Phonetic transcription
When studying the sound side of a language, to convey the sound of words, one has to resort to a special phonetic letter, based on the fact that a certain symbol conveys the same sound. This type of writing is called phonetic transcription.
Transcription- a special type of writing with the help of which spoken speech is recorded on paper.
The transcription is based on the alphabet of the language in which the speech is spoken. With the addition or change of individual letters. (For example, [ĵ] – from the Latin language (iota); [g] – from the Greek language (gamma)).
What is transcription used for?
1. To learn to hear your native speech and show the norms of literary pronunciation.
2. During training foreign language, especially if the spelling does not make it possible to judge the pronunciation. For example, in English.
3. Transcription is also needed where the writing system is complex and little known to the student, especially where graphics are not intended to convey sound. For example, in hieroglyphic writing.
4. Transcription is used to record unwritten language or dialect speech.
Phonetic writing does not coincide with spelling, because spelling does not reflect living sound processes occurring in the flow of speech, does not reflect changes in the sound system of the language, but rests on traditions. Phonetic transcription reflects changes in sounds that occur depending on position and environment.
Basic rules of transcription
1. Capital letters are not used in transcription.
2. Punctuation rules do not apply here; pauses are indicated by vertical lines: a short pause is indicated by one vertical line - /; phrases are separated from each other by two lines – //, indicating a long pause.
3. The transcribed sound, word, part of a word or segment of speech is enclosed in square brackets – .
4. In transcription, the text is written as it is pronounced.
5. Each transcription sign is used to indicate one sound.
6. In transcription, both are used diacritics signs (Greek diakritikos - distinctive), which are placed above, below or near the letters:
a) the emphasis is mandatory: the main thing is the sign acute―́, side sign graph ―̀ ;
b) a straight line above the letter [ш̅] indicates the length of the consonant;
c) the softness of a consonant is indicated by an apostrophe ՚ after the letter – [м՚];
d) function words pronounced together with the significant are connected chamber– [would be], [v◡l՚es];
e) the bow under the sign indicates the non-syllabic nature of the sound – [ṷ]
In some cases, when necessary, other diacritics are used: points(top right and left of the letter) to indicate the advancement of stressed vowels forward in the vicinity of soft consonants:
crumpled–[m՚al], mother [mat՚], crush [m՚at՚];
sign^ to convey the closed, narrow sound of vowels between soft consonants : drank–-[P՚ûl՚And].
7. In the transcription in the area of consonants the letter ь Þ [ш̅٬] is not used, in the area of vowels the letters e, е, ю, я are not used.
8. To indicate the sound [th], two signs are used - [ĵ], [ṷ]:
[ĵ] – a) at the beginning of a word: [ĵa], [ĵosh], [ĵel٬], [ĵuk];
b) before the stressed vowel: [в՚ĵу́н], [п՚ĵо́т], [с՚ĵе́л], [пÙĵу́], [мÙĵа́].
In other cases - [ṷ] (weak version of iota): [móṷ], [móṷкъ].
9. Vowel sounds, depending on their positions in a word, experience large changes in sound.
So, a) the vowel sounds [i], [ы], [у] in an unstressed position do not change qualitatively, they only sound shorter than under stress, and such changes are not indicated in transcription: [igly / iglá soapj soapÙvar p՚irÙg ՚i onion luga lugÙvoį].
B) Unstressed vowel sounds [a], [o], [e] change both quantitatively and qualitatively:
[۸] – unstressed vowel [a], [o] at the absolute beginning of a word and in the 1st
pre-stressed syllable after hard consonants:
[٨rbus/ ٨р՚ех/ n٨ra/ zh٨ra]
[ъ] – unstressed vowel [a], [o], [e] in the 2nd prestressed and
unstressed syllables after hard consonants:
[small pirÙhot kolkal zhelt՚izna tsalÙvat՚];
[ы е] – unstressed vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable in place of the sound [e] after hard consonants;
[zhy e l՚ez shi e lkatsi e pochʚk];
[and e] – unstressed vowels [e], [a] in the 1st pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants:
[With՚and e lo vњi e sna ch՚i e sy m՚i e s՚n՚ik];
[b] – unstressed vowels [e], [a] in the 2nd pre-stressed and post-stressed syllables after soft consonants:
[b՚ьр՚and e gа g՚nњi e ral ch՚sÙfsh̅՚ik d'at'l d'a'd'].
10. To designate voiced and voiceless consonants, their corresponding letters are used:
[bab dad]
11. To denote the sound [g], pronounced “without explosion” in some words, and when voicing the sound [x], [Υ] is used - “g fricative”
[bóΥъ sóΥ◡by bÙγаtyį (dialect)].
Do you know why Russian is so difficult for foreigners to learn? Especially those whose languages are not at all similar to Russian? One of the reasons is that our language cannot be said to mean that words can be written the way they are heard. We say “MALAKO”, but we remember that the word must be written with 3 letters O: “MILKO”.
This is the simplest and most obvious example. And, as a rule, no one thinks about what transcription (that is, a graphic recording of sounds) of the words that are most familiar to us looks like. To learn to understand what sounds words are made of, schools and even universities perform such a task as phonetic analysis of a word.
It is not easy for everyone, but we will help you understand and successfully cope with it in class and when preparing homework.
Phonetic analysis of the word- a task aimed at parsing a word into letters and sounds. Compare how many letters it has and how many sounds it has. And find out that the same letters in different positions can mean different sounds.
There are 10 vowel letters in the Russian alphabet: “a”, “o”, “u”, “e”, “y”, “ya”, “e”, “yu”, “e”, “i”.
But there are only 6 vowel sounds: [a], [o], [u], [e], [s], [i]. The vowels “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” consist of two sounds: vowel + y. They are written like this: “e” = [y’+e], “e” = [y’+o], “yu” = [y’+y], “i” = [y’+a]. And they are called iotized.
Remember that in transcription “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” are not always decomposed into two sounds. But only in the following cases:
If “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” appear in a word after soft consonants, they can be confused with [a], [o], [y], [e]: ball [m'ach'] , honey [m'ot], muesli [m'usl'i], branch [v'etka]. They denote one sound in a position after consonants and under stress.
Not under stress “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” give the sound [i]: rows [r’ida], forest [l’isok]. In other cases, the letter “I” without stress can be pronounced as [e]: quagmire [tr’es’ina].
Another interesting thing about the relationship between “b” and vowels: if after soft sign the word contains the letter “and”, it is pronounced as two sounds: streams [ruc’y’i].
But after the consonants “zh”, “sh” and “ts” the letter “i” gives the sound [s]: reeds [reeds].
The vowels “a”, “o”, “u”, “e”, “s” indicate the hardness of consonant sounds. The vowels “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “i” indicate the softness of consonant sounds.
By the way, in many words with the vowel “е” the emphasis always falls on it. But this rule does not work for borrowed words (amoebiasis) and complex words (such as trinuclear).
There are 21 consonants in the Russian language. And these letters form as many as 36 sounds! How is this possible? Let's figure it out.
Thus, among the consonants there are 6 pairs according to the voicing of deafness:
This is interesting because paired sounds are indicated in different letters. Such pairs do not exist in all languages. And in some, for example, Korean, paired deaf and ringing sounds are designated by the same letter. Those. the same letter is read as a voiced or unvoiced sound depending on its position in the word.
There are also 15 pairs of hardness and softness:
As you can see, the softness of the sounds is ensured by the letter “b” and the soft consonants that come after the consonants.
There are unpaired consonant sounds in the Russian language that are never voiceless:
To make it easier to remember all the voiced sounds, you can use the following phrase: “We didn’t forget each other”.
And also unpaired sounds, which, in turn, are never voiced. Try reading the words from the examples out loud and see for yourself:
Two phrases will help you remember which sounds remain deaf in any situation: “Styopka, would you like some soup?” - “Fi!” And “Fokka, do you want to eat some soup?”.
If you carefully read the examples given above, you probably already noticed that some consonants in the Russian language are never soft:
Remember that in some borrowed words and names “zh” is still soft [zh’]: jury [zh’]juri, Julien [zh’]julien.
Similarly, in the Russian language there are consonants that are never pronounced firmly:
Sometimes in some textbooks the softness of these sounds is not indicated by an apostrophe during transcription - since everyone already knows that these sounds are not hard in the Russian language. It is also often customary to denote “sch” as [w’:].
Remember also that the consonants “zh”, “sh”, “ch”, “sch” are called hissing.
In written phonetic analysis, sounds are written from top to bottom in a column, each sound is enclosed in square brackets -. At the end, you should draw a line and write down the number of letters and sounds in the word.
Now about how to correctly designate sounds during transcription:
As you can see, everything is very difficult with the transcription of letters into sounds. IN school curriculum, as a rule, these are complicated and more exact signs transcriptions are not used or are used little. Only with in-depth study of the Russian language. Therefore, it is allowed to use the sounds [a], [o], [u], [e], [s], [i] and [th’] in phonetic analysis instead of “and with the overtone e” and other complex designations.
Don't forget also about following rules transcriptions of consonants:
Now let's look at the phonetic transcription of words using examples. For recording we will use a simplified system of transcription of consonant sounds.
One more example:
And last:
Well, did this article help you understand the phonetic analysis of words? It is not so easy to correctly write down the sounds that make up a word - there are many pitfalls hidden along this path. But we tried to make the task easier for you and explain all the slippery aspects in as much detail as possible. Now such a task at school will not seem very difficult to you. Don't forget to teach your classmates and show them our helpful instructions.
Uses this article when preparing for lessons and passing the State Exam and Unified State Exam. And be sure to tell us in the comments what examples phonetic analysis words you are asked at school.
website, when copying material in full or in part, a link to the source is required.
For recording sounding speech a special system of signs is used - phonetic transcription. Phonetic transcription is based on the principle of a one-to-one correspondence between a sound and its graphic symbol.
The transcribed sound (word, sentence, text) is usually enclosed in square brackets: [we] we. Recording of spoken speech is carried out without capital letters and punctuation marks, but with pauses: #.
In words consisting of more than one syllable, the place of stress should be indicated: [z"imá] winter. If two words (for example, a preposition and a noun) are characterized by a single stress and are pronounced together, then they are connected by a league: [in_house].
Russian phonetic transcription mainly uses letters of the Russian alphabet. Consonant sounds are written using all the corresponding letters, except sch And th. Special superscript or subscript symbols can be placed next to the letter. They indicate some features of the sound:
[n"] - soft consonant ([n"]yobo sky);
[n:] - long consonant ( bath); may be indicated by a superscript or [n:].
The letter u in most cases corresponds to the sound, which is conveyed by the sign [sh":]: u[sh":]élye, [sh":]etina. A voiced parallel to [sh":] will be the sound [zh":], protruding, for example, in the word dró[zh":]i yeast(another pronunciation is also allowed - dró[zh:]i).
The Latin letter [j] denotes the consonant “yot” in transcription, which sounds in the words block apple, water water, vor[b"ji´] sparrows, language language, sara[j] barn, má[j]ka T-shirt, cha[j]nik kettle etc. Please note that the consonant “yot” is not always represented in writing by the letter th.
Vowel sounds are recorded using various types of signs.
Stressed vowels are transcribed using six symbols: [i] - [p"ir] feast, [s] - [ardor] fervor, [y] - [ray] Ray, [e] - [l "es] forest, [o] - [house] house, [a] - [garden] garden.
Unstressed vowels undergo various changes depending on their place in relation to stress, the proximity of hard or soft consonants, and the type of syllable. To write unstressed vowels, the symbols [у], [и], [ы], [а], [ъ], [ь] are used.
Unstressed [y] occurs in any syllable. In its quality, it is similar to the corresponding stressed vowel: musical, r[u]ka, vod[u], [u]dar.
Unstressed vowels [i], [s], [a] are pronounced in the syllable that immediately precedes the stressed one (such a syllable is called the first pre-stressed one): [r"i]dov rows, mod[s]lér fashion designer, d[a]ska board. These same vowels, with the exception of [s], also appear at the absolute beginning of the word: [i]kkusant excursionist, [a]quick search.
Unstressed [i], [s], [a] are similar in quality to the corresponding stressed sounds, but not identical to them. So, unstressed [i] turns out to be a vowel, intermediate between [i] and [e], but closer to [i]: [l "i]sá fox- cf.: [l"i´]sam foxes. The pronunciation of other vowels is also different. The use of symbols [and], [s], [a] to indicate unstressed sounds associated with a certain degree of convention.
So, the unstressed vowels listed above are characteristic of the positions of the 1st pre-stressed syllable and the absolute beginning of the word. In other cases, the sounds [ъ] and [ь] are pronounced.
The sign [ъ] (“er”) conveys a very short sound, its quality intermediate between [ы] and [а]. The vowel [ъ] is one of the most frequent sounds in Russian speech. It is pronounced, for example, in the 2nd pre-stressed syllable and in post-stressed syllables after hard syllables: p[ъ]роход steamship, in[ъ]dose water carrier, back[ъ]l asked, city[ъ]d city.
Do you know why Russian is so difficult for foreigners to learn? Especially those whose languages are not at all similar to Russian? One of the reasons is that our language cannot be said to mean that words can be written the way they are heard. We say “MALAKO”, but we remember that the word must be written with 3 letters O: “MILKO”.
This is the simplest and most obvious example. And, as a rule, no one thinks about what transcription (that is, a graphic recording of sounds) of the words that are most familiar to us looks like. To learn to understand what sounds words are made of, schools and even universities perform such a task as phonetic analysis of a word.
It is not easy for everyone, but we will help you understand and successfully cope with it in class and when preparing homework.
Phonetic analysis of the word- a task aimed at parsing a word into letters and sounds. Compare how many letters it has and how many sounds it has. And find out that the same letters in different positions can mean different sounds.
There are 10 vowel letters in the Russian alphabet: “a”, “o”, “u”, “e”, “y”, “ya”, “e”, “yu”, “e”, “i”.
But there are only 6 vowel sounds: [a], [o], [u], [e], [s], [i]. The vowels “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” consist of two sounds: vowel + y. They are written like this: “e” = [y’+e], “e” = [y’+o], “yu” = [y’+y], “i” = [y’+a]. And they are called iotized.
Remember that in transcription “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” are not always decomposed into two sounds. But only in the following cases:
If “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” appear in a word after soft consonants, they can be confused with [a], [o], [y], [e]: ball [m'ach'] , honey [m'ot], muesli [m'usl'i], branch [v'etka]. They denote one sound in a position after consonants and under stress.
Not under stress “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” give the sound [i]: rows [r’ida], forest [l’isok]. In other cases, the letter “I” without stress can be pronounced as [e]: quagmire [tr’es’ina].
Another interesting thing about the relationship between “ь” and vowels: if after a soft sign in a word there is a letter “i”, it is pronounced as two sounds: streams [ruch’y’i].
But after the consonants “zh”, “sh” and “ts” the letter “i” gives the sound [s]: reeds [reeds].
The vowels “a”, “o”, “u”, “e”, “s” indicate the hardness of consonant sounds. The vowels “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “i” indicate the softness of consonant sounds.
By the way, in many words with the vowel “е” the emphasis always falls on it. But this rule does not work for borrowed words (amoebiasis) and complex words (such as trinuclear).
There are 21 consonants in the Russian language. And these letters form as many as 36 sounds! How is this possible? Let's figure it out.
Thus, among the consonants there are 6 pairs according to the voicing of deafness:
This is interesting because paired sounds are represented by different letters. Such pairs do not exist in all languages. And in some, for example, Korean, paired unvoiced and voiced sounds are indicated by the same letter. Those. the same letter is read as a voiced or unvoiced sound depending on its position in the word.
There are also 15 pairs of hardness and softness:
As you can see, the softness of the sounds is ensured by the letter “b” and the soft consonants that come after the consonants.
There are unpaired consonant sounds in the Russian language that are never voiceless:
To make it easier to remember all the voiced sounds, you can use the following phrase: “We didn’t forget each other”.
And also unpaired sounds, which, in turn, are never voiced. Try reading the words from the examples out loud and see for yourself:
Two phrases will help you remember which sounds remain deaf in any situation: “Styopka, would you like some soup?” - “Fi!” And “Fokka, do you want to eat some soup?”.
If you carefully read the examples given above, you probably already noticed that some consonants in the Russian language are never soft:
Remember that in some borrowed words and names “zh” is still soft [zh’]: jury [zh’]juri, Julien [zh’]julien.
Similarly, in the Russian language there are consonants that are never pronounced firmly:
Sometimes in some textbooks the softness of these sounds is not indicated by an apostrophe during transcription - since everyone already knows that these sounds are not hard in the Russian language. It is also often customary to denote “sch” as [w’:].
Remember also that the consonants “zh”, “sh”, “ch”, “sch” are called hissing.
In written phonetic analysis, sounds are written from top to bottom in a column, each sound is enclosed in square brackets -. At the end, you should draw a line and write down the number of letters and sounds in the word.
Now about how to correctly designate sounds during transcription:
As you can see, everything is very difficult with the transcription of letters into sounds. In the school curriculum, as a rule, these complicated and more accurate transcription signs are not used or are used little. Only with in-depth study of the Russian language. Therefore, it is allowed to use the sounds [a], [o], [u], [e], [s], [i] and [th’] in phonetic analysis instead of “and with the overtone e” and other complex designations.
Do not forget also about the following rules for transcribing consonants:
Now let's look at the phonetic transcription of words using examples. For recording we will use a simplified system of transcription of consonant sounds.
One more example:
And last:
Well, did this article help you understand the phonetic analysis of words? It is not so easy to correctly write down the sounds that make up a word - there are many pitfalls hidden along this path. But we tried to make the task easier for you and explain all the slippery aspects in as much detail as possible. Now such a task at school will not seem very difficult to you. Don't forget to teach your classmates and show them our helpful instructions.
Uses this article when preparing for lessons and passing the State Exam and Unified State Exam. And be sure to tell us in the comments what examples of phonetic analysis of words you are asked at school.
blog.site, when copying material in full or in part, a link to the original source is required.
Transcription (Latin transcription “rewriting”) - a recording of pronunciation necessary for studying the sound side of speech.
We use transcription because... There are a number of contradictions between the sound and letter composition of the word:
a) discrepancy between the pronunciation and spelling of a word: do -[zd’elt’]; mushroom -[gr'ip] ; mowing -[kaz'ba]; hedgehog ~ [j]ozhyk];
b) discrepancy between the number of letters and sounds:
sun - [s"onts]; coal - [ugl ’]; skirt -.
Phonetic transcription eliminates these correspondences between sounds and letters.
Principles of Russian transcription
The transcription sign indicates sound.
The transcription sign always indicates one sound and not a combination of sounds; therefore, the number of transcription characters corresponds to the number of sounds.
The transcription sign always indicates the same sound.
Letters of the Russian alphabet are used.
Letters that do not indicate a sound (soft and hard signs) are excluded from use: salt [sol ’]; ate [with j el ].
Vowels that can denote two sounds (“e”, “e”, “ya”, “yu”) are excluded from use:
sat down [s ’el]; ate;
chalk [m ’olI; hedgehog;
dunes [d ’unyJ; spinning top;
crumpled [m ’al]; pit .
Additional characters are introduced:
α (alpha),
j (yot),
ṋ (“and” non-syllabic),
y (“g” fricative),
sh’ (“sh” long soft),
And uh (“i” is close to “e”),
s uh (“s” is close to “e”).
Additional icons used:
’ - softness;
Longitude;
[...] - text border;
̮ - connecting bracket;
| - short pause at the end of the measure;
|| - long pause at the end of the phrase.
Each phonetic word must have an accent.
Phonetic transcription does not use capital letters.
There are no punctuation marks in phonetic transcription; Pause signs (|,||) are used.
Transcribe the words:
dirt, dry, milk mushroom, sadness, bill, sews, sew, lived, true story, raw materials, hedgehog, publish, hand over, everything, spruce, south, southern, July, "May, loach, look, sob, sewed, sheepskin coat, congress , eat, boring, love, friends, friend, dear, branch, here, brought, fluffy, clear, pouring, ice, came, beak, rain, young, holey, ointment, wrinkle, mother, mat.
Transcribe the phrases:
I let the bird out of the cage.
My Friend is a faithful dog.
A black cat climbed into the garden.
XieThe red rabbit jumped out of the cage.
We drink water from the stream.
A damp fog crept into the empty house.
It rains all day into the morning.
It snowed all night.
Where can I look for Nadya, Inna, Olga and Elya?
They were at home all day.
I'll be waiting for them at one o'clock in the afternoon.
The boy is already six years old.
He has lived here for five years.
Our house is empty.
TOwhere should I go?
I will live there.
I know everything. I love you. I miss.
Yousweet and loving to me.
May fate give me a chance
Who is here? You? I'm glad.
Write down words with the number of sounds and letters
matches. Explain.
Ebright, guarding, linen, sad, yogurt, soap dish, bypass, congress, school, longer, victory, king,mIonnaise, dirt, postman.
Underline the word(s) in which it is pronounced:
a) sound [s]
Frost, escape, blue, mowing, entrance, plane.
b) sound [sT
Icicle, request, ointment, ear, crucian carp, cheese.
c) sound [v]
Branch, cow, Petrov, bird catcher, fun, benefit.
d) sound [in ’]
Anger, spring, love, word, messenger, driver.
e) sound [g]
Genius, meadow, lighter, city, store, mountain.
e) sound [k*]
Kefir, resort, red, horn, sour, cool.
g) sound [g]
Rye, life, knife, cut, giraffe, high-rise building.
H) sound [i]
Shir, giraffe, needle, peaceful, floors, vest.
I) sound [o]
Calling, kind, understood, joy, director, sale.K) sound [e]
Undoubtedly, Elya, summer, hippopotamus, puree, flower.
Underline the word(s) that are not pronounced:
a) sound [s]
Chew, do, grey, full, word, order.
B) sound [o]
Lakes, naughty, Christmas trees, he, she, telephone.
B) sound [g]
Geology, geologist, to the dacha, to the tree, to the sea, degree.
What words can be obtained from the data if:
a) replace the voiced consonants in them with voiceless ones?
B) replace the voiceless consonants in them with voiced ones?
Pump, torque, push.
Indicate the number of consonant sounds in the words:
construction, builder, blizzard, blizzard.
Find the incorrect statement(s), correct:
A. In the word negation 4 consonant sounds.
B. Vslove knowledge 4 consonant sounds.
In In the word fathers 2 consonant sounds.
G In a word cucumbers 4 consonant sounds.
D. And the word miracle worker 5 consonant sounds.
E In a word ladder 5 consonant sounds.
8. What words can be obtained from the data if:
a) replace the voiced consonants in them with voiceless ones?
Smash, rough, tan, splash.
b) replace the voiceless consonants in them with voiced ones?
Pump, torque, push.
Determine the sound meaning of each letter in words shooting gallery, arrival and indicate how many times each of the sounds of these words occurs in the phrase: Once upon a time there lived an old man and an old woman.
Indicate a word whose spelling does not differ from its pronunciation:
