Despite a number of advantages inherent in wooden houses, they also have a very serious drawback - the ability to quickly ignite and burn. Moreover, a fire can start not only due to improper use ovens and others heating devices, but also due to improper installation of electrical wiring, neglect when laying the rules of the Electrical Installation Code.
For correct design, calculations and safe installation of electrical wiring, it has been developed technical document– “Rules for the installation of electrical installations” (abbreviated as PUE).
You should not rely too much on the quality of cable insulation, because many processes take place in cable channel designs that cannot be foreseen in advance:
With increased loads on the network, there is a high probability of breakdown between the wires stretched in parallel and, in the absence of their fencing from flammable bases, a fire is inevitable.
According to paragraph 7.1.38 of the PUE, hidden electrical wiring V log house should not be laid on wooden structures; laying wires in corrugated or plastic boxes is prohibited.
Even corrugated hoses are not able to protect against elevated temperatures when burning hidden wiring, since their walls do not have the proper thickness and are not designed to withstand the impact high temperatures. The main useful characteristic of the channels is their ability to withstand a short circuit without burning out in the period of time required for the natural attenuation of the arc.
This property is fully inherent only in pipes and ducts made of steel and recommended for installing hidden wiring in wooden buildings.
There are many ways to install hidden wiring in wooden houses, but only some can be classified as correct and meeting all the requirements of the PUE. Both in the design and installation process, first of all, you need to follow fire safety requirements.
Hidden electrical wiring in a house made of rounded logs is installed in special channels made of non-flammable materials, which localize a possible fire within themselves. At the same time, the aesthetic qualities and ideas of the designer, the cost of materials and production of work must be moved to a secondary level.
The best material for laying wires hidden in the voids of wooden structures of ceilings and walls are steel boxes and metal pipes. When using non-flammable PVC materials (installation boxes or corrugated pipes), on each side it is necessary to install fireproof and non-heat-conducting gaskets from:
The thickness of the gasket is calculated based on the required wiring characteristics.
The most reliable method for making wiring installation that complies with the recommendations of the PUE is considered to be laying it in steel or copper pipes and ducts. Copper pipes are easily bent without the use of any special devices or tools, which is important when it is necessary to install branched electrical wiring.
Usage steel pipes a little more difficult and requires highly qualified workers, especially when replacing wiring in small sections. The sharpened edges of the boxes can deform the insulation of the wires, so cutting them must be done only with a specialized tool.
The selection and subsequent marking of the wiring line should be carried out strictly in accordance with the requirements of the PUE. The number of turns and bends must be kept to a minimum, and at points where, due to architectural features building, laying the route is difficult; installation of junction boxes is necessary.
When installing boxes, it is forbidden to cover them under any decorative elements, impeding open access for maintenance during operation, inspection or measurement.
Pipes for electrical wiring are buried so as not to disrupt the strength and load-bearing properties structural elements building. The cross-section of the pipes and the thickness of their walls are selected based on the characteristics of the cable. The wire placed in the pipe should occupy less than 40% of the total internal volume and stretch without problems over the entire length of the section. When laying several cables in a pipe at once, their total volume should also be less than 40% of the internal cross-section of the pipe.
Before laying the cable, it is necessary to calculate the insulation resistance in advance. This procedure is carried out in order to determine the compliance of the wire with the requirements of the technical specifications, to identify possible insulation deformations during transportation and storage, and to perform preparatory work.
After developing the diagram and marking of each node, you should decide on the brand of wire used directly for installation. IN wooden buildings It is recommended to use cables with the following markings:
Solid copper wire (containing up to five cores) marked VVGng (A) or VVGng-P (A) is covered with double insulation. The internal insulation is made of PVC, with each core painted different colour, is insulated separately, which greatly facilitates the installation of sockets, switches, and lighting devices. The outside of the cable is covered with insulation made of flexible composite plastic, which allows it to be used in a temperature range from +50 to -50 °C.
The characteristics of wires of the VVGng LS, VVGng-P LS brands are fully consistent with the previous brand, the difference is the absence of emission when heated harmful substances(chlorine-hydrogen).
The NYM cable is manufactured according to GOST 22483 and has three insulating layers. The wire strands are first insulated individually, then the bundle of strands is placed in composite material, and then assembled into a non-flammable PVC shell.
At the points of future installation of switches and sockets, using special equipment, you should drill out sockets where they will subsequently be mounted metal boxes. Such boxes, as well as junction boxes, are mounted using appropriate technology, which involves the production of a number of compulsory work, as a result of which a high-quality connection between the box and the pipe and reliable contacts between all elements should be ensured.
The contact is also important for providing grounding. If continuity of the circuit is ensured during the installation of electrical wiring, then grounding can only be performed in the distribution panel.
Of the several methods of attaching boxes to pipes, welding and soldering are the most reliable. These methods make it possible to ensure maximum contact reliability, complete protection against corrosion and resistance to mechanical loads.
If copper pipes are used to supply the wire to the outlet, then they open edges, placed in a box, must be flared. If steel pipes are installed, then the connection to the box is made using nuts, for which threads are cut into the pipe heads. In order to ensure maximum screwing tightness, the nuts are cleaned of traces of corrosion and securely fixed.
Technological and distribution boxes for the installation of sockets and switches must meet the requirements of class IP -54, according to which protection is guaranteed against the penetration of dust and moisture into the open box.
Upon completion of the installation of pipes and boxes, it is necessary to measure the grounding in order to determine the reliability of the connection of each element of the circuit.
Upon completion of the inspection and elimination of all, even minor, inconsistencies with the requirements of the PUE, the cable is laid.
The cable should be selected at such a length that a small reserve of length is created in any of the boxes, which may later be useful when changing connections.
When installing an electrical network in wooden buildings, it is necessary to use cables with three or five cores with mandatory grounding. Putting electrical wiring into operation without grounding is strictly prohibited.
In our time wooden houses– this is already the norm. Everyone wants to live in an environmentally friendly way clean house, but at the same time modern man does not want to give up the conveniences of modernity. It's about lighting, use household appliances, computers, etc. All this will become possible only if we install it inside the house electric wires, install switches and sockets, distribution panels. When we're talking about O wooden house, which is easily flammable and burns, special requirements are put forward for the installation of wiring, compliance with which is the key to the safety of all residents. Let’s figure out how to properly install electrical wiring in a wooden house and what must be taken into account. The material will help you evaluate your strengths and decide whether it is possible to do all the work yourself or whether you will have to call a professional for help.
Wood is one of those types of materials that ignite easily and burn well. can easily catch fire from a normal short circuit in electrical circuit, so the process is to minimize the likelihood of a short circuit occurring, and if it does occur, to minimize the consequences. The following requirements are put forward for wiring in a wooden house::
Electrical wiring in wooden buildings can be done in two ways:
A log house or a cottage made of timber: any building made of wood, regardless of the impregnation of the material with fire retardants, is fire hazardous, and many owners wonder whether it is necessary hidden wiring in a wooden house.
In an apartment in a high-rise building, in order to install an electrical network in the premises, concrete walls subjected to gating, that is, shallow grooves are machined. With brick it is often easier to do this, simply hiding the wiring under a thick layer of plaster. In buildings made of logs or beams, things are somewhat more complicated. Even the highest quality cable can easily burn out due to an accidental short circuit, which is why there is a high probability of a fire. Of course, there is an optimal solution - to lay the network so that all the wires are visible. But many will find this option unaesthetic.
Is hidden electrical wiring acceptable in a wooden house? Quite if you use special channels that should fit into the walls. The main requirement is to prevent the cable from coming into contact with the wood.. The fact is that even without short circuits, the metal core hidden in the insulation tends to heat up when high load on the network that occurs when several household appliances. Care must be taken in advance to ensure that wooden walls do not heat up from the wiring, and this is achieved with the help of special boxes, sleeves or pipes laid in the walls.
So, in order to hide all the wires in the thickness of the walls, you will have to hollow out recesses, grooves, cavities, through holes, and so on in logs or beams. However, as already mentioned, even an insulated cable should not come into contact with the wood. As a precaution, many use metal hoses, which are completely unsuitable for this purpose (due to poor thermal insulation properties); they are designed for pulling external network. For laying cables inside wooden walls special metal tubes are intended, in extreme cases - non-flammable or plastic, which tend to fade without external intervention. Let's consider both options.
Metal cable ducts are preferable for the simple reason that they are not at all susceptible to fire. In addition, you should take into account the shrinkage of the walls, due to which plastic pipes, unlike copper ones, are easily deformed. On the other hand, the channels must bend in the corners, in which case, if you are working with copper, you need to be patient. The fact is that first a wire is pulled into the tube, after which it should be carefully bent using a special pipe bending device. In this case, the bend must have a certain radius, otherwise there is a risk of damage to the cable.
Plastic channels are less preferable, although they are more cost-effective and allow you to save a lot of money when laying the electrical network. It is best to just place them in grooves knocked out at the ends of the logs that limit the doorway; in extreme cases, use them to pull wires through walls. It is better not to insert plastic tubes into the thickness of the partitions between rooms, remembering the shrinkage of the crowns. The grooves with cable channels are closed with plugs cut from a board or block, which are subsequently covered with platbands or masked using a special putty for wood, followed by sanding the surface, as well as stain and varnish.
It is best to do room wiring not along the walls, but either under the flooring or under the ceiling cladding. Since this placement of cables is considered hidden, we lay them along the joists (or under them, if on the ceiling) copper tubes, connecting in special junction boxes, which in no case should come into contact with the wood. It is advisable to separate such highway intersections from the sheathing with asbestos or metal sheets. In the wall, at the end of each groove for a network branch, we hollow out a recess for the mounting box, on top of which a socket or switch is mounted. The diameter of the pipe and the thickness of its wall are selected depending on the cross-section of the wire.
Twists of wires, even covered with junction boxes, must be insulated with caps, especially in places where wood is located in close proximity. If you plan to cover the walls with clapboard, you can run cable ducts directly along their surface without gouging out grooves. It is in this case that non-flammable plastic pipes are most appropriate, and, regardless of the material, the wires should be completely hidden in them, especially at the junction with junction boxes. As an option, a combined scheme is possible, when the lines are hidden in metal gutters and pipes under the cladding of walls, floors and ceilings, and the point-to-point distribution is done half-open, in boxes.
It is not at all necessary to hide the cables if the walls are not planned to be hidden under lathing and then finished with plaster or under wallpaper. It will go perfectly with log partitions between rooms; in a wooden house this solution can become part of the design. However, if you think that the electrical network, stretched along the walls and ceiling, will not be combined with paintings and rugs, it can be placed in plastic boxes that will fit into any environment.
It is also possible to lay cables in special channels decorative skirting boards, which is convenient for European-quality renovation, when you don’t want to make the apartment look like an office using boxes. Some homeowners use plastic corrugated tubes, which are flexible, but do not protect the wiring at all and are not aesthetically pleasing. IN non-residential premises Very often, cables are mounted using metal brackets; this option is appropriate in a bathroom or bathhouse, as well as in a workshop, garage, cellar or barn.
The most interesting is the open one, made in a “retro” style, when insulated copper wires twisted into a pigtail are stretched directly along the wall, secured with ceramic insulators. In stores you can often find models of sockets and switches in the style of the 30-40s, with massive cases (although the sockets will almost certainly have a grounding contact). The only condition for organizing such a network is to maintain a gap of 10 millimeters between the cable and the wall. However, this type also has disadvantages, in particular: children have open access to the wires (what if they want to cut them with scissors), and also high price and a shortage of ceramic rollers for fastening two-strand twisting.
Do-it-yourself electrical wiring in a wooden house is installed to ensure full functionality of the system. Installation of wiring in wooden structures should ensure the safety of the structure from fire. Installing electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands is quite acceptable, but you should carefully familiarize yourself with the standards and norms for carrying out this process. Every owner of a wooden building wants to create and provide comfortable and favorable conditions for household accommodation.
Modern installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house can be divided into the following main stages:
Wiring in houses wooden structure must prevent any fire. Cable wires and other elements must have the following characteristics:
A detailed calculation of the power of electrical equipment is the key to a well-designed project. Such a project is based on the following points:
Electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands should ensure a continuous process; you need to stock up on tools and equipment. For this work, pliers, screwdrivers, a hammer, a chisel, a screwdriver, and a knife for electrical work are used.
There are two types: metal and plastic. For wooden buildings Experts recommend installing metal shields inside the house. Most often, the shield is located the following types cables:
Electrical supply stores sell switchboards to accommodate 12 pieces of electrical equipment. For houses of standard dimensions with the usual arrangement of electrical wiring elements, panels with 9 places are used.
In addition, to install electrical wiring you must prepare:
The above list should be collected before initial stage workflow.
The main specificity of the choice of cables is the cross-section of the wires and their power. First you need to clearly define the groups of electrical equipment and the voltage of electricity required for full operation of the system.
To install electrics in wooden houses, marked VVG copper cables are used. Cables of this type are more affordable. NYM brand cable is more expensive, but has a number of advantages - reliable insulation, ease of use and safety. Aluminum cables can also be used, but they are not as reliable because their structure is more brittle and prone to kinking.
A three-core cable with a grounding effect is supplied to the sockets. When using electrical household appliances, grounding is mandatory.
According to the Electrical Installation Rules, during installation lighting fixtures Grounding is a mandatory attribute.
Electrical wiring in a wooden house is carried out according to two types:
Wires are laid inside walls using pipes or metal sleeves to provide insulation and protection from mechanical damage to integrity.
Electrical appliances (sockets and switches) used in wooden houses must meet the following parameters:
The number of sockets and switches is determined using the drawn up project. At the discretion of the owner, it is allowed to install joint switches, for example, in the bathroom and toilet, corridor and pantry.
For the right choice input cable, it is necessary to calculate the entire power consumption in the house. At repair work, if you decide to increase the ratings of the switches, do not forget about replacing the input cable. It is necessary to select the input cable for the total power of the devices in the house, because an incorrect cross-section will not provide sufficient functionality of the electrical wiring.
When choosing a machine, you should proceed with special care: if the machine is worn out, then short circuits and overvoltages often occur. If the house uses a three-phase network, then it is necessary to ensure the use of a three-pole circuit breaker. Accordingly, when single-phase network For electricity, a single-pole or double-pole switch with a zero-phase input is used.
For a single-phase network, the machines must have the following properties:
To correctly calculate voltage network power indicators, specially developed formulas are used.
In accordance with the diagram. To do this, routes are determined in kind, that is, on the surface of the wall of the house, after which distribution boxes are installed and installation points for sockets, lamps and switches are marked. The cables used must have the appropriate cross-section to ensure full use of the system.
When laying cable wires in metal boxes or pipes, finishing is required internal space walls For hidden wiring use corrugated pipes prohibited as it may cause a fire.
Laying cable wires in a pipe includes the following steps:
When laying cable wires externally in pipes, the wires should not fit tightly to the surface of the pipes. They should be filled halfway. Electricians recommend using copper pipes because such products have greater flexibility, which is important during installation. Cut wires must be processed and stripped. The pipes are installed on the wall surface using clamps.
Installation of grounding in wooden houses is mandatory in accordance with all requirements and standards for the operation of household electrical appliances.
When grounding, perform the following actions:
Installing an RCD in a private house plays the role of protection against damage electric shock in cases of leakage.
When all electrical appliances are connected and the installation is complete, it is necessary to measure the resistance of the electrical wiring in the wooden house. This process is necessary to ensure that the insulation is not damaged.
Resistance measurements are carried out regularly, approximately once every three years. Resistance measurements will help identify deficiencies and help protect the structure from short circuits leading to fire.
After completing the installation of electrical wiring, it is necessary to independently inspect the entire complex of installation work. Electricians measure the insulation resistance and grounding conductor.
After the work, specialists issue a protocol that confirms the functionality of the entire system. This document must be presented when sealing the electric meter. Most often, for clarity and to facilitate repairs, a diagram indicating the location of the main circuit breakers is pasted onto the electrical panel.
Do-it-yourself electrical wiring in a wooden house must be done taking into account all the rules. Proper installation of wiring made from quality materials will ensure a long service life. In order to competently complete the entire volume electro installation work, read the diagram and correctly calculate the amount of materials and cable footage.
If you are not sure that you can handle the work yourself, invite specialists, because your safety and the safety of your property depend on proper installation and connection of the electrical network in your home.
Convenience and communications have become the main component human life. It’s hard to imagine such comfort without electricity. Supplying a home with electrical communications is not complete without taking into account certain rules. In this article we will look in detail at the question of how electrical wiring is laid in a wooden house according to the diagram and requirements.
Today, wood has become very often used for the construction of private houses. This is done not only for aesthetic reasons, but also because of the naturalness of the raw materials. Very labor-intensive process in construction, is the distribution of communications, namely the electrification of the home.
Be sure to exercise caution - this is required for any work on electrical installations.
Important! When installing electrics in your home, follow three rules: safety, fire safety and safety precautions.
It is known that a good option for cable routing wooden type structure, it is the open wiring. Be sure to lay conductors in such houses with good insulating properties. Cables should not create friction between exposed wires. If you are planning to introduce electrical wiring into a room with high humidity, use options suitable for external communications, as they have more stringent properties.
When laying conductors from the main meter to consumers there should not be many connections. As a rule, it is not so easy to achieve network integrity, so distribution boxes come to the rescue, which ensure reliable switching of electrical wires among themselves.
In wooden houses, the installation of a ground loop is more important than ever. Don’t forget to check its functionality before finishing wiring. When the mains is connected to voltage, all sources must work. Plus - the absence of sparkles, sparks and hissing of conductors.
It is important to prepare everything before performing installation work; it is imperative to have a cable layout diagram, both throughout the room and in individual junction boxes.
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