A new industry branch emerged - mechanical engineering. Demand for metal New inventions in metallurgy - more and more inventions made of steel. - English engineer G. Bessemer in 1856 invented a rotating furnace - a converter - for steel smelting. - brothers E. and P. Marten designed a special furnace that made it possible to smelt steel of a higher quality. The furnace was named after them - open-hearth.
Despite the growing construction of steamships, until the last third of the 19th century the sailing fleet predominated. In 1803, the first steamboat built by R. Fulton was tested in Paris. "Savannah" - the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean in 1819, completed the voyage in 26 days (H. Columbus covered this path in 70 days). Clermont. Savannah.
In the last third of the century, the triumph of gasoline cars began. The first experience in creating a gasoline car is considered to be a three-wheeled carriage with a horizontal gasoline engine, built in 1885 by Karl Benz, a German inventor, with a speed of 15 km per hour.
The Montgolfier brothers were manufacturers from France and were engaged in the production of paper. In 1782, they accidentally noticed that a paper bag filled with warm air was rising up. Then they constructed a large balloon and filled it with warm air (a balloon). The brothers named the ball after themselves - a hot air balloon.
Russian scientist A. Popov and Italian scientist G. Marconi simultaneously invented radio. Marconi had earlier managed to patent his invention in England and there he created the company Wireless Telegraph and Signals Company. In 1899 the first radiogram was sent. A. Popov G. Marconi
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Why do you think?
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What role does competition play in the development of production?
The main incentive in the development of production. In the course of competition, entrepreneurs, trying to make greater profits and reduce costs, introduce new inventions, increase output, and reduce prices. In addition, they increase the range and improve the quality of goods.
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Economic crises as one of the reasons for the transition to monopoly capitalism.
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Read the text on pages 19-20 before the additional reading text and highlight the reasons for the creation of large financial and industrial associations
The 18th century - the century of Enlightenment - brought to European society a secularization of consciousness, the spirit of entrepreneurship, and faith in the limitless possibilities of the human mind and thoughts.
The socio-political changes expressed in the bourgeois revolutions that swept Europe are inextricably linked with the building of the economic foundation of the new society.
Already in the 18th century, in the advanced countries of Europe there was an increase in factory production, which is the most important condition.
This process began in England before anyone else. Firstly, because a fairly developed industry of the manufacturing type was formed in England, and secondly, because in England, already in the 18th century, the agrarian revolution ended (the transition from the economy of small peasant owners to large-scale land ownership with the leasing of plots to farmers and cultivation of the land by the force of hired workers).
In the 18th century, revolutionary mechanisms were also invented, on the basis of which in the 19th century, machines that replaced manual labor were improved and complicated (the spinning jenny and the steam engine).
Mid-18th - mid-19th centuries.- the first industrial revolution (or industrial revolution).
1765- Englishman James Hargreaves designed the mechanical spinning wheel "Jenny". The beginning of the machine age is associated with this invention.
1784- Scottish engineer James Watt invented.
1800- British inventor Henry Maudsley created the first metal-cutting machine. It allowed the use of standard size bolts and nuts.
1803- The first car with a steam engine was launched in America.
1807- launching of Fulton's steamship "Clermont". The beginning of the era of steam ships.
1819- the first crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by steamship (from Liverpool to New York), the voyage lasted 26 days.
1825- the first railway. Built by Englishman George Stephenson. The road connected Stockton and Darlington.
1825- the first crisis of overproduction. Happened in England.
Second half of the 19th century.- second industrial revolution.
Last third of the 19th century.- the time of the emergence of powerful financial and: cartels, syndicates, trusts, concerns.
1844- the first telegraph line between Washington and Baltimore (USA).
1850- an underwater telegraph cable was laid along the bottom of the English Channel (connecting England with mainland Europe).
1866- the first telegraph cable was laid across the Atlantic Ocean (connecting the USA and England).
1858- the first world economic crisis.
1864- French metallurgist Pierre-Emile Martin invented a furnace for smelting steel. The furnace was called open-hearth.
1869- opening of the Suez Canal, the shortest waterway from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean.
1876- Alexander Bell's telephone was patented in the USA.
1885- German engineer Karl Benz created the first gasoline car.
1895- invention of radio communication.
1900- launch of the first controlled airship.
George Stephenson- English engineer, inventor of the steam locomotive.
Henry Maudsley- English mechanic, inventor of the screw-cutting lathe.
Joseph Marie Jacquard- French inventor, author of the design of a machine for creating patterned fabrics.
Ernst Werner von Siemens- German engineer, inventor of the dynamo.
Robert Fulton- American engineer, creator of the first steamships.
Oliver Evans(USA), Richard Trevithick(England) - creators of the first steam cars.
Karl Benz- German engineer, creator of the first gasoline-powered car.
Otto Lilienthal- German engineer, aviation pioneer.
Ferdinand von Zeppelin- German inventor, builder of the first airships.
Pavel Yablochkov- Russian engineer, creator of the electric arc lamp.
Thomas Edison- American inventor, creator.
Samuel Morse- American inventor, creator of the telegraph.
Alexander Popov(Russia), Gugliermo Marconi(Italy) - inventors of radio communications.
Alexander Bell- American scientist, one of the inventors of the telephone.
The Industrial Revolution created the foundation of a new industrial society. Technological progress and the industrial revolution have brought many positive changes: increasing labor productivity, introducing new technologies, improving communications, and increasing the standard of living of the population. On the other hand, scientific and technological progress also brought a threat to society: with new technologies, new means of mass destruction appear (rifled rifles, machine guns, dynamite, incendiary rockets), and the question of pollution of nature with the smoke of factory chimneys and the discharge of industrial waste into rivers arises. The new economic system also brought social problems. The desire of production owners to reduce costs at any cost was the cause of difficult working conditions and the use of women and children.
In Russia, compared to the countries of Western Europe, (by the end of the 19th century) progressed at a faster pace. Russia belongs to the so-called countries of the second echelon of industrialization. They are characterized by short periods of industrial revolution, since industrialization does not proceed evolutionarily and gradually, but with the active intervention of the state. Also, “catch-up” industrialization is characterized by the overtaking role of heavy industry over light industry, while in the countries of the first echelon the industrial revolution occurs first in light industry. In addition to Russia, second-tier countries include Germany, countries of South-Eastern Europe, and Japan.
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Industrial revolution: achievements and problems
Homework: Paragraph 1-2 Written 1.5 question Fill out the table Concepts learn
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Lesson Plan
Major technical inventions and scientific discoveries of the 19th century Characteristics of a society of free competition Economic crises as one of the reasons for the transition to monopoly capitalism Features of monopoly capitalism Characteristic features of imperialism
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A monopoly is a large economic association that concentrates in its hands the majority of the production and marketing of a product, thereby establishing its dominance in a certain sector of the economy. Competition is the struggle between entrepreneurs for the most favorable conditions for the production and sale of goods, ensuring the highest profits. An economic crisis is a period of decline and stagnation of production, affecting the well-being of society and the state.
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A syndicate is one of the forms of association of enterprises carrying out common commercial activities while maintaining production independence. A cartel is a form of economic association whose participants set uniform prices for products, agree on production volumes, and divide sales markets. A trust is one of the forms of association of enterprises, in which the enterprises included in it completely lose their independence and are subject to a single management.
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A concern is a form of association of enterprises in different industries, characterized by independent management of these enterprises, a large volume of intra-company supplies, and centralized capital.
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Major technical inventions and scientific discoveries of the 19th century
The process of modernization, which ended in the 19th century in Western countries, practically did not affect the countries of the East. Why do you think? In Eastern countries there are values based on preserving traditions. Changes are being implemented extremely reluctantly and slowly. In Western countries, on the contrary, they actively use technical inventions and, thanks to them, get far ahead
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What technical inventions do we use every day and hardly notice them? All inventions of this century were practical in nature and were aimed at obtaining greater profits at lower costs. They changed the daily life of society, people, and influenced the development of all spheres of society, especially the economy.
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Characteristics of a free competition society
What relations dominated the economies of Western countries in the 19th century? “Wild capitalism” is free relations not regulated by the state, that is, free competition.
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What role does competition play in the development of production? The main incentive in the development of production. In the course of competition, entrepreneurs, trying to make greater profits and reduce costs, introduce new inventions, increase output, and reduce prices. In addition, they increase the range and improve the quality of goods.
Slide 10
Economic crises as one of the reasons for the transition to monopoly capitalism.
The desire of entrepreneurs to expand production and increase the output of goods leads to a violation of the proportions of economic development. What happens if supply significantly exceeds demand? overproduction crisis
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Economic crisis
On the one hand, they lead to a drop in production and slow down the development of the economy; on the other hand, they are an additional incentive for improvements in production and the introduction of new equipment and technology. The development of a market economy occurs according to the following scheme: Crisis, stagnation of production, rise, crisis.
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Features of monopoly capitalism
As a result of such economic development, only the strongest survive, those who are weaker cease to exist or begin to unite. In 1880-1890 The society of free competition will be replaced by a society in which the main role is played by large unions of capitalists - monopolies. Read the text on pages 19-20 before the additional reading text and highlight the reasons for the creation of large financial and industrial associations
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