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The mass return of the Crimean Tatars began with the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 666 of July 11, 1990. According to it, Crimean Tatars could receive free land And Construction Materials
in Crimea, but at the same time they could sell previously received plots with houses in Uzbekistan, so migration in the period before the collapse of the USSR brought great economic benefits to the Crimean Tatars.
Finally, in November 1989, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR recognized the deportation of the Crimean Tatars as “illegal and criminal.”
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in its Decree No. 493 of September 5, 1967 “On citizens of Tatar nationality living in Crimea” recognized that “after the liberation of Crimea from Nazi occupation in 1944, facts of active cooperation with the German invaders of a certain part of the Tatars living in Crimea were unreasonably attributed to the entire Tatar population of Crimea.”
Only on April 28, 1956, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Crimean Tatars were released from administrative supervision and the special settlement regime, but without the right to return property and return to Crimea. The bulk of able-bodied migrants were sent to work both in agriculture and in industry and construction. The shortage of labor during the war was felt almost everywhere, especially in the collection and processing of cotton. The work that special settlers received was, as a rule, hard, and often dangerous to life and health. More than a thousand of them, for example, worked at an ozokerite mine in the village of Shorsu, Fergana region. The Crimean Tatars were sent to the construction of the Nizhne-Bozsu and Farkhad hydroelectric power stations, they worked on the repair of the Tashkent hydroelectric power station railway The unusual climate and constant malnutrition led to the spread of malaria and gastrointestinal diseases. From June to December 1944 alone, 10.1 thousand special settlers from Crimea died from disease and exhaustion in Uzbekistan, that is, about 7% of those who arrived.
“It is interesting that initially Uzbekistan agreed to host only 70 thousand Crimean Tatars, but later it had to “reconsider” its plans and agree with the figure of 180 thousand people, for which purpose a special settlements department was organized in the republican NKVD, which was to prepare 359 special settlements and 97 commandant's offices. And although the time of resettlement of the Crimean Tatars, in comparison with other peoples, was relatively comfortable, the data on morbidity and high mortality speak quite clearly about what it was like for them in the new place: about 16 thousand back in 1944 and about 13 thousand. in 1945,” notes Pavel Polyan’s book “Not of my own free will...”
The transfer of 71 echelons to the east took about 20 days. In a telegram dated June 8, 1944 addressed to Lavrentia Beria, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Uzbek SSR Yuldash Babajanov reported: “I am reporting on the completion of the reception of trains and the resettlement of special settlers of the Crimean Tatars in the Uzbek SSR... In total, special settlers of families were accepted and resettled in Uzbekistan - 33,775 people - 151,529, including men - 27,558, women - 55,684, children - 68,287. 191 people died en route in all echelons. Distributed by region: Tashkent - 56,362 people. Samarkand - 31,540, Andijan - 19,630, Fergana - 19,630, Namangan - 13,804, Kashka-Darya - 10,171, Bukhara - 3,983 people. The resettlement was mainly carried out on state farms, collective farms and industrial enterprises, in empty premises and due to the compaction of local residents... The unloading of the trains and the resettlement of special settlers took place in an orderly manner. There were no incidents."
A group of Crimean Tatars who arbitrarily seized land on the collective farm "Ukraine" in the Bakhchisarai region, 1989
Valery Shustov/RIA NovostiAfter the eviction of the Crimean Tatars, according to the commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, there remained: 25,561 houses, personal plots 18,736, outbuildings 15,000, cattle and poultry: cows 10,700, young animals 886, calves 4,139, sheep and goats 44,000, horses 4,450. leather 43,207 pcs. The total number of dishes and other various products is 420,000.
As indicated in the book by Natalya Kiseleva and Andrey Malgin “Ethnopolitical processes in Crimea: historical experience, modern problems and the prospects for their solution,” special orders were issued on the fronts for the dismissal of Crimean Tatars from the ranks of the Red Army, who were also sent to a special settlement. The privates and sergeants suffered this fate, the majority junior officers
. Only senior officers, as a rule, did not leave the army and continued to be at the front until the end of the war.
Viktor Chernov/RIA Novosti
Following the Tatars, on the basis of GKO Resolution No. 5984ss of June 2, 1944, 15,040 Greeks, 12,422 Bulgarians, 9,621 Armenians, 1,119 Germans, Italians and Romanians, 105 Turks, 16 Iranians, etc. were evicted from the Crimea to the republics of Central Asia and the region of the RSFSR. (total 41,854 people). In total, by the end of 1945, according to the NKVD of the USSR, there were 967,085 families in the special settlement, numbering 2,342,506 people. “In addition, the regional military registration and enlistment offices of Crimea mobilized 6,000 Tatars of military age, who, according to the orders of the Head of the Red Army, are sent to Guryev, Rybinsk, Kuibyshev. Of the 8,000 special settlers sent on your instructions to the Moskvugol trust, 5,000 people are also Tatars. In total, 191,044 persons of Tatar nationality were taken out of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic,”
- also noted in the report of Kobulov and Serov.
As the leaders of the operation noted in their report, during the eviction, 1,137 “anti-Soviet elements” were arrested, and a total of 5,989 people. 10 mortars, 173 machine guns, 192 machine guns, 2,650 rifles, and 46,603 kg of ammunition were seized.
On May 20, state security commissioners Kobulov and Serov reported to Beria: “The operation to evict the Crimean Tatars, which began with your instructions on May 18, ended today at 16:00. 180,014 people were evicted, loaded into 67 trains, of which 63 trains, numbering 173,287 people, were sent to their destination, the remaining 4 trains will be sent today.” As in the case of the eviction of the Kalmyks, when the measures taken against the people did not affect some high-ranking representatives, for example, General Oku Gorodovikov, a number of Crimean Tatars who managed to become famous on the fronts of the Great War escaped deportation. Patriotic War
. First of all, we are, of course, talking about the outstanding military pilot, twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1943, 1945) Akhmet Khan Sultan and his classmate Emir Usein Chalbash. “My father on the eve of the liberation of Crimea the Germans tried to take him to work in Germany, but he fled, then went into hiding, and on May 18, 1944, the NKVD troops deported him,” TASS quotes Crimean Tatar Rustem Emirov as saying. “They didn’t explain anything to anyone about why or why they were being expelled. On my mother’s side and on my father’s side, during the Great Patriotic War, her and my uncles went missing; where they are buried is still unknown.”
From the book of historian Kurtiev: “According to official documents of the USSR State Defense Committee, material and medical support along the route and in places of special settlements was sufficient.
However, in reality, according to the recollections of the deported Crimean Tatars themselves, living conditions, food, clothing, medical care, etc. were horrific, which caused mass deaths of people in special settlements.” It was so crowded that people could not stretch their legs. At stops they lit fires and looked for water. Trains left without announcement. Some people, having collected water, managed to return and run to the carriage, others did not and disappeared without a trace.
Those who died on the road were thrown out along the train, without permission to bury them.
In turn, Beria sent a telegram to Joseph Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov, in which he reported on the progress of the deportation. This is what followed from the text: “The NKVD reports that today, May 18, an operation to evict the Crimean Tatars has begun. 90,000 people have already been transported to the railway loading stations, 48,400 people have been loaded and sent to places of new settlement, and 25 trains are under loading. There were no incidents during the operation. The operation is ongoing."
Bogdan Kobulov and Ivan Serov telegraphed their boss Lavrentiy Beria about how the operation was progressing. “In pursuance of your instructions, today, May 18 of this year, at dawn, an operation to evict the Crimean Tatars was launched. As of 20:00, 90,000 people were transported to the loading stations, of which 17 trains were loaded and 48,000 people were sent to their destinations. 25 trains are under loading. There were no incidents during the operation.
RIA Novosti/RIA Novosti “During the eviction, our train stood for a long time at Seitler station,” recalled Jafer Kurtseitov. - Apparently, he was one of the last, so he was slaughtered by people who were caught in different places.
As Osmanova recalled, the soldiers explained to some that they were not being taken to be shot, but would be evicted. But their family was evicted so cruelly that they were not even allowed to take anything with them except one bag of wheat.
They ate this wheat all the way.
“On May 18, 1944, at dawn, a strong knock woke up the whole family - this is the Crimean Tatar Ninel Osmanova. “Mom didn’t have time to jump out of bed when the doors opened and Soviet soldiers with machine guns in their hands ordered us to go out into the yard. Mom began to gather the crying children, and soldiers with rifles began to push us out of the house. Mom thought they were going to shoot us. When we went out into the yard, there was a cart there, they put us in and took us out of the village into a ravine. Our fellow villagers and their families were already sitting there.”“In conditions of extreme food shortages, drinking water, absence
sanitary conditions people were sick, dying of hunger and massive infectious diseases. In the first year, my younger sister Shekure Ibragimova died from hunger and inhuman conditions; she was 6 years old. In September 1944, I fell ill with malaria,” Urie Borsaitova shared her experience.“On the train’s route, people died from hunger, disease, lack of medical care, experienced moral suffering,” recalled Crimean Tatar Urie Borsaitova, quoted by krymr.com, in 2009. She and her numerous relatives were taken away from the station in Yevpatoria. — In the freight cars for transporting livestock, the walls and floors were dirty, and there was a smell of manure.
Up to 45-50 people or 8-10 families of Crimean Tatars were placed in one carriage.
After 19 days of travel, the train arrived at the Golodnaya Steppe station. We were sent to the place of settlement - the Kirov collective farm, Mirzachul district, Tashkent region, Uzbekistan. Our family was settled in an old dugout without windows or doors, the roof was made of reeds.” “Our eviction was carefully prepared in advance so that even neighbors and relatives did not end up at the same destination. So, already when boarding the trucks and at the railway station, everyone was carefully mixed with different villages. They even placed our own grandmother in another carriage, saying that they would meet us there,” eyewitnesses said.
And again let us turn to the work of local historian Kurtiev “Deportation. How it happened”: “Elderly people, women and children, pushed with rifle butts, were driven into dirty freight cars, the windows of which were shrouded in barbed wire.
Inside, the cars were equipped with 2-tier wooden bunks. There were no toilets or water.” In case of disobedience, people are unceremoniously beaten.
Armed resistance, as in other similar operations, ended with the liquidation of the “rebel” on the spot.
Aleksey Vesnin, a fighter of the 222nd separate rifle battalion of the 25th rifle brigade of the NKVD troops, who was 19 years old during the operation, subsequently wrote his memoirs about the events, published under the title “Fulfilling the order.” “At four in the morning we started the operation. We entered houses, lifted the owners out of bed and announced: “In the name of Soviet power! For treason against the Motherland, you are deported to other regions of the Soviet Union.”
People perceived this team with humble submission,” said Vesnin.
Said Tsarnaev/RIA Novosti
People perceived this team with humble submission,” said Vesnin.
The first batches of people are collected outside the villages, where trucks have already arrived. Having barely had time to dress and hastily gather the essentials, women, old people and children are put into the back and taken to the nearest railway stations.
The trains are waiting there, surrounded by armed fighters.
Let us note that officially, according to the State Defense Committee decree of May 11, special settlers were allowed to take with them personal belongings, clothing, household equipment, dishes and food in quantities of up to 500 kg per family.
Who is deliberately distorting the facts here? Most likely, as usual, the truth is somewhere in the middle. Those who survived the deportation often said that in reality the authorities did not always follow their own decrees...
However, former NKVD employee Vesnin provided slightly different information. According to him, they were still given two hours to get ready, and each family was allowed to take 200 kg of cargo with them. The Crimean Tatars are subject to even harsher conditions than other deported peoples. So, no more than 10-15 minutes are allotted for getting ready. You are allowed to take bundles weighing no more than 10-15 kg.
This is how Aleksey Vesnin, a soldier of the 222nd separate rifle battalion of the 25th rifle brigade of the NKVD troops, recalled the beginning of the operation in his work “Deportation. How it happened,” historian Kurtiev quoted: “We walked for several hours and early in the morning of May 18th we reached the village of Oysul in the steppe. 6 light machine guns were placed around the village.”
The operation to expel Crimean Tatars from Crimea has begun! Groups of NKVD officers and soldiers, accumulated in populated areas, go home and hit people with rifle butts on doors and windows.
Wikimedia Commons
A word from the Crimean Tatar historian Refat Kurtiev: “The following were involved in the action: 19 thousand people assisting the NKVD, 30 thousand workers of the NKVD and NKGB. The operatives were assisted by about 100 thousand military personnel of the Soviet army.
To carry out the order mobilely, troikas were formed from the military resources involved: three military personnel were assigned to one operative. Thus, for every Crimean Tatar, be he an old man or a baby, there was more than one punisher.”
Public domain
Some researchers claim that in some settlements security officers and soldiers began to carry out evictions late in the evening of May 17 and “worked” diligently all night. Allegedly, in Simferopol, the first locations of the operation were Grazhdanskaya Street and the nearby streets of Krasnaya Gorka. Then it was the turn of the residents of Simeiz. One of the sources gives a story about the deportation in the village of Ak-Bash, where NKVD and NKGB officers arrived in five trucks.
“Some fries meat, some potatoes, some pasties. And the soldiers are so happy; during the three years of war, each of them missed home-cooked food,” recalled local resident Sabe Useinova.
At 7 o’clock in the evening, well-fed Red Army soldiers “scattered” throughout the village, driving people out into the street with rifle butts, while Sabé’s husband stood with his hands raised. Then everyone was herded to the village square, loaded into cars and not allowed to leave until dawn on May 18th. Well, then everything went as usual. In the fall of 1917, Crimean Tatar nationalists united in the Milli Firka party fiercely fought against those trying to establish Soviet power
Kurtiev: “When thousands of sons of the Crimean Tatar people fought and died on the fronts of the Patriotic War and during the occupation, the smoke of burned villages still smelled in Crimea, the tears of mothers did not dry up for the dead, tortured, shot, burned and driven away to Germany, when the battles were still going on for the complete liberation of Crimea from the Nazis, Soviet punitive forces were preparing the deportation of the Crimean Tatars.”
Crimean Tatar local historian Refat Kurtiev, who devoted many years to studying the problem, noted that a significant part of the population actually fought the Germans in the same way as other peoples of the USSR. “The war came to the Crimean peninsula on June 22, 1941 at 3:13 a.m. with the bombing of Sevastopol. The German army after 3 months of battles with Soviet army approached Perekop. Soon Crimea was occupied (10/18/1941-05/14/1944), the researcher wrote in his book “Deportation. How it was". — During this period, the Crimean Tatar people fully experienced all the horrors of war: 40 thousand went to the front, the Nazis burned more than 80 Crimean Tatar villages, 20 thousand young people were driven to Germany (of which 2,300 people were in German camps). By the time of the liberation of Crimea, they were fighting in the forests fascist invaders 598 Crimean Tatar partisans."
“The deportations caused noticeable damage to the country’s economy: the work of many enterprises was suspended, entire agricultural areas fell into disrepair, the traditions of transhumance livestock farming, terrace farming, etc. were lost. The psychology of the deported peoples, their attitude to the socialist system, underwent a radical change, and international ties collapsed,” - noted historian Nikolai Bugai in his book “Joseph Stalin to Lavrentiy Beria: “They must be deported.”
After the Great Patriotic War, in March 1949, the security forces of the USSR began implementing Operation Surf to deport residents of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania who were found to have connections with the nationalist underground. Almost 100 thousand anti-Soviet citizens of the Baltic states were forcibly evicted from their usual places to Siberia.
Gazeta.Ru wrote about these events in.
People perceived this team with humble submission,” said Vesnin.
At the end of December last year, 75 years have passed since the forced deportation of Kalmyks, whom the Soviet authorities cruelly punished for collaboration. individual representatives people during the German occupation. More than 90 thousand people were put into railway carriages for transporting livestock in a few hours and sent from Kalmykia to Siberia and Central Asia.
By the summer of 1944, the total number of those evicted had grown to 120 thousand due to Kalmyks from other regions and the military.
tuva.asia
Security officers began expelling Crimean Tatars from their homes at dawn on May 18. Well, while we are at night, we remember other nations who shared the same fate a little earlier. In the later stages of the Great Patriotic War, in 1943-1944, forced deportations of entire peoples to remote areas of the Soviet Union occurred one after another.
Evgeniy Khaldei/RIA Novosti The official view of the events of 75 years ago is currently undergoing serious adjustments. Thus, at the beginning of May it was announced that a section on the collaboration of the Crimean Tatars during the years of Nazi occupation would be cut out of the textbook on the history of Crimea for the 10th grade. The republican Ministry of Education and Science explained that the corresponding decision was made “in order to relieve social tension.” Joseph Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev, Lavrentiy Beria, Matvey Shkiryatov (in the first row from right to left), Georgy Malenkov and Andrei Zhdanov (in the second row from right to left) at a joint meeting of the Council of the Union and the Council nationalities 1st
Red Guard detachments in Crimea.On May 13, a commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR arrived in Crimea to organize the reception of household property, livestock, and agricultural products from special settlers. To assist the members of the commission, local authorities allocated up to 20 thousand people from among the party and economic assets of cities and districts for practical work on accounting and protecting abandoned property.
The commission developed instructions containing a list and quantity of essential items that a special settler could take with him, although in practice the requirements of the instructions were often not followed. Dozens of freight trains were formed at railway stations. Convoys were drawn to areas where Crimean Tatars were densely populated for the subsequent transportation of those evicted to their landing sites in trains. Units of the internal troops were dispersed throughout populated areas to organize the dispatch of people and subsequent clearing of the territory. In the mountainous forest area, SMERSH operatives were completing their final searches. According to Djilas, in 1943 or 1944, Stalin complained to Tito that US President Franklin Roosevelt was demanding that he create a kind of enclave of the Jewish diaspora in Crimea in exchange for Lend-Lease supplies.
Allegedly, without the appropriate guarantees from Stalin on this issue, the Americans even refused to open a second front. In general, the leader of the Soviet state had no choice but to liberate Crimea for the Jews, which required evicting the Tatars. It is alleged that the leaders of the USA and the USSR seriously discussed the candidacy of the head of the future territorial entity. Allegedly, Roosevelt insisted on Solomon Mikhoels, while Stalin proposed his longtime and faithful ally Lazar Kaganovich for this role.
Taking into account the above, the State Defense Committee decided:
“All Tatars should be evicted from the territory of Crimea and settled permanently as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR. Entrust the eviction to the NKVD of the USSR. Oblige the NKVD of the USSR (comrade Beria) to complete the eviction of the Crimean Tatars by June 1, 1944.”, participating in German punitive detachments, the Crimean Tatars were especially distinguished by their brutal reprisals against Soviet partisans, and also helped the German occupiers in organizing the forcible abduction of Soviet citizens into German slavery and mass extermination Soviet people, - said the GKO resolution signed by its chairman Joseph Stalin. — The Crimean Tatars actively collaborated with the German occupation authorities, participating in the so-called “Tatar national committees” organized by German intelligence and were widely used by the Germans for the purpose of sending spies and saboteurs to the rear of the Red Army. "Tatar national committees", in which main role played by White Guard-Tatar emigrants, with the support of the Crimean Tatars, they directed their activities towards the persecution and oppression of the non-Tatar population of Crimea and worked to prepare the violent separation of Crimea from the Soviet Union with the help of German armed forces.”
By the summer of 1944, the total number of those evicted had grown to 120 thousand due to Kalmyks from other regions and the military.
As stated in the collection Russian historian, the largest specialist on deportations in the USSR, Nikolai Bugai, “Joseph Stalin to Lavrentiy Beria: “They must be deported,” events in the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic developed in a difficult situation. “The active actions of nationalist elements contributed to the fact that during the war years many of the Crimean Tatars found themselves in the service of the enemy and spoke out in his support, although a significant part of the Tatar population was loyal to the Soviet government,” the book notes. — Measures aimed at preventing hostile actions of nationalists, according to government services, were not enough, and on May 11, 1944, the State Defense Committee adopted resolution No. 5859ss on the eviction of the Crimean Tatars. State Security Commissioners Bogdan Kobulov and Ivan Serov were appointed heads of the operation.”
According to NKVD data sent to the head of the Soviet state, Joseph Stalin, 183,155 people were evicted.
On May 18, 1944, the forced deportation of the Crimean Tatar population of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to Central Asia and remote areas of the RSFSR began by the NKVD and NKGB. As in the case of the deportation of other peoples accused of collaboration with the German occupiers and collaborationism during the Great Patriotic War, the operation was developed and personally supervised by one of the heads of the Soviet special services, Lavrentiy Beria.
Wikimedia Commons
After the creation of the USSR in 1922, Moscow recognized the Crimean Tatars as the indigenous population of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as part of the indigenization policy. In the 1920s, the Tatars were allowed to develop their culture. Crimean Tatar newspapers, magazines were published in Crimea, educational institutions
, museums, libraries and theaters. The Crimean Tatar language, together with Russian, was official language
autonomy. It was used by more than 140 village councils.
In the 1920-1930s, Tatars made up 25-30% of the total population of Crimea.
However, in the 1930s, Soviet policy towards the Tatars, as well as other nationalities of the USSR, became repressive.
First, dispossession and eviction of the Tatars began to the north of Russia and beyond the Urals. Then came forced collectivization, the Holodomor of 1932-33, and the purges of the intelligentsia in 1937-1938.
The main phase of the forced relocation occurred over the course of less than three days, starting at dawn on May 18, 1944 and ending at 16:00 on May 20.
In total, 238.5 thousand people were deported from Crimea - almost the entire Crimean Tatar population.
The official reason for the forced relocation was the accusation of the entire Crimean Tatar people of high treason, “mass extermination of Soviet people” and collaboration - collaboration with the Nazi occupiers.
Such arguments were contained in the decision of the State Defense Committee on deportation, which appeared a week before the start of the evictions.
In the plans of the USSR, Crimea was a strategic springboard in case possible conflict with Turkey, and Stalin wanted to be safe from possible “saboteurs and traitors,” whom he considered the Tatars.
This theory is supported by the fact that other Muslim ethnic groups were also resettled from the Caucasian regions adjacent to Turkey: Chechens, Ingush, Karachais and Balkars.
Some of them sought to protect their villages from Soviet partisans, who, according to the Tatars themselves, often persecuted them on ethnic grounds.
Other Tatars joined the German forces because they had been captured by the Nazis and wanted to alleviate the harsh conditions in prison camps in Simferopol and Nikolaev.
At the same time, 15% of the adult male Crimean Tatar population fought on the side of the Red Army. During the deportation, they were demobilized and sent to labor camps in Siberia and the Urals.
In May 1944, most of those who served in German units retreated to Germany. Mostly wives and children who remained on the peninsula were deported.
They gave us 15-20 minutes to pack our things. Officially, each family had the right to take up to 500 kg of luggage with them, but in reality they were allowed to take much less, and sometimes nothing at all.
Of people trucks were taken to the railway stations. From there, almost 70 trains with tightly closed freight cars, crowded with people, were sent east.
About eight thousand people died during the move, most of whom were children and elderly people. The most common causes of death are thirst and typhus.
Some people, unable to bear the suffering, went crazy. All the property left in Crimea after the Tatars was appropriated by the state.
Almost half of those who died in the first year were children under 16 years of age.
Due to a lack of clean water, poor hygiene, and lack of medical care, malaria, yellow fever, dysentery, and other diseases spread among the deportees.
The new arrivals had no natural immunity against many local diseases.
The newcomers were cheap labor; they were used to work on collective farms, state farms and industrial enterprises.
In Uzbekistan, they cultivated cotton fields, worked in mines, construction sites, plants and factories. Among the hard work was the construction of the Farhad hydroelectric power station.
In 1948, Moscow recognized the Crimean Tatars as lifelong migrants. Those who left their special settlement without permission from the NKVD, for example to visit relatives, were in danger of 20 years in prison. There were such cases.
Even before the deportation, propaganda incited hatred of the Crimean Tatars among local residents, branding them as traitors and enemies of the people.
As historian Greta Lynn Ugling writes, the Uzbeks were told that “cyclops” and “cannibals” were coming to them, and were advised to stay away from the aliens.
After the deportation, some local residents felt the heads of visitors to check that they were not growing horns.
Later, upon learning that the Crimean Tatars were of the same faith as them, the Uzbeks were surprised.
Children of immigrants could receive education in Russian or Uzbek, but not in Crimean Tatar.
By 1957, any publications in Crimean Tatar were prohibited. From Bolshaya Soviet encyclopedia an article about the Crimean Tatars was withdrawn.
This nationality was also prohibited from being included in the passport.
The southern regions of Crimea, where previously predominantly Crimean Tatars lived, are deserted.
For example, according to official data, only 2,600 residents remained in the Alushta region, and 2,200 in the Balaklava region. Subsequently, people from Ukraine and Russia began to resettle here.
“Toponymic repressions” were carried out on the peninsula - most cities, villages, mountains and rivers that had Crimean Tatar, Greek or German names received new Russian names. Among the exceptions are Bakhchisaray, Dzhankoy, Ishun, Saki and Sudak.
The Soviet government destroyed Tatar monuments, burned manuscripts and books, including volumes of Lenin and Marx translated into Crimean Tatar.
Cinemas and shops were opened in mosques.
In the 1950-1960s, Tatars fought for their right to return to their historical homeland, including through demonstrations in Uzbek cities.
In 1968, the occasion for one of these actions was Lenin’s birthday. The authorities dispersed the meeting.
Gradually, the Crimean Tatars managed to achieve expansion of their rights, however, an informal, but no less strict ban on their return to Crimea remained in effect until 1989.
Over the next four years, half of all Crimean Tatars who then lived in the USSR returned to the peninsula - 250 thousand people.
The return of the indigenous population to Crimea was difficult and was accompanied by land conflicts with local residents who had managed to settle in the new land. Major confrontations were nevertheless avoided.
A new challenge for the Crimean Tatars was Russia’s decision to annex Crimea in March 2014. Some of them left the peninsula due to persecution.
The Russian authorities themselves banned others from entering Crimea, including Crimean Tatar leaders Mustafa Dzhemilev and Refat Chubarov.
They claim that the Soviet government intended to destroy the Crimean Tatars as ethnic group and purposefully walked towards this goal.
In 2006, the kurultai of the Crimean Tatar people addressed Verkhovna Rada with a request to recognize the deportation as genocide.
Despite this, most historical works and diplomatic documents now call the forced resettlement of the Crimean Tatars deportation, not genocide.
In the Soviet Union they used the term "resettlement".
Speaking recently at a forum dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Petro Poroshenko went so far as to compare the Russian government in Crimea (without failing to label it, as usual, “occupation”) with “the actions of Stalin, who dreamed of destroying the Tatar people " Said loudly... And also deceitful and illiterate. In general, very Poroshenko-like. However, in order to fully understand what nonsense the Ukrainian president spouted, it is necessary to thoroughly understand the true essence of the events of the spring of 1944 in Crimea, and, above all, their prerequisites and reasons.
On May 10, 1944, the Chairman of the State Defense Committee of the USSR Joseph Stalin signed a decree “On the Crimean Tatars”, on the basis of which 190 thousand representatives of this nationality were evicted from the peninsula within literally the next 10 days. The place of deportation was mainly Uzbekistan, however, some of them ended up in Kazakhstan and other republics of the USSR. About one and a half thousand Tatars remained on the territory of Crimea - participants in the anti-Hitler underground, partisans and those who fought in the Red Army, as well as members of their families.
Tragic story? Without a doubt. However, before shedding tears over its participants, declaring them, every single one, “innocent victims of Stalinism,” let us go back even further in time - to 1941. It was then that the foundation was laid for the events that happened three years later - and by none other than the Crimean Tatars themselves. In the memo of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR Lavrentiy Beria, which, in fact, became the basis for the adoption of the above-mentioned decision of the State Defense Committee, everything was stated with Beria's merciless accuracy and directness. No “lyrics” – only numbers and facts.
Do you want to know how many Crimean Tatars deserted from the ranks of the 51st Army, which was retreating from Crimea? 20 thousand. How many of them were drafted into the Red Army? There were exactly 20 thousand... A wonderful example of betrayal, unparalleled, one might say! One hundred percent desertion in itself speaks volumes. But if only, having scattered like cockroaches before the advancing Nazis, the Tatars had stopped there! It wasn't like that at all. Before the invaders had time to enter Crimea, representatives of the Tatars had already rushed to them with expressions of complete devotion and assurances that they were all ready to faithfully serve “Adolf Effendi”, recognizing him as their leader.
Such zeal was favorably received by the Nazi leaders, which was reported in the first days of 1942 at the first meeting of the Tatar Committee, held in captured Simferopol. Heroic Sevastopol was still fighting, bleeding, but not surrendering, and the Crimean mullahs were already howling prayers for the health of the “great Fuhrer”, the “invincible army of the great German people” and the repose of the vile little souls of the murderers from the Wehrmacht. Having prayed, they set to work - security, police and auxiliary units of the Nazis were formed en masse from the Crimean Tatars. They were especially valued in the SD and field gendarmerie.
Many mournful words have been written and spoken about the death camp, which was located during the war on the territory of the Krasny state farm near Simferopol. With its horrors it earned the name “Crimean Dachau”. At least 8 thousand people were shot there alone. However, much less was mentioned about the fact that there were, strictly speaking, two Germans among the executioners in this terrible place - the “doctor” of the camp and its commandant. The rest of the “personnel” consisted of Crimean Tatars who served in the 152nd SD Shuma battalion. This unit, by the way, was formed exclusively on a voluntary basis. The rabble gathered in it showed simply incredible ingenuity in relation to torture and executions. I’ll give just one example - one of these “know-hows” was the extermination of people who were stacked in piles, tied with barbed wire, doused with gasoline and set on fire. Particular luck in this case was to get into the very bottom layer - there was a chance to suffocate before the flame broke out...
The real nightmare of the Crimean partisan detachments were the Tatar guides of the fascist Jagd teams and punitive detachments that hunted for them. Perfectly oriented to the terrain, knowing, as they say, every stone, every path in the mountains, these non-humans over and over again led the Nazis to the places where our soldiers were hiding, their camps and sites. This kind of “specialists” turned out to be so in demand for the Third Reich that in 1944, having abandoned part of their troops in Crimea, the Germans found the opportunity to evacuate them from the peninsula by sea, subsequently forming first the Tatar SS Mountain Jaeger Regiment, and then an entire brigade. A huge honor...
There is still a lot to remember. About the stones that flew at our prisoners when they were driven through Tatar villages... About two hectares of Crimean land, which were given to each of the Tatars who entered the service of the occupiers, and which was taken away from the Russian people. About how desperately the Tatar battalions fought near Bakhchisarai and Islam-Terek in 1944, trying to stop the Red Army going to liberate Crimea. About the zeal with which they searched for and destroyed communists throughout the peninsula, wounded Red Army soldiers whom residents tried to hide, as well as Jews and Gypsies, in whose extermination they took an active part.
Doesn’t it occur to anyone that by deporting the Tatars from Crimea, among whom at least every tenth was not only tainted by collaboration with the invaders, but had their hands covered in blood up to their elbows, Stalin and Beria did not destroy them, but saved them?! The veterans returning from the fields of the Great Patriotic War a year or two later would hardly have limited themselves to “verbal reprimand” of the traitors...
It is impossible not to mention one more point. The “international human rights organizations” and other liberal riffraff that annually shed streams of tears over the “undeservedly deported” Crimean Tatars, for some reason do not cry over other completely similar stories of the same time. Over the internment of 120 thousand Japanese, as well as thousands of Germans and Italians who were driven behind the “thorn” in 1941 in the USA. Note - not for any specific crimes, and not even “on suspicion”. Simply - for nationality! And there is no groaning over the 600 thousand Germans who perished during their mass eviction from European countries after the end of the Second World War. The infections are silent, like fish on ice...
But the Germans - not Nazis, not Wehrmacht or SS veterans, but simply those who had the misfortune of belonging to this nation - were driven out of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia in the millions in 1945! 500-600 thousand is only the documented number of those killed during deportation.
I do not condemn or justify anyone. It was just such a time - cruel, bloody, terrible... And some things that today cause a shudder with their categoricalness and their scale were completely normal for him, almost universal practice. This is all to say that declaring the deportation of 1944 the pinnacle of world atrocities is incorrect, to say the least.
Regarding the fact that in the spring of 1944 only “innocent” and “not involved” people were arrested and deported... Only small arms During the eviction operation, so much was confiscated that it would be enough to arm an infantry division! Okay, ten thousand (!) rifles... And more than 600 machine guns and mortars - fifty? Why were they hiding all this?! Shoot at sparrows? Even before the deportation began, stern comrades in cornflower blue caps from Beria’s department captured more than 5 thousand representatives of the Crimean Tatar population, whose connection with the Nazis was so obvious, and their crimes so bloody, that most of them, without ceremony, had a noose thrown around their necks. Among them, there were many spies, saboteurs and simply “sleeping” agents who were trying to hide, left in the liberated territory with very specific tasks from the fascist masters.
I agree that the whole nation cannot be guilty. Nobody accuses an entire people... Let's not dive into emotions, but turn to dispassionate and dry arithmetic. I will give some figures, and everyone is free to draw the following conclusions themselves.
First of all, no matter what the extremists entrenched in Ukraine and their accomplices are trying to say now, Crimea was by no means Tatar before the Great Patriotic War. Ukrainian, by the way – even more so! According to the 1939 census, more than half a million Russians, more than 200 thousand Tatars, and a little more than 150 thousand Ukrainians lived on the peninsula. Well, and representatives of other nationalities - Armenians, Greeks, Jews, Bulgarians, in much smaller quantities.
Of these same 200 thousand, according to a careless decision made by the leaders of the Tatar Committee operating under the occupiers, 20 thousand served the Nazis with weapons in their hands. Every tenth... However, according to many historians, the figure is ungodly underestimated - at least 35-40 thousand Crimean Tatars actually collaborated with the fascists (not only in the ranks of the SS, SD and police, but also as guides, informants and servants). Every fifth... During the deportation, out of 191 thousand transported, according to the NKVD report, 191 people died en route. One in a thousand... This is not a comparison. This is just basic arithmetic.
During the Nazi occupation in Crimea, at least 220 thousand of its inhabitants were destroyed and driven into slavery, and 45 thousand Red Army soldiers who were captured died in the fascist dungeons and camps located on its territory. There were no Crimean Tatars among them. On the other hand, punishers, policemen, and guards from Tatar formations who faithfully served the invaders were fully involved in all these crimes. They made their conscious choice and everything that happened later was retribution for it. At the same time, there were no mass executions, no wholesale sending of all Tatars to camps - only expulsion.
Have the people, whose sons flooded the land of Crimea with the blood of those who lived peacefully on it next to them, lost the right to walk on this land? Everyone can find their own answer to this question. Stalin just found his...
I have a neighbor. Crimean partisan. He went to the mountains in 1943, when he was 16 years old. This document will tell you about it better than I can.
From the stories of Grigory Vasilyevich:
“In 1942, the Tatars wanted to slaughter the entire Russian population of Yalta. Then the Russians bowed to the Germans so that they would protect them. The Germans gave the command not to touch...”
“I don’t know a single Tatar who was a member of the partisans...”
“On May 18, they told me that I would take the Tatars to Simferopol. I would do it again today...”
“The Tatars, who had taken refuge in the forests after the eviction, began to attack individual soldiers. The soldier would go into the bushes to take a leak, and the next day they would find him - suspended by his legs, and his penis in his mouth.... Then the troops were withdrawn from near Sevastopol and they marched through in a chain all the forests of Crimea. Whoever they found, they shot. The conversation was short and there was a lot of meaning..."
In general, everything happened like this:
On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, Crimean Tatars made up less than one-fifth of the peninsula's population. Here are the 1939 census data:
Russians 558481 - 49.6%
Ukrainians 154,120 - 13.7%
Tatars 218179 - 19.4%
However, the Tatar minority was not at all infringed upon in its rights in relation to the Russian-speaking population. Quite the contrary. The state languages of the Crimean ASSR were Russian and Tatar. The administrative division of the autonomous republic was based on the national principle. In 1930, national village councils were created: Russian - 207, Tatar - 144, German - 37, Jewish - 14, Bulgarian - 9, Greek - 8, Ukrainian - 3, Armenian and Estonian - 2 each. In addition, national districts were organized . In all schools, children of national minorities were taught in their own language. native language.
After the start of the Great Patriotic War, many Crimean Tatars were drafted into the Red Army. However, their service was short-lived. As soon as the front approached Crimea, desertion and surrender among them became widespread. It became obvious that the Crimean Tatars were waiting for the arrival of the German army and did not want to fight. The Germans, taking advantage of the current situation, scattered leaflets from airplanes with promises to “finally resolve the issue of their independence” - of course, in the form of a protectorate within the German Empire.
From among the Tatars who surrendered in Ukraine and other fronts, agent cadres were trained and sent to Crimea to strengthen anti-Soviet, defeatist and pro-fascist agitation. As a result, the Red Army units staffed by the Crimean Tatars turned out to be ineffective and after the Germans entered the peninsula, the vast majority of their personnel deserted. Here is what is said about this in the memo of the Deputy People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR B.Z. Kobulov and the Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR I.A. Serov addressed to L.P. Beria, dated April 22, 1944:
“...All those drafted into the Red Army amounted to 90 thousand people, including 20 thousand Crimean Tatars... 20 thousand Crimean Tatars deserted in 1941 from the 51st Army during its retreat from Crimea...” .
That is, the desertion of the Crimean Tatars was almost universal. This is confirmed by data for individual settlements. Thus, in the village of Koush, out of 132 people drafted into the Red Army in 1941, 120 people deserted.
Then the service to the occupiers began.
Crimean Tatars in the Wehrmacht auxiliary troops. February 1942
The testimony of German Field Marshal Erich von Manstein is eloquent: “... the majority of the Tatar population of Crimea was very friendly towards us. We even managed to form armed self-defense companies from the Tatars, whose task was to protect their villages from attacks by partisans hiding in the Yayla mountains.... The Tatars immediately took our side. They saw us as their liberators from the Bolshevik yoke, especially since we respected their religious customs. A Tatar deputation arrived to me, bringing fruits and beautiful handmade fabrics for the liberator of the Tatars, “Adolf Effendi.”
On November 11, 1941, so-called “Muslim committees” were created in Simferopol and a number of other cities and towns in Crimea. The organization of these committees and their activities took place under the direct leadership of the SS. Subsequently, the leadership of the committees passed to the SD headquarters. On the basis of Muslim committees, a “Tatar committee” was created with centralized subordination to the Crimean center in Simferopol with widely developed activities throughout the Crimea.
On January 3, 1942, the first official ceremonial meeting of the Tatar Committee took place in Simferopol. He welcomed the committee and said that the Fuhrer had accepted the Tatars' offer to come out in hand to defend their homeland from the Bolsheviks. Tatars who are ready to take up arms will be enrolled in the German Wehrmacht, will be provided with everything and receive a salary on the same basis as German soldiers.
After the approval of the general events, the Tatars asked permission to end this first ceremonial meeting - the beginning of the fight against the atheists - according to their custom, with prayer, and repeated the following three prayers after their mullah:
1st prayer: for achieving quick victory and common goal, as well as for the health and long life of the Fuhrer Adolf Hitler.
2nd prayer: for the German people and their valiant army.
3rd prayer: for the soldiers of the German Wehrmacht who fell in battle.
Many Tatars were used as conductors of punitive detachments. Separate Tatar units were sent to the Kerch Front and partially to the Sevastopol sector of the front, where they took part in battles against the Red Army.
Typically, local "volunteers" were used in one of the following structures:
1. Crimean Tatar formations within the German army.
2. Crimean Tatar punitive and security battalions of the SD.
3. Police and field gendarmerie apparatus.
4. Apparatus of SD prisons and camps.
Persons of Tatar nationality who served in punitive agencies and military units of the enemy were dressed in German uniform and were provided with weapons. Persons who distinguished themselves in their treacherous activities were appointed by the Germans to command positions.
Certificate from the High Command of the German Ground Forces dated March 20, 1942:
“The Tatars are in a good mood. German superiors are treated with obedience and are proud if they are recognized in the service or outside. Their greatest pride is to have the right to wear a German uniform."
A poster calling on the population to join the SS troops. Crimea, 1942
It is also necessary to provide quantitative data about the Crimean Tatars who were among the partisans. On June 1, 1943, there were 262 people in the Crimean partisan detachments, of which 145 were Russians, 67 Ukrainians and 6 Tatars.
After the defeat of the 6th German army Paulus near Stalingrad, the Feodosia Muslim Committee collected one million rubles among the Tatars to help the German army. Members of Muslim committees in their work were guided by the slogan “Crimea only for Tatars” and spread rumors about the annexation of Crimea to Turkey.
In 1943, the Turkish emissary Amil Pasha came to Feodosia, who called on the Tatar population to support the activities of the German command.
In Berlin, the Germans created a Tatar national center, whose representatives came to Crimea in June 1943 to familiarize themselves with the work of Muslim committees.
In April-May 1944, Crimean Tatar battalions fought against the Soviet troops liberating Crimea. Thus, on April 13, in the area of the Islam-Terek station in the east of the Crimean Peninsula, three Crimean Tatar battalions operated against units of the 11th Guards Corps, losing 800 people as prisoners alone. The 149th battalion fought stubbornly in the battles for Bakhchisarai.
The remnants of the Crimean Tatar battalions were evacuated by sea. In July 1944, in Hungary, the Tatar Mountain Jaeger Regiment of the SS was formed from them, which was soon deployed into the 1st Tatar Mountain Jaeger Brigade. A certain number of Crimean Tatars were transferred to France and included in the reserve battalion of the Volga Tatar Legion. Others, mostly untrained youth, were recruited into the air defense auxiliary service.
After the liberation of Crimea by Soviet troops, the hour of reckoning came.
"By April 25, 1944, the NKVD-NKGB and Smersh NGOs arrested 4,206 people of the anti-Soviet element, of which 430 spies were exposed. In addition, the NKVD troops for the protection of the rear from April 10 to 27 detained 5,115 people, including 55 arrested agents of German intelligence and counterintelligence agencies, 266 traitors to the Motherland and traitors, 363 accomplices and henchmen of the enemy, as well as members of punitive detachments.
48 members of Muslim committees were arrested, including Izmailov Apas - chairman of the Karasubazar district Muslim committee, Batalov Balat - chairman of the Muslim committee of the Balaklava region, Ableizov Belial - chairman of the Muslim committee of the Simeiz region, Aliev Mussa - chairman of the Muslim committee of the Zui region.
A significant number of enemy agents, proteges and accomplices of the Nazi occupiers were identified and arrested.
In the city of Sudak, the chairman of the district Muslim committee, Umerov Vekir, was arrested, who admitted that, on instructions from the Germans, he organized a volunteer detachment from the kulak-criminal element and led an active struggle against the partisans.
In 1942, during the landing of our troops in the area of the city of Feodosia, Umerov’s detachment detained 12 Red Army paratroopers and burned them alive. 30 people were arrested in the case.
In the city of Bakhchisarai, the traitor Abibulaev Jafar, who voluntarily joined the punitive battalion created by the Germans in 1942, was arrested. For active struggle against Soviet patriots, Abibulaev was appointed commander of a punitive platoon and carried out executions civilians, whom he suspected of having connections with the partisans.
Abibulaev was sentenced to death by hanging by a military court.
In the Dzhankoy district, a group of three Tatars was arrested, who, on instructions from German intelligence, poisoned 200 Roma in a gas chamber in March 1942.
As of May 7 this year. 5,381 enemy agents, traitors to the Motherland, collaborators of the Nazi occupiers and other anti-Soviet elements were arrested.
5,395 rifles, 337 machine guns, 250 machine guns, 31 mortars and a large number of grenades and rifle cartridges...
By 1944, over 20 thousand Tatars had deserted from the Red Army units, betrayed their Motherland, went into the service of the Germans and fought against the Red Army with arms in hand...
Fighter of the Tatar “self-defense” detachment. Winter 1941 - 1942 Crimea.
Considering the treacherous actions of the Crimean Tatars against Soviet people and based on the undesirability of further residence of the Crimean Tatars on the border outskirts of the Soviet Union, the NKVD of the USSR submits a draft decision for your consideration State Committee Defense on the eviction of all Tatars from the territory of Crimea.
We consider it advisable to resettle the Crimean Tatars as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR for use in work as in agriculture- collective farms, state farms, and in industry and construction. The issue of settling the Tatars in the Uzbek SSR was agreed upon with the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Uzbekistan, Comrade Yusupov.
People's Commissar of Internal Affairs USSR L. Beria 05/10/44".
The next day, May 11, 1944, the State Defense Committee adopted resolution No. 5859 on “On the Crimean Tatars”:
“During the Patriotic War, many Crimean Tatars betrayed their Motherland, deserted from the Red Army units defending Crimea, went over to the enemy’s side, joined volunteer Tatar military units formed by the Germans that fought against the Red Army; during the occupation of Crimea German-fascist troops, participating in German punitive detachments, the Crimean Tatars were especially distinguished by their brutal reprisals against Soviet partisans, and also helped the German occupiers in organizing the forced abduction of Soviet citizens into German slavery and the mass extermination of Soviet people.
The Crimean Tatars actively collaborated with the German occupation authorities, participating in the so-called “Tatar national committees” organized by German intelligence and were widely used by the Germans to send spies and saboteurs to the rear of the Red Army. “Tatar national committees”, in which the main role was played by White Guard-Tatar emigrants, with the support of the Crimean Tatars, directed their activities towards the persecution and oppression of the non-Tatar population of Crimea and worked to prepare the violent separation of Crimea from the Soviet Union with the help of German armed forces.
Crimean Tatars in German service. Romanian uniform. Crimea, 1943. Most likely, these are policemen from the Schuma battalion
Taking into account the above, the State Defense Committee decides:
1. All Tatars should be evicted from the territory of Crimea and settled permanently as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR. Entrust the eviction to the NKVD of the USSR. Oblige the NKVD of the USSR (comrade Beria) to complete the eviction of the Crimean Tatars by June 1, 1944.
2. Establish the following procedure and conditions for eviction:
a) allow special settlers to take with them personal belongings, clothing, household equipment, dishes and food in an amount of up to 500 kilograms per family.
Property, buildings, outbuildings, furniture and garden lands remaining on site are accepted by local authorities; all productive and dairy cattle, as well as poultry, are accepted by the People's Commissariat of Meat and Milk Industry, all agricultural products - by the People's Commissariat of the USSR, horses and other draft animals - by the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR, breeding cattle - by the People's Commissariat of State Farms of the USSR.
Acceptance of livestock, grain, vegetables and other types of agricultural products is carried out with the issuance of exchange receipts for each settlement and each farm.
Instruct the NKVD of the USSR, the People's Commissariat for Agriculture, the People's Commissariat of Meat and Milk Industry, the People's Commissariat of State Farms and the People's Commissariat for Transport of the USSR by July 1 of this year. submit to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR proposals on the procedure for returning livestock, poultry, and agricultural products received from them according to exchange receipts to special settlers;
b) to organize the reception of the property, livestock, grain and agricultural products left by special settlers in the places of eviction, send a commission of the Council of People's Commissars to the place.
To oblige the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR, the People's Commissariat of Transport of the USSR, the People's Commissariat of Transport and Transport of the USSR, the People's Commissariat of State Farms of the USSR to ensure the reception of livestock, grain and agricultural products from special settlers to send the required number of workers to Crimea;
c) oblige the NKPS to organize the transportation of special settlers from Crimea to the Uzbek SSR by specially formed trains according to a schedule drawn up jointly with the NKVD of the USSR. Number of trains, loading stations and destination stations at the request of the NKVD of the USSR. Payments for transportation should be made according to the tariff for transportation of prisoners;
d) The People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR allocates one doctor and two nurses with an appropriate supply of medicines for each train with special settlers, within a time period in agreement with the NKVD of the USSR, and provides medical and sanitary care for special settlers en route; The People's Commissariat of Trade of the USSR will provide all trains with special settlers with hot meals and boiling water every day.
To organize food for special settlers on the way, allocate food to the People's Commissariat of Trade in quantities according to Appendix No. 1.
3. Oblige the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Uzbekistan, Comrade Yusupov, the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the UzSSR, Comrade Abdurakhmanov, and the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Uzbek SSR, Comrade Kobulov, until June 1 of this year. carry out the following measures for the reception and resettlement of special settlers:
a) accept and resettle within the Uzbek SSR 140–160 thousand special settlers - Tatars sent by the NKVD of the USSR from the Crimean ASSR.
The resettlement of special settlers will be carried out in state farm settlements, existing collective farms, subsidiary agricultural farms of enterprises and factory settlements for use in agriculture and industry;
b) in the areas of resettlement of special settlers, create commissions consisting of the chairman of the regional executive committee, the secretary of the regional committee and the head of the NKVD, entrusting these commissions with carrying out all activities related to the reception and accommodation of arriving special settlers;
c) in each area of resettlement of special settlers, organize district troikas consisting of the chairman of the district executive committee, the secretary of the district committee and the head of the RO NKVD, entrusting them with preparing for the placement and organizing the reception of arriving special settlers;
d) prepare horse-drawn vehicles for transporting special settlers, mobilizing for this purpose the transport of any enterprises and institutions;
e) ensure that arriving special settlers are provided with personal plots and provide assistance in the construction of houses with local building materials;
f) organize special commandant's offices of the NKVD in the areas of resettlement of special settlers, attributing their maintenance to the budget of the NKVD of the USSR;
g) Central Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the UzSSR by May 20 of this year. submit to the NKVD of the USSR Comrade Beria a project for the resettlement of special settlers in regions and districts, indicating the train unloading station.
4 To oblige the Agricultural Bank to issue special settlers sent to the Uzbek SSR, in the places of their resettlement, a loan for the construction of houses and for economic establishment of up to 5,000 rubles per family, with installments of up to 7 years.
5. Oblige the People's Commissariat of the USSR to allocate flour, cereals and vegetables to the Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR for distribution to special settlers during June-August of this year. monthly in equal amounts, according to Appendix No. 2.
Distribution of flour, cereals and vegetables to special settlers during June-August of this year. produce free of charge, in exchange for agricultural products and livestock accepted from them in the places of eviction.
6. Oblige NPOs to transfer during May-June this year. to strengthen the vehicles of the NKVD troops garrisoned in the areas of resettlement of special settlers - in the Uzbek SSR, Kazakh SSR and Kirghiz SSR, Willys vehicles - 100 pieces and trucks - 250 pieces that were out of repair.
7. Oblige Glavneftesnab to allocate and ship until May 20, 1944 to points at the direction of the NKVD of the USSR 400 tons of gasoline, and at the disposal of the Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR - 200 tons.
The supply of motor gasoline will be carried out at the expense of a uniform reduction in supplies to all other consumers.
8. Oblige Glavsnables under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, at the expense of any resources, to supply the NKPS with 75,000 carriage planks of 2.75 m each, with their delivery before May 15 of this year; Transportation of NKPS boards must be carried out using your own means.
9. The People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR to release the NKVD of the USSR in May of this year. from the reserve fund of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for special events 30 million rubles.
Chairman of the State Defense Committee I. Stalin.”
Note: Norm for 1 person per month: flour - 8 kg, vegetables - 8 kg and cereals 2 kg
The operation was carried out quickly and decisively. The eviction began on May 18, 1944, and already on May 20, Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR I.A. Serov and Deputy People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR B.Z. Kobulov reported in a telegram addressed to People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria:
“We hereby report that started in accordance with your instructions on May 18 of this year. The operation to evict the Crimean Tatars was completed today, May 20, at 16:00. A total of 180,014 people were evicted, loaded into 67 trains, of which 63 trains numbered 173,287 people. sent to their destinations, the remaining 4 echelons will also be sent today.
In addition, the district military commissars of Crimea mobilized 6,000 Tatars of military age, who, according to the orders of the Head of the Red Army, were sent to the cities of Guryev, Rybinsk and Kuibyshev.
Of the number of special contingents sent at your direction to the Moskovugol Trust, 8,000 people are 5,000 people. also constitute Tatars.
Thus, 191,044 persons of Tatar nationality were removed from the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
During the eviction of the Tatars, 1,137 anti-Soviet elements were arrested, and in total during the operation - 5,989 people.
Weapons seized during the eviction: 10 mortars, 173 machine guns, 192 machine guns, 2650 rifles, 46,603 ammunition.
In total, during the operation, the following were seized: 49 mortars, 622 machine guns, 724 machine guns, 9,888 rifles and 326,887 ammunition.
There were no incidents during the operation.”
Of the 151,720 Crimean Tatars sent to the Uzbek SSR in May 1944, 191 people died en route.
From the moment of deportation to October 1, 1948, 44,887 people among those deported from Crimea (Tatars, Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians and others) died.
As for those few Crimean Tatars who actually fought honestly in the Red Army or in partisan detachments, contrary to generally accepted opinion, they were not subject to eviction. There are about 1,500 Crimean Tatars left in Crimea
"Secret Field Police No. 647
No. 875/41 Translation to His Highness Mr. Hitler!
Allow me to convey to you our heartfelt greetings and our deep gratitude for the liberation of the Crimean Tatars (Muslims), who were languishing under the bloodthirsty Jewish-communist yoke. We wish you a long life, success and victory for the German army throughout the world.
The Tatars of Crimea are ready, at your call, to fight together with the German People's Army on any front. Currently, in the forests of Crimea there are partisans, Jewish commissars, communists and commanders who did not manage to escape from Crimea.
For the speedy elimination of partisan groups in Crimea, we earnestly ask you to allow us, as good experts on the roads and paths of the Crimean forests, to organize armed detachments led by the German command from the former “kulaks” who have been groaning for 20 years under the yoke of Jewish-communist domination .
We assure you that in the shortest possible time the partisans in the forests of Crimea will be destroyed to the last man.
We remain devoted to you, and again and again we wish you success in your affairs and a long life.
Long live His Highness, Mr. Adolf Hitler!
Long live the heroic, invincible German People's Army!
The son of a manufacturer and the grandson of a former city
head of the city of Bakhchisarai - A.M. ABLAEV
Simferopol, Sufi 44.
Correct: Sonderführer - SCHUMANN
Civil Aviation of the Russian Federation
FUND R-9401 DESCRIPTION 2 CASES 100 SHEET 390"
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On May 18, 1944, the deportation of the Crimean Tatar people began.
The deportation operation began in the early morning of May 18, 1944 and ended at 16:00 on May 20. To carry it out, the punitive authorities needed only 60 hours and over 70 trains, each of which had 50 cars. To carry it out, NKVD troops of more than 32 thousand people were involved.
The deportees were given anywhere from a few minutes to half an hour to get ready, after which they were transported by truck to the railway stations. From there, trains with escorts were sent to places of exile. According to eyewitnesses, those who resisted or could not go were often shot on the spot. On the road, the exiles were fed rarely and often with salty food, after which they became thirsty. In some trains, the exiles received food for the first and last time in the second week of the journey. The dead were hastily buried next to the railroad tracks or not buried at all.
Officially, the basis for the deportation was declared to be the mass desertion of the Crimean Tatars from the ranks of the Red Army in 1941 (the number was said to be about 20 thousand people), good welcome German troops and the active participation of the Crimean Tatars in the formations of the German army, SD, police, gendarmerie, prison and camp apparatus. At the same time, deportation didn't touch most Crimean Tatar collaborators, since the bulk of them were evacuated by the Germans to Germany. Those who remained in Crimea were identified by the NKVD during the “cleansing operations” in April-May 1944 and condemned as traitors to the homeland. For those who say that all Crimean Tatars were traitors and collaborators of the fascists, I will give some numbers.
Crimean Tatars who fought in the Red Army were also subject to deportation after demobilization. In total, in 1945-1946, 8,995 Crimean Tatar war veterans were sent to deportation sites, including 524 officers and 1,392 sergeants. In 1952 (after the famine of 1945 that claimed many lives), in Uzbekistan alone, according to the NKVD, there were 6,057 war participants, many of whom had high government awards.
From the memories of survivors of deportation:
“In the morning, instead of a greeting, a choice curse and a question: are there any corpses? People cling to the dead, cry, and do not give up. The soldiers throw the bodies of adults out of doors, children - out of windows... "
“There was no medical care. The dead were taken out of the carriage and left at the station, not allowed to be buried.”
“There was no question of medical care. People drank water from reservoirs and stocked up from there for future use. There was no way to boil water. People began to suffer from dysentery, typhoid fever, malaria, scabies, and lice overwhelmed everyone. It was hot and I was constantly thirsty. The dead were left on the road, no one buried them.”
“After several days of travel, the dead were taken out of our carriage: an old woman and little boy. The train stopped at small stops to leave the dead. ... They didn’t let me bury him.”
“My grandmother, brothers and sisters died in the first months of deportation, before the end of 1944. Mom lay unconscious in such heat with her dead brother for three days. Until the adults saw her.”
A significant number of displaced people, exhausted after three years life in German-occupied Crimea, died in places of deportation from hunger and disease in 1944-45 due to the lack of normal living conditions (in the first years, people lived in barracks and dugouts, did not have sufficient food and access to medical care). Estimates of the death toll during this period vary widely, from 15-25% according to estimates by various Soviet official bodies to 46% according to estimates by activists of the Crimean Tatar movement who collected information about the dead in the 1960s. Thus, according to the OSP of the UzSSR, only “in 6 months of 1944, that is, from the moment of arrival in the UzSSR until the end of the year, 16,052 people died. (10.6%)."
For 12 years until 1956, the Crimean Tatars had the status of special settlers, which implied various restrictions on their rights, in particular a ban on unauthorized (without written permission from the special commandant’s office) crossing the border of a special settlement and criminal punishment for its violation. There are numerous cases where people were sentenced to many years (up to 25 years) in camps for visiting relatives in neighboring villages, the territory of which belonged to another special settlement.
The Crimean Tatars were not just evicted. They were subjected to the deliberate creation of such living conditions for them that were calculated for the complete or partial physical and moral destruction of the people so that the world would forget about them, and they themselves would forget which clan-tribe they belonged to and in no way thought about returning to their native lands.
The total deportation of the Crimean Tatars was the greatest betrayal on the part of the Soviet government, since the bulk of the male population of the Crimean Tatars, drafted into the army, continued to fight on the fronts at that time for the same Soviet power. About 60 thousand Crimean Tatars were called to the front in 1941, 36 thousand died defending the USSR. In addition, 17 thousand Crimean Tatar boys and girls became active in the partisan movement, 7 thousand participated in underground work.
The Nazis burned 127 Crimean Tatar villages because their residents provided assistance to the partisans, 12 thousand Crimean Tatars were killed for resisting the occupation regime, and more than 20 thousand were forcibly taken to Germany.
Crimean Tatars who fought in Red Army units were also subject to deportation after demobilization and returning home to Crimea from the front. Crimean Tatars who did not live in Crimea during the occupation and who managed to return to Crimea by May 18, 1944 were also deported. In 1949, there were 8,995 Crimean Tatars who participated in the war in the places of deportation, including 524 officers and 1,392 sergeants.
According to final data, 193,865 Crimean Tatars (more than 47 thousand families) were deported from Crimea.
After the deportations in Crimea, two decrees of 1945 and 1948 renamed settlements whose names were of Crimean Tatar, German, Greek, Armenian origin (in total, more than 90% of the settlements of the peninsula). The Crimean ASSR was transformed into the Crimean region. The autonomous status of Crimea was restored only in 1991.
Unlike many other deported peoples who returned to their homeland in the late 1950s, the Crimean Tatars were formally deprived of this right until 1974, and in fact - until 1989. The mass return of people to Crimea began only at the end of Perestroika.
GENERAL RESULTS OF DEPORTATION:
The Crimean Tatar people lost:
- native land, in which the ancestors, developing the land, formed as a nationality from the 13th century, calling their region in their native language Crimea, and themselves Crimean Tatars;
- monuments of material culture created by the hands of talented representatives of the people over many centuries.
The following were liquidated from the Crimean Tatar people:
- primary and secondary schools teaching in their native language;
- higher and intermediate educational establishments, special and vocational, technical schools with teaching in their native language;
- national ensembles, theaters and studios;
- newspapers, publishing houses, radio broadcasting and other national bodies and institutions (Unions of Writers, Journalists, Artists);
- research institutes and institutions for the study of the Crimean Tatar language, literature, art and folk art.
The following were destroyed among the Crimean Tatar people:
- cemeteries and ancestral graves with gravestones and inscriptions;
- monuments and mausoleums historical figures people.
The following were taken away from the Crimean Tatar people:
- national museums and libraries with tens of thousands of volumes in their native language;
- clubs, reading rooms, houses of worship - mosques and madrassas.
The history of the formation of the Crimean Tatar people as a nationality was falsified and the original toponymy was destroyed:
- the names of cities and villages, streets and neighborhoods, geographical names of localities, etc. have been renamed;
- folk legends and other types of folk art created over centuries by the ancestors of the Crimean Tatars have been altered and appropriated.
