty-one.
Soft and hard consonants are very different,
But not dangerous at all.
If we pronounce it with noise, then they are deaf.
The consonant sounds proudly say:
They sound different.
Hard and soft
In fact, very light.
Remember one simple rule forever:
W, C, F - always hard,
But Ch, Shch, J are only soft,
Like a cat's paws.
And let’s soften others like this:
If we add soft sign,
Then we get spruce, moth, salt,
What a cunning sign!
And if we add the vowels I, I, Yo, E, Yu,
We get a soft consonant.
Brother signs, soft, hard,
We don't pronounce
But to change the word,
Let's ask for their help.
The rider rides on a horse,
Con - we use it in the game.
The speech of a person, especially a native speaker, must not only be correct, but also beautiful, emotional, and expressive. Voice, diction, and consistent spelling standards are important here.
The ability to correctly pronounce sounds consists of practical training (voice training: volume, timbre, flexibility, diction, etc.) and knowledge of in what cases a particular pronunciation of a sound is appropriate (orthoepic norms).
Before talking about the letters that represent soft consonant phonemes, you should remember the basic phonetic concepts and terms.
Let's start with the fact that there are no soft consonants in Russian words. Since sound is what we hear and pronounce, it is elusive, it is an indivisible part of speech, which is obtained as a result of human articulation. A letter is only a graphic symbol denoting a particular sound. We see them and write them.
There is no complete correspondence between them. The number of letters and sounds in one word may not match. The Russian alphabet consists of thirty-three letters, and speech has forty-seven sounds.
Accurate in the word through letters - transcription. The letters in this case are written in square brackets. When analyzing phonetically, each sound must be written with a separate letter, emphasized and indicated softness, if necessary ["], for example, milk - [malako], mole - [mol"] - in in this case the letter l with an apostrophe indicates a soft sound [l"].
When a stream of air flies out of the throat without encountering obstacles on its way, it turns out (singing). There are six of them in the Russian language. They are shock and unstressed.
If the air leaving the larynx does not pass freely, then a consonant sound is obtained. They are formed from noise or noise and voice. There are thirty-seven consonant phonemes in our Russian language.
Also, according to pronunciation, there are soft consonants (the letters that represent them are written with an apostrophe) and hard sounds. They differ in pronunciation - when speaking a soft consonant, a person raises the middle back of the tongue high to the palate.
So, letters are the designations of sounds in writing. The science that studies them is graphics. The alphabet is graphic images sounds of the language, arranged in a certain order. The ten letters of the Russian alphabet are vowel letters that represent vowel sounds. It also includes twenty-one consonants and two letters that do not represent sounds at all. Each letter in the alphabet has its own unique name. Modern alphabet was created in 1918 and officially approved in 1942. Now these graphic signs are used in more than fifty different languages peace.
In the Russian language, the composition of speech sounds and letters differs due to the specifics of the letter - the letters of soft consonant sounds and hard ones are identical - ate [y "el", el [y "el"]; and six vowels are indicated in writing by ten letters. This is how it turns out that there are fourteen more sounds in speech than letters in the alphabet.
Consonant phonemes form pairs: voiced - voiceless, soft - hard. But there are those that will always sound firm - these are w, sh, ts. Even in the words parachute, brochure and cognates w will remain solid. In some foreign words, they are pronounced differently.
There is also a trio of sounds that are always soft, consonant letters denoting them - h, sch, th. There are no exceptions to these rules in Russian.
Consonants are mostly paired, that is, each hard sound corresponds to its softer pronunciation. The letters denoting soft ones will be identical. In the transcription, the sign ["] will be added to them.
How to determine where soft consonants will appear? Letters do not immediately form words; they first form syllables. The softness or hardness of the pronunciation of a consonant depends on what the sound is coming behind him in a syllable.
A syllable is a sound or several sounds that are pronounced in one breath, with one push of air.
Vowels are syllable-forming sounds, consonants are adjacent to them - the syllable is obtained: mo-lo-ko, let-ta-yu-sha-ya fish. The number of syllables in a word is equal to the number of vowels in it.
Open syllables end with vowel sounds: picture - car- Tina, lawful - right-dimensional.
If a syllable ends with a consonant, it is a closed syllable: car-ti-na, legitimate - right-in measured.
In the middle of a word there are often open syllables, and the consonants adjacent to them are transferred to the next syllable: po-ddat, di-ktor. The sounds that can close a syllable within a word are voiced, unpaired, hard consonants and soft. Letters for writing them - y, r, l, m, n. For example: kitty - ki-sony-ka.
There are divisions of words into syllables and parts for transfer, as well as into morphemes. This is the syllabic, or syllabic, principle of graphics. It also applies to consonants.
It manifests itself in relation to consonants in that it determines the unit of reading and writing:
So, in order to understand whether the sound defined in a word is soft or hard, you need to pay attention to what comes after it in the syllable.
If any consonant follows the one we are interested in, then the sound being identified is hard. For example: chatter - chatter, T- solid.
If the next one is a vowel, then you need to remember that before a, o, u, e, s stand For example: mother, fetters, vine.
And, e, yu, I, e- letters denoting a soft consonant sound. For example, a song is a song, p, n- soft, yet With- solid.
In order to speak well and correctly read soft consonants and sounds, you need to develop your understanding and discrimination of speech sounds. A well-developed ability to clearly identify what sounds are in a word, even if you hear it for the first time, will allow you to better remember and understand the speech of others. And the main thing is to speak more beautifully and correctly yourself.
The syllabic principle is convenient because it allows you to reduce the number of letters in the alphabet. After all, in order to designate soft and hard consonant phonemes, it would be necessary to invent, create, and users would have to learn fifteen new graphic elements. This is exactly what is contained in our speech. In practice, it turned out to be enough to determine the vowels indicating which letters have soft consonants.
The softness of sound is indicated by ["] only when writing a transcription - sound analysis of a word.
When reading or writing, there are two ways to represent soft consonants.
Even when applying the syllabic principle, problems arise with e before a consonant, they are so deep that they turn into orthoepy. Some scientists believe that a necessary condition euphony is a ban on writing e after hard consonants, because this grapheme defines soft consonants and interferes correct pronunciation solid. There is a suggestion to replace e to single digit uh. Before the introduction, unified spelling of syllables e-e in 1956, paired spelling of such words (adequate - adequate) was actively and legally practiced. But unification did not solve the main problem. Replacing e with uh after hard consonants, obviously, it won’t either ideal solution, new words appear more and more often in the Russian language, and in what case to write one or another letter remains controversial.
Let's return to where we started - our speech - it is determined by orthoepy. On the one hand, these are developed norms for correct pronunciation, and on the other, this is a science that studies, justifies and establishes these norms.
Orthoepy serves the Russian language, blurring the lines between adverbs to make it easier for people to understand each other. So that, when communicating with each other, representatives different regions they thought about what they were saying, and not about how this or that word sounded from the interlocutor.
The foundation of the Russian language and, therefore, pronunciation is the Moscow dialect. It was in the capital of Russia that science began to develop, including orthoepy, so the norms require us to speak - to pronounce sounds like Muscovites.
Orthoepy gives one The right way pronunciations, rejecting all others, but at the same time sometimes allowing options that are considered correct.
Despite clear, understandable and simple rules, orthoepy notes many features, nuances and exceptions in how letters are pronounced, denoting a soft consonant sound and a hard one...
Which letters have soft consonants? Ch, sch, th- Under no circumstances should you pronounce hard sounds instead of soft sounds. But this rule is violated, falling under the influence of the Belarusian language and even Russian dialects and reprimands. Remember how in this Slavic group the word sounds more, For example.
L- this is a paired consonant sound, respectively, standing immediately before the consonant or at the end of the word it should sound firm. Before oh, a, y, uh, s too (tent, corner, skier), but in some words that came to us more often from foreign languages, whose speakers live mainly in Europe, and which are proper names, l pronounced almost softly (La Scala, La Rochelle, La Fleur).
The last consonants in the prefix before the hard sign, even if followed by letters denoting a soft consonant sound, are pronounced firmly (entrance, announcement). But for consonants With And h this rule does not have full force. Sounds With And h in this case they can be pronounced in two ways (congress - [s"]ezd - [s]ezd).
The rules of orthoepy state that the final consonant in a word cannot be softened, even if it merges with the next word starting with e (in this, to the equator, with emu). If such a consonant is softened in speech, this indicates that the person communicates through a colloquial style.
"b" also belongs to the list of "soft consonant letters" and the sounds before it should be pronounced softly, even the sounds m, b, p, c, f in words such as seven, eight, ice hole, shipyard, etc. Pronounce soft sounds firmly in front of" b" is unacceptable. Only in the words eight hundred and seven hundred m may not have a soft, but a hard sound.
Which letters represent soft consonants, you need to remember clearly - e, yu, yo, i, and.
So, in many foreign words before e the consonant sound is not softened. This often happens with labial m, f, c, b, p. P- Chopin, coupe; b- Bernard Show; V- Solveig; f- auto-da-fe; m- reputation, consommé.
Much more often than these consonants, firmly before e dental consonants sound r, n, z, s, d, t. R- Reichswehr, Roerich; n- pince-nez, tour; h- chimpanzee, Bizet; With- highway, Musset; d- dumping, masterpiece; T- pantheon, aesthetics.
Thus, the letters of soft consonants have a fairly definite composition, but fall under a number of exceptions.
Letter "y": hard or soft? This question is very often asked by students who need to parse a word according to all the rules of phonetics. You will get the answer to this a little further.
Before we talk about what kind of letter “th” is (soft or hard), you should find out why the letters of the Russian alphabet are generally divided according to such characteristics.
The fact is that each word has its own sound shell, which consists of individual sounds. It should be noted that the sound of a particular expression is completely correlated with its meaning. At the same time, different words and their forms have completely different sound design. Moreover, the sounds themselves have no meaning. However, they play a vital role in the Russian language. After all, thanks to them we can easily distinguish words. Here's an example:
Why do we need information about what type of letter “th” is (hard or soft)? When pronouncing a word, it is very important to correctly display the transcription that describes its sound. In such a system it is customary to use the following symbols:
This designation is called They must be used to indicate transcription.
[´] is the accent. It is placed if the word has more than one syllable.
[b’] - a kind of comma is placed next to the consonant letter and denotes its softness.
By the way, during phonetic analysis words often use the following symbol - [j]. As a rule, it denotes the sound of the letter “th” (sometimes a symbol such as [th] is used).
As you know, in the Russian language all sounds are divided into consonants and vowels. They are perceived and pronounced completely differently.
In addition to the above consonants, the Russian language also has the following: [m], [y], [v], [f], [g], [l], [r], [ch], [ts], [x] . As you can see, there are many more of them than vowels.
By the way, many consonant sounds form pairs of deafness and voicedness: [k] - [g], [b] - [p], [z] - [c], [d] - [t], [f] - [v], etc. In total, there are 11 such pairs in the Russian language. However, there are sounds that do not have pairs on this basis. These include: [y], [p], [n], [l], [m] are unpaired voiced ones, and [ch] and [ts] are unpaired voiceless ones.
As you know, consonant letters differ not only in sonority or, conversely, deafness, but also in softness and hardness. This property is the second most important feature of sounds.
So, is the letter “th” hard or soft? To answer this question, you should consider each sign separately:
It should be especially noted that many consonant letters form pairs with each other based on characteristics such as softness and hardness: [d] - [d’], [p] - [p’], etc. There are 15 such pairs in total. However, there are also sounds that do not have pairs on this basis. Which letters of hard consonant sounds are unpaired? These include the following - [w], [f] and [c]. As for the unpaired soft ones, these are [sch’], [h’] and [th’].
Now you know the information about whether the letter “th” is hard or soft. But here it arises new question: “How is the softness of such sounds indicated in writing?” Completely different methods are used for this:
As you can see, the softness of consonant sounds in writing is conveyed not by individual letters, but by their combinations with the vowels “e”, “yu”, “e”, “ya”, as well as a soft sign. That is why experts recommend paying attention to adjacent symbols.
As for the vowel letter “th”, it is always soft. In this regard, in transcription it is usually denoted as follows: [th’]. That is, the comma symbol, indicating the softness of the sound, must always be inserted. [ш'], [ч'] also obey the same rule.
As you can see, there is nothing difficult about doing any word correctly. To do this, you just need to know what vowels and consonants are, unvoiced and voiced, as well as soft and hard. For a better understanding of how transcription should be formatted, we will provide several detailed examples.
1. The word "hero". Consists of two syllables, with the 2nd being stressed. Let's do the analysis:
g - [g’] - voiced, consonant and soft.
e - [i] is an unstressed vowel.
p - [p] - voiced, consonant, unpaired and hard.
o - [o] - stressed vowel.
th - [th’] - voiced, consonant, unpaired and soft.
Total: 5 letters and 5 sounds.
2. The word "trees". Consists of three syllables, with the 2nd being stressed. Let's do the analysis:
d - [d’] - voiced, consonant and soft.
e - [i] is an unstressed vowel.
p - [p’] - voiced, consonant, unpaired and soft.
e - [e´] - stressed vowel.
in - [v’] - voiced, consonant and soft
e - [th’] - voiced, consonant, unpaired and soft and [e] - vowel, unstressed;
v - [f] - dull and hard.
Total: 8 letters and 8 sounds.
Consonants in in different words sound different. Somewhere it’s hard, and somewhere it’s soft. In this lesson we will learn to distinguish between soft and hard consonant sounds and to indicate the softness of consonant sounds in writing with the letters I, E, E, Yu, I and b. Let's find out which consonants form hard-soft pairs, and which are only hard or only soft.
Compare the first consonants. When pronouncing the sound in the word KIT, the middle part of the tongue rises to the palate, the passage through which air flows narrows, and a sound is obtained, which scientists conventionally call soft. And the opposite sound was called - solid.
Let's complete the task. You need to put the vegetables in two baskets. In the first place we put those whose names contain some soft sounds, in the second those in whose names all consonant sounds are hard. Beets, turnips, eggplant, cabbage, onions, tomatoes, onions, pumpkin, cucumber.
Let's check. In the first basket they put: beets(sound [v’]), turnip(sound [r’]), tomato(sound [m’]),cucumber(sound [r’]). Second: cabbage, pumpkin, eggplant, onion .
It is important to listen to the sounds of spoken words. If you say the word NOS otherwise - with solid first sound, we get a completely different word - NOSE.
Let's listen and watch the movement of our tongue:
row - sound [p’] - rad - sound [p]
hatch - sound [l’] - bow - sound [l]
Rice. 3. Bow ( )
crumpled - sound [m’] - small - sound [m]
Sounds can be written (conventionally) using icons. Musical sounds are written in notes, and speech sounds are written in letters, but in special square brackets - in transcription. In order not to confuse hard and soft sounds when reading the transcription, scientists agreed to show the softness of the sound with an icon very similar to a comma, only they put it on top.
Most consonant sounds form pairs based on softness and hardness:
Some consonants are only hard or only soft. They do not form pairs in terms of hardness/softness:
Only hard consonants: [zh], [w], [ts]. Only soft consonants: [th’], [h’], [sch’].
Let's complete the task: indicate the paired sound.
[z] - ? [and] - ? [R'] - ? [h’] - ? [With'] - ? [l] - ? Let’s check the correctness of the task: [z] - [z’]; [r’] - [r]; [s’] - [s]; [l] - [l’]. [zh], [h’] - unpaired sounds in terms of softness and hardness.
In writing, the hardness of consonant sounds is indicated by the vowels A, O, U, Y, E, and the softness of consonant sounds is indicated by the vowels E, Yo, I, Yu, Ya.
There are words with soft consonant sounds at the end of words or in the middle of words before other consonant sounds. Listen to the words: salt, horse, notebook, coat, ring, letter. Then a soft sign will come to the rescue. Even his name suggests - a sign soft, for soft consonants.
Let's make a reminder of how to act when writing words:
I hear a hard consonant sound - after it I write the letters in place of the vowel sound: A, O, U, Y, E.
I hear a soft consonant sound before a vowel sound - I indicate its softness with vowels: E, Yo, I, Yu, Ya.
I hear a soft sound at the end of a word or before a consonant sound - I show softness b.
Rice. 5. Hard and soft consonants ()
So, today we learned that consonant sounds can be soft and hard, and the softness of consonant sounds in writing in Russian is indicated by the letters i, e, e, yu, i and ь.
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HARD AND SOFT CONSONANT SOUNDS 1st GRADE: TABLE, RULE This information will be useful for parents, since it makes it possible to explain to a first-grader child how to distinguish consonant sounds from each other, what they are, and also thanks to what tricks you can easily remember the rules of the Russian language . Contents 1. How to learn to distinguish between hard and soft sounds 2. How hard and soft sounds are indicated in writing 3. Which sounds are always hard and which are soft 4. The concept of voiced and unvoiced sounds 5. Table of hard and soft sounds 6. Educational games to consolidate the material 7. Instead of a conclusion How to learn to distinguish between hard and soft sounds Russian language is one of the most complex languages. Therefore, if you want your child to be able to write and express his thoughts correctly, you need to carefully prepare homework and fulfill the teacher’s requirements. And learning a language starts small – with sounds. They are vowels and consonants, voiced and voiceless, soft and hard. It will be very difficult for children to immediately understand all this diversity, so it is better to start small. First, the child learns to understand how letters are divided into vowels and consonants. What are sounds and what are letters. Once this material has already been mastered, you can begin to learn how to distinguish soft sounds from hard sounds. It is necessary to understand that the child must be taught to distinguish and hear different signs hard and soft sounds. It is important that the child learns to hear consonant sounds and understand why they are hard or soft. Simply memorizing whether a consonant denotes a hard or soft sound will not work, since in different uses the same letter can be both hard and soft (except for exceptions). First of all, we pay attention to the case when a vowel comes after a consonant. It is quite easy to determine whether a consonant is hard or soft. It is necessary to remember that after hard consonants there are always vowels: a; O; y; e; s. If after the consonant there are: and; e; Yu; I; e, then these consonants are soft. In order for the material to be well absorbed, it is imperative to reinforce the knowledge with practical exercises. To begin, choose the most simple words . Such as "mom" or "dad". The consonant sound is hard because after it the vowel sound “a” is pronounced, but in the words “nanny” or “aunt”, the consonant sounds will be soft, since after it there are the letters “i” and “e”, giving the consonants softness . Having remembered this simple rule, children no longer experience difficulties in determining the hardness and softness of individual consonant sounds if they are followed by a vowel. But what should you do if, after a consonant that raises doubt, there is another consonant in the word? The child must learn that in this case the consonant will be hard. Soft sounds always remain outside the rule. For example, the word "pencil". After the “n” there is a “d” and the child understands that the consonant “n” means a hard sound, because after it there is a consonant sound. But in the word “brocade” the letter “ch” still remains soft. When explaining these rules, it is very important not to rush, but to monitor the child’s reaction, and give new rules only after the old ones have been fully mastered and are not difficult to use. Sometimes this division of hard and soft sounds is suitable for first graders. If, when pronouncing a word or syllable, the corners of the mouth move into a smile (i.e., the consonant is followed by one of the vowels i, e, e, yu, i), then this consonant sound is soft. Try saying nya, nyo, ne, nu, ni. The situation is different with solid words or syllables (i.e., a consonant is followed by one of the vowels a, o, e, u, y). You won't get a smile when pronouncing them. Try to pronounce na, but, ne, well, ny. As a result of all these actions, you can explain to the child that if the sound is cheerful, then it is soft, if not cheerful, then it is hard. How hard and soft sounds are indicated in writing In writing, the hardness and softness of consonant sounds are indicated only when writing a transcription. To indicate a soft sound, use the apostrophe "`". Hard sounds are not distinguished by any signs in writing. Below is an explanatory table that clearly shows that the same sound can be both hard and soft, depending on which vowel follows it. Table with examples of writing sounds in soft and hard use: ram [b] [b`] linen pile [v] [v`] elm hump [g] [g`] weight house [d] [d`] uncle gold [z ] [z`] earth cat [k] [k`] whale skis [l] [l`] lemon garbage [m] [m`] ball hole [n] [n`] Nyura floors [p] [p`] singing robot [r] [r`] river sun [s] [s`] seed tone [t] [t`] crown furor [f] [f`] final hamster [x] [x`] hut You can notice that consonant sounds form pairs based on hardness-softness: [v] - [v`]; [k] - [k`], etc. In writing, both hard and soft sounds are indicated by the same letter, but are pronounced differently. With the help of such a table, children can more easily understand the hardness and softness of consonant sounds, while remembering that the sign “b” always makes the consonant soft, and the sign “b” always makes the consonant it follows hard. Which sounds are always hard and which are soft? It is important to note that the letters “w”; "sh"; “ts” - are only hard, it doesn’t matter what vowel is behind it, but “th”; "h"; “sch” - soft for the same reason. You can make a reminder for your child, which he will carry in his writing notebook: zh sht ch ch y Be sure to pay attention to the fact that “ch”; "sch"; "y" sit on the pillows here, so they are always soft. The child will remember this association, and will always clearly call these sounds soft. If the child cannot remember which letters are always hard or soft, you can use the following tricky trick. Sew 3 pillows with foam rubber and draw the letters “h” on them; "sch"; “th”, and cut out plates with the letters “zh” from thick cardboard; "sh"; "ts". Place these items in a visible place, such as your desk. Gradually, the child will develop an association of hard and soft letters. You can also paste the following reminder into your writing notebook: “zhi” and “shi” are written with the letter “i”. Explain to your child how things work with other vowels and hard consonants. Write down the exception words in a column. The concept of voiced and voiceless sounds In Russian speech, in addition to hardness and softness, a distinction is made between voiced and voiceless sounds. Phonetics gives a clear idea of whether a consonant sound will be voiced or unvoiced. Voiced sounds are produced by speech when air noisily overcomes an obstacle in the mouth and vibration of the ligaments occurs. Voiced sounds [b] [g] [c] [z] [d] [l][d] [m] [y] [n] Voiceless sounds [k] [x] [p] [ts] [s] [ h] [t] [w] [f] [sch] Voiceless consonant sounds are spoken exclusively with the help of noise, the voice is not involved here, and the vocal cords are in a relaxed state. In many schools, teachers teach children the following phrase: “Stepka want some cheek?” - “Fi!” Here are consonant sounds that are unvoiced in Russian. To remember and distinguish voiced consonants from deaf ones, we divide them into pairs. There are 11 of them in total, if you take into account soft consonants (with the exception of [zh]-[sh]) [b]-[p]; [v]-[f]; [g]-[k]; [d]-[t]; [h]-[s]. So, we found out that letters in the alphabet make several sounds. It depends on the position of the letter in the word. At the end of a syllable ringing sound is muted, the same happens if the letter comes before a voiceless consonant, for example “dove”. In writing we use a voiced consonant and say “dolverka”. Table of hard and soft sounds To once again consolidate the concept of hard and soft consonant sounds, one should distinguish between the position of the tongue during pronunciation. When a soft sound is spoken, the tongue moves forward, rising to the sky with its middle. When pronouncing hard consonants, the tongue does not move forward. To systematize knowledge about hard and soft sounds, let's make a table: Hard and soft consonants Hard before vowels: a, o, u, e, s. at the end of a word before another consonant: trap, glass. f, c, w. Soft after the consonant there is a soft sign: salt, beans, beast. before vowels: e, e, i, yu, i. y, h, sch. Educational games to reinforce material First graders, although already schoolchildren, are still small, and refuse to study in game form not worth it. Therefore, we offer several developmental tasks that will make it easier for children to learn new material. Guess what. We write signs with transcriptions of words. The child’s task is to name the word and name soft sounds. It is best to make the signs bright and large, then it will be more interesting for children to react to them. To start the game, select easy words: [m`el]; [soap]; [l`uk]; [WHO]. And at the end you can complicate the task and give the following words: [b`elka]; [ski track]; [kl`on]. While playing, the child visually remembers the designation of soft consonant sounds and gains practical skills in using knowledge when writing. Choose solid ones! A game similar to “edible - not edible”. To make the game interesting to children, a ball is used. The teacher lines up the children in a circle and pronounces the syllable; if the consonant is hard, the child catches the ball, but if the consonant is soft, he does not. After the child catches the ball, he must independently come up with a new syllable and throw the ball to another player. The game allows children to quickly distinguish between the hardness and softness of consonant sounds. Find a pair. Children are given words with the first consonant used in a hard form, and the child must come up with a word in which the first consonant is soft. For example, the words are displayed: glad, varnish, soap, cart. And the children must choose: row, hatch, chalk, carried (if the children come up with other words, but in the correct soft use of the consonant, it must be counted as the correct answer). If the child comes up with a few words, you need to praise him. This game develops the child's imagination and expands it lexicon when children share written words. Physical education minute. The teacher says words starting with consonants. If the first consonant sound is hard, the children should sit down, and if the word begins with a soft consonant, then the children jump out and raise their hands up. This game is always perceived with joy by children. Because sitting too long in class allows them to warm up. It also develops reactions and the ability to carefully perceive information. Let's sing, friends! The teacher hums any known melody, using syllables with hard consonants (for example, the melody “A Christmas tree was born in the forest”). And children should hum the same consonant in response, only in soft use. Teacher: Pa-pa-pa... Children: Pi-pi-pi... U: Ho-ho-ho... D: Hee-hee-hee... etc. The game not only quickly teaches you to distinguish between the hardness and softness of consonants, but also allows children to express their creativity. During practical classes, it is very important to pay more attention to conducting classes in a playful way. During the game, the child better assimilates and remembers the information that adults are trying to convey to him. How more interesting game, the better the lesson will be remembered. If children are given only dry rules and exercises, they will quickly lose interest in the learning process and will not delve into the essence of the rules.
