The warehouse area is conventionally divided into 4 parts:
Let's make calculations using the example of one warehouse.
Let's calculate the usable area of the warehouse. In order to calculate the usable area of a warehouse, various methods are used:
1. According to the dimensions of products stored individually or in containers:
, Where
Usable warehouse area;
n - number of storage units;
Looseness of laying (taken as 1.2)
- number of rows according to the stacking height.
We determine the warehouse area based on the dimensions of the product.
The number of storage units in the warehouse is 10,000 units; product length is 1.5 m; product width - 0.75 m; laying flatness coefficient -1.2; the number of rows according to the laying height is 7.
Let's make the calculations:
2. By loading method:
Usable warehouse area;
Maximum stock norm (t);
3. For volumetric meters:
l is the length of the product or container (m);
a is the width of the product or container (m);
Required number of racks.
Let's calculate the warehouse receiving area
Warehouse receiving area;
Volume of supply of material resources;
Coefficient of unevenness of receipt of material resources (MR) to the warehouse (from 1.2 to 1.5);
t is the number of days that material resources are in the warehouse;
d - load per 1 mI (taken as 25% of the average load per 1 mI)
Let's make the calculations:
The volume of supply of material resources is 20,000 tons, the unevenness coefficient is 1.4; number of days the MP is in the warehouse - 2d.; load per 1 m² - 2 (0.5).
Let's calculate the service area of the warehouse
The service area of the warehouse is calculated depending on the number of workers. With a staff of up to 3 people, the area per worker is 5 m²; from 3 to 5 people - the area for each worker is 4 m²; with a staff of more than 5 people - the area is 3.25 m².
Let's make the calculations:
The staff of the warehouse complex is 150 people.
150 3.25 = 487.5 m²
Let's calculate the auxiliary warehouse area
B - width of vehicles;
C is the width of the gaps.
Let's make the calculations:
The width of vehicles in the warehouse is 1.4 m; The width of the gaps is 80 cm.
W = 2*1.4 + 3*0.8 = 4.8 m²
Determining the parameters of loading and unloading locations is carried out using the following method. The minimum width of the ramp (ramp) used for loading and unloading vehicles must be no less than the turning radius of the forklift operating on it plus approximately 1 m. Most modern warehouses have unloading ramps up to 6 m wide. Let's calculate the total warehouse area
Total warehouse area;
Usable warehouse area;
Warehouse receiving area;
Service area of the warehouse;
W - auxiliary warehouse area.
Let's make the calculations:
1929 + 311.1 + 487.5 +4.8 = 2732.4 m²
Let's calculate the efficiency of warehouse premises
Usable warehouse area;
Total warehouse area.
Let's make the calculations:
With regard to assessing the rationality of organizing a warehouse, we can talk about certain successes of this organization. When considering the theoretical aspects of the organization of warehousing, the dependence of the latter on several factors was highlighted, the determining ones of which were the physical and chemical properties of the product. In my opinion, the enterprise in question has found the optimal method of organizing warehouse management for a product line with such properties and a small product range.
All possible ways to rationalize the organization of warehouse facilities will be used. With regard to accounting without the use of modern software and PC capabilities, the following can be said. In my opinion, in this case, the warehouse space and product range are not so large as to require spending excessive funds on the purchase, development and implementation of various software. Warehouse management, given the existing volumes of cargo turnover and product range, is carried out very confidently using the existing method. However, it is quite possible that sooner or later, when expanding production, the company will have to improve the warehouse organization system by introducing the use of various software systems.
However, all of the above does not justify the absence of a graphical diagram of the warehouse, modeled in a special program. This is necessary to maintain order and rationality of movement around the warehouse.
One of the characteristics of the rational organization of work in a warehouse is the presence of a nomenclature-price list of materials, a list of officials who are given the right to authorize the release of materials and samples of their signatures, a schedule for the release of materials, job descriptions and forms of accounting documentation.
During the process of unloading and receiving materials, excessive accumulation of materials at reception sites is avoided and quantitative and qualitative losses are not allowed. The areas for unloading and receiving products are equipped with instruments for determining the actual quantity and quality control of materials, and tools for opening containers and packaging. Before unloading begins, equipment and devices used during unloading are supplied to the unloading places: connecting walkways for the passage of the loader from the warehouse to the car, internal warehouse containers, load-handling devices. Timely equipping of unloading sites will reduce the time required to complete this operation.
In addition, products in the warehouse are grouped taking into account volume-weight characteristics and physical and chemical properties. This work is carried out with the aim of forming groups of products approximately identical in the specified parameters. For the storage of each group of products, a separate area in the storage area is allocated, equipped with appropriate equipment for warehousing and storage. This is another sign of the rationality of organizing storage facilities at this enterprise.
In addition, it is important to make one more small note regarding the placement of products in the warehouse. It is possible to use the Pareto method, which allows you to minimize the number of movements by dividing the entire assortment into groups that turn around quickly and require a large number of movements, and groups that are accessed quite rarely.
In this case, it is important for the correct location to take into account the dynamics of demand for a particular product, or at least to analyze the change in the growth rates of various types of product range in order to identify the most popular groups and the least sold ones. At the enterprise we are considering, this principle is not taken into account, although it could make warehousing even less costly and more rationally organized.
For the future, we can recommend a development orientation towards mechanization and automation of warehouse work, as a basic direction for improving the organization of work related to the storage of material assets and their transfer to production. An example for the future in this case could be a system for organizing warehousing based on the principle of vertically closed (cradle) warehouses with program control, which occupy small production areas, but have a fairly large capacity due to the vertical arrangement and a high level of automation. The organization will need a lot of money and time to adapt to a new warehouse management system, but this will pay for itself in the future, reducing the costs of maintaining a warehouse several times.
In the course work presented, the main aspects of organizing the work of warehouse facilities at the enterprise were considered. The following conclusions were drawn:
Material assets capitalized by the accounting department must be stored somewhere until they are needed for production. The storage place is called a warehouse. Warehouses can be of different shapes and constructed from different materials, occupying different areas (volume). The size of the warehouse determines, on the one hand, the possibility of placing incoming material resources, and on the other hand, the costs of its construction, depreciation (or rent) and maintenance.
The total warehouse area is divided into four parts:
1) useful area directly occupied by stored material resources;
2) the acceptance area on which the acceptance and release areas are located;
3) office space for warehouse management services;
4) auxiliary area occupied by driveways and passages. The useful area of the warehouse is determined in two ways.
The first method is to calculate the load per 1 m 2 of floor area (f floor)
In this case, the formula is used
f floor = 3 total: σ (9.2)
where Ztot is the total amount of the stock of material resources;
a is the load per 1 m 2 of floor area, and the value σ has different values depending on the purpose of the warehouse and the type of stored inventory (Table 9.1).
Table 9.1
The value of a for various warehouses
The second method is the use of the volume filling factor (q OB) - The capacity of any equipment for storing materials (cells, shelving) is determined by the formula
q OB = V OB γ β, (9.3)
where VOB is the geometric volume of the corresponding equipment;
γ - specific gravity of the material resource;
β is the volume filling factor (packing density).
Knowing the amount of material stock to be stored (3 total), you can determine the required amount of equipment (cells, racks, etc.) (and) using the formula
n = 3 TOTAL: q TOTAL (9.4)
Then the useful area of the warehouse (f floor) is calculated using the formula
f floor = dsh n. (9.5)
where d is the length of the corresponding equipment for storing material resources;
w is the width of the equipment.
The area for acceptance and release areas (f pr) is calculated using the formula
f pr = (Q pos kt) : (360σ 1), (9.6)
where Q p oc is the annual supply of material resources;
k - coefficient of unevenness of material receipt
resource per warehouse (varies from 1.2 to 1.5);
t is the number of days the material resource is at the acceptance site;
σ 1 - load per 1 m 2 of area (taken as 0.25 of the average load per 1 m 2 of usable area in the warehouse).
The next calculation is the service area of the warehouse. It is determined depending on the number of employees. If the warehouse staff is up to three employees, the area of office space is assumed to be 5 m2 per person; with a staff of three to five people - 4 m 2 each; with a staff of more than five people - 3.25 m 2 each.
After this, the auxiliary area is calculated. It is formed by passages for lifting vehicles and passages for workers. The placement of driveways and aisles is outlined in the figure with the warehouse diagram. The width of passages (W) for two vehicles is determined by the formula
Ш = 2В + ЗС, (9.7)
where B is the width of the vehicle;
C is the width of the gaps between vehicles and between them and the racks on both sides of the passage.
By establishing the length of driveways and passages and their width, you can calculate the total auxiliary area.
The sum of the four components will give the total area of the warehouse for storing material resources.
TRAINING TASK
Problem 1. The warehouse worked for 18 days during the month (30 days).
Determine the percentage of cargo that passed through the acceptance expedition if goods arrived evenly throughout the month both on weekdays and on weekends?
When the cargo arrives on non-working days (in our case, 30 days -18 days = 12 days), it goes to the acceptance expedition.
Therefore, (12 days: 30 days) x 100% = 40% of goods will pass through it in a month.
Problem 2. There are coordinates of stores (in kilometers) and data on their cargo turnover (G i).
Coordinates of stores according to their numbers (X, Y): No. 1 (15.40); No. 2 (50.40); No. 3 (30.55); No. 4 (50.10); No. 5 (80.45); No. 6 (85, 35); No. 7 (70, 20); No. 8 (90, 25).
Cargo turnover of stores according to their numbers (tons per month): 35, 60, 20.45, 60.10, 55.10.
The location of stores in the coordinate grid is shown in Fig. 1.
Determine the location for the distribution warehouse by determining the center of gravity of cargo flows.
Solution. Let's find the coordinates of the distribution center:
(km).
So, the coordinates of the distribution center are (57; 33). The location of the distribution center is shown in Fig. 2.
Task for independent solution
Problem 1. To ensure production of products, the enterprise needs to have 1000 tons of sand in stock. A warehouse is needed to store sand.
Using the method for determining the load per 1 m2, calculate the total area of the warehouse if the following values are known:
■the permissible load per 1 m 2 of floor is 2 t/m 2;
■ coefficient of unevenness of sand supply to the warehouse is 1.5;
■ sand remains at the receiving site for 2 days;
■ 4 people work at the warehouse;
■ the width of the vehicle is 3 m;
■ the width of the gaps is 50 cm.
Problem 2. The amount of simultaneously stored raw materials is 1830 tons, the staff is 6 people, the width of the loader is 1.5 m, the length of each of the two aisles is 30 m, and racks are installed between the aisles. The width of the gap between the racks and vehicles is 1 m; between each rack, warehouse walls and aisles there are passages 1.5 m wide and 30 m long.
Determine the useful, service and auxiliary area of the finished products warehouse if the load per 1 m 2 of floor area is 2.2.
Tests
1. Warehouse is...
2. Which factor, more than others, proves the need for storage facilities:
a) the existence of stocks of raw materials, materials, finished products;
b) temporal, spatial, quantitative and qualitative discrepancies between the availability and demand for materials in the process of production and consumption;
d) lack of demand for manufactured products?
3. Which of the following functions is the main one for warehousing:
a) preparation of materials for production consumption;
b) temporary placement and storage of material resources;
c) preventing damage and theft of material assets?
4. Which of the following factors influence the choice of physical distribution channel for products:
a) placement of warehouses, method of shipment of products, method of transportation of products;
b) market conditions, warehouse construction costs, transportation costs;
c) the number of intermediaries, distribution patterns, type of goods.
5. By what criteria are warehouses of enterprises classified:
a) according to the purpose, type and nature of the stored materials;
b) by type of construction, location, scale of action and fire resistance;
c) are both answers correct?
6. What areas make up the total warehouse area:
a) useful, acceptance, service and auxiliary;
b) vacation, acceptance, auxiliary, useful, area of passages and passages;
c) are all the answers correct?
7. Which answer correctly determines the usable area if: the amount of the installed storage reserve is 240 tons, the load per 1 m 2 of floor area is 0.6 tons:
8. What is the useful area of the warehouse if the length of the equipment for storing inventories is 3 m, the width is 2 m, the number of similar equipment is 4 units:
d) suggest your answer?
9. What is the size of the receiving area if the annual consumption of material resources is 72,000 tons, the coefficient of unevenness of cargo arrival at the warehouse is 1.2, the number of days the material is at the receiving area is 2, the load per 1 m2 of floor area is 0.24 tons:
CONCLUSIONS ON THE SECTION
Warehousing of products is determined by the nature of production and transport. It allows you to overcome temporal, spatial, quantitative and qualitative discrepancies between the availability and need for materials in the process of production and consumption.
In warehouses, transport, loading, unloading, sorting, picking and intermediate transshipment operations, as well as some technological operations, are performed. The main tasks solved in the field of warehousing are choosing the location of the warehouse, organizing warehouse operations and determining the warehouse area.
SERVICE IN LOGISTICS
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Material assets capitalized by the accounting department must be stored somewhere until they are needed for production. The storage location is called warehouse . Warehouses can be of different shapes and constructed from different materials, occupying different areas (volume). The size of the warehouse determines, on the one hand, the possibility of placing incoming material resources, and on the other, the costs of its construction, depreciation (or rent) and maintenance.
Total warehouse area conditionally divided into four parts:
1) useful area directly occupied by stored material resources;
2) the acceptance area on which the acceptance and release areas are located;
3) office space for warehouse management services;
4) auxiliary area occupied by driveways and passages.
Useful warehouse area determined in two ways.
First method ¾ calculation of load per 1 m 2 floor area(f FLOOR). In this case, the formula is used
f GENDER = 3 GEN: s, (9.2)
where 3 GEN ¾ the total amount of the material resource stock;
s ¾ load per 1 m 2 of floor area, and the value of s has different values depending on the purpose of the warehouse and the type of stored inventory (Table 9.1).
Table 9.1
Value value s for various warehouses
The second method is to use the volume fill factor ( q ABOUT). The capacity of any equipment for storing materials (cells, racks) is determined by the formula
q OB = V OB gb, (9.3)
Where V ABOUT ¾ geometric volume of the relevant equipment;
g ¾ specific gravity of the material resource;
b ¾ volume filling factor (packing density).
Knowing the amount of material stock to be stored (3 GEN), you can determine the required amount of equipment (cells, racks, etc.) ( n) according to the formula
n= 3 TOTAL: q ABOUT. (9.4)
Then the useful area of the warehouse is calculated ( f GENDER) according to the formula
f GENDER = dsh n. (9.5)
where d ¾ the length of the corresponding equipment for storing material resources;
w ¾ width of equipment.
Area for acceptance and release areas ( f PR) is calculated by the formula
f PR = ( Q POS kt): (360s 1), (9.6)
Where Q PIC ¾ annual supply of material resources;
k¾ coefficient of unevenness of receipt of material resources to the warehouse (varies from 1.2 to 1.5);
t¾ the number of days the material resource is at the acceptance site;
s 1 ¾ load per 1 m 2 of area (taken as 0.25 of the average load per 1 m 2 of usable area s in the warehouse).
The next calculation is ¾ warehouse service area . It is determined depending on the number of employees. If the warehouse staff is up to three employees, the area of office space is assumed to be 5 m2 per person; with a staff of three ¾ five people ¾ 4 m 2 each; with a staff of more than five people ¾ of 3.25 m 2.
After this, the auxiliary area is calculated. It is formed by passages for lifting vehicles and passages for workers. The placement of driveways and aisles is outlined in the figure with the warehouse diagram. The width of passages (w) for two vehicles is determined by the formula
W = 2B + 3C, (9.7)
where in ¾ vehicle width;
C ¾ the width of the gaps between vehicles and between them and the racks on both sides of the passage.
By establishing the length of driveways and passages and their width, you can calculate the total auxiliary area.
The sum of the four components will give the total area of the warehouse for storing material resources.
How to plan warehouse areas
Areas in warehouses are usually divided into premises for main production purposes and auxiliary ones.
The former are used to perform basic technological operations, including storage of goods, forwarding and processing.
Auxiliary premises are intended for storing containers, placing engineering devices and communications, as well as various services and other purposes. When drawing up a warehouse project, it is useful to know the functions that different zones perform, be able to optimize their parameters and location, and determine the efficiency of work.
Requirements for the layout of warehouse premises
Conventionally, the warehouse space can be divided into two main parts: areas directly used for storing goods, and areas not used for storage. When planning a warehouse, it is recommended to maintain the ratio of these areas in a proportion of at least 2:1.
The layout of warehouse premises should ensure the possibility of using effective methods for placing and stacking storage units, the use of warehouse equipment and conditions for the complete safety of goods. This principle of internal layout of warehouse zones allows maintaining the flow and continuity of the warehouse technological process. To improve the operating conditions of lifting and transport machines and mechanisms, it is necessary to strive to organize a single warehouse space, without partitions and with the maximum possible number of columns or bays. The best option from this point of view is a single-bay warehouse (at least 24 m wide). The efficiency of using warehouse volume also largely depends on the storage height, which should take into account the dimensions of transport units and be as close as possible to the technological height of the warehouse.
The layout and structure of warehouse premises is significantly influenced by the content of the technological process itself. At the design stage, the composition of the warehouse premises, the proportions between individual rooms and their relative positions are established. Let's consider the layout of a public goods warehouse as the most common type of warehouse.
Characteristics of the main warehouse areas
To perform technological operations for receiving, storing and sending products to customers in warehouses, the following main zones are distinguished:
– vehicle unloading area, which can be located both indoors and outdoors;
– goods acceptance expedition, including operations for the acceptance of products in terms of quantity and quality;
– main storage area;
– order picking area;
– expedition of sending goods;
– vehicle loading area, which is located outside the storage and picking area.
The listed operational areas of the warehouse must be interconnected by passages and driveways.
The vehicle unloading area should be adjacent to the goods acceptance expedition (product acceptance area in terms of quantity and quality). The bulk of the space is allocated to the product storage area. It consists of the area occupied by storage units and the area of aisles. The storage area should be adjacent to the order picking area. This zone, in turn, should be located next to the expedition for sending storage units.
The goods unloading area is used for mechanized and manual unloading of vehicles, as well as for removing goods from transport containers, acceptance by quantity and short-term storage until they are transferred to the goods acceptance expedition.
The goods acceptance expedition (can be located in a separate warehouse room) serves to accept goods in terms of quantity and quality, keep records of the arrived goods, and temporarily store them before transferring them to the main storage area of the warehouse.
In the area where goods are prepared for storage (located in the goods acceptance area or in the main warehouse area), storage locations are formed. Goods in this zone can come from the goods receiving expedition and/or from the unloading area.
In the storage area (the main part of the main warehouse premises) operations for storing goods are performed.
In the picking area (can be located in the main warehouse area), units for transportation to consumers are formed, containing the required assortment of goods selected in accordance with orders.
The dispatch forwarding is used for acceptance of goods by the forwarder (recipient of the consignment), as well as for short-term storage of cargo units prepared for shipment.
Determination of basic warehouse parameters
Total warehouse area
Stotal = Spol + Svsp + Spr + Scompl + Scl + Spe + Soe,
where Sfloor is the usable area, i.e. the area occupied directly under the stored products (racks, stacks and other devices for storing products), m2;
Svsp – auxiliary (operational) area, i.e. the area occupied by driveways and passages, m2;
Spr – area of the acceptance area, m2;
Scompl – area of the picking area, m2;
Sсл – area of workplaces, i.e. the area in warehouse premises allocated for workplaces of warehouse workers, m2;
Spe – acceptance expedition area, m2;
Soe – area of the dispatch expedition, m2.
In approximate calculations, the total warehouse area Stotal, m2, can be determined depending on the usable area Sfloor through the utilization coefficient:
Stotal = Spol /a,
where a is the coefficient of warehouse area utilization (the proportion of the usable warehouse area); depending on the type of stored goods, it is in the range of 0.3...0.6.
Usable warehouse area
Spol = Qmax /qadd,
where Qmax is the maximum value of the established stock of products in the warehouse, t;
qadd – permissible load per 1 m2 of warehouse floor area, t/m2.
The general formula for calculating the usable area of a warehouse is:
Sgr = QЗ Kn /(254 Sv Kigo N),
where Q is the forecast of annual trade turnover, rubles/year;
Z – forecast of the amount of product inventories, number of days of turnover;
Кн – coefficient of warehouse loading unevenness; is defined as the ratio of the cargo turnover of the busiest month to the average monthly cargo turnover of the warehouse. In design calculations, Kn is taken equal to 1.1...1.3;
Сv – approximate cost of 1 m3 of packaged products stored in a warehouse, rub./m3; can be determined based on the cost of the cargo unit and its gross weight. The mass of 1 m3 of products stored in a warehouse can be determined through random measurements carried out by warehouse employees;
Kigo - coefficient of utilization of the cargo volume of the warehouse, characterizes the density and height of the stacking of goods (the technological meaning of the coefficient of utilization of the cargo volume of the Kigo warehouse is that the equipment, especially racking, cannot be completely filled with stored products. Practice shows that in the case of storing products on Kigo pallets = 0.64, when storing products without Kigo pallets = 0.67);
Kigo = Vpol /(Sob H);
Vfloor – volume of products in packaging that can be laid on this equipment over its entire height, m3;
Sob – area occupied by the projection of the external contours of the supporting equipment onto the horizontal plane, m2;
H – product stacking height, m.
The values of Q and Z are determined on the basis of forecast calculations.
For products stored in cells, the useful warehouse area is determined through the required number of cells and racks according to the formula:
Spol = Sst Nst,
where Sst – area occupied by one rack, m2;
Nst – number of racks.
The useful area of the warehouse Spol in the event of an uneven supply of products to the warehouse is calculated using the formula for the minimum total costs:
Scut S1 + 365 Рk S2 – min,
where Sres – reserve area, m2;
S1 – costs of maintaining 1 m2 of reserve area, rub./m2;
Рk – probability of refusal to accept products;
S2 – losses for each day of refusal to accept products, rub.;
365 is the number of days in a year.
Areas of reception and acquisition areas
These areas are calculated on the basis of aggregated indicators of design loads per 1 m2 of area in the acceptance and acquisition areas. In general, design calculations are based on the need to place 1 m3 of products on each square meter of receiving and packaging areas.
The required front length for loading and unloading operations (the length of road and railway ramps) is calculated as follows:
Lfr = nl + (n – 1) li,
where n is the number of transport units simultaneously delivered to the warehouse;
l – length of the transport unit, m;
li – distance between vehicles, m.
The area of the areas for receiving and completing goods, m2, is determined as
Spr = Qg Kn A2 tpr /(365qadd 100) + Sv;
Scompl = Qg Kn A3 tkm /(254 qadd 100),
1,2…1,5;
A2 – share of products passing through the warehouse receiving area, %;
tpr – number of days the products are at the acceptance site;
254 – number of working days in a year;
365 – number of days in a year;
qadd – design load per 1 m2 of area, taken equal to 0.25 of the average load per 1 m2 of warehouse area, t/m2;
Sв – area required for weighing, sorting, etc., m2; Sв< >= 5...10 m2;
A3 – share of products to be assembled in the warehouse, %;
tkm is the number of days the products are at the acquisition site;
In warehouses with a large volume of work, the forwarding areas for receiving and sending goods are arranged separately, and in warehouses with a small volume of work - together. The size of the release area is calculated in a similar way. When making calculations, you should initially include some excess space in the receiving area, since over time in the warehouse, as a rule, there is a need for more intensive processing of incoming products. The minimum area of the receiving area must accommodate the amount of products that can arrive during non-working days.
Minimum size of the acceptance expedition area
Spe = Qg tpe Kn /(365 qe),
where Qg is the annual supply of products, t;
tpe – the number of days during which the products will be on the acceptance expedition;
Kn – coefficient of unevenness of product arrivals at the warehouse, Kn =
1,2…1,5;
qe – aggregated indicator of design loads per 1 m2 in expeditionary premises, t/m2.
The minimum area of the dispatch expedition should allow the completion of work on the acquisition and storage of an average number of shipments. It is defined as
Soe = Qg toe Kn /(254 qe),
where tое is the number of days during which the products will be on the shipping expedition.
The dimensions of aisles and driveways in warehouses are determined depending on the dimensions of stored products and lifting vehicles, as well as the size of cargo turnover. If the width of the working corridor of machines working between the racks is equal to the width of the racking equipment, then the area of aisles and passages will be equal to the cargo area. Passage width, cm,
A = 2B + 3C,
where B is the width of the vehicle, cm;
C – the width of the gaps between the vehicles themselves and between them and the racks on both sides of the passage (taken equal to 15...20 cm).
In absolute terms, the width of the main passages (passages) is taken from 1.5 to 4.5 m, the width of the side passages (passages) - from 0.7 to 1.5 m. The height of the warehouse from the floor level to the tightening of the trusses or rafters is usually from 3.5 to 5.5 m in multi-story buildings and up to 18 m in single-story buildings.
Calculation of auxiliary area
The area of the warehouse office space is calculated depending on the number of employees. With a warehouse staff of up to three employees, the office area is determined based on the fact that each person has 5 m2; from 3 to 5 people – 4 m2 each; with a staff of more than five employees - 3.25 m2. It is recommended that the warehouse manager's workplace (area 12 m2) be located near the picking area so that maximum visibility of the warehouse is possible. If it is planned to check the quality of stored products in a warehouse, then it is recommended to equip the workplaces of the personnel responsible for this near the receiving area, but away from the main cargo flows.
Need for racking equipment
Nst = Nt / Vst,
where Nt – quantity of products to be stored in racks, m3;
Vst – capacity of one rack, m3.
Warehouse capacity
E = Fс qm,
where Fс is the area used for direct storage of cargo, m2;
The capacity of equipment for storing products (cells, racks, stacks, etc.), t, is calculated as
qob = Vob g b,
where Vob is the geometric volume of the corresponding equipment, m3;
g – specific gravity of the material or product, t/m3;
b – volume filling factor (packing density).
Indicators of efficiency of use of warehouse space and volume
These indicators make it possible to determine how efficiently warehouse space is used when using specific types of warehouse equipment.
Useful area ratio
Ks = Spol /So.s. ,
where Spol – useful warehouse area, m2;
Sо.с. – total warehouse area, m2.
This parameter, depending on the type of warehouse, its layout, equipment used and other factors, can have a value from 0.25 to 0.6. The higher these numbers, the more efficiently the warehouse space is used. The efficiency of using warehouse capacity can be determined by calculating the utilization factor of the useful volume of the warehouse Ks. Depending on the method of storing goods and the nature of the cargo, this indicator can take values from 0.3 to 0.5 and is calculated as the ratio of the volume of racks and stacks with goods to the total warehouse volume:
Ks = Vpol /Vo.s. = Spol hskl /(Sо.с. hо.с.),
where Vfloor is the part of the warehouse volume occupied by the equipment on which products are stored, m3;
Sfloor – useful warehouse area, m2;
Vо.с. – total warehouse volume, m3;
hskl – height of the warehouse used for storing products, m;
Sо.с. – total warehouse area, m2;
ho.s. – height of the warehouse, m.
V. Lesnyak,
Director of the Moscow Association of Commercial Warehouses
Problem 4
The RIM company is a large trading and intermediary company that sells household and electronic appliances. In connection with entering new markets and increasing sales volumes, the company plans to purchase a warehouse in Moscow. Calculate the area of the warehouse zones, taking into account that the storage area will be divided into two sections: section A – rack storage of goods from the “small household appliances” group, section B – stacked storage of goods from the “large household appliances” group.
Table 5.2
Initial data for the task
|
Average daily receipt of goods at the warehouse | |
|
Load factor per 1 m 2 | |
|
The coefficient of unevenness in the receipt of goods at the warehouse | |
|
Number of days the goods were in the receiving area | |
|
Annual product shipment volume | |
|
The coefficient of unevenness of product shipment from the warehouse | |
|
Number of days the goods were in the picking area | |
|
Shelving width | |
|
Shelving depth | |
|
Number of racks | |
|
Loader width | |
|
The width of the gaps between vehicles and between them and racks on both sides of the passage | |
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Stack length | |
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Stack width | |
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Number of stacks | |
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The width of the gaps between vehicles and between them and stacks on both sides of the passage | |
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Office area |
Solution
S floor - useful area, i.e. the area occupied directly by stored resources (racks, stacks, bins, bins and other devices for storing these resources);
Setc - area occupied by acceptance and release areas;
S sl - office space (occupied by office and other service premises);
S O b - area occupied by stationary lifting and transport and other equipment (lifts, conveyors, etc.);
S vsp - auxiliary area, i.e. the area occupied by driveways and passages.
1. Calculate the area of the unloading and receiving area.
q av - average daily receipt of resources to the warehouse, t;
σ 1, - load per 1 m 2 of usable area in the warehouse, depending on the type of storage of resources, t/m 2;
K is the coefficient of unevenness in the supply of resources to the warehouse (with rational loading of the warehouse K = 1.2,..., 1.5);
t - number of days the resources are at the acceptance site (up to 2 days)
2. Let's calculate the usable area. In this example, the usable area will consist of places for shelving storage of small household appliances and places for stacking large household appliances, i.e.
S st , S pieces - area occupied respectively by one rack, one stack;
N st , N pcs - the number of racks and stacks, respectively.
3. Calculate the auxiliary area using the following formula
S vspst - area occupied by passages and passages between the rack, m 2.
Svspsht - area occupied by driveways and passages between stacks, m 2.
The auxiliary area of the warehouse includes the area occupied by aisles and driveways. The dimensions of aisles and driveways in warehouse premises are determined depending on the size of the resources stored in the warehouse, the size of the cargo turnover, and the type of lifting and transport mechanisms used to move the resources. The main aisles where the main vehicles move must be checked to ensure that trucks (trolleys, forklifts, etc.) can freely turn in them. If necessary, they must also be designed for counter-movement of mechanisms. For this or use the formula
l- rack width, m; P - number of racks, pcs.;
A- passage width, m.
IN- width of the vehicle, m;
C - the width of the gap between vehicles, between them and racks (stacks) on both sides of the passage (taken to be 15-20 cm).
Similarly, the area occupied by driveways and passages between stacks is found (S pcs).
3. Let's calculate the area of the picking and shipping zone. The areas of the picking and shipping zones in the warehouse are combined, therefore:
q send - average daily volume of cargo dispatched from the warehouse, t;
K is the coefficient of unevenness in sending goods from the warehouse (with rational loading of the warehouse K = 1.2,..., 1.5);
t - number of days the resources were in the sending expedition (up to 2 days)
Thus, the total area of the warehouse will be equal.
