Stairs. Entry group. Materials. Doors. Locks. Design

Based on their flammability, building finishing materials are divided into three main groups:

Non-combustible materials- Materials that are exposed to an ignition source (sparks, fire, electric current, high temperature, chemical reaction etc.) do not ignite or burn (natural and artificial inorganic materials - stone, concrete, reinforced concrete, etc.);

Difficult to combustible materials- Materials that burn under the influence of ignition sources but are incapable of full combustion independent combustion(asphalt concrete, plasterboard, wood impregnated with antipyrite agents, fiberglass, fiberglass, etc.);

Combustible materials- Materials and substances that will remain burning after removal of the ignition source.

Use of non-combustible materials

Non-combustible materials are used in construction and repair for finishing floors, partitions, walls and ceilings of buildings and premises, as well as for cladding facades. The main characteristic of these materials is their resistance to high temperatures.

The INFRACHIM company offers consumers wide range innovative non-combustible building materials that have successfully passed all laboratory research and testing and confirmed by all necessary certificates and sanitary and epidemiological reports.

Materials from TPK INFRACHIM can be used in places large cluster people, it's environmentally friendly clean materials, absolutely safe for humans and animals. They do not emit poisonous or toxic substances when heated and have a number of advantages over competitors' products.

Non-combustible materials and their features

The non-flammable materials offered by our company are easy to use, reliable and durable. These products have low performance in such parameters as shape change during wet, water absorption, change in size after heating, thermal conductivity of the material, and high performance in the following characteristics: strength and bending in a dry/moisture-saturated state, impact strength, tensile strength, density. The materials, as a rule, are lightweight, which makes them easy to transport and install. Most materials have a perfectly smooth surface, both on the inside and outside.

Non-combustible materials are intended for the production of construction and finishing works indoors and outdoors. They are used for finishing work on almost any building, industrial premises, hotels, restaurants, hostels, water parks, administrative buildings, etc., etc.

With the help of non-combustible finishing materials, it is possible to carry out external cosmetic work, i.e. finishing external walls, facades, pediments, cornices, columns, etc. In addition, the products offered are ideal as a basis for laying metal tiles or soft roofs. These materials are quite hard, which allows them to have good heat-insulating and sound-proofing qualities. They received wide application when installing ventilated building facades.

Non-combustible finishing materials have a relatively low weight, which makes them easy to transport without the use of special expensive equipment, and also to be installed by finishing crew workers. They will keep their appearance and will last for many years.

A short excursion into history:

About the cause of fires in the Middle Ages, for example, the same thing was always said: “by chance” and “by the will of God.” The fact that fire was associated with the wrath of God is extremely characteristic of medieval consciousness. Medieval people had very a small amount knowledge about the world around them, but thanks to this naivety and lack of education, their life was full of miracles.

Today our knowledge is sufficient not only to determine the causes of the fire, but also to, if not prevent it (“the will of chance” is still relevant today), then at least optimize its elimination and minimize the destructive consequences and do not rely on a miracle, but create it yourself.

A common cause of fire is a short circuit of the power cable and its fire, which quickly spreads along the cable route. Imagine a typical industrial plant. If a fire spreads at a temperature of 500 degrees, softening and collapse of seemingly strong structures can occur in a matter of minutes. metal structures. And even concrete cannot withstand temperatures of 1000 degrees. That is, the task is to prevent the spread of fire if it has already appeared.

The cause of the fire at the Ostankino TV tower was the excess of the permissible load on the feeders - the cables transmitting the signal high power from the equipment to the antenna, - excessive load caused overheating and fire of the cables inside the tower. The total damage from the fire at the Ostankino TV tower is estimated at hundreds of millions of dollars, and the moral damage to television viewers who were left “blind” and deprived of a daily dose of information is almost impossible to assess. What could stop the spread of fire if a fire did occur? Miracle? No! Non-flammable polymer materials.

Many countries have already adopted special restrictions on the use of flammable fuels. polymer materials in civil and industrial construction, in the production and operation of vehicles (airplanes, cars, buses, trolleybuses, trams, railway cars, ships), at power plants and in electrical networks, in the space and cable industries. So, reducing the flammability and combustibility of polymers and creating fireproof materials is an urgent problem for polymer chemistry. This task is complicated by another urgent requirement of our time - the environmental friendliness of fire retardant additives - fire retardants.

Fire retardants prevent the combustion of polymer materials and are among the most important components of plastics. When polymer materials burn inside and on the surface of the condensed phase, complex physical and chemical processes, as a result of which the polymer is converted into combustion products heated to a high temperature.

Features of storage of non-combustible materials

These materials should be stored in dry rooms with normal humidity levels. If these basic storage conditions are observed, the products will perfectly retain their appearance and last for many years.

Regarding the supply of non-combustible materials, please contact the company's sales department by contact numbers.

Insulation of residential buildings has been and remains a priority in large-scale and individual construction. But insulation soft materials has and reverse side– it must be a non-flammable material, fireproof and environmentally friendly, since heat-resistant materials are necessary when insulating many places in a structure, from the floor and walls to chimneys and ventilation.

Modern high temperature thermal insulation- This is not only protecting housing from heat leakage to the outside, but also ensuring the safety of living, since fire-resistant insulation reduces the risk of fires to zero. The versatility of such thermal insulation allows them to be used in industrial, production and household construction sites any type.

How to classify non-flammable insulation for walls, according to what parameters and characteristics, you need to know in more detail, since when choosing fire-resistant insulation for different buildings, premises and operating conditions, it is necessary to take into account all possible risk factors.

Parameters and characteristics of insulation

The oxygen index characterizes fire safety properties by displaying the minimum volume of oxygen per unit volume of thermal insulation material. According to the oxygen index values, there are three flammability thresholds for insulation materials:

1. 40% – composite polymers;
2. 31% – non-flammable thermal insulation materials from fibrous and cellular components;
3. 20% – flammable insulation.

Fiber heat insulators are mainly represented by non-flammable insulation made from mineral substances, for example, glass or basalt. Such high-temperature thermal insulation can withstand temperatures of ˃ +500°C, therefore its use is recommended for highly specialized places and structures:

1. For insulation of various types of pipelines with cylindrical foil elements;
2. For thermal insulation PVC window and door frames with thin mats or slabs using the stitching method;
3. For insulation of walls, ceilings, floors and roofs with basalt materials.

According to GOST 4640-93, mineral heat-resistant wool can be stone, glass, slag, and according to the oxygen index (30%) it must belong to the NG class - non-combustible materials.

Thermal conductivity and moisture absorption of thermal insulation materials

Thermal conductivity – main performance characteristics any insulation. Thermal conductivity does not depend on the density of the material, so when choosing insulation you should pay attention to this fact. The lower the thermal conductivity, the warmer the building or room protected by such insulation will be.

Next important parameter– moisture absorption. There is always water vapor in the atmosphere, and at a certain concentration in the insulation, they can turn into condensate, which will immediately reduce the thermal conductivity properties. To prevent the formation of condensation, vapor barrier layers are used, for example, if it is insulation for a bathhouse, where the humidity will always be high.

Fire resistance is the ability to resist open fire. This parameter is important for chimneys, stoves and chimneys, as well as for other elements heating system exposed to extreme heat. In such risk areas, you should always use heat-resistant insulation - mineral wool, slag wool and similar materials.

The table shows the types of insulation that have high heat-resistant characteristics:

Thermal insulation material mineral wool is a non-flammable insulation material that is sold in the form of rolls and mats. It is easier to insulate roofs, floor surfaces and walls with mineral wool slabs. Mats are used to insulate pipelines and curved surfaces, industrial equipment and elements of building structures.

Mineral fireproof wool is made from broken glass, quartz sand, soda ash and other additives that, when melted, form fibers. Fibrous heat-resistant cotton wool is impregnated with resins and placed under a press. The insulation must have high heat resistance; mineral wool is an excellent non-flammable material, since its sintering occurs at temperatures ≥ 1000°C. Because of this high parameter, fire-resistant material is effective for insulating saunas and baths, heat-resistant walls and partitions, for chimneys of chimneys, etc.

The most effective parameters that non-flammable mineral wool has:

1. Low thermal conductivity coefficient;
2. High sound absorption coefficient;
3. High coefficient of vapor permeability.

Foam glass is a fireproof material from an environmental point of view with a high melting point (≥ 450°C), non-flammable. Foam glass production options:

1. Blocks (slabs) have dimensions of width 650 x 450 mm, 600 x 600 mm, 600 x 500 mm, thickness 30-120 mm, and are used for insulation of vertical planes. Mounted on cement mortar offset, just like fireclay or sand-lime brick;
2. Granulated foam glass is used as a bulk insulating material;
3. Foam glass in the form of crushed stone, crumbs or broken glass of different fractions is also used as backfill.

Foam glass granules or crushed stone are effective in insulating floors and attics. The table shows the main characteristics of the material:

Non-combustible electrical wiring

Electrical wires must comply with the following rules:

1. Place in non-flammable metal trays, cable ducts, corrugated hoses or non-flammable fabric;
2. The connection is made only by soldering, as well as using connectors or contact plates;
3. In rooms with high humidity heat-resistant, moisture-proof lamps are installed;
4. Electrical wiring is made with fireproof cable or wire.

The correct term is flame retardant cable or fire resistant cable. Fire-resistant cable (wire) can work not only in building wiring, but also in all kinds of fire extinguishing systems. The table contains short list names of such products:

Aerated concrete blocks for wall insulation

Low-density aerated concrete is a non-combustible insulation material with high fire resistance parameters. For thermal insulation of walls, ceilings, floors and attics it is necessary aerated concrete blocks with density ≤ D 400.

There are two negative points when using such products:

1. A greater layer of insulation than usual will be required. For example, the thickness of mineral wool can be two times less than a layer of aerated concrete for the same quality of insulation. Therefore, the use of aerated concrete can have critical consequences when insulating small buildings or premises;
kg/m 3 Brand D 500Brand D 600,Brand D 700,Brand D 800, Compressive strength classAT 2; B 2.5B 2.5; V 3.5B 3.5; B 5.0B 5.0; B 7.0>B 7.0 Thermal conductivity, W (m K)

Dry blocks

Blocks with humidity 4%

0,095 0,118 0137 0165 0,182 Vapor permeability of aerated concrete, mg/(m h Pa)0,23 0,20 0,160 0,150 0,140 Frost resistance of gas blocks ≤F 35F 35F 35F 35F 35 Shrinkage of blocks in mm/m ≥0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 Non-combustible material – flammability group NG according to GOST 30244-94

Accuracy geometric parameters products in width – 0.7 mm, in length and height – 0.8 mm

Additional insulation of the aerated concrete layer is carried out with mineral wool - it is attached to the frame or layer by layer using dowels with wide heads. The disadvantage of such thermal insulation is that mineral wool will have to be protected with decorative finishing materials– siding, lining, etc.

Substances and materials are flammable if they are capable of spontaneous combustion, as well as ignite from an ignition source and burn independently after its removal.

In turn, all combustible materials are included in one or another flammability group.

The essence of the method for determining flammability groups is to determine the degree of damage to the material, self-combustion time, temperature flue gases at a fixed thermal effect on the samples in the combustion chamber.

Flammable Construction Materials(according to GOST 30244) depending on the values ​​of flammability parameters, they are divided into four flammability groups: G1, G2, G3, G4 in accordance with the table below. Materials belong to a certain flammability group, provided that all parameter values ​​​​established in the table for this group correspond.

Note - For materials of flammability groups G1 - G3, the formation of burning melt drops during testing is not allowed

To conduct tests at the Federal State Budgetary Institution SEU FPS IPL in the Republic of Mordovia, it is necessary to provide 12 samples measuring 1000×190 mm. The thickness of the samples must correspond to the thickness of the material used in real conditions. If the material thickness is more than 70 mm, the thickness of the samples should be 70 mm. When making samples, the exposed surface should not be processed.

Testing of samples is carried out in a thermophysical laboratory at the “Shaft Furnace” testing facility.

(1 - combustion chamber; 2 - sample holder; 3 - sample; 4 - gas-burner; 5 — air supply fan; 6 — combustion chamber door; 7 - diaphragm; 8 - ventilation pipe; 9 - gas pipeline; 10 - thermocouples; eleven - exhaust hood; 12 - viewing window).

During testing, the temperature of the flue gases and the behavior of the material under thermal influence are recorded.

After the test is completed, the length of the segments of the undamaged part of the samples is measured and their residual mass is determined.

The part of the sample that is not burned or charred either on the surface or inside is considered intact. Soot deposition, discoloration of the sample, local chipping, sintering, melting, swelling, shrinkage, warping or change in surface roughness are not considered damage. The measurement result is rounded to the nearest 1 cm.

The undamaged part of the samples remaining on the holder is weighed. The weighing accuracy must be at least 1% of the initial mass of the sample.

The results are processed according to the GOST 30244-94 methodology.

After testing and payment of the test cost, the test staff fire laboratory prepare reporting documentation.

Related Posts

Based on flammability, substances and materials are divided into the following groups:

1) non-flammable - substances and materials that are unable to burn in air. Non-flammable substances may be fire and explosion hazards (for example, oxidizers or substances that release flammable products when

interaction with water, air oxygen or with each other);

2) low-flammability - substances and materials capable of burning in air when exposed to an ignition source, but unable to burn independently after its removal;

3) flammable - substances and materials capable of spontaneous combustion, as well as ignite under the influence of an ignition source and burn independently after its removal.

37. Measures to prevent the possibility of fires and explosions.

Fire prevention during the design and construction of an industrial enterprise includes solving the following issues:

· increasing the fire resistance of buildings and structures;

· zoning of the territory;

· use of fire breaks;

· use of fire barriers;

· ensuring safe evacuation of people in case of an emergency

· fire prevention;

· ensuring the removal of smoke from the premises in case of fire.

Under fire resistance understand the ability building structure resist the effects of high temperatures in fire conditions and still perform their normal operational functions. The time (in hours) from the start of testing a structure for fire resistance until the moment at which it loses its ability to maintain load-bearing or enclosing functions is called fire resistance limit . A loss bearing capacity is determined by the collapse of the structure, the loss of enclosing capacity is determined by the formation of cracks in the supporting structures, through which combustion products and flames can penetrate into adjacent rooms. The degree of fire resistance of buildings is determined by the fire resistance of its structures according to SNiP 21-01–97 " Fire safety buildings and structures." The fire resistance of buildings and structures can be increased by plastering the structures, fire-retardant impregnation of wood with fire retardants - chemicals, making it non-flammable, by coating the structures with fire-retardant paints.

Based on the degree of fire resistance, buildings and structures are divided into 5 main groups:

1st degree » The main elements are made of fireproof materials, and the supporting structures have increased resistance to fire.

2nd degree » The main elements are made of fireproof materials (fire resistance limit of at least 2 hours)

3rd degree "C" stone walls and wooden plastered partitions and coverings

Grade 4 » Wooden plastered buildings

Grade 5 » Wooden buildings not plastered

Territory zoning consists in grouping enterprises into separate complexes of objects related by functional purpose and sign fire danger. In this case, structures with increased fire danger are located on the leeward side. Unimpeded passage of fire trucks to any building must be ensured. To prevent fire from spreading from one building to another, they are located at a certain distance from each other, called fire break . To limit the spread of fire inside a building, they are designed fire barriers . These include walls, ceilings, doors with a fire resistance rating of at least 2.5 hours. When designing and constructing buildings, it is necessary to provide escape routes workers in case of fire. IN production premises As a rule, there should be at least two emergency exits. Minimum width corridor or passage is determined by calculation, but must be at least 1.0 m. The width of the emergency exit from industrial building accepted in

depending on the total number of people evacuating through this exit, and should be at least 0.8 m. Special literature also regulates other conditions for ensuring the safe evacuation of people in case of fire. Removal of gases and smoke from burning rooms is carried out through window openings, as well as aeration lamps and using special smoke hatches.

Elimination of conditions for the formation of a flammable environment:

1. Use of non-flammable substances and materials;

2. Limitation of mass and (or) volume of flammable substances and materials;

3. Use the most safe ways placement of flammable substances and materials;

4. Isolation of the flammable environment from ignition sources;

5. Maintaining a safe concentration of oxidizer and flammable substances in the environment;

6. Reducing the concentration of the oxidizer in the flammable environment in the protected volume;

7. Maintaining the temperature and pressure of the environment at which the spread of flame is excluded;

8. Mechanization and automation of technological processes associated with the circulation of flammable substances;

9. Installation of fire hazardous equipment in separate rooms or on open areas;

10. The use of protection devices for production equipment that prevent the release of flammable substances into the premises;

11. Removal from premises, technological equipment and communications of fire hazardous industrial waste, dust deposits, and fluff.

Elimination of conditions for the formation of ignition sources in a flammable environment (or introduction into it):

1. Use of electrical equipment corresponding to the class of fire hazardous and (or) explosive zone, category and group explosive mixture;

2. Application in the design of high-speed means of protective shutdown of electrical installations;

3. Application of equipment and modes of conduct technological process, eliminating the formation of static electricity;

4. Lightning protection device for buildings, structures, structures and equipment;

5. Maintaining a safe heating temperature for substances, materials and surfaces that come into contact with a flammable environment;

6. Application of methods and devices for limiting the energy of a spark discharge in a flammable environment to safe values;

7. Use of spark-proof tools when working with flammable liquids and combustible gases;

8. Elimination of conditions for thermal, chemical and (or) microbiological spontaneous combustion of circulating substances, materials and products;

9. Elimination of contact with air of pyrophoric substances;

10. The use of devices that exclude the possibility of flame spreading from one volume to an adjacent one.

Fire extinguishing properties of water.

Water is the most common fire extinguishing agent. Entering the combustion zone, water heats up and evaporates, absorbing a large number of warmth. When water evaporates, a large amount of steam is formed, which makes it difficult for air to reach the combustion site.

A strong jet of water can knock down the flames, making it easier to extinguish the fire. Water is not used to extinguish alkali metals, calcium carbide, flammable and combustible liquids, the density of which less water, because they float and continue to burn on the surface

water. Water conducts well electricity, therefore it is not used to extinguish live electrical installations.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers(OU-2A, OU-5, OU-8) are used to extinguish electrical installations under voltage up to 1000 V and some materials.

Based on their ability to burn (flammability), fire hazardous substances are divided into flammable, difficult to combust and non-flammable.

Flammable Substances and materials based on flammability are divided into three groups:

1) highly flammable;

2) substances of “medium flammability”;

3) difficult to ignite.

Highly flammable– flammable substances of increased fire hazard, which, when stored outdoors or indoors, can ignite without preheating upon short-term (up to 30 s) exposure to a low-energy ignition source (from a match flame, spark, cigarette, etc.)

1. Non-flammable Not capable of burning in air. Asbestos fabric, asbestos-glass fabric, foam asbestos, metals used in construction, building materials: sand, clay, gravel, cement and products made from them (brick, concrete), etc.

2. Difficult to flammable Capable of igniting in air from an ignition source, but not

capable of burning after its removal. Consisting of flammable and non-flammable materials: fiberglass SK-9A, fiberglass FN-F, felt, foam concrete with polystyrene filler, trichloroethylene C2HCl3, weak aqueous solutions of alcohols, etc.

3. Flammable Capable of spontaneous combustion, as well as ignite and burn independently after removal of the ignition source.

Solid:

organic: wood, coal, peat, rubber, cotton, cardboard, rubber, stearic acid, etc.; inorganic: metals (potassium, sodium, lithium, aluminum, etc., and their compounds);

non-metallic:(sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, etc. and their compounds), including dust (organic - coal, wood, sugar, flour, etc.; inorganic - iron, aluminum, silicon, sulfur, etc.)

Liquid:

oil and petroleum products, alcohols, acids, paraffins, hydrocarbons1, etc., including synthetic materials that melt when heated.

Gaseous:

hydrogen, hydrocarbons, ammonia, etc., as well as vapors of flammable liquids.

Highly flammablesolids(materials): celluloid, polystyrene, wood shavings, peat slabs (ignite from the flame of a match, alcohol lamp, gas burner).

Medium flammability: wood, coal, paper in bundles, fabric in rolls (requires an ignition source with high energy capable of heating to ignition temperature).

Difficult to flammable: urea (urea) CH4ON2, getinax grade B (pressed paper treated with resole-type synthetic resin), wood after fire-retardant treatment, polyvinyl chloride board.

Non-flammable substances. The classification of many substances and materials as non-flammable is largely arbitrary, since we're talking about about combustion in atmospheric air (O2 content ~ 21% vol.). However, these substances can interact upon contact with ozone (O3), fluorine F2, and liquid oxygen.

In addition, there are several groups of non-flammable substances that are fire hazardous:

1. oxidizing agents: KMnO4, Cl2, HNO3, O2 liquid, Na2O2, H2O2, etc.;

2. substances that release flammable products when interacting with water and with each other (calcium carbide CaC2, Na, quicklime, CaO, H2SO4 + + Me  H2 (burns);

3. thermally unstable substances (ammonium carbonate), (NH4)2СО3  Н2СО3 + 2NH3;

4. substances capable of explosive transformation without the participation of acid

type of air (heating or impact), 4BaN6  Ba + Ba3N2 + 11N2 + 297 kJ.

Difficult flammable substances. Such substances are heterogeneous in terms of fire hazard and are divided into three groups:

First group: combustion is possible only if there is powerful source ignition, for example in case of fire.

Second group: when heated, it is capable of releasing flammable vapors and gases that have a certain ignition region.

Third group: some explosives – ammonium nitrate NH4NO3, NH4NO3 = НNO3 + NH3 – 170 kJ (when heated).

The released NH3 is capable of burning (but if the source is removed, the process will stop). The process proceeds differently if ammonium nitrate is exposed to a thermal pulse or a powerful detonator:

NH4NO3  N2 + 2H2O + 0.5O2 + 126 kJ.

1. Non-flammable - incapable of combustion in an air atmosphere of normal composition. A sufficient criterion for inclusion in this group is the inability of the material to burn at an ambient temperature of 900°C; this group includes natural and artificial organic materials and metals used in construction.

2. Low-flammability - capable of burning under the influence of an ignition source, but not capable of independent combustion after its removal. These include: wood subjected to effective fire retardant treatment by coating or impregnation (beshefit); felt impregnated with clay solution, some polymers and other materials.

3. Combustible – capable of burning independently after removing the ignition source. Based on flammability, flammable substances are divided into highly flammable and difficult to flammable.

Flammable are flammable substances (materials, mixtures) that can ignite from short-term exposure to a match flame or spark. Hot wires and similar low energy ignition sources. These include almost all flammable gases (for example, hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, etc.), flammable liquids (FL) with a flash point of no more than 61 ° C in a closed crucible or 66 ° C in an open crucible (for example, acetone , gasoline, benzene, toluene, ethanol, kerosene, turpentine, etc.), as well as all solid substances (materials) that ignite from the flame of a match or burner; combustion spreads over the surface of a horizontally located test sample (for example, dry wood shavings, polystyrene, etc.).

Relatively flammable are flammable substances (materials, mixtures) that can ignite only under the influence of a powerful ignition source (for example, a polyvinyl chloride conveyor belt, urea foam for sealing the surface of a rock mass in underground mines, flexible electrical cables with PVC insulation, ventilation pipes from vinyl leather, etc.).