Constant signs
True, we will talk about only one thing - about the category. Only it is constant for this part of speech. Let's figure out what a discharge is.
According to their meaning, adjectives are usually divided into three groups. Each of them has special grammatical characteristics. Groups of such adjectives are called categorization.
This type, based on its name, separates adjectives denoting any quality. For example, beautiful (appearance), kind (character trait), green (color), round (shape). This group is the largest and is easily distinguished from others. Only qualitative adjectives can change according to degrees of comparison (small - less - smallest). Another distinctive feature is that they can have a short form, which other categories cannot (good - good).
This group of adjectives denotes a characteristic expressing different relationships to the subject: to the place (swimming), to the time of year (winter), to the materials (stone, cotton), to the number (double).
This category, unlike qualitative ones, does not have a short form and is not compared by degrees.
They have an important difference: such adjectives are the only ones that answer the question “whose?” This applies to both people (mother’s, sister’s) and animals (bear, wolf).
But there are many more of them. The following will be common to all categories:
For qualitative adjectives, such attributes of the adjective as degree of comparison, as well as a short form, are added.
Many people still have difficulty distinguishing these parts of speech. And all because they have one general question"Which?" and other similar features. Let us find out in detail what are the signs of an adjective in a participle.
In addition to the issue that unites them, they have general type declination. Since outwardly they are practically indistinguishable and have a common appearance (smart - adjective, thinking - participle), then they will change equally in cases, numbers and all three genders. That is, we conclude that the participle has adopted all the inconstant features of the adjective.
In addition, both parts of speech are distinguished by the presence of a short form: dark - dark (adjective), made - made (participle). Short forms, like full ones, vary not only by gender, but also by number.
If we consider not only the features of an adjective and participle, but also their syntactic function, then we can say with confidence that their roles in sentences are very similar. IN full form both parts of speech will be definitions, and their short forms will act as a predicate or be part of it.
Knowing what features an adjective has, everyone can easily perform a morphological analysis of this part of speech. It will be very easy if you know a few simple rules described in our article.
We should also not forget that the adjective is similar in appearance to the participle. In order not to confuse them, remember that the latter is formed from a verb. And the adjective most often takes its origins from nouns.
Morphological analysis of adjectives usually does not raise any special questions or difficulties. Adjectives have only one constant morphological feature - category, although it is not always easy to determine it, and several non-constant ones (number, gender, case).
Before we begin the analysis, let's remember the properties of adjective categories. Without taking into account the lexical meaning, it is possible to determine the category with an error, because many adjectives in context acquire a figurative meaning.
For example: qualitative ones become relative (light fluff - athletics), relative ones become qualitative (silver spoon - silver voice), and possessive ones become qualitative and relative (dog kennel - dog fur coat, dog cold).
Each category of adjective has its own distinctive features. Let's consider the characteristic qualitative adjectives. They denote a feature of an object that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent, form degrees of comparison, have a short form (close - closer, closer, closest, nearest; close, close, close, close), synonyms and antonyms. They are recognized by combinations with adverbs of measure and degree (too close, very close), by the presence of the prefix NE- (not close), by education difficult words by repetition (close-close).
Not all of these characteristics may appear immediately; some are absent, for example, adjectives denoting colors (yellow, brown) do not have forms of comparison. Even if an adjective does not have all these properties, it is considered qualitative.
We must not forget that some qualitative adjectives do not have either a full or a short form, and then this feature is constant (alien, glad). There is also a group of inflexible words: mocha coffee, retro music, tsunami wave, beige skirt. Let us recall that adjectives briefly answer the questions what? what? what? what are they? and perform the function of a compound nominal predicate.
Relative adjectives, like qualitative ones, answer the questions which? which? which? which?. They indicate the material from which the object is made, spatial and temporal characteristics (teddy bear, tracksuit, school site, winter day).
Collocations with relative adjectives have synonyms: teddy bear, sports suit, school site, winter day. You can recognize relative adjectives by the suffixes -AN-, -YAN-, -ONN-, -ENN-, -N-, -SK- (leather sofa, silver vase, aviation regiment, ceremonial meeting, drumbeat, Moscow courtyard). There is no degree of comparison or short form for relative adjectives.
It can be difficult to distinguish between the categories of adjectives with the suffixes -SK-. You need to think like this: “Pushkin’s places” are related to the life and work of A.S. Pushkin, this is a relative adjective, “Pushkin’s novel” was written by A.S. Pushkin and belongs only to him, this is a possessive adjective.
Possessive adjectives denote belonging to a person or animal, answer the questions whose? whose? whose? whose?, have recognizable suffixes -OV-, -EV-, -IN-, -IY, -Y- (father’s office, father-in-law’s character, cat’s house, chicken liver, fish tail, hare ears). This group of adjectives can have a short form: moose tracks - father's flour, walrus - crocodile tears. By the way, qualitative ones are not inflected in the short form, but possessive ones, on the contrary, have a case category: Pleshcheyevo Lake (Im.p.) - at Pleshcheyevo Lake (R.p.).
It is not difficult to determine the degree of comparison: the original form is called positive, the simple form of the comparative and superlative degrees has the suffixes -EE-, -EY-, -E-, -SHE- (weaker, bolder, sweeter, thinner) and -AYSH-, -EYSH- (closest, fastest), as well as the prefix NAI- (best). For the compound comparative and superlative, particles of adverbial origin are used: more or less (higher, less strong), most, most-least (highest, most high, least strong).
Do not forget that the simple comparative form does not change in gender, number, case and does not agree with the noun or pronoun being defined. It is always part of a compound nominal predicate, in special cases inconsistent definition. Compound comparative and superlative degrees can be used in both full and short form (stronger - stronger, stronger - stronger).
Let's start analyzing adjectives. First, we note that any adjective always denotes a characteristic of an object. We write down the adjective with the word on which it depends or with which it is connected in meaning and grammatically. Secondly, the initial form is the masculine nominative singular. Thirdly, adjectives can serve as an agreed definition (full forms, compound comparative and superlative degrees) and a nominal part of the predicate.
1. Part of speech and general grammatical meaning.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.) and morphological characteristics:
Constants (P.p.):
- rank.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full or short form (only for qualitative and some possessives),
- comparative or superlatives(only for quality ones),
- number (not in simple comparative form),
- kind (not in plural and in a simple comparative form),
- case (not in short form for qualitative ones, in simple comparative form).
3. Syntactic role of the adjective (agreed definition, compound nominal predicate).
Let’s select adjectives for morphological analysis from Vera Inber’s story “How I Was Little.” First, let's look at qualitative adjectives, then relative and finally possessive.
On the sides of the road green ears of corn whisper: they will not turn yellow soon.
1. Green (ears) - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): green
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- positive degree,
- plural,
- Im.p.
3. ears (what?) green (agreed definition).
The violinist’s face was thin, restless, his eyes were dark.
1. (There was) a thin (face) - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): thin
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- positive degree,
- units,
- s.r.,
- Im.p.
3. The face was (what?) thin (compound nominal predicate).
We were very dressed up.
1. (We were) smart - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): elegant
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form,
- positive degree,
- plural
3. They were (what?) dressed up (compound nominal predicate).
Snow!.. How lovely it is!
1. (He) is charming - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): lovely
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form,
- positive degree,
- units,
- m.r.
3. He (what?) is charming (compound nominal predicate).
Now Aunt Natasha is lonely.
1. (Aunt Natasha) lonely - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): lonely
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form,
- positive degree,
- units,
- f.r.
3. Aunt Natasha (what?) is lonely (compound nominal predicate).
Uncle Oscar had a similar face to Aunt Nasha, but only he was younger.
1. (He was) younger - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): young
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form,
3. Was (what?) younger (compound predicate).
You look at it and see that it has the finest pattern.
1. (Pattern) finest - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): thin
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- simple superlative degree,
- units,
- m.r.,
- V.p.
3. The pattern (what?) is the finest (agreed definition).
Reflected in it, the most beautiful things seemed ugly.
1. (Things) are the most beautiful - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): beautiful
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- plural,
- I.p.
3. Things (which?) are the most beautiful (agreed upon definition).
Fingers the most ordinary.
1. (Fingers) the most ordinary - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): ordinary
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- compound superlative degree,
- plural,
- I.p.
3. Fingers (which ones?) are the most ordinary (compound nominal predicate).
And here is grandma’s low house with a clay pile, with hollyhocks by the porch.
1. (With a heap) clay - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Name, singular, m.r.): clay
Constants (P.p.):
- relative.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- unit h,
- f.r.,
- etc.
3. With a pile of (what?) clay (agreed definition).
The sand poured from one glass bottle into another, which took half an hour.
1. (From a bottle) glass - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Name, singular, m.r.): glass
Constants (P.p.):
- relative.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- units,
- m.r.,
- R.p.
3. From a (what?) glass bottle (agreed upon definition).
And here is grandma’s low house with a clay pile, with hollyhocks by the porch.
1. (House) grandma's - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): babushkin
Constants (P.p.):
- possessive.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form,
- units,
- m.r.,
- I.p.
3. Grandma’s (what?) house (agreed upon definition).
We drive calmly and for so long that we manage to take a nap, leaning right and left on my mother’s shoulder.
1. (To the shoulder) of mother’s - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): mother’s
Constants (P.p.):
- possessive.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- units,
- s.r.,
- D.p.
3. To (what?) Mom’s shoulder (agreed definition).
He grabbed a napkin from the table, folded the tip like a hare's ear, slipped it under the needle and deftly turned the handle of the wheel.
1. (Ear) hare - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): hare
Constants (P.p.):
- possessive.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- units,
- s.r.,
- I.p.
3. Ear (what?) hare (included in isolated circumstance, expressed by comparative turnover).
In addition to rags, I also had a broom made of chicken feathers.
1. (From) chicken feathers - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): chicken
Constants (P.p.):
- possessive.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- plural,
- R.p.
3. From (what?) chicken feathers (agreed upon definition).
We looked at the most common forms of adjectives. Now it's time to move on to more complex examples. Perform a morphological analysis of the indicated adjectives. If you have questions, use the self-test.
I'm happy 3 with everything I see.
How simpler word, especially since it is exactly 3.
All horses in the regiment were black 3.
He put on a khaki shirt 3.
You won't find tastier jam anywhere 3.
Duck 3 broods stay together even after the young ones begin to fly.
I liked her bronze 3 tan.
I always get a ravenous appetite from excitement.
The pouring rain didn't scare me.
Most attentive 3 was Petya.
He soon arrived at his native airfield 3.
She chose the more difficult 3 case.
I'm happy 3 with everything I see.
1. (I'm) glad - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): rad
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality,
- short form.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- units,
- m.roda.
3. I am (what?) glad (compound nominal predicate).
The word “rad” has no degrees of comparison and does not change by case.
The simpler the word, the more accurate it is 3.
1. (It) is more precise - an adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): exact
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form,
- compound comparative degree,
- units,
- middle class
3. It (what?) is more precise (compound nominal predicate).
The form “more precisely” does not change according to cases.
All horses in the regiment were black 3.
1. (The horses were) black - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): black
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality,
- full form.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- plural numbers,
- T. case.
3. The horses were (what?) black (compound nominal predicate).
The word “voronoi” is always in its full form and has no degrees of comparison.
He put on a khaki shirt 3.
1. (Colors) khaki - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): khaki
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
- an unchangeable word.
3. Color (what?) khaki (inconsistent definition).
You won't find tastier jam anywhere 3.
1. (Jam) tastes better - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): delicious
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form,
- simple comparative degree.
3. Jam (which one?) tastes better (inconsistent definition).
The word “tastier” does not have a full or short form, as well as number, gender and case.
Duck 3 broods stay together even after the young ones begin to fly.
1. (Brood) duck - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): duck
Constants (P.p.):
- possessive in the meaning of relative.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- units numbers,
- m.roda,
- I.p.
3. Brood (what?) duck (agreed definition).
I liked her bronze 3 tan.
1. (Tan) bronze - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (Name, singular, m.r.): bronze
Constants (P.p.):
- relative in the sense of qualitative.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- units numbers,
- m.roda,
- V.p.
3. Tan (what?) bronze (agreed definition).
I always get a ravenous appetite from excitement.
1. (Appetite) wolfish - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): wolf
Constants (P.p.):
- possessive in the sense of quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- units numbers,
- m.roda,
- V.p.
3. Appetite (what?) wolfish (agreed definition).
The heavy rain didn't scare me.
1. (Rain) torrential - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): pouring
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality,
- full form.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- units numbers,
- m.roda,
- I.p.
3. Rain (what kind?) torrential (agreed definition).
Most attentive 3 was Petya.
1. (Petya was) most attentive - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): attentive
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- short form,
- compound superlative degree,
- units number,
- m.kind.
3. Petya was (what?) the most attentive (compound nominal predicate).
He soon arrived at his native airfield 3.
1. (To the airfield) native - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): native
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality,
- full form.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in the form
- units numbers,
- m.roda,
- V.p.
3. To (which?) home airfield (agreed upon definition).
She chose the more difficult 3 case.
1. (The matter) is more difficult - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): difficult
Constants (P.p.):
- high quality.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- compound superlative degree,
- units number,
- middle class,
- V.p.
3. The matter (which?) is more difficult (agreed definition).
Suddenly he saw a red fox's tail flash in the bushes ahead.
1. (Tail) fox - adjective, because. denotes an attribute of an object.
2. Initial form (N.P., singular, m.r.): fox
Constants (P.p.):
- possessive.
Non-permanent (N.p.):
used in
- full form,
- units,
- m.r.,
- I.p.
3. The tail (what?) is fox (agreed upon definition).
1. Voronichev O.E. On the logical basis of morphological analysis of significant words / Russian language at school and at home. - 2008. - No. 1.
2. Ilyushina L.A. ABOUT morphological analysis names of adjectives, numerals, pronouns / Russian at school. - 2002. - No. 4.
3. Shirokova L.N., Eroshkina N.A. The transition of adjectives from one category to another (grade VI) / Russian at school. - 2009. - No. 10.
An adjective is an independent significant part of speech.
1. Grammatical meaning - “sign of an object.”
Adjectives include words that answer the questions: which?, whose?
An adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or unchangeable). Others, on the contrary, are impermanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a qualitative adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different genders. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to changeable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, is considered by linguists to be permanent characteristics. Different permanent signs are expressed differently. For example:
sweeter - comparative adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending, less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet, sweet - short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. It has null ending, while the full form sweet has the ending -й.
In the course of studying morphology, students at each school level have to study parts of speech. Children learn about constant and fickle behavior already in the fifth grade. We will analyze their features in detail.
This group of parts of speech is colorful and elegant. Not a single text can do without it, even if it has scientific content. Adjectives help us describe size (long, big, tiny), tell about someone's appearance (cute, red-haired), indicate colors (white, yellow-blue, purple), reveal feelings (sad, cheerful, angry).
In its initial form it is used in the Basic questions to which it answers: Which? whose? It is in this version that you can find the word you are looking for in a spelling or explanatory dictionary.
In Russian there is the concept of “constant and non-permanent signs”. It means that any part of speech has a set of certain qualities and characteristics that need to be studied. And the adjective in this case is no exception.
Any competent student knows that everyone has their own characteristics.
The constant and inconstant signs of an adjective are quite difficult to study.
The first are categories. They are usually divided into three groups.
They differ from other categories in that they can form short forms by truncating the ending.
For example: great - great, constant - constant, light - light.
Another special difference is the ability to compare one quality with another. In linguistics this is called degree of comparison.
For example: cool - cooler (cooler) - coolest (coolest).
These features distinguish quality adjectives from all others. No other category has so many possibilities.
Remember, if you are in doubt, this is a permanent and non-permanent sign of an adjective, remember that only the ranks are classified as the former.
The next group differs from the others in a question. Only can answer the question " whose?" This category denotes belonging to an animal or person.
For example: wolf trail, shark eye.
The last group is relative adjectives. They tell you what time or place the word refers to. For example: spring drops(season), swimming pool (purpose), forest coolness (place).
All characteristics that can change under the influence of something are called unstable. Unlike discharges, these may deviate from the initial version.
It is necessary to distinguish between constant and unstable signs of an adjective.
The first thing that needs to be named is the genus. All of them (male, neuter and female) are also inherent in the adjective.
For example: wall - dark - water.
Next is the number. This part of speech is used both in the singular and in the plural: any - different.
And, of course, the adjective changes in all cases. In this it is similar to a noun.
The signs of adjectives (constant and inconstant) indicate during His plan we will indicate below in the article.
Constant and inconstant signs of an adjective are studied in great detail in Russian language lessons.
In addition, all its possible syntactic functions are examined in detail.
Since it answers the question “which?”, it usually plays the role of a definition in a sentence.
For example: We remember the warm summer evening for a long time.
In the case when the adjective takes on the function of action, it will be a predicate.
For example: The dress was colorful.
Sometimes in the Russian language a phenomenon occurs such as the transition of one part of speech to another. For example, the word "dining room" used to be an adjective. Now it is more often used as a noun, because in nominative case plays the role of the subject, and in indirect ones - the complement.
Before showing an example, it is necessary to develop small plan, which will help you not get confused in the signs.
Example: B cozy home The guests settled down.
Now you can easily perform the analysis yourself. Be careful, adjectives are often confused with participles.
Performs its specific functions. A verb makes our speech move, a noun, on the contrary, makes it static. But our language has a unique beauty thanks to the adjective. With its help, any boring text comes to life, images begin to play with new colors. Let's look at the signs of an adjective and its other characteristics in more detail.
When you create a text, for example an essay, you want to diversify it and make it colorful. Describing vivid pictures of nature cannot do without the use of adjectives. The main function of this part of speech is to add to any subject characteristic feature, be it external data or character traits. On its basis, epithets (bright adjectives) are built, which add imagery to our speech.
With its help, we can characterize any thing by size (large), weight (light), physical properties(sweet, hot), qualities (kind, rosy, mature) and other characteristics, so there is no need to talk about the indispensability of this part of the speech.
True, we will talk about only one thing - about the category. Only it is constant for this part of speech. Let's figure out what a discharge is.
According to their meaning, they are usually divided into three groups. Each of them has special grammatical characteristics. Groups of such adjectives are called categorization.
This type, based on its name, separates adjectives denoting any quality. For example, beautiful (appearance), kind (character trait), green (color), round (shape). This group is the largest and is easily distinguished from others. Only qualitative adjectives can change by (small - less - smallest). Another distinctive feature is that they can have a short form, which other categories (good - good) cannot.
This group of adjectives denotes a characteristic that expresses different relationships to an object: to a place (swimming), to a time of year (winter), to materials (stone, cotton), to a number (double).
This category, unlike qualitative ones, does not have a short form and is not compared by degrees.
They have an important difference: such adjectives are the only ones that answer the question “whose?” This applies to both people (mother’s, sister’s) and animals (bear, wolf).
But there are many more of them. The following will be common to all categories:
For qualitative adjectives, such attributes of the adjective as degree of comparison, as well as a short form, are added.
Many people still have difficulty distinguishing these parts of speech. And all because they have one common question: “which one?” and other similar features. Let us find out in detail what are the signs of an adjective in a participle.
Apart from the question that unites them, they have a common type of declension. Since outwardly they are practically indistinguishable and have a common appearance (smart - adjective, thinking - participle), then they will change equally in cases, numbers and all three genders. That is, we conclude that the participle has adopted all the inconstant features of the adjective.
In addition, both parts of speech are distinguished by the presence of a short form: dark - dark (adjective), made - made (participle). Short forms, like full ones, vary not only by gender, but also by number.
If we consider not only the features of an adjective and participle, but also their syntactic function, then we can say with confidence that their roles in sentences are very similar. In full form, both parts of speech will be definitions, and their short forms will act as a predicate or be part of it.
Knowing what features an adjective has, everyone can easily perform this part of speech. It will be very easy if you know a few simple rules described in our article.
We should also not forget that the adjective is similar in appearance to the participle. In order not to confuse them, remember that the latter is formed from a verb. And the adjective most often takes its origins from nouns.
