Description: The genus includes up to 20 species, distributed in the temperate latitudes of the forest zone of Europe, East Asia and North America.
Corylus avellana f. contorta
Photo by Mikhail Polotnov
Deciduous shrubs up to 4-10 m high, less commonly trees with long, twig-like branches and simple, broadly oval leaves. Shrub species form the undergrowth in broad-leaved, mixed and coniferous forests, growing in clearings into dense thickets. Most species have been used by humans since ancient times as nut crops. Recently, they have begun to be used for decorative purposes due to their large dark green foliage, colored in bright yellow and red tones in the fall. Hazel fruits are a storehouse of tasty, easily digestible oil. For fruit set, cross-pollination is necessary, and it is better if these are green-leaved and red-leaved forms. Therefore, it is necessary to have at least 2-3 bushes on the site.
Common hazel(Corylus avellana) is a common resident of European forests. But this is no reason to neglect it. A large, up to 7 m tall, multi-stemmed shrub is good from early spring, when, against the backdrop of the first thawed patches, long golden catkins bloom in the wind. Hazel blooms in the absence of foliage, but when the leaves finally bloom, the spreading crown turns into a real shady tent under which a small family can sit. And in the fall, without disturbing the existing harmony of the garden, this species turns a pleasant yellow color. Other hazel species that grow well in central Russia differ from ordinary hazel in leaf shape and nuts. In the Far Eastern hazel variegated(C. heterophylla) leaves are almost bare with a truncated apex, decorated with a point, and the nuts are good and available. Among her compatriots - Manchurian hazel(S. mandschurica) and Siebold(C. sieboldiana) the shells of the nuts look like long narrow tubes that completely hide the contents, and for added reliability they are covered with unpleasant bristles that irritate the skin. American hazels can also be grown: horned(S. cornuta) and actually American(C. americana), although they freeze slightly in winter and do not reach the same size as domestic ones.
 American hazel- Corylus americana Marshall
Northern part of North America. It grows among bushes, forms thickets along the banks and valleys of rivers and on slopes. Mesophyte, microtherm. Tree up to 3 m tall. In GBS since 1957, 5 samples (3 copies) were grown from seeds obtained from natural habitats, botanical gardens of North America, as well as from GBS reproduction seeds. At 20 years of age, the height is 3.6 m, the crown diameter is 330 cm. It grows from late April-early May to the end of September. The growth rate is high. It blooms from mid-April to early May, sometimes in October. It bears fruit from the age of 9, the fruits ripen in the second half of September and October. Winter hardiness is average (partially freezes in winter). Seed germination rate is 50%. Cuttings root poorly. The photo shows Corylus americana "Variegata". Nuts, dried to an air-dry state, are stored until they are stored for stratification in boxes, sprinkled with sand, peat or sawdust, in a cool dry room, as well as in tightly sealed containers, plastic or paper bags in the refrigerator. In this case, seed germination lasts no more than 2 years. It is better to sow in the fall. When sowing in spring, stratification is required at 1 - 5 °C for 3 - 6 months. Sowing depth 4 - 6 cm. Seeding rate - 50 - 70 g per 1 linear line. m. Photo by Epictetus Vladimir |
It has high decorative qualities: a slender trunk, covered with whitish-gray bark, separated by plates; regular wide-pyramidal crown with a tree height of up to 20 m; dense dark green foliage that blooms early and remains green for a long time; peculiar fruits with a wrapper cut into thin, sharp, jagged lobes, which gives the plant a peculiar appearance during the fruiting period.
It grows quickly, is shade-tolerant, can withstand frosts down to -30°C and below, is drought-resistant, but develops better in deep, humus-rich fresh soils. Lives up to 200 years. Propagated by seeds, layering, grafting. An excellent breed for alley and street plantings, especially in the southern regions, it is effective in single and group plantings. In culture since ancient times.
In GBS since 1951, 3 samples (4 copies) were grown from seeds obtained from the Trostyanets arboretum (Ukraine), Brno (Slovakia) and natural habitats. At 48 years old, the height is 8.2 m, the trunk diameter is 6 cm. It grows from the second half of April-early May until the end of October for 167 days. The growth rate is average. Doesn't bloom. Winter hardiness is below average. 26% of cuttings take root when treated with a 0.01% IBA solution for 16 hours. Use in landscaping in central Russia is inappropriate.
Storage and preparation for sowing are the same as for C. americana. Best results with autumn sowing. You can sow without clearing the plush, but sow 2 - 3 cm deeper than those cleared of the plush. When sowing in spring, stratification is required at 1 - 5°C for 3 - 6 months. Soil germination of seeds is 73 - 85%. Sowing depth 4 - 5 cm.
It has dark purple(f. atropurpurea) form - with dark purple leaves and a red top of nuts.
 Siebold hazel-Corylus sieboldiana Blume
East Asia. Grows in the undergrowth of mountain forests, on forest edges and open slopes. Medium shade-tolerant mesoxerophyte, mesotherm. Shrub up to 2(5) m tall. In GBS since 1956, 2 samples (5 copies) were grown from seeds obtained from foreign botanical gardens. At 46 years old, the height is 7.0 m, crown diameter is 650 cm. It grows from mid-April to the second half of October. The growth rate is high. Blooms in April-May. It bears fruit from the age of 8, the fruits ripen in September. Winter hardiness is complete. 10% of cuttings take root without treatment. Can be used for landscaping Moscow. Seed storage, preparation for sowing and seeding depth in the ground are similar to C. heterophylla. Photo by Kirill Kravchenko |
 Large hazel, or "Lombard Nut"- Corylus maxima Mill.
Distributed in Asia Minor and the Balkans. Mesoxerophyte, mesotherm. It has been cultivated since ancient times as a nut-bearing plant. It grows as a large shrub up to 10 m tall with gray branches, densely glandular-pubescent annual shoots. The leaves are round or broadly oval, 12 x 10 cm, with a heart-shaped base, with a sharp, short apex, pubescent along the veins below, doubly toothed along the edge, with softly pubescent petioles, lanceolate stipules. Male catkins up to 10 cm. The fruits are crowded, up to 8. The involucre of the nut, 2 times its length, is tubular, pubescent, with wide teeth at the end. Suitable for use in the southern regions of Russia. In GBS since 1953, 2 samples (2 copies) were grown from seeds obtained from the Czech Republic. At 40 years old, the height is 4.75 m, crown diameter is 480 cm. It grows from late April-early May to late September-early October. The growth rate is high. No flowering was observed. Winter hardiness is low. Cuttings root poorly. Soil germination of seeds is 83 - 91%. Storage, preparation for sowing, seeding depth in the ground are similar to C. americana. The ancestor of industrial, cultivated varieties of hazelnuts. Grows well in fresh, fertile soils. In landscaping it is used for single and group plantings. In culture since ancient times. Very impressive red-leaved(f. atropurpurea) form - see photo, large, multi-stemmed shrub up to 4 m tall with larger, dark purple leaves, blood-red coloring of the wrapper and pink shell of the core. The large burgundy leaves look very impressive, but the plant freezes noticeably in central Russia, maintaining a low growth of about two meters, and does not bloom. But perhaps some people will like these properties. Photo by EDSR. |
 Manchurian hazel- Corylus mandshurica Maxim.
Grows in Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories. Northern China and Korea. Protected in nature reserves. It grows in the undergrowth of coniferous-deciduous forests and forms thickets. Very shade-tolerant mesophyte, mesotherm, mesotroph, stable dominant of the undergrowth of coniferous-deciduous forests, edificator of anthropogenic bush thickets.
In GBS since 1939, 7 samples (49 copies) were grown from seeds obtained from natural habitats, botanical gardens of the CIS, there are plants of GBS reproduction. At 54 years old, height is 9.7 m, crown diameter is 700 cm. It grows from 29.IV±7 to W.X±5 for 156 days. The growth rate is high. It blooms from 10 years old, in late March-early April. Fruits from 31.VIH±15. Winter hardiness is complete. Seed germination rate is 40%. Cuttings root poorly. Storage, preparation for sowing and sowing depth are the same as for C. heterophylla. It differs from common hazel in its fissured bark, size and drooping of the nut wrapper. It is very shade-tolerant, more demanding of moisture, less productive than variegated hazel, and in nature often hybridizes with it. Tolerates replanting and pruning well. Propagated by seeds, dividing bushes, root suckers. Recommended for groups, forest edges, as an undergrowth of sparse plantings, for planting in amateur gardens. Photo by Knyazhev Valery |
| Common hazel - Corylus avellana L.
The specific name "avellana" comes from the city of "Avellano" in Italy, which was a center of hazel cultivation under the Romans. It is found in the wild throughout the European part of Russia, in the Crimea, the Caucasus, and Western Europe. Available in nature reserves. It grows in the undergrowth of coniferous-deciduous and broad-leaved forests, and can form pure thickets. Restorative and sometimes irruptive, very shade-tolerant mesophyte, mesotherm, eutrophic, edificator of undergrowth and anthropogenic edificator of secondary thickets. Shrub up to 5 m tall, with grayish bark, pubescent young shoots, almost rounded leaves, up to 12 cm long, slightly lobed, dark green, glabrous, matte, light green below, pubescent along the veins. It blooms in early spring before the leaves bloom, distinguished by the special grace of its numerous dangling earrings. The fruit is a round or oblong nut. At the beginning of development it grows slowly, later faster. Shade-tolerant, but does not bear fruit under the canopy of closed plantings. Frost-resistant, demanding on soil fertility and moisture, sensitive to drought. Propagated by seeds, root suckers, layering, cuttings, and dividing the bush. Seed germination rate is 50%. Cuttings root poorly. Lives up to 90 years. It is used in parks and forest parks in the undergrowth, edges and hedges, as well as for decorating and strengthening slopes. In culture since ancient times. Storage, preparation for sowing p. the same as in S. americana. It is better to sow in the fall. When sowing in spring, stratification is required at 1 - 5 °C for 3 - 6 months. Sowing depth 4 - 6 cm. It has a number of decorative forms, differing in the color and shape of the leaves, and the shape of the crown: white-motley(f. albo-variegata) - with white-edged leaves; golden(f. augea) - a large bush or small tree up to 4 m high with golden yellow leaves and yellow shoots, the color is especially bright in illuminated places, very good in standard form; golden-edged(f. aureo-marginata) - with a yellow border along the edge of the leaf; dissected(f. laciniata) - with pinnately dissected leaves, with pointed-toothed blades, reminiscent of nettle leaves; oakleaf(f. quercifolia) - with leaves resembling oak leaves; weeping(f. pendula) - standard form with an umbrella-shaped crown and weeping branches, height and diameter of the crown - 2-3 m, grows quickly, shade-tolerant, prefers fertile soils, does not tolerate excess water, winter-hardy; in severe winters, the ends of annual shoots sometimes freeze.
"Atropurpurea"("Fuscorubra"). The most common. Shrub 4-6 m high, with large reddish-brown or dark purple leaves. The underside of the leaf is pubescent and lighter than the top, turns green in the fall. Monoecious shrub - on one tree and male (dark burgundy catkins), and female flowers (in the form of buds), appearing in the spring on bare shoots before the leaves bloom. The nuts are dark burgundy, ripen from August to September. The tops of the nuts are also burgundy. Suitable for strengthening slopes, like tapeworm and for contrasting groups. An old, proven variety. The leaves have a reddish-purple color only from a young age; as they mature, they turn green. But since the growth of shoots continues for quite a long time, their unusually colored ends adorn the bush almost the entire season. Both earrings and nuts of this variety have a reddish tint . The most exotic look of the form office(f. contorta) with curved, strongly twisted shoots and wrinkled leaves. In spring, its bare, twisting branches with dangling catkins look fantastic. The variety grows slowly, eventually (but very slowly) reaching a height of 3 m. It should be planted in spring or early summer for better plant survival. Although you can more often find grafted specimens on sale, preference should be given to own-rooted ones, so that growth from the rootstock does not bother you in the future. In the summer, in a sloppy drapery of large “crumpled” leaves, this variety may not be attractive, but in the spring and after the leaves fall, it is incredibly attractive! Its strong point is its openwork design made of fantastically curved and twisted branches, and its purpose is to delight lovers of graphic autumn sketches. At this time, the original light brown silhouette plays among the dark lacy crowns of other trees and light strokes of dry grass. It is recommended to prune this variety, leaving only a few of the most “spectacular” branches, but, unfortunately, it does not always winter well in central Russia. Therefore, before pruning, it is worth seeing what adjustments winter will make.
Sort " Red Majestic" - an attempt to embellish "Contorta" and make it attractive to those who prefer the diversity of the summer garden. The same silhouette, but with intensely purple leaves, especially in spring. However, its winter hardiness did not improve from this. "Fuscorubra". Shrub up to 7 (12) m tall. In GBS since 1947, 3 samples (15 copies) were grown from seedlings obtained from Potsdam and from cuttings taken from collection plants of GBS. Height 3.85 m, crown diameter 230 cm. Grows in the same time frame as the main species. Growth rate is high. Does not bloom. Winter hardiness is high. 100% of cuttings take root when treated with a 0.01% IBA solution for 16 hours. "Aurea"large vertically growing shrub, height 3-5 m, width 3-5 m, dense, slow-growing. Monoecious, male flowers in yellowish catkins, female flowers inconspicuous, until the foliage blooms. Leaves are golden-yellow when blooming, later lemon-green, in autumn yellow. Brown nuts, edible, ripen in September. Zone 5a |
| Hybrid varieties:
Hazel No. 72a. Dedicated to the All-Russian Research Institute of Forestry and Forestry Mechanization. The height of the bush is up to 4 m. The nut is almost round, 17-18 mm in diameter, with a very thin shell. The amount of fat in the kernel is 65%. Northern 42. Hybrid green-leaved hazelnut selected by academician A.S. Yablokov. Obtained from crossing hazel near Moscow with the southern hazelnut variety Barcelona. The bush is vigorous, 4-5 meters. The nuts are oblong - 22 mm in length. Their weight in the Moscow region is 2.5 g, in the Caucasus - 3.8 g. In severe winters, male catkins can freeze slightly, so replanting with another variety of pollinator is necessary. First born. Hybrid green-leaved hazelnuts, obtained in the Ivanteevsky nursery of the All-Russian Research Institute of Forestry and Forestry Mechanization from crossing the Far Eastern hazel variegated with large southern hazelnuts. The bush is vigorous and spreading. The bunch consists of 2-5 large nuts 27 mm long. The shell is thin. The kernel contains 65% fat. The variety is very winter-hardy and productive. Fruits almost every year. Male catkins and female inflorescences bloom at the same time. In the Moscow region, nuts ripen at the end of September. Good as a pollinator for other varieties. Academician Yablokov. Separated from the hybrid fund A.S. Yablokov by breeder R.F. Kudasheva. The variety is red-leaved, vigorous (4-5 m). Frost-resistant and productive. His father was the world's largest hazelnut, Trebizond. The number of nuts in a bunch is up to 12 pcs. The nuts are quite large, 26 mm in size, oblong, similar to acorns. The shell is thin. Fat in the kernel is more than 65%. Ripen in the second half of September. Harvest - 10 kg per bush. Moscow ruby. Red-leaved, vigorous, winter-hardy. The nuts are very large - 28 mm. There are up to 15 pieces in a bunch. The color of the nut and plush is crimson. The shell is thin. The taste is good. Productivity is almost annual. Ripens in the first ten days of October. Hybrid No. 468. Red-leaved, large-fruited. The crown is very decorative - from raspberry-pink in spring to raspberry-violet at the end of summer. Hybrid No. 490. Red-leaved, early ripening and very productive. Fruits almost every year. Catherine. Red-leaved hazelnut with very large (up to 30 mm) fruits. |
| Pontian hazel- Corylus pontica KKoch
In nature, it is distributed in Asia Minor and Western Transcaucasia. Grows as a shrub up to 5 m tall. Annual shoots and leaf petioles are densely pubescent. The leaves are round or broadly oval, 14 x 12 cm in size, with a heart-shaped base and a short, sharp apex, unevenly bi-toothed, yellowish-green, pubescent below, stipules oblong-lanceolate. Male flowers in earrings, female flowers 2-3 in buds. The involucre is longer than the fruit, tubular, bell-shaped in the upper part, expanded, dissected into wide toothed lobes, glandular-pubescent at the base. The fruits are collected in groups of 2-3. The nut is large, round, slightly flattened, more than 2 cm in diameter. Weakly winter-resistant. It is the ancestor of many cultivated hazelnut varieties. In culture since the times of Ancient Greece. |
 Variegated hazel- Corylus heterophylla Fisch. ex Trautv.
Eastern Siberia, Far East, Eastern Asia. Available in nature reserves. It grows in the undergrowth of oak forests and forms thickets on the dry slopes of hills. Moderately shade-tolerant mesoxerophyte, mesomicrotherm, oligotroph, stable dominant of the undergrowth of relatively dry oak forests, stable edificator of shrub thickets. A shrub up to 3 m tall, with a very dense, widely spreading crown, replacing common hazel in the Far East. The bark on the trunks is brown or brown-gray, young shoots are densely pubescent with glandular hairs. Rough, almost glabrous leaves on a hairy petiole up to 3 cm long, broadly obovate with a heart-shaped base and a straight-cut apex, usually ending in three large teeth. When they bloom in spring, they are reddish, in summer they are dark green, in autumn they are orange, golden-orange, golden-yellow. Spherical nuts up to 1.5 cm in diameter with a very hard, gray-pubescent shell in a pus, collected 2-3 at the ends of the branches and stand out effectively against the background of dark foliage. The plus is bell-shaped, separate on both sides, dissected into segments, velvety pubescent, longer than the nut. A characteristic feature of this species is early fruiting. It is very frost-resistant, can withstand frosts down to -45°C, and is drought-resistant. Prefers fresh, nutritious soils, serves as an indicator of fertility, suffers from excessive moisture, and reacts painfully to soil compaction. It is photophilous, although it tolerates a lack of light, and tolerates pruning and replanting well. Propagated by seeds, which remain viable until spring, by dividing the bush, and by root suckers. Lives up to 80 years. In GBS since 1939, 4 samples (9 copies) were grown from seeds obtained from natural habitats and botanical gardens of the CIS. At 54 years old, the height is 3.6 m, the crown diameter is 330 cm. It grows from 4.V±4 to 5.X±12 for 153 days. The growth rate is high. Blooms from 16.IV to 24.IV, 8 days. It bears fruit from the age of 9, the fruits ripen in mid-August. Winter hardiness is complete. Seed germination rate is 33%. 50% of cuttings take root when treated with a 0.01% IBA solution for 16 hours. Seeds need stratification at 0 - 5°C for 2 - 3 months. Soil germination 79 - 86%. Sowing depth 4 - 5 cm. A valuable species for green construction and forestry, especially in the eastern regions of Russia. It can be recommended for creating edges, massifs, large groups, single plantings in parks and forest parks. In culture since 1882. Photo by EDSR. |
| Horned hazel- Corylus cornuta March.
Grows wild in eastern North America. It grows among shrubs and forms thickets along river banks and on slopes. Mesophyte, mesotherm. In nature, it is a deciduous shrub up to 3 m tall, with slightly pubescent young shoots and a densely leafy crown, colored yellow in autumn. The leaves are oval or obovate, 6-10 cm long, pointed, finely toothed, glabrous above, pubescent along the veins below. The fruit is a single-seeded nut, on a hairy stalk, the involucre is solid, tubular, tightly fitting the nut, densely bristly and hairy, above the nut it is sharply extended into a narrow, 2-3 times larger than the nut, pubescent tube, which is why it differs from the common hazel. Externally, the wrapper resembles a horn, which was the reason for the specific name of the plant. In GBS since 1938, 6 samples (12 copies) were grown from seeds obtained from botanical gardens of foreign countries. At 55 years old, height is 6.2 m, crown diameter is 500 cm. It grows from late April-early May to late September-early October. The growth rate is high. Blooms from the second half of April to early May. It bears fruit from the age of 7, the fruits ripen in September. Winter hardiness is below average. Seed germination rate is 35%. Cuttings root poorly. It is not practical to use it in landscaping in central Russia. Low bushes of this hazel are interesting in forest plantings and amateur gardens. In culture since the 18th century. |
| Of the 11 species of the genus Corylus tested in the botanical garden of St. Petersburg in open ground, 6 species appeared in the collection in the 19th century, 1 species - in the 18th century: S. avellana L. constantly exists in the Garden from 1736 to 2005. Testing of its forms began in the second half of the 19th century: f. fusco-rubra Dippel (= S. a. f. atropurpurea Winkler) (1861-1889, 1980-2005), f. lacinata Petz. et Kirchn. (= C a. f. urticifolia (DC.) S. K. Schneid.) (1869-1898, 1936), f. quercifolia Petz. et Kirchn. (1870-1923, until 1936-1942), f. aurea Petz. et Kirchn. (1881-1887), f. pendula Goeschke (1881-1887, 1946-1950). Mentioned for the first time in the 1816 catalog S. cornuta March. (= C. rostrata Aiton). This species entered the collection and became permanent since 1873 (1816, 1873-2005). In 1833-1837 F. Fischer tested S. americana Walt. f. alba, which he classified as non-winter-hardy trees in the St. Petersburg climate. In the second half of the 19th century. began to grow in open ground C. heterophylla Fisch. ex Trautv. (1852-? 1942, 1968-2005; 1861 - received from K.I. Maksimovich; 1927-1938 - Gorsh. Arb.), S. maxima Mill. (= C. tubulosa Willd.) (1861-1869), S. colurna L. (1863-1874, 1888-1897, ca. 1936, 1947-2005), S. americana Walt. (= S. serotina Hort. ex Dippel) (1864-1898, 1948-1992), S. mandshurica Maxim. (= C brevituba Com.) (1870-2005). In 1910, V.L. Komarov brought specimens of Manchurian hazel from the Far East, which may have served him in 1929 as samples for describing a new species - S. brevituba. These 2 specimens are still growing, however, currently C. brevituba is considered only as a synonym of C. mandshurica. Nevertheless, these specimens are of considerable age - about 95 years old, are of historical and botanical interest and need to be protected. Testing of new species of the Leshchina genus continued in the second half of the 20th century: S. chinensis Franch. (1956-2005), S. tibetica Battle. (1956-1962), C. x colurnoides S. K. Schneid. (C. solurnax C. avellana) (50-60s), S. sieboldiana Blume (c. 1961, 1992-2005), S. maxima f. purpurea(Loudon) Rehder (= Cm. f. atropurpurea Dochnahl) (1969-2005). According to V.I. Lipsky and K.K. Meissner (1913/1915), the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden was first introduced into culture S. mandshurica- 1870 (according to Raeder - 1882). We believe that our Garden introduced into culture and C. heterophylla- 1852 (according to Raeder - “1882 or earlier”). |
Location: grow quickly. The redness of the leaves is more intense in good sunlight. And yellow-leaved forms are, in principle, susceptible to burning and need shading from the hot midday rays. The advantages include longevity, winter hardiness, shade tolerance and decorativeness.
Soils: They achieve better development on fresh, humus-rich soils; they do not tolerate waterlogged and saline soils, as well as poor and dry ones.
Landing: Hazel trees are planted in the fall. First, 60×50 cm pits are prepared, filled with humus (up to 10-15 kg) and mineral fertilizers (200 g of superphosphate and 50 g of potassium salt) and fertile soil from the top arable layer is added. Before planting, seedlings are cut to 20-25 cm, the roots are dipped in a mash of clay and manure and placed in holes every 4-5 m (in a hedge it is denser), watered abundantly.
Care: The tree trunk circles are loosened, but not deeply, and mulched, for example, with mowed grass. In dry years, plants are watered occasionally, fed with organic matter every 2-3 years and annually with mineral fertilizers. During fruit set, fertilizing with urea is advisable. And for normal growth and development of the hazel bush, it is thinned out in the 5-6th year, leaving 6-8 or 8-10 trunks in each, depending on the planting density.
To guarantee a safe overwintering of plants, it is recommended in the fall to bend low-growing branches to the ground and cover them with snow. To obtain a reliable harvest, artificial pollination must be used. For this purpose, among the bushes, closer to the female inflorescences, a bottle with water and cut branches of common hazel with earrings is placed tied to the stems. Artificial pollination can be done in another way. Take several flowering earrings (2-3), bring them to the blossoming fruit buds and lightly shake the earrings over the pistils. Very often, earrings and fruit buds open and bloom at the same time. As a rule, catkins begin to gather dust before the female inflorescences bloom. In this case, pollen is collected, sometimes along with earrings, in a clean paper bag. You can’t keep pollen in the sun even for a few minutes, it dies. The bag is stored in the refrigerator at a temperature of about 0 degrees until the red threads of the pistils appear. Then, with a soft watercolor brush, take pollen from the bag and apply it to the stigmas of the pistils. For small hazelnut bushes, this method is convenient and reliable. It takes very little time to pollinate a flowering bush - 15-20 minutes.
Formative pruning is of great importance for hazel and hazelnuts. Since these plants are light-loving, the entire crown of the bushes should be accessible to light and air. In practice, two shaping techniques are used. First appointment. In dense bushes, excess shoots are cut out in the middle. Some of the side stems are bent to the side and secured in this position with wire. It turns out something like a green “vase” with the middle accessible to light and air. Another trick. The stems are tied, deflecting them left and right, to two thick aluminum wires running from the sides of the bush at a height of 1.2 - 1.5 m from the ground. The profile of the bush in this case looks like a boat, or the letter “V”. This is essentially a trellis garter, the same way raspberry and grape bushes are tied. With this formation, the bushes take up less space than with the first one. For a separate bush, it is better to use a “vase” type formation.
The original method of growing and forming hazel was used by the Moscow gardener A.S. Frolova. She formed her hazel trees not in a traditional, multi-standard culture, but in a single-standard culture. I left one, most powerful stem from the bush growth, and cut out the rest at ground level. The stem grew very quickly, became covered with overgrown fruit branches, and by the fourth year of life it produced its first harvest. Instead of a multi-stemmed bush, a small single-stem tree was obtained. The abundance of food and free access of light and air to the crown led to good annual harvests for many years. After fifteen years, when the hazel tree began to age and lose productivity, Florova A.S. I made a layering, and in the neighborhood, but in a new place, a young bush appeared, which was later cultivated without replanting according to the same single-stem scheme.
One of the constant concerns of a gardener is lightening the hazel crown, especially inside the bush. When pruning, you have to take into account that most of the hard flower buds are located at the tips of the overgrowing stems of the branches. For this reason, only dried, old and strongly shading branches are pruned. Although the hazel bush lives a long time, at the age of 15-20 years the overgrown branches of the skeletal stems begin to dry out, which reduces the yield. Anti-aging pruning required. It is carried out gradually, cutting out 1-2 old stems per year. They are cut as close to the ground as possible, in early spring, in March, before the sap begins to flow. Excess root shoots from the bush are also cut out.
Reproduction: seeds, root suckers, layering. They produce abundant growth from the stump. The easiest way in a garden is to divide the bush. Using a sharp shovel, 1-2 young stems are broken off along with the root system and a large lump of earth. When replanting, cuts are made at a height of 10-15 cm from the ground to cause the appearance of new growth and to achieve better survival of the bush. When a large number of seedlings is required, and the plants produce few root shoots, horizontal and arcuate layering is done.
Photo by Andrey Kopysov
Varietal hazelnuts and hazelnuts can be propagated by grafting buds or cuttings onto wild hazel and bear hazel. The best time for bud grafting (budding) in the middle zone is the end of July - beginning of August, when the bark of the rootstock is easily separated from the wood. Buds (eyes) for grafting are taken from the woody part of the current year's shoots. Before you start grafting and cut the eye from a shoot of a scion variety, the cuttings are cleared of pubescence. Grafting with cuttings is done using the following methods: cupping, splitting, and bark grafting. Cuttings are harvested in the fall, although they can be cut in the spring before the buds open before grafting.
From sowing hazelnut seeds, especially hybrids, the offspring obtained are diverse, sometimes bearing little resemblance to the mother plant. As a rule, hazelnut seedlings produce half-hazelnuts, although they have excellent taste and nutritional benefits. For planting, select mature nuts that have fallen from the bush. Sow in the fall to a depth of 7-8 cm, or in the spring to a depth of 5-6 cm. When propagated by seeds, hazelnuts and hazels begin to bear fruit only in 5-8 years. When vegetative for 3-4 years.
Usage: species hazels are shade-tolerant and can form a second tier. They are good for undergrowth when you need to cover the trunks of “leggy” trees that are too long and bare. But hazels love sunny meadows much more. Single mature bushes with widely spread branches will completely replace a gazebo or become a shelter for shady flower beds for about eighty years - this is the lifespan of the plant. And the abundant leaf litter of hazel will be a good organic fertilizer for any forest plants. Keeping colored hazels in groups or individually is a matter of taste; in any case, they look elegant.
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Who among us does not love to eat delicious hazelnuts collected from a tree called hazel. And while many people are more or less aware of the beneficial properties of hazelnuts, we know quite little about the medicinal properties of the bark, leaves and other parts of this plant. Well, it’s time to fill this gap, and this article will help with this.The plant received its name for the shape of the foliage (hazel leaves are quite large and broadly oval), reminiscent of bream fish in appearance, while the upper surface of the leaves is dark green in color, and the lower surface is light green.
Hazel branches are covered with brown bark with white lentils. Young shoots are distinguished by their gray color and the presence of an edge.
The flowers of the plant are unisexual: for example, male flowers have the shape of earrings located on short branches, while female flowers are more like buds.
The fruit of the hazel tree is a brownish-yellow edible nut, enclosed in a leaf wrapper - a plus, resembling a bell in appearance.
This plant prefers fresh, moist and fertile soils of broad-leaved and mixed forests. In addition, you can find hazel on forest edges, along ravines and among bushes, where the plant can form quite dense thickets.
Hazelnuts and hazelnuts are often considered to be the same crops, but this is not entirely true, despite the fact that these plants belong to the same genus and family and have similar appearance, composition and properties. Hazelnut (or hazelnut) is a cultivated type of hazel. These are high-yielding, and most importantly, selected forms of hazel, and initially the fruits of large hazel (Corylus maxima L) were called hazelnuts, while today, using a selective method, hazelnuts are obtained from common hazel, common in Russia.
In addition, in terms of taste and nutritional characteristics, hazelnuts are superior to hazel because they contain more fat, protein, and other beneficial substances.
Hazel purpurea (or Lombard nut) is a large shrub whose height can reach 10 meters. Large hazel has gray branches and round or broadly oval jagged leaves of green or dark red color. The fruits of large hazel (namely hazelnuts) are crowded into 3–6 pieces on a stalk, the length of which is 2–3 cm. The wrapper of the fruit, tightly covering the kernel in the lower part, is distinguished by its fleshiness. The length of the hazelnut itself reaches 2 – 2.5 cm with a diameter of 1.5 cm.
The fruits of hazel purpurea are distinguished by high taste and nutritional qualities, as they contain about 60 percent fat and 15 percent proteins (large hazel nuts taste like almonds).
In the wild, this plant is found in Asia Minor, Turkey, Italy, and also in the Balkans.
This is the tallest variety of hazel, reaching a height of 25–30 m. This tree, despite its width (from 6 to 8 m), has a slender trunk, which is crowned by a wide pyramidal crown of regular shape. In autumn, bear nut leaves turn golden yellow or green-yellow. The bark of the tree has a whitish-gray tint and comes off in plates.
The fruits of this plant have an involucre cut into thin but sharp jagged lobes. The nut shell is quite thick.
There are bear nut trees whose age exceeds 200 years.
It grows wild in Transcaucasia, Asia Minor and the Balkans.
This is a shrub whose height reaches 2–3 m, with a large number of strong shoots extending upward from the base of the bush. Variegated hazel has a very dense and widely spreading crown.
The brown bark of the plant is dotted with densely pubescent young shoots.
The leaves of this type of hazel are distinguished by a reddish color during blooming, in the summer they acquire a dark green hue, and in the fall they become golden-orange or golden-yellow. There are three teeth at the top of the leaf.
The rounded fruits of variegated hazel are flattened on top and are no more than two centimeters in diameter. Nuts are distinguished by high taste, although they are inferior to common hazel in the amount of oils and other nutrients they contain.
Variegated hazel not only tolerates drought well, but is also highly frost-resistant.
This plant can be found in Eastern Siberia, the Far East and East Asia.
It is a shrub about 3–4.5 m high, most often forming several branching trunks. Manchurian hazel has fissured dark gray bark.
Young shoots of the plant are softly pubescent and glandular.
The main distinctive morphological feature of this type of hazel is the presence of oblong leaves.
The fruit of Manchurian hazel is an oblong nut, covered in a thin shell. Small-sized nuts collected from this type of hazel are edible, but due to the prickly, thorn-like wrapper, collecting and removing them from the shell is difficult.
Manchurian hazel is a frost-resistant and shade-tolerant plant, which in nature is widespread in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, in China (namely in Manchuria) and Korea.
This is a vertical multi-stemmed shrub, the height and width of the crown are 4 and 6 m, respectively. The brownish-gray bark of the shrub has striped transverse excisions. The brownish-gray shoots of common hazel are pubescent.
The length of the leaves is 6–12 cm, and the width is 5–9 cm, while the apex of the leaves is pointed.
Fruits can be located singly, or they can be clustered in groups of 2–5 pieces. The light green bell-shaped wrapper of the fruit has a velvety structure and consists of two irregularly dissected leaves.
The nut itself can have a spherical or slightly elongated shape, reaching a length of 18 mm (the diameter of the nut varies between 13 - 15 mm).
In the wild, this type of hazel is found throughout the European part of Russia, in the Crimea, the Caucasus and Western Europe.
As mentioned above, it is common hazel that is most common in Russia, and, therefore, is used in official and folk medicine. It is this type of hazel that will be discussed later in this article.
Signs of nut ripeness:
1.
Yellowing and browning of the shell.
2.
The beginning of shedding of nuts.
The bark is harvested in early spring and early summer during sap flow, for which branches that are to be removed are used.
The fruits are collected from August to September - October (it all depends on the degree of ripeness of the nuts).
The ripeness of the fruit is indicated by the ease of separation of the kernel from the leaf-shaped wrapper.
Slightly dried nuts are removed from their wrappers, after which they are finally dried so that their moisture content is no more than 12 percent. You can achieve such humidity at home by drying the raw materials for one to two weeks, while the nuts must be spread in a thin layer.
Ripe hazel fruits can be dried using dryers or ovens, the temperature in which should be 60 - 70 degrees.
If the fruits are collected unripe, it is necessary to form small piles of them and leave them to dry in a dry room. After the tannins oxidize, the nutshells will turn brown. Now the ripened nuts can be separated from the wrappers and dried in the manner described above for long-term storage.
In-shell nuts are stored in a cool, dark place, while shelled kernels are best stored in an airtight container in the refrigerator.
Leaf bark is stored in paper bags.
Tannin
Action:
Action:
B vitamins
Action:
Hazel nuts are a rich source of B vitamins and other beneficial biologically active substances, including fatty oils, mineral salts, saturated and unsaturated acids. Nuts have a high degree of digestibility and balance of amino acids included in their composition. It should be noted that, according to their biological properties, hazel nuts are classified as complete proteins, which can serve as a significant addition to the protein component of the diet.
Important! For maximum quality protein absorption, it is recommended to eat nuts separately from other foods (nuts can be combined with fruits).
Hazel nuts contain potassium, iron and cobalt, and it is these minerals that are responsible for the restoration of muscle tissue after intense physical activity.
In terms of nutritional value, the kernels of such nuts are close to fatty pork.
It is recommended to include nuts in the diet of people suffering from vascular atherosclerosis, as well as arterial hypertension. The benefits of nuts for pregnant women are also undeniable, since hazel fruits help increase lactation.
Hazel nuts contain paclitaxel, which is an anticancer substance, the use of which is indicated for ovarian, esophageal and breast cancer, leukemia and Kaposi's sarcoma.
Nuts ground with water have long been used to treat:
Despite the high calorie content, hazel nuts are recommended for people who want to lose weight, but moderation should be remembered. Thus, in small quantities, healthy fats contained in hazelnuts help speed up the fat burning process. Moreover, a small handful of nuts will increase the feeling of fullness, which will help get rid of such problems as overeating. The norm recommended by nutritionists is 25 g of nuts as a snack.
Hazel nuts contain a fairly small amount of carbohydrates, so they can be consumed by people suffering from diabetes.
Hazel nuts are also very useful for children, as they help strengthen the immune system and stimulate development.
Nuts and milk for coughs, bronchitis, pleurisy and pneumonia
A handful of chopped nuts is ground using a coffee grinder and then mixed with a glass of hot milk. The drug is taken one-fourth in a heated form three times a day, between meals.
Nuts and honey for hypovitaminosis, anemia, dystrophy and loss of strength
To prepare the product, nut kernels and honey are taken in equal quantities. The nuts are ground and mixed with honey. The resulting mixture is taken one tablespoon three times a day, between meals.
Nuts with egg white for burns
Ripe nut kernels are ground to a powder and then mixed with one fresh chicken egg white. The resulting mass is applied to the burned areas of the skin two to three times a day.
Hazel (especially nuts) is very rich in calcium, which makes this plant a kind of “substitute” for dairy products. At the same time, the calcium contained in hazel is perfectly absorbed.
In addition, nut kernels can provoke an exacerbation of skin diseases in general, and neurodermatitis in particular.
An infusion of hazel leaves and bark helps to increase blood pressure, so it is not advisable for hypertensive patients to drink it.
Preparations with common hazel are indicated for the following pathologies:
Powder from dry plusa (or a decoction of the shell and plusa) is indicated for colitis.
The seeds are used as a means to stimulate the production of breast milk. Also, this part of the plant helps to dissolve stones, get rid of flatulence, relieve fever, and alleviate fever.
A mixture of hazel seeds and egg white will help heal burns.
To prepare the decoction, a tablespoon of crushed dry hazel leaves and bark is poured with 300 ml of boiling water and placed in a water bath for 15 - 20 minutes. The strained and decoction is taken half a glass three times a day.
An antiseptic, vasodilator and anti-inflammatory decoction can be prepared in a similar way exclusively from the bark of the plant.
2 tbsp. hazel bark pour 500 ml of boiling water and leave to infuse overnight in a hermetically sealed container. In the morning, the infusion is filtered and taken one day 15 minutes before meals.
Instead of bark, you can steam hazel leaves in the same way.
To prepare the tincture, 3 tbsp. fresh leaves of the plant are poured into a glass of vodka, after which the product is infused in a warm place for two weeks. The strained tincture is taken 40 drops twice a day.
Cream ingredients:
To prepare the ointment, you will need hazel catkins, which are collected in clear and dry weather.
One glass of earrings is mixed with 150 ml of oil made from hazel nuts, after which the resulting mixture is simmered in a water bath for three hours.
The mixture removed from the bath is squeezed out and then heated again using a water bath (it is important not to bring the mixture to a boil). A fifth of a glass of melted, and, most importantly, natural beeswax is added to the warm mixture. All ingredients are thoroughly mixed, and then the mixture is filtered again. The resulting mass is poured into a jar and cooled.
This ointment is used to lubricate diseased veins daily, while bandages with the prepared product are applied to trophic ulcers.
It should be noted that the recipe for hazel ointment given above will also speed up the healing of hemorrhoids and help cope with prostatitis and cervical erosion (tampons soaked in ointment are used in the treatment of these diseases).
The oil obtained from hazel kernels deserves special attention. This fatty oil has a pleasant taste and aroma, while its beneficial properties are in no way inferior to the popular almond oil. Hazelnut oil is indicated for the following diseases and conditions:
Properties of nut oil:
To get rid of acne, you will need a mixture of the following oils:
A mixture of the following oils will help eliminate vascular patterns on the face:
Hazelnut oil will help relieve tired legs; for this you should prepare a mixture of the following ingredients:
Due to its anti-inflammatory and strengthening properties, hazel is used in the treatment of prostatitis, the presence of which is indicated by the following symptoms: It must be said that the activity of sexual function reaches its apogee in the period from 19 to 21 hours. It is at this time that sexual function is best treated.
Collection for prostatitis with hazel
Components:
You can limit yourself to a decoction of hazel nut shells. So, shells from one kilogram of nuts are poured into 1.5 liters of boiling water and simmered over low heat until the volume of the broth is reduced to one liter, after which the product is removed from the heat, cooled and filtered. Store the decoction in the refrigerator, and take 2 tbsp. no more than four times a day, 20 minutes before meals. The course of treatment with this remedy is two months, after which a break is taken for one month (if necessary, the two-month course can be repeated).
2 tbsp. hazel leaves (you can use both fresh and dried raw materials) are poured with a glass of boiling water, infused until cool, filtered and drunk in two doses.
You can also arrange steam baths, for which you will need several fresh hazel sprigs. The leaves, plucked from the branches, are filled with water and brought to a boil (1 liter of water is used for 10 tablespoons of raw materials). After 20 minutes of boiling, the broth is removed from the heat and infused until it acquires a red-brown hue. The resulting product is poured into a bowl, over which steam baths will be taken. After 2–3 weeks of such procedures, prostatitis will stop bothering you.
Compresses are made from finely chopped hazel bark, which are applied daily to diseased veins for seven days. Then a break is taken for three months, after which the course is repeated again. It is recommended to conduct such courses three times a year.
The kernels of hazel nuts, four in number, are fried in a dry frying pan and well crushed to help heal trophic ulcers and severe varicose veins. The kernels are then mixed with the whites of two hard-boiled chicken eggs. The yolks should be dried in a dry hot frying pan and also crushed into powder. Now the yolks are mixed with nuts (the resulting product is thoroughly ground with a wooden mortar). Add 0.5 tsp to the resulting mass. iodoform powder, after which the product is applied in a thin layer to the affected areas for one hour, after which the affected areas are covered with sterile napkins, on which bandages are applied for two days. This treatment is carried out every two days, and before applying the product, the ulcers should be treated with hydrogen peroxide.
Leshina is a tough nut to crack
Hazel, or hazel, is surrounded by a huge number of legends, traditions and superstitions among many peoples.
The Slavs considered hazel to be sacred and pure plants. It was believed that lightning would not strike it. Therefore, during a thunderstorm, they hid under a hazel tree and tucked its branches into their belts and touched them to everything that they wanted to protect from lightning.
It was believed that a hazel twig could not only scare away the devil, but also drive away and even kill a snake, the creature of the devil. Hazel branches were also placed in barns to drive out mice. According to the beliefs of the southern Slavs, on Trinity Sunday the souls of ancestors, who visit the earth at this time, settle in the hazel tree. Along its branches, souls come from the other world and along them they return back.
Hazel (hazel) was credited with the ability to detect hidden objects. And white hazel wands in pagan times served the Druids as a symbol certifying their class and ability to be an orator.
In Viking times, hazel stakes were used to stake out “the hoslur” - “hazel field”, where pre-arranged battles were held. Both the fighting grounds (holmganga) and the fields of official full-scale battles between armies were marked by a hazel palisade, which outlined them with a magical line, separating them from the world of everyday life. In war, hazel was used as magical protection.
One ancient Irish legend tells of "an old hazel tree that drops drops." According to legend, this magical tree exuded poison, and when Mac Cumhaill made a shield from it, the poisonous gases coming out of it killed enemies.
There is also the ancient expression "Fiona's shield" - a poetic metaphor for magical protection. It is associated with the so-called luaithrindi - peculiar intertwining patterns on the clothes of Celtic warriors, which created the complete illusion of tied knots.
DESCRIPTION
Hazel, or hazel (Corylus), is a genus of shrubs (less commonly trees) of the birch family. Currently, about 20 species of hazel are described.
Hazel leaves are round or broadly oval, quite large. The shape of the leaves gave rise to the Russian name - like the body of a bream fish. They form undergrowth in deciduous, mixed and coniferous forests.
Flowers are unisexual, monoecious. Male ones - collected in dense catkins located on short branches, develop in the fall, overwinter and bloom in early spring before the leaves appear. Female flowers are collected in bud-shaped inflorescences and sit two at a time in the axils of the bracts. Each female flower has a very poorly developed perianth. The ovary is inferior, bilocular, with one testicle (ovule) in each socket.
Due to the underdevelopment of one testicle, the fruit is single-seeded with a woody pericarp - a nut. Each nut is surrounded by a tubular incised cover, the so-called plus, which originates from the bract and two bracts (preleaves) of the female flower. A seed with thick, oil-rich cotyledons that remain in the ground when the seed germinates.
Hazel blooms, depending on the place of growth, in March-April. Inflorescences are fully formed in the growing season preceding flowering. Pollen is carried by the wind. The fruits ripen in August-September, less often - at the end of July. Fruit yield is 40-500 kg/ha. Profitable years alternate with low-yield ones, and in some years there is no fruit at all. Nuts have good germination capacity and, as a rule, germinate next spring. Seedlings begin to bear fruit in 5-10 years. The total lifespan of the bush is 60-80 years. In nature, it reproduces mainly by vegetative means: root suckers and stump shoots.
In the European part of Russia, common hazel is mainly widespread, which grows in coniferous-deciduous and broad-leaved forests, in the forest-steppe, in the steppe zone along forested ravines. In the Caucasus it rises to almost 2000 m. It is cultivated in a number of regions of the country. In deciduous forests it grows in the undergrowth, but does not tolerate too much shade. It grows luxuriantly in clearings, fires, and edges, sometimes forming pure thickets in place of cleared forests. Quite common in complex burs. Prefers calcareous, humus-rich, moderately moist loams and sandy loams. Thanks to the abundant fall of leaves rich in calcium salts, it increases soil fertility. In winters with prolonged severe frosts it freezes.
In the Asian part, two types of hazel grow - variegated and Manchurian. Variegated hazel is mainly distributed under the canopy of birch and mixed forests. It grows well on the edges of these forests and in open, well-lit, sun-warmed places. Manchurian hazel is common as undergrowth in mixed and coniferous forests. These types of hazel have high winter hardiness and can withstand prolonged frosts down to -45°C.
APPLICATION
The kernels of common hazel fruits contain 58-71% fat, 14-18% highly digestible proteins, 2-5% sucrose, vitamins B and E, and iron salts. The kernels are eaten raw, dried and roasted (heated), used for making cakes, sweets, creams, and various fillings. Especially a lot of sweets are prepared from them in the Caucasus. From fresh nuts, grinding them with a small amount of water makes “milk” and “cream”, which are highly nutritious and are recommended for weakened patients. A drink reminiscent of coffee is prepared from roasted nuts. Nuts are used in the production of liqueurs. Oil from the nuts has a pleasant taste and aroma, is very nutritious, and is used for food, as well as in paint and varnish and perfume production, and soap making. The cake remaining after pressing the oil is used to prepare halva.
The wood is used for small carpentry and turning crafts; the trunks are used to make hoops for wooden barrels, handles for agricultural implements, and canes; Baskets are woven from thin branches, and hedges are made from thicker branches. The branches are harvested for livestock feed. Sawdust is used in the Caucasus to clarify wines and vinegar. Charcoal from wood is used for drawing; previously it was used to make gunpowder. Dry distillation of wood produces the medicinal liquid “Lesovaya”, which was used for eczema and other skin diseases. The bark contains about 10% tannins and can be used for tanning and dyeing leather.
Other types of hazel are of less economic importance. Variegated hazel is less productive than ordinary hazel, but its nuts are just as tasty as those of the latter. Manchurian hazel has approximately the same characteristics of yield and quality of nuts. But collecting nuts from them is difficult due to the bristle of the pluses, and the nuts are smaller than those of variegated hazel. Tree hazel (bear nut) grows in the Caucasus, which is a tree up to 35 m tall. Durable, beautiful wood of this type is highly valued in furniture production. The nuts are used as food, but they have a fairly hard shell.
GROWING
Hazels are shade-tolerant, but with strong shading they bear little fruit and the leaves lose color. It is better to plant them in a sunny and wind-protected place. Rich, fertile, drained, slightly podzolic, neutral soils are desirable. They do not like close groundwater, acidic, sandy, swampy, rocky soil.
The most preferable for planting are the eastern, northeastern, and northern parts of low slopes - in winter and spring there are smaller fluctuations in daily temperatures, which reduces the risk of freezing and burns.
Hazels are winter-hardy, moisture- and light-loving. During flowering, male flowers do not freeze at -3...5°C, and female flowers - at -8°C. In winter, the pollen in catkins of common hazel is not damaged at -30°C, and in variegated and Manchurian hazel - at -40°C.
For a more abundant harvest, you need to plant several hazels nearby - they have cross-wind pollination.
The bush is formed into 6-10 trunks and is practically not pruned. Only broken branches and unnecessary growth need to be removed. From the age of 20, old trunks are replaced with young shoots, pruning 2-3 annually. When forming hazel in the form of a tree, select one stem and form 4-5 skeletal branches at a height of 50-60 cm. The root shoots are removed. Varietal hazel produces 3-4 kg of fruit per bush.
Hazel seedlings are planted in spring or autumn, at a distance of 3-4 m from each other. Before planting, cut off the broken roots and dip them in clay or manure-clay mash. The root collar should be 3-4 cm above ground level.
It is advisable to add soil from under old hazel bushes to the planting hole, since it contains the mycorrhiza necessary for the plant. After planting, water the bush with water and mulch with manure or peat.
For better survival in spring, branches are cut at a height of 10-15 cm from the soil, leaving 3-5 buds.
REPRODUCTION
Hazel is propagated by seeds, grafting, dividing the bush, layering, and root suckers.
The easiest way in a garden is to divide the bush. Using a sharp shovel, 1-2 young stems are broken off along with the root system and a large lump of earth. When replanting, cuts are made at a height of 10-15 cm from the ground to cause the appearance of new growth and to achieve better survival of the bush. Parts of the plant with roots more than 15 cm take root well.
When a large number of seedlings is required, and the plants produce few root shoots, horizontal and arcuate layering is done. In spring, the branches are bent and placed in grooves 10-15 cm deep, pinned and covered with earth. The tops of these branches (at least 10 cm long) are raised above the ground and tied to pegs. After 1-2 years, the rooted cuttings are separated and transplanted to a permanent place.
During seed propagation, the characteristics of the mother plant are split and the varieties are not preserved. The time of fruiting is also delayed. For planting, select mature nuts that have fallen from the bush. Sow in the fall to a depth of 7-8 cm, or in the spring to a depth of 5-6 cm. When propagated by seeds, hazelnuts (cultivated varieties of hazel) and ordinary hazel begin to bear fruit only in 5-8 years. In vegetative conditions - for 3-4 years.
Varietal hazelnuts and hazelnuts can be propagated by grafting buds or cuttings onto wild hazel and bear hazel. The best time for bud grafting (budding) in the middle zone is the end of July - beginning of August, when the bark of the rootstock is easily separated from the wood. Buds (eyes) for grafting are taken from the woody part of the current year's shoots. Before you start grafting and cut the eye from a shoot of a scion variety, the cuttings are cleared of pubescence. Grafting with cuttings is done using the following methods: cupping, splitting, and bark grafting. Cuttings are harvested in the fall, although they can be cut in the spring before the buds open before grafting.
KINDS
CORYLUS AVELLANA
It is a shrub up to 5 m tall, with grayish bark, pubescent shoots, almost rounded leaves up to 12 cm long and 9 cm wide. Hazel catkins are laid in the fall, and their blossoming and dusting, which occurs before the leaves appear, marks the beginning of spring. The fruits are usually clustered 2-5 together and covered with a light green, leafy involucre consisting of two lobed leaves. When ripe - in September - the nuts fall off and fall out of the wrapper. The nut is almost spherical, up to 1.5 cm in diameter, light brown. Hazel is widespread both in nature and in culture throughout the European part and the Caucasus in the undergrowth of broad-leaved forests, especially oak ones. Grows on soils containing lime with good moisture.
HAZEL (CORYBUS HETEROPHYLLA)
Shrub 1.5-2, less often - 3 m in height, with dark gray bark. Young shoots are densely pubescent, one-year-old shoots are sparsely pubescent or bare, brown. The leaves are broadly oval, a significant part of them with two wide lateral lobes, longer than the short-pointed apex of the leaf, up to 11 cm long and up to 10 cm wide. The fruit wrapper is non-thorny and consists of two leaves. The nuts are almost spherical, flattened on top, often ribbed on the sides, about 1.5 cm in diameter, collected in groups of two or four at the ends of the branches. The nuts ripen in September and easily fall out of their wrappers. The amount of fat in nuts is about 54%, protein - 20%.
Variegated hazel is widespread in the Primorsky Territory, in the south of the Amur Region and Khabarovsk Territory, as well as in the southeastern part of Transbaikalia. It grows in groups of clumps and thickets along ridges, along hills among river valleys and on hillsides. Usually on the edges and in the undergrowth of oak, birch and, less commonly, mixed forests. Prefers fresh, humus-rich soils, but also tolerates dry, insufficiently fertile loamy and sandy loam soils. It has very high frost resistance and winter hardiness.
MANCHURIAN HAZEL (CORYBUS MANDSHURtCA)
A large bush, 3-4.5 m high and more, with straight or obliquely curved stems up to 4-5 cm in diameter. The bark is dark gray, finely fissured. The leaves are broadly obovate or almost round, up to 12 cm long and up to 9 cm wide, with a rounded or heart-shaped base, with a pointed apex. The fruits are crowded 3-4 together. The involucre is tubular, 2-3 times longer than the nut, studded with spiny reddish bristles. When touched, these bristles partially dig into the skin of the hands, which causes some trouble when collecting nuts and requires the use of gloves. The nut is pointed, usually slightly oblong, somewhat smaller than the varifoliate hazel nut, but tastier than it, tastier than the common hazel nut, and contains 58% fat. The fruits ripen in September. Productivity is less than that of variegated hazel.
It is more shade-tolerant and demanding of soil fertility and moisture, and is also more frost-resistant and winter-hardy than multi-leaved hazel. Distributed in the Primorsky Territory in the Middle and Lower Amur region, it enters the southern regions of the Okhotsk coast. Grows in the undergrowth of mixed and cedar-broadleaf forests. In clearings among the forest it forms thickets.
As already noted, nuts are healthy and tasty, they contain up to 65% fat, 16% protein, 3.5% sugar, and vitamins. They are used to make halva, sweets, chocolate, and oil similar to almond and used both for food and for making varnish and paints. White with a light brown tint, heavy and hard hazel wood is flexible; bent products are made from it - furniture, hoops. It produces good charcoal, which is used for drawing pencils. Although hazel grows almost everywhere, its industrial plantings are found mainly in the south, where it is most productive. A common form with purple-red leaves.
| Life form: | Bush |
| Dimensions (height), m: | Up to 5 |
| Crown diameter, m: | 5 |
| Crown shape: | Wide, rounded. The bark is brown-gray, light, the branches are olive-brown |
| Growth pattern: | Grows fast |
| Durability: | Up to 100 years |
| Leaf Shape: | Round, 6-10 cm long, up to 9 cm wide, pointed at the end, with a heart-shaped base, double-toothed |
| Summer coloring: | Dark green above, lighter below |
| Autumn color: | Lemon yellow |
| Flowers (color): | Staminate catkins, yellow, up to 5 cm |
| Beginning and end of flowering: | In April, before the leaves bloom |
| Fruit: | Fruits are nuts, collected in 2-5 pieces, edible, ripen in August-September |
| Decorative: | Looks especially beautiful during flowering and fruit ripening |
| Application: | Single plantings, groups, edges, planting on slopes |
| Relation to light: | Shade-tolerant |
| Relation to moisture: | Does not tolerate waterlogging |
| Relation to soil: | Grows best in fresh, fertile, deep soils |
| Frost resistance: | Frost-resistant |
A shrub 2-4 m high with dark, slightly flaking bark in very old and dead specimens; young shoots are densely pubescent, glandular, later becoming bare, with sparse, scattered lentils. The buds are small, ovoid, dark, with rounded ciliated scales.
Leaves are broadly obovate, broadly obovate or rounded, 6-11 cm long and 5.5-10 cm wide, truncated or almost bilobed at the apex (the main tip usually does not exceed the lateral lobes), leaf margins are unevenly elongated, serrated, The leaves are dark green above, lighter below, with pubescent veins. Leaf petioles are 1-2.5 cm long, hairy, with glands. Variegated hazel blooms in April, the staminate catkins overwinter openly, and by the time of flowering they become loose, drooping, up to 4 cm in length. Pistillate flowers are covered with covering scales, from which reddish stigmas appear at the time of flowering. The nuts are spherical, slightly flattened on top, about 1.5 cm in diameter, with a thick shell, covered with a bell-shaped, velvety-pubescent or almost bare involucre, only slightly exceeding but not covering the nut. The nuts ripen and fall in September. Sometimes in coppice-shrub thickets some of the leaves dry out and remain on the bushes until mid-winter or even until next spring. one of the most common shrubs in Eastern Siberia (Daursky region), in the Far East (Amur region, Primorye).
Variegated hazel grows on the edges of forests, along river valleys and on mountain slopes up to an altitude of 300-500 m above sea level, forms pure thickets, as well as in the undergrowth of oak, deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests.
A characteristic feature of this species is early fruiting. Variegated hazel is very frost-resistant, can withstand frosts down to -45°C, and is drought-resistant. Prefers fresh, nutritious soils, serves as an indicator of fertility, suffers from excessive moisture, and reacts painfully to soil compaction. It is photophilous, although it tolerates a lack of light, and tolerates pruning and replanting well. Variegated hazel propagates by seeds, which remain viable until spring, by dividing the bush, and by root suckers. Lives up to 80 years.
Variegated hazel is a valuable species for green construction and forestry, especially in the eastern regions of Russia. It can be recommended for creating edges, massifs, large groups, single plantings in parks and forest parks. For decorative purposes in the garden, variegated hazel is often planted in small groups, and its elegant decorative forms with intricately curved shoots or unusually colored leaves are used as tapeworms.
Shrub for landscaping in Krasnoyarsk!
Multi-stemmed shrub up to 4-5 m tall, branching only in the upper part of the crown. The bark is brown or brown-gray, young shoots are densely pubescent. The leaves are round, (12 x 9 cm), lobed-toothed, relatively soft, pubescent below, with a long, sharp apex; in spring they are green, with a lighter underside, in summer they are dark green, in autumn they are orange or golden yellow. The fruits are grouped 3-4 in tubular, narrow-cylindrical, spiny wrappers up to 6 cm long (2-3 times longer than the nut). The nuts are oblong, pointed, with a thin shell.
