The origin of tsarist power is closely connected with the history of Russian statehood. We are assured that the first was Ivan IV. Let us assume that the FOURTH IVAN WAS THE FIRST TSAR. But why was this STRANGE NUMBER ACCEPTED ONLY IN RUSSIA?
Culture has long become the main battlefield not only for economic development, but also for Russia’s survival in global geopolitical competition. History textbooks, with the publication of Karamzin’s work, became an instrument of an undeclared war against Russia.
The desire of historians to present their country without blemishes is quite understandable. Every nation wants to embellish its achievements, victories, and the bitterness of defeats. Russia is different in this too. Our historians, most of the elite, the intelligentsia have a morbid passion for turning out the dirty laundry of our history, promoting black myths, which are often the product of an information war waged against our country.
On the eve of each new school year, law enforcement agencies carry out serious work to identify circulation of falsified school textbooks. A huge number of “home-made products” are exposed to public destruction. Their elimination is associated with the harm to health that they can cause to our younger generation.
However, other, no less serious consequences for the student’s personality are never considered. The problem is to protect their worldview from lies by word and default. Because a deformed worldview causes irreparable damage to morality and mental health.
Any science, as new facts accumulate, changes. Often - dramatically. History, in this series, looks like a monument that is only partially restored. At the same time, all its main elements remain unchanged.
In the 90s Russia has returned the old state emblem - the double-headed eagle. Different researchers offer different interpretations of its meaning. But he conveys as accurately as possible the state of the current concept of history - the two-faced Janus.
The historical investigation begun by the editors of our newspaper (The past gives rise to the future; Father Frost and Santa Claus; The mysteries of baptism; The Bible - a collection of myths or a historical document; The Second Coming; There is a Russian spirit) revealed a number of hypotheses supported by documentary evidence and artifacts that are NOT CONSIDERED by official historiography, and historical evidence is declared MYTHS AND LEGENDS.
While even behind the fairy-tale figures of Santa Claus and Father Frost there is a REAL historical figure. The appearance of these mythical characters is due to the fact that this historical character associated with Russian history is still hidden from us all.
They hide it because this is the biblical Jesus Christ, whose story COMPLETELY correlates with the real historical figure of the Byzantine emperor Andronikos Komnenos. The name of which unites two well-known characters in Russian history: Andrei-Andros the First-Called and St. Nicholas the Saint (Wonder Worker, Ugodnik).
The published material “There is a Russian Spirit” puts forward the hypothesis that there are good reasons to look for the reason for the distortion of world history, clearly visible in the example of the shrine of the COLOGNE Cathedral, the giant tomb of the Three Magi (Three Magi or Holy Kings) in the fact that Europeans have long been VASSALS OF THE RUSSIAN STATES.
This is why the current story ignores:
The existence of documents confirming the historical authenticity of the baptism of Rus' by Andrew the First-Called;
That Andrew the First-Called not only baptized ancient Rus', but also ruled there, that is, he can rightfully be called the TSAR of Rus', or its parts;
During the time of St. Andrew the First-Called, ROME WAS LOCATED IN THE NORTH of Rus';
What " Nikola - Patron God of all Russians»;
There are TWO annual celebrations, the spring holiday, which is now called “St. Nicholas of the Spring” (i.e., “spring”) and “St. Nicholas of the Winter,” and there is only one other character in Christianity, which is also celebrated on TWO dates (Christmas and Easter) - Jesus Christ (I.H.);
On Orthodox icons I.Kh. there are inscriptions: NIKA and THE KING OF GLORY, and in the Bible he is directly called the KING OF THE JEWS;
What The Magi and the Virgin Mary in numerous images of the offering of gifts to the born Christ, and some images also show baby Jesus have CROWNS on their heads, and the EMPEROR of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation Otto - WITHOUT HER;
About the existence in the East of a huge and strong Christian kingdom, ruled by a powerful monarch, Presbyter (head, at the same time, of religious and state power) John. There is also a real character in our story - Ivan Kalita/Calif. In Russian documents even from the 17th century. There are phrases: “They honor the Pope as we honor the Caliph.”
And the only thing that prevents us from seeing this is that our history textbooks claim that statehood came to Rus' from the West, from Norman foreigners and much later than European countries.
What school textbooks are silent about
The origin of tsarist power is closely connected with the history of Russian statehood. We are assured that the first was Ivan IV. Let us assume that the FOURTH IVAN WAS THE FIRST TSAR. But why was this STRANGE NUMBER ACCEPTED ONLY IN RUSSIA? This would raise doubts among the inquisitive public in any country. But we do not ask our historians this question.
In any European country, from which our fatherland has already fallen far behind and is catching up, as we are assured, it is necessary to copy their experience. The first autocrat, quite reasonably, should also have the first number in dynastic chronology. Why are we still having trouble with people? Our textbooks remain deathly silent on this.
The concept put forward by official historiography immediately collapses if you look at it through the eyes not of a student, but of an adult. Because in Russia there were also Vasilys, from the 1st to the 3rd. They were rulers BEFORE Ivan IV.
It also doesn’t work with the version that numbering became traditional ONLY among the Grand Dukes of Moscow. Because the Ivan I and II were Grand Dukes of Vladimir. There is no answer to this question in traditional textbooks.
But in encyclopedic dictionaries you can be sure that the tradition of numbering dynastic names begins with Svyatoslav I, known from history books as a warrior prince, the son of Igor and Princess Olga. After Vladimir I, the son of Svyatoslav, a new tradition was established, after the corresponding number to name the patronymic, for example: Svyatopolk II Izyaslavovich, Svyatoslav II Yaroslavovich, Vladimir II Vsevolodovich (Monomakh), Vsevolod III Yurievich (Big Nest), Ivan I Danilovich (Kalita) and etc.
For some reason, the biggest names fall out of this tradition
, with which, according to traditional history, the most significant achievements for Russia are associated: Yaroslav the Wise(son of Vladimir I), Yury Dolgoruky(son of Vladimir II Monomakh), Alexander Nevskiy(son of Yaroslav II). The figure looks especially mysterious in this light Dmitry Donskoy(son of Ivan II), Grand Duke of Moscow, whose son was Vasily I.
Thus, traditions corresponding to European royal courts existed in Rus' at least since the 10th century. In terms of their size and influence, the great principalities: Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Moscow, etc., were not inferior to the largest states in Europe. While rulers who were much smaller in territory, power and wealth were styled kings (the kingdoms of Navarre and Burgundy).
We can conclude that any Russian Grand Duke, according to European tradition, was fully consistent with European kings. This is also confirmed by historical facts, for example dynastic marriages.
The wife of Yaroslav the Wise, Ingigerda, was the queen of Sweden. The son, Vsevolod I Yaroslavich, became the son-in-law of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomakh. Yaroslav's daughters - Anna, Anastasia and Elizabeth - married the kings of France, Hungary and Norway, respectively. Grandson of Yaroslav, Vladimir II Vsevolodovich, Thus, could real (and not as a historical legend) to be crowned Emperor of Byzantium as the legitimate Monomakh. His wife was Gita, the daughter of the last king of the Saxons of England - Harold. This list could be continued, but dynastic marriages are concluded between equals in status.
What is hidden behind royal weddings in Russian history?
The official history on this matter is completely confusing. On the one hand, information is provided, called the “historical legend,” about Vladimir Monomakh (1053-1125). The following surviving information is provided.
Once upon a time, the German emperor offered to send a crown as a gift, as a sign of royal power, to either the grandfather or the father of Ivan IV. But the Russian princes reasoned as follows: “... unbecoming to them, born sovereigns, whose family(naturally, according to legend) goes back to the Roman Caesar Augustus, and the ancestors occupied the Byzantine throne, accepting handouts from the Catholic emperor...”
On the other side It is recognized that the tradition of the rite of enthronement goes back centuries. That the solemn crowning of Ivan IV on January 16, 1547, in Moscow, took place according to a ritual invented by his grandfather, Ivan III (1440-1505). Who once himself, with his own hands, crowned another grandson, Dmitry Ivanovich, to the kingdom. True, for some reason he did not give away the scepter - the rod symbolizing state power.
We also have to believe that the attributes of royal power
: Monomakh's hat, barmas, cross on a golden chain and other items used in the ceremony - for more than 400 years they waited in the princely treasuries.
The question also arises about new history. Why did the first Romanovs, before Peter I, not have dynastic numbering?
Borrowing traditions
Questions also arise about the absence of traces of borrowing, which Romanov historians insisted on, from foreign traditions and in state symbols. For example, the appearance of a double-headed eagle as a symbol of state power. According to the initial official version, this emblem was borrowed from the Byzantine Empire after the marriage of Ivan III to Sophia Paleologus. Modern historical research refutes this version. Historian N.P. Likhachev believes that Byzantium did not have a national seal, much less a coat of arms.. There was also no double-headed eagle on the personal seals of the Byzantine emperors known to science. And since it never existed, there was nothing to borrow.
By the time of the “first” coronation in Russia and Europe, a similar ritual had already fully developed. A set of corresponding symbols of power was also formed. It would be reasonable to expect corresponding copying from the “younger” statehood. But in Russia there was never a sword among the regalia of royal power, unlike all other European countries, where it was certainly presented to the monarch during the coronation.
In European rites of enthronement, the monarch himself took an oath, which obligated him to observe the laws of the state, the rights of his subjects, and preserve the borders of his state.
The main text of the oath, as well as the content, as well as the sequence of the enthronement ceremony, have not changed over the centuries. With the changes that took place in society, there was only an increase in the number of obligations assumed by the monarch.
In Russia, when crowning the kingdom, no oath or promises were given to subjects.
. Of course, these historical facts can be attributed to traditional Russian savagery. But there is, in our opinion, a more worthy version. Traditionally, weapons were handed over to their vassals by those higher in the hierarchies of feudal states. Thus, handing over a sword implied a certain subordination. At the same time, an oath about his obligations was also taken from the vassal. The absence of this in Russian traditions may indicate that the king was personified only with God-given power. Maybe that’s why they were called God’s anointed?
In this case, the Russian monarchy should have stood above European kings. Is such historical evidence known? Yes, and some have already been given. There is other evidence of this kind. It is known that the daughter of Yaroslav the Wise, Anna, during her coronation in France, wished to take the royal oath not in Latin, but in the Slavic Bible brought from Kyiv. This Bible remained in the Reims Cathedral, where until 1825 all French monarchs were crowned. All subsequent generations of French kings, astonishing as it may be for historians, swore on the Bible, which arrived in France from Rus'.
A reasonable question arises. How does historical science manage to ignore such obvious facts?
Who wrote Russian history
Tatishchev (1686-1750) is considered the first Russian historian. Back in the 19th century. Academician P.G. Butkov wrote about the published book “Tatishchev”: “..published not from the original, which was lost, but from a very faulty, thin list... When printing this list, the author’s judgments, recognized (by editor Miller - author) as free, were excluded from it, and many editions were made, ... it is impossible to know on which time, Tatishchev stopped, which definitely belongs to his pen...”
Current the version of Russian history was developed by foreigners, German historians: Schlozer, Miller and Bayer. Bayer is the founder of the Norman theory, Miller collected a collection of COPIES of documents (where are the originals?), Schletser was the first to study the original of the oldest manuscript of the “Radziwill Chronicle”, the basis of the CHRONOLOGY of the “Tale of Bygone Years”. Subsequently, nothing radically new was introduced into Russian history before the Romanov period..
Academician B.A. Rybakov, based on an analysis of the text of the “Radziwill Chronicle” (without studying the issue about violations of page numbering and replacement of the order of sheets) wrote that the introductory section of the chronicle is composed of separate, poorly connected passages. They have logical breaks, repetitions, and inconsistencies in terminology.
This is consistent with data from the study of photocopies of the chronicle. The first notebook of the manuscript was collected from separate scattered sheets, with obvious traces of editing of Church Slavonic numbering. In half of the cases these numbers are completely absent. Thus, appropriate forensic examination of the document and corresponding new research are required to confirm its authenticity and historical accuracy.
The Romanov dynasty is the customer of the current version of Russian history. It was they who invited foreigners who developed the corresponding concept before the Romanov historical period. The name of the sentimentalist writer Karamzin, like Tatishchev, was only a cover for foreign roots.
They provided this concept with reliable government protection from opponents, in such a way that it became not a scientific, but a political debate. It is quite natural to connect this with their history of accession to the royal throne. The new dynasty, reasonably, required a new history. At a minimum, in order to ideologically justify her legitimate right to the Russian throne.
It was necessary to hide what was recently revealed during the restoration of old frescoes of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Kremlin. Image of the family of Christ, which includes the Russian Grand Dukes - Dmitry Donskoy, Ivan III, Vasily III. THE RURIKOVITCHES WERE relatives of Jesus! Therefore, the inscriptions on the icons KING OF GLORY objectively mean - KING OF THE SLAVS!
Founders of Rome: Remus and Romulus.
From Hartmann's World Chronicle
Schedel (1493). In the hands of Romulus -
Scepter and royal orb with
CHRISTIAN CROSS.
Medieval coin with the image of Jesus Christ. On the front side is Jesus Christ, on the back it is written: “Jesus Christ Basileus,” that is, “Jesus Christ the King.”
Sergey OCHKIVSKY (Moscow)
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http://expert.ru/users/ochkivskiis/
Expert of the Committee on Economics. politics, investment development and entrepreneurship State. Duma of the Russian Federation. Member of the Council for the Promotion of Entrepreneurial (Investment) Activities and the Development of Competition in the Northwestern Federal District
Tsarist power finally took shape in Russia in the middle of the 16th century, when in 1547 the Grand Duke of All Rus' Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible was the first to officially accept the title of Tsar. The first Russian Tsar was solemnly placed on the cap of Monomakh, a sign of royal power, put on a gold chain and presented with a heavy golden apple, which personified the Russian state. This is how Russia received its first king. He was from the dynasty of Grand Duke Rurik. Royal power was inherited by the eldest son.
Ivan the Terrible had three sons. The eldest Ivan, his father's favorite, the middle Fedor - a weak and sickly young man and the youngest Dmitry, still a very small boy. Ivan was supposed to inherit the throne, but a tragedy occurred in the royal family. In November 1581, Tsar Ivan the Terrible quarreled with his eldest son and, in a fit of anger, beat him. From a terrible nervous shock and severe beatings, Tsarevich Ivan fell ill and soon died. After this tragedy, Tsar Ivan the Terrible also did not live long and died in March 1584, and in May Moscow solemnly celebrated the coronation of the new tsar. He became the middle son of Ivan the Terrible, Fyodor Ioannovich. He could not govern Russia on his own, so all issues were resolved by his wife’s brother Boris Godunov, who became tsar after the death of Fyodor Ioannovich in 1598. Boris Godunov left the throne to his son Fyodor Godunov, who had to reign for only a short time. In 1605, he ascended the throne and in the same year was killed by supporters of False Dmitry, who pretended to be the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry, who died in Uglich in early childhood. False Dmitry managed to seize the Moscow throne, but he did not stay on it for long. Less than a year had passed before he, too, was killed by the conspirators, led by Prince Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky. In 1606, he became the next Russian Tsar and ruled until 1610, when he and his wife were tonsured as monks and imprisoned in the Joseph-Volokolamsky Monastery.
After the deposition of Tsar Vasily in Russia, the interregnum period continued for three years. The boyars thought and wondered who to offer the royal crown to, went through one candidate after another, and this continued until 1613, when Mikhail Romanov became king. This was the first Russian tsar from the Romanov dynasty, whose representatives ruled in Russia until 1917, when the last tsar from the same dynasty, Nicholas II, abdicated the throne and was shot.
Mikhail Romanov was the son of Patriarch Filaret and Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova, who were tonsured into the monastery in 1601 by order of Boris Godunov. After the death of Mikhail Fedorovich in 1645, his son Alexei Mikhailovich became king. He had many children, among whom the struggle for the royal throne later broke out. At first, after the death of Alexei Mikhailovich’s father, his son Fyodor Alekseevich was king, and when he died in 1682, there were two kings on the throne at once: 16-year-old John V Alekseevich and his brother, ten-year-old Peter. They had different mothers. Due to the young age of the children, and the eldest Ivan, as historians write, was weak-minded; Russia was ruled by their elder sister Sophia, John’s sister. In 1696, after the death of his brother Ivan, Peter I began to reign alone, imprisoning Sophia in a monastery.
Subsequently, Peter I took the title of emperor.
The first of the great princes who ruled in the now united Rus' began to call himself Tsar Ivan III Vasilyevich from the dynasty of the Grand Duke of the Varangian Rurik. He was also the first to begin to be written in various government acts not as Ivan, but as John, as was accepted by church book rules: “John, by the grace of God, sovereign of all Rus',” and assigned himself the title of autocrat - this is how the title of the Byzantine emperor sounded in Slavic. By that time, Turkey had captured Byzantium, the imperial house had fallen, and Ivan III began to consider himself the successor of the Byzantine emperor. He marries the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Constantine Paleologus, Sophia Paleologus, who was considered the heir to the fallen imperial house. Having married Grand Duke John III, she seemed to share her rights of inheritance with him.
With the appearance of Princess Sophia in the Kremlin, the entire routine of the Grand Duke's court and even the appearance of Moscow changes. With the arrival of his bride, Ivan III also stopped liking the environment in which his ancestors lived, and the Byzantine craftsmen and artists who arrived with Sophia began to build and paint churches and construct stone chambers. True, our ancestors believed that living in stone houses was harmful, so they themselves continued to live in wooden ones, and only held lavish receptions in stone mansions.
Moscow, in its appearance, began to resemble the former Constantinople, as Constantinople was called, the capital of Byzantium, which has also now become a Turkish city. According to Byzantine rules, court life was now scheduled, down to when and how the king and queen should go out, who should meet them first and where the others should stand at this time, etc. Even the Grand Duke’s gait has changed since he began to call himself a king. She became more solemn, leisurely and stately.
But it’s one thing to call yourself a king, and another to actually be one. Until the middle of the 15th century, in Ancient Rus', in addition to the Byzantine emperors, the khans of the Golden Horde were also called tsars. The grand dukes were subordinate to the Tatar khans for several centuries and were forced to pay them tribute, so the grand duke could become king only after he ceased to be a tributary of the khan. But in this regard, the situation has changed. The Tatar yoke was overthrown, and the Grand Duke finally stopped attempts to demand tribute from the Russian princes.
By the end of the 15th century, the Byzantine imperial coat of arms - a double-headed eagle - appeared on the seals with which Ivan III sealed political treaties and other important political documents.
But the first tsar officially crowned king was not Ivan III. Some more time passed when the great princes who ruled Russia began to be officially called kings and pass this title on by inheritance.
The first Russian Tsar, who was officially called that way all over the world, was the grandson of Ivan III, Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible in 1547.
Tsar is the main title of the monarchs of the Russian Kingdom from 1547 to 1721. The first tsar was Ivan IV the Terrible, and the last was Peter I the Great
Informally, this title was used sporadically by the rulers of Rus' starting from the 11th century and systematically since the time of Ivan III. Vasily III, who succeeded Ivan III, was content with the old title “Grand Duke”. His son Ivan IV the Terrible, upon reaching adulthood, was crowned Tsar of All Rus', thus establishing in the eyes of his subjects his prestige as a sovereign ruler and heir to the Byzantine emperors. In 1721, Peter the Great adopted the main title of Emperor; unofficially and semi-officially, the title “Tsar” continued to be used until the overthrow of the monarchy in February-March 1917. In addition, the title was included in the official full title as the title of the owner of the former Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian Khanates , and then Poland.
Sources: wikii.ru, otvetina.narod.ru, otvet.mail.ru, rusich.moy.su, knowledge.allbest.ru
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The Russian word known as “tsar” comes to us from the Latin word “cesar”. The same word, only in a different sound, that is, “Caesar,” became for the German “Kaiser,” which also meant ruler.
The very first tsar in Rus' came to power unexpectedly. There were princes before him. Ivan the Third Vasilyevich became the first king. He came from the Rurik dynasty. It was he who was the first prince, the Grand Duke of the Varangians. Ivan was also read as John. So it was possible to unite oneself with the Apostle John in the Christian and Slavic language. After all, it turns out for the people that then God himself made him king.
The church, in addition to a different sounding name, gave it a different name. Now the king was an autocrat, which is where autocracy came from. This is exactly what the Byzantine emperor sounded like in a Slavic country. While Türkiye ruled Byzantium, there was no imperial house. When it was possible to return it to Russia, Ivan the Third began to consider himself the successor who ascended the throne after the Emperor of Byzantium.
The king marries a girl named Sophia Palaeologus, who is the niece of Constantine Palaeologus, the last Byzantine emperor. Sophia is considered the heiress of the fallen imperial family. It is thanks to this marriage that John the Third manages to share with her the right of inheritance over Byzantium.
When Sophia appears in the Moscow Kremlin, the princess manages to change the routine of the entire princely court. We are even talking about Moscow itself. John the Third himself also publishes the idea of changing everything that is in Moscow. Because he supposedly doesn’t like anything that’s there either. Therefore, upon the arrival of the young people, Byzantine craftsmen and artists are called to the capital, who begin not only to build, but also to paint churches in their own way. They also built stone chambers where not only kings, but also boyars could live. At this time, the Chamber of Facets is born. But our ancestors, unlike us, thought that living in a house made of stone was harmful. Therefore, although stone houses were built, only feasts and balls were held there, while people continued to live in wooden houses.
Now Moscow was Constantinople. This is exactly what they called Constantinople, which was the capital of Byzantium and was a Turkish city. The life of the nobles who served at court was also now conducted according to Byzantine laws. Moments were even noted when the queen and king had to go to the table, how they should do it, how others should behave. For example, it was customary that when the king or queen enters or leaves the table, everyone else must stand. When the Grand Duke became king, his gait also changed. Now she was more solemn, slower, more dignified.
True, the fact that John called himself a king did not mean at all that he became one. Indeed, until the mid-15th century, Ancient Rus' called not only the Byzantine emperors tsars, but also the khans of the Golden Horde. When can a tsar appear in Rus'? When he ceases to be a subject of the khan. And this was difficult to achieve. True, Rus' was still able to throw off this yoke, so now it could rightfully call its rulers tsars. Now no one, no Tatar, under whose yoke Rus' had been for so many centuries, could demand that the Russian princes pay tribute.
When the 15th century ended, the seals used by Ivan the Third began to seal political treaties, as well as various other important political documents, and the coat of arms on the seal is represented in the form of a double-headed eagle, which had previously been the Byzantine imperial coat of arms.
True, Ivan the Third is not truly the Tsar of Rus'. After all, although it began to be called that, not everything was so smooth. Only after some time did the princes begin to rightfully be called kings, who began to rule Russia. Only then were they able to transfer this title from father to son, that is, by inheritance.
In fact, the first Russian Tsar was Ivan the Fourth the Terrible, who was the grandson of Ivan the Third. This happened when he was officially proclaimed with this title, and since 1547 it became known throughout the world that Ivan the Terrible is the Tsar of All Rus'.
It was Ivan the Fourth the Terrible who entered the history books as the first tsar of the then-known mighty power of all Rus'. Before this, rulers were officially called princes. At the same time, this king served as the most formidable, which is why he was named that way, as well as a dramatic figure throughout the world.
He was born in 1530 from the noble noblewoman Elena Glinskaya. They say that she was a descendant of Genghis Khan. The grandmother was Sophia Palaeologus, as we have already said, the niece of the Byzantine emperor. Ivan's father died when he was only three years old. At the age of eight he loses his mother. This is what influenced the development of the character of the young king. He behaved as a smart politician, a strong and cruel ruler. When he turns eighteen, he becomes the first Tsar of Russia.
An empire is a powerful global power that unites different peoples and territories into a single state with a single political center and plays an important role in its region or even throughout the world. According to Dahl's dictionary, an empire is “a state whose ruler bears the rank of emperor, an unlimited ruler of the highest rank.” The Great Soviet Encyclopedia also adds to the concept of empire “the organization of colonial rule of individual bourgeois states. In this sense, they speak of the British Empire as an organization that, together with Great Britain, embraces all the dominions and colonies, of the French Empire, despite the republican nature of the state system of France.”
As we see, an empire can be not only a monarchical, but also a completely democratic system at its center, but still have some colonies or dependent territories. The peculiarity of the Russian Empire in this regard was that its colonies were not located across the seas and even oceans, like those of England or France, but were directly adjacent on all sides to the Russian lands themselves. Most of them lived under the same laws as the central provinces, but some had broad local self-government (Finland, the Emirate of Bukhara, etc.).
Under Ivan the Third, complex and strict palace ceremonies of the Byzantine emperors were introduced. He began to call himself the Grand Duke of “All Rus',” and this title was recognized by Lithuania in 1494. The first of the Moscow princes, he was called “tsar”, “autocrat”.
In 1497, Ivan III introduced a new coat of arms of Muscovite Rus' - a black double-headed Byzantine eagle. Moscow, thus, laid claim to the status of successor to Byzantium (later the Pskov monk Philotheus called it the “third Rome”; the “second” Rome was the fallen Constantinople...
Ivan III, from "Titulyarnik". 17th century And in fact, why was there a “king” in almost all countries, and a “tsar” in Russia? Yes, everything is simple - because from the word “Caesar”, as the ancient Roman emperors were called. The first to officially accept the title of Tsar was, as is known, the grandson of Ivan III, Ivan IV (the Terrible) in 1547. In addition to Russia, there were also kings in Bulgaria, whose rulers first took this title back in the Middle Ages and also as a symbol of the fact that they were laying claims to succession from the fading neighboring Byzantium (“Second Rome”). But in Russia, as we see, the royal title was not enough for the rulers, and soon after Ivan the Terrible they began to call themselves emperors. It was soon - Peter I was not the first here either.
In historical science, the prevailing opinion is that the first emperor of Russia was Peter the Great. In fact, False Dmitry was the first to take this title in 1605. This is what R.G. writes about this. Skrynnikov:
“In an effort to consolidate success, False Dmitry accepted the imperial title. From now on, in official addresses, Otrepiev called himself this way: “ We, the most brilliant and invincible autocrat, the great sovereign Caesar", or " We, the most invincible monarch, by the grace of God the emperor and the great prince of all Russia, and the sovereign of many lands, and the autocrat tsar, and so on, and so on, and so on“. So the small Galician nobleman Yuri Otrepiev, who took the name of Dmitry, became the first emperor in Russian history. Explaining the meaning of his title, the impostor announced to foreign ambassadors that he, as an emperor, had enormous power and had no equal in the midnight (northern) regions. Indeed, the boyar nobility at first had to reckon with the claims of the newly-minted emperor, for he had power on his side.” (Skrynnikov R.G. Impostors in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. - Novosibirsk, 1987. - p. 164).
The first Russian Tsar, Ivan IV, was born in August 1530 and was the heir to the Grand Duke of Moscow, Vladimir III. Vladimir himself came from the Rurik dynasty, their Moscow branch. Ivan's mother, Elena, was a Lithuanian princess from the Glinsky family, which originated from the temnik of the Golden Horde, the cruel and cunning Mamai.
When the future tsar was only three years old, Prince Vladimir died, and five years later his mother, Elena Glinskaya, also died. The boy was left a complete orphan and was given to be raised by guardians - boyars, between whom there was a constant struggle for influence on the fragile soul of the child.
The atmosphere of intrigue, meanness and deception in which Ivan grew up had a strong influence on the development of his character and largely shaped the further policy of government.
It is not for nothing that Ivan IV later received the terrifying nickname the Terrible or Bloody Tsar. The reign of Ivan the Terrible was truly bloody and cruel. He was a despotic, tough ruler, who in all his decisions was guided solely by his own interests, achieving his goal at any cost.
Confirmation of the strong will and power of the future ruler of Rus' can be seen in the fact that already at the age of 13, Ivan rebelled against the boyars and ordered Andrei Shuisky to be torn to pieces by dogs. Subsequently, Ivan the Terrible more than once confirmed his nickname, mercilessly eliminating rivals, arranging show executions and having no leniency even towards close people.
At the same time, Ivan the Terrible was remembered by his contemporaries not only for his stormy and hot-tempered, quick-to-kill temper. He was one of the most educated people of that time. He wrote music, composed numerous literary “epistles”, contributed to the emergence of book publishing, and he himself owned one of the best libraries in Europe, had a deep knowledge of theology and had a phenomenal memory.
The king died in 1584 at the age of only 54 years. According to some sources, in the last years of his life Ivan IV was paralyzed, the cause of which was a spinal disease.
The most important result of the reign of Ivan the Terrible was the introduction of one-man rule and the adoption of the royal title. The concept of the very first kings is associated with Byzantine culture and comes from the Roman “Caesar”.
Note! In the history of Rus', Ivan the Terrible is the first to be named Tsar. Until 1547, all Russian rulers were called princes.
When Ivan turned 17 years old, he was officially introduced to the status of autocrat, although he nominally played the role of ruler of the state from the age of three, after the death of his father, Prince Vladimir III.
The year of the wedding was 1547, the date was January 25. The procedure was carried out in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
During this solemn event, symbols of royal power were entrusted to the young prince:
After this, the future tsar accepted the “anointing” and became the recognized ruler of all Rus'.
Ivan the Terrible's entry into power was carried out in violation of generally accepted norms. The ceremony of “coronation to the kingdom” was performed by the Russian Metropolitan Macarius, whereas according to the established canons this should have been done by the Pope or the Patriarch of Constantinople.
This caused the legality of the title to be denied by other states for several years. But already in 1561, Patriarch Joseph of Constantinople signed the Council Charter, confirming the correctness of the new status of the monarch.
The royal title radically changed the position of the state in diplomatic relations:
Note! The Polish-Lithuanian state for a long time refused to accept the legitimacy of the coronation and, during the 16th century, never recognized the title of autocrat.
It should be noted that it was during the reign of Ivan the Terrible that an unprecedented rise was felt in many areas in Rus'.
The changes that occurred over the almost forty-year period of the reign of Ivan IV largely strengthened the role of the Russian state at the international level, and innovative changes were made in the country’s internal course:
In addition, a large number of reforms were carried out in the Russian kingdom:
Note! After financial transformations, new minted forms came into use, which depicted a horseman with a spear. It was these coins that were popularly called “kopek”, which we use to this day.
The first wife of Ivan IV was Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yuryeva, whose wedding took place a month after the coronation of the Tsar - on February 13, 1547. This marriage was long, it lasted more than 13 years, until the death of Anastasia.
After this, the Russian Tsar repeatedly started a new family, among other things, having numerous illegal connections.
The fate of the remaining wives with whom Ivan the Terrible lived between these three marriages was tragic:
Fyodor I Ioannovich, who ascended the throne after the death of his father, was the last of the dynasty of Moscow kings - the Rurikovichs. After this, in 1613, Mikhail Fedorovich from the Romanov family became the Russian Tsar.
Disputes about the identity of the first Russian Tsar continued over the next five centuries after his reign. At the end of the twentieth century, the question of canonizing his image was even raised.
But the Orthodox Church opposed this idea, considering the figure of Ivan the Terrible too controversial and odious, which became an obstacle to conferring the holy rank on him.
