Reflexive verbs are called verbs that have a postfix – xia (s): to return, to dream, to dream, to start. The remaining verbs are called irrevocable: watch, read, eat, run.
Transitive and intransitive verbs.
Transitive verbs are verbs that indicate an action that passes to another object or person. This object or person can be expressed:
Noun in genitive case without an excuse: cut off the sausages, drink compote.
A noun (or pronoun) in accusative case with an unconditional connection: reading a book, seeing the sun, counting sheep.
By a noun or pronoun in the genitive case with negation, but also without a preposition: not to have the right .
The remaining verbs are considered intransitive: lie on the bed, look into the darkness, sunbathe in the sun.
Verbs of perfect and not perfect form.
Perfect Verbs indicate the completion, effectiveness, end of an action or its beginning and answer the question “what to do?”: run, run away, sing, sing, gallop, gallop away. Perfective verbs have two tense forms: past (what did you do? - galloped up) And future simple (what will they do? - they'll gallop). Perfect Verbs Dont Have present tense forms.
Verbs imperfect form indicate the course of an action, but do not indicate its completion, result, beginning or end and answer the question “what to do?”: run, jump, sing. Imperfective verbs have three tense forms:
Past (what they were doing? - watched, listened);
The present (what are they doing? - look, listen);
The future is complicated (what will they do? - they will read, they will watch).
Syntactic role of the verb.
The verb in a sentence most often performs the role of the predicate. But verb infinitive can act as different members of a sentence:
Subject: Live- means to breathe;
Compound predicate: I I'm going to enroll to the Faculty of Philology;
Definition: I have a burning desire go out to the air;
Addition: Mother asked me come up closer.
Purpose circumstance: Grandma sat down take a break.
Define an application.
Application- this is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case, for example: A golden cloud spent the night on the chest of a giant rock. Applications can indicate various qualities of an object, indicate age, nationality, profession and other characteristics, for example: An old grandmother looks out of the window. If next to the application - a common noun - there is a defined word, which is also a common noun, they are usually combined with a hyphen: flying carpet, ascetic monk.
When a common noun is followed by a proper name, a hyphen is not placed (boxer Ivanov), but there are combinations in which the common noun follows a proper noun, then there is a hyphen between them: Mother Volga, Moscow River, Ivan the Fool, Nightingale the Robber. The application, as a rule, is case coordinated with the word being defined. There are exceptions in which the application can be placed in a case different from the word being defined: these are names - proper names and nicknames. If the application before the main word can be replaced with a single-root adjective, then a hyphen is not placed after the application. For example: “old man watchman” (application - old man, the main word is watchman, old man can be replaced with “old” - old watchman), and watchman-old man (a hyphen is placed because the application and the main word are common nouns). Examples of typical applications (in italics): Volodya, an excellent student, was the first to raise his hand. Ivan the shepherd was driving the cows across the field.
Examples of exceptions:
Names are proper names, usually separated by quotation marks. Here it is used Nominative case regardless of the form of the word being defined.
Names of press organs, literary works. In the Kommersant newspaper. In the novel "The Young Guard".
Names of enterprises. At the Krasnoye Sormovo plant. Seizure of the Yukos enterprise.
Nicknames. Charges have been brought against Misha Two Percent. At Vsevolod's Big Nest there were eight sons.
A hyphen is not placed after words that are generally accepted addresses: Citizen Financial Inspector! I'm sorry to trouble you.
Worksheet.
F.I. _________________________________________
Reflexive and non-refundable verb.
Remember: in Russian languagein reflexive verbs, -sya is used after a vowel, and after a consonant -sya: rush, learn. Suffix–sya (-s) differs from other suffixes in that it comes after all morphemes, including after endings.
1. After reading the poem, underline the reflexive verbs.
The fly was going to visit
It's a very long drive.
I washed my face
I was getting dressed,
She was worried, she was curling, she was rushing about in front of the mirror, she was gaping... And she fell into the milk.
2. Write down the verbs with the suffix -sya (-съ) and label it. What are these verbs called?
To knock, to descend, to blacken, to surprise, to construct, to be guided.
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3. Extract from the fableI. Krylovareturnable Verbs.
Swan, Pike and Crayfish
When there is no agreement among comrades,
Things won't go well for them,
And nothing will come out of it, only torment.
Once upon a time Swan, Crayfish and Pike
They began to carry a load of luggage
And together the three all harnessed themselves to it;
They are doing their best, but the cart is still moving!
The luggage would seem light to them:
Yes, the Swan rushes into the clouds,
The cancer moves back, and the Pike pulls into the water.
It is not for us to judge who is to blame and who is right;
Yes, but things are still there.
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4. Correct the mistakes of careless students.
1. I am in seventh grade. 2. My notebook has already been found. 3. Zhenya went to the station by tram. 4. After a while she sat down to write the letter. 5. Tanya looked at him for a long time, and then met him. In the morning I washed my face, combed my hair, had breakfast and got dressed.
Most reflexive verbs are formed from non-reflexive ones: wash - wash, scold - scold. Some of the reflexive verbs without -sya (-сь) are not used: laugh, fight.
5. Form reflexive verbs.
Angry - __________________, warm - _____________________, captivate - _________________, calm - _________________, make happy - _______________, hug - _____________________, cry - ________________, comb - ___________________, button up - ____________________.
6. Replace with one word.
Greet each other when meeting().
To be in an anxious state, to experience excitement().
Give consent().
Pack your things before the trip().
To make a mistake().
Show interest in something().
Feel offended().
Pay in full as required().
7. Eliminate the shortcomings in the word usage of careless students.
A girl plays with a doll. Three people play this game. Washed clothes sway in the wind. The passenger began to wait for the next stop. My sister made friends with a neighbor.
You already know that a verb denotes an action and that an action, in addition to its other properties, can be directed at someone or something. Or maybe not directed! Or it can be directed at the figure himself! In this lesson you will learn about such verbs.
Verbs that end with the suffix -sya (also called a postfix) are called reflexive.
Reflexive verbs can convey the following meanings:
1. The action is directed at the actor, at himself: tune in, put on shoes, move away, renew (oneself, oneself).
2. The actions of several figures are directed towards each other: put up, meet,fight.
3. The action is performed in one’s own interests (for oneself): get ready, clean up(colloquial).
4. Permanent sign, inherent in living or inanimate object(usually): bites, scratches.
5. Impersonal verbs: sleep, work.
All reflexive verbs are intransitive.
After vowels, the postfix -s is used: surprised, laughed.
Bibliography
Homework
1. Form and write reflexive verbs.
Make peace - make peace
make angry -...,
hug - …,
sorry -...,
surprise -...,
look - take a closer look,
make friends - make friends
wait - …,
play - ….
2. Replace the phrases with synonymous verbs, graphically show that the verbs are reflexive.
Participate in a competition - compete,
being in training, feeling excited, making mistakes, feeling joy.
3. Write down synonyms for these verbs.
Take a look - take a look,
get excited, fight, worry, get interested, come back, admire.
Non-refundable verbs are verbs without the postfix –sya; returnable– verbs with the postfix –sya. Historically, the formation of reflexive verbs is associated with the pronoun Xia, which was originally attached only to transitive verbs ( wash + xia (“yourself”) = wash).
All verbs in Russian can be divided into several groups:
|
irreflexive verbs, from which returns are formed |
non-refundable |
returnable |
|
a) wash + wash build + xia education return different forms meet + xia b) turn white + xia darken + xia – morphological synonyms c) look - look enough verbs work - get enough SD d) write - impersonal is not written sleep - can't sleep verbs |
reply lunch |
fight laugh balk |
Thus, we can conclude that the postfix –sya in the Russian language can perform several functions:
Form reflexive forms of verbs ( wash, whiten);
Form reflexive verbs that differ from producing non-reflexive verbs in lexical meaning ( forgive - say goodbye, finish - achieve).
It should be noted that some verbs in –sya have a synonymous reflexive combination ( to deprive - to deprive oneself, to cover oneself - to cover oneself).
The division of verbs into non-reflexive and reflexive was established in the Russian language without regard to the division of verbs into transitive and intransitive, voice and non-voice. It does not completely coincide with either one or the other, although it is associated with the categories of transitivity and voice: the affix –sya is an indicator of the intransitivity of the verb, and voice correlation is provided only by the reflexive forms of the verb.
The category of voice is one of the most difficult problems of Russian grammar. Linguistic scientists define the content of this category differently, and therefore resolve the issue of the number of voices differently: some count up to 17 voices, others deny the presence of voices altogether.
In Russian linguistics there are the following definitions of voice:
1) pledge means “an act that passes from one thing to another, and an act that does not pass from one thing to another” (Lomonosov);
2) voices are those verbal forms that denote a difference in the relationship of the verbal action to its subject. On this basis, a refundable deposit can be allocated ( the book is being read) and non-refundable deposit ( read a book) – Aksakov, Fortunatov;
3) pledge is the relation of action to object (Buslaev, Shapiro);
4) pledge is an expression of the asset and liability of the subject (Isachenko, AG-70);
5) deposit – is the relation of action to subject and object(Vinogradov, Golovin, Gvozdev, Shansky).
In all of the above definitions of collateral there is a common criterion - the relation of the action to the subject and object. This feature is, indeed, important in voice content, since voice, like other verbal categories, manifests itself primarily as a certain grammatical relation - the relation of an action to its source and to the object. The category of pledge reflects objectively occurring processes, the implementation of which is possible in the presence of an actor and an object of action.
The mother (subject) washes (action) the child (object).
The child (subject, object) washes himself (action).
But in the Russian language there are verbs that name such actions, for the implementation of which only the doer, the subject of the action is needed:
Clouds (subject) float quietly across the sky.
Thus, all verbs in Russian can be divided into two groups:
1) verbs capable of conveying voice relations (voice verbs);
2) verbs that do not convey voice relations (non-voice verbs).
Verbs starting with -sya are called reflexive. They can be non-derivative, reflexiva tantum (to be afraid, to laugh), and formed from both intransitive and transitive verbs(trade - bargain, wash - wash).
Some intransitive and reflexive verbs derived from them can denote the same situation (Something is blackening in the distance and Something is blackening in the distance). But in most cases, reflexive and non-reflexive verbs name different situations, for example, trade means “to sell something”, and bargain means “to try to buy cheaper”, wash refers to a situation with two participants (Mother washes the girl), and wash - a situation with one participant (Girl washes her face); in sentences Misha hit Kolya and Misha and Kolya hit a tree we're talking about about two boys, but the situations in which they are participants are not the same. In this regard, the components of meaning (except for the meaning of the passive voice) introduced into the word by the postfix -sya are considered word-forming. -Xia is a multi-valued affix (A. A. Shakhmatov counted 12 meanings for him). In grammars the following are most often noted:
1) proper reflexive meaning: wash, dress, put on shoes, take off shoes, comb your hair, powder, blush;
2) mutually reciprocal meaning: hug, swear, quarrel, kiss, make up, correspond, meet;
3) mid-reflexive meaning: admire, be angry, be angry, have fun, rejoice, be horrified, be scared;
4) indirect return meaning: stack, assemble, pack, build, stock up;
5) active-objectless meaning: butting, spitting, swearing (uttering obscene words), biting;
6) passive-qualitative meaning: bend, tear, heat up, cool, expand, contract, wear off;
7) passive reflexive meaning: to be remembered, to be remembered, to be introduced (= to seem).
A reflexive verb can be formed using -sya in combination with other morphemes (run up, get tired, wink).
Reflexivity is associated with voice (when voice is determined at the morphemic level, reflexive verbs formed from transitive verbs are combined into the so-called reflexive-medial voice). The affix -xia is a sign of intransitivity. Combinations found in colloquial language such as I’m afraid of my mother, I obey my grandmother are non-normative and few in number.
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