Description of the presentation by individual slides:
1 slide
Slide description:
2 slide
Slide description:
Plan Myths about the ancient history of Attica The unification of Attica The reforms of Solon The tyranny of Pisistratus The destruction of tyranny, the reforms of Cleisthenes and the completion of the formation of the Athenian state
3 slide
Slide description:
Lesson Concepts ATTICA is a large peninsula in the northeastern Balkans. AEDI are traveling singers, creators and distributors of folklore. HEROES - mythological characters, children of gods and ordinary people, demigods. Rhapsody - creators of mythological cycles. Eupatridam - clan nobility, aristocrats. Acropolis - from Greek. "Upper city" or "city fortress * -. AGORA is the city's market square, the center of public life. DEMOCRACY (from the Greek “Power of the People”) is a form of government with the active participation of the entire population. AREOPAGUS - a council consisting of the family aristocracy; the main government body, then a judicial tribunal for dealing with religious and criminal offenses. ARCHONT - (from the Greek "Ruler *) - an aristocrat official in Athens Bule (from the Greek "Council *) - a state council of four hundred citizens, which led the state during the period between the national assembly in Athens. DIONYSUS - Greek god, patron of winemakers. THEATER - from Greek. "A place for spectacle." FILA is an association of families of the same kind. STRATEGY - a military leader with broad military and political rights; the highest government position in Athens.
4 slide
Slide description:
Myths about the ancient history of Attica Created by human imagination, the myths of Ancient Greece traveled for centuries, preserved in songs performed by the aeds. Individual myths were combined into cycles. Subsequently, several cycles accumulated in folklore, which spoke about the creation of the world, the origin and adventures of gods and heroes. These stories were educational in nature - they contained life advice. The content of myths inspired artistic creativity and became the theme of works of art. Numerous VAZ paintings, sculptures, and plays were created based on Greek myths. Even Homer’s poems “The Iliad” and “Odyssey” are the reincarnation of the myths about the Trojan War into a single work of art, a literary form of oral creativity of the Greek people.
5 slide
Slide description:
Myths about the ancient history of Attica The main hero of Attica was Theseus, the son of Ephra, the daughter of the king of the city of Trezene, and Aegeus, the owner of Athens. Theseus himself considered the god of the seas Poseidon his father. The mother told Theseus about King Aegean, who was waiting for his son in Athens. The young man went to his father. Having overcome numerous adventures, Theseus arrived in Athens and inherited power and wealth from his father. Among his famous exploits, they remember the victory over the robber Sciron, catching the Marathon bull, killing the Kromion pig, defeating Kerkibnos and Procrustes. But the greatest feat was the victory over the Minotaur (a fantastic creature with the head of a bull) on the island of Crete. In honor of Theseus's father, the sea washing the Balkans from the east is called the Aegean. Theseus and the Minotaur
6 slide
Slide description:
Unification of Attica Attica, the territory of the Athenian state, is the largest country of Central Greece. A hot climate, rocky, infertile soils are characteristic features of the natural conditions of this land. The population here grew grapes and olive trees, mined silver and clay, for which the land of Attica is so generous. This contributed to the emergence and development of crafts, in particular pottery. Ever since the appearance of the Achaeans in Attica, a state was formed in the form of a polis with its center in Athens. Along the fortified walls there were quarters of houses of the working people - demos. This area was called Keramik and was a real labyrinth of narrow, crooked streets, sandwiched by high fences of citizens' houses. The Athenian eupatrides had spacious and comfortable houses, although the entire city was planned randomly, which caused crowding and crowding of the population. The residential areas were surrounded on all sides by a rocky hill on which stood the Acropolis - a fortified fortress where the main temples and the city's treasury were concentrated. During the time of tribal relations, a basilei, a leader, lived there. Below, near the Acropolis, the agora sprawled and seethed with life.
7 slide
Slide description:
Unification of Attica The diverse Athenian demos was divided into peasants, artisans, sailors, and small traders. In addition to citizens of the state, many metics lived in the city - immigrants from other cities deprived of civil rights. They did not own land, houses, or take part in the national assembly. Under such conditions, they could only be money changers. Having enriched themselves through money exchange operations, they became moneylenders. During the Dorian invasion, Attica defended its independence, but the population, mainly aristocrats, suffered heavy losses. This strengthened the influence of the demos on state affairs and led to the formation of the foundations of democratic governance. Ruins of the Acropolis in Athens
8 slide
Slide description:
Unification of Attica The main state issues were resolved at popular assemblies - ecclesias, but little by little the aristocracy took power into their own hands. The main political body of the aristocracy was the Areopagus, consisting of representatives of the clan nobility. Every year the Athenian people elected archons who stood at the head of the state. The tribal aristocracy captured the best land. The peasants became poor and fell into debt. Debtors were turned into slaves. Dissatisfaction with the violence of the eupatrides threatened an outbreak of indignation among the demos and bloodshed. It was necessary to pass laws that would satisfy the demos and eupatrides.
Slide 9
Slide description:
Reforms of Solon In 594 BC. e. Solon, a noble man whom the demos trusted for his honesty and decency, was chosen as the first archon. Solon carried out several reforms that fundamentally changed the entire social system of the Athenian state. With his first law, he abolished debt slavery. The land that was taken away for debts was returned to the peasants. From now on, Athenian citizens were no longer threatened with slavery for debt, and debtor slaves were redeemed to freedom at public expense. The entire civilian population was divided into four groups based on the amount of property. The first belonged to the richest of the Athenians, who were called the Yatsotmernikami. They had the right to be elected to senior government positions. During the war, members of the Five Hundreds became commanders. The second group consisted of those who could purchase a horse at their own expense. They were called horsemen. The third group, the most numerous, was called the Zeugites. This was the bulk of the Athenian peasantry. Not too rich, but not poor either, they could use the income from their land plots to buy weapons for themselves and serve in the heavy infantry as hoplites (heavily armed infantrymen). The fourth group - the poorest of the citizens - fetas, they were not elected to public office, but could vote for the decision of the people's assembly. In the army they formed light infantry or served as sailors on warships.
10 slide
Slide description:
Solon's reforms by Solon were ordered by the Radu of several hundred thousand - a jury - a helium, which examined the judicial proceedings among the citizens. The laws of Solon secured private power for the citizens, giving the right to commandment to the powerful citizens. They also reaped the development of crafts, since their fathers encouraged their children to learn crafts. The transformation that took place at Solon in the Athenian marriage undermined the foundations of the power of the family nobility. They created the minds for the development of the rule of the middle now the villagers were allowed to sell wine and the oil of the wine for Cordon. Water Evpatradam, Vyvosita for Sales of Izovy Gereni, stinks were seller to sell yogo in the aphines for the Nevisoku Tsіnoya. The laws of Solon were accompanied by the Rosvitovskin Afgun.
11 slide
Slide description:
The tyranny of Pisistratus The laws of Solon contributed to the economic development of the Athenian state. But the clan nobility sought to regain its lost power. The danger of the eupatrides returning to power predetermined the need for a strict form of government to protect the interests of the demos. In 560 BC. e. power was seized by Pisistratus, who defended the peasants, although he himself belonged to the nobility. With his own guard, he captured the Acropolis and became a tyrant. The aristocracy twice removed him from power and drove him out of the city, but he returned. Peisistratus's foreign policy was aimed at strengthening trade ties with countries where Athens bought grain. Pisistratus gave loans to the poor to strengthen the economy. For his own and state needs he established a tax of 1/10 of income. Many public buildings were built in Athens, and the economic and cultural development of the country revived. To please the peasants, Pisistratus legalized a holiday in honor of Dionysus (Dionysia). Subsequently, the festive rituals during the Dionysius gave rise to a new type of art - theater. Dionysus in a boat
12 slide
Slide description:
The overthrow of tyranny, the reforms of Cleisthenes and the completion of the formation of the Athenian state. After the death of Peisistratus (527 BC), his sons Hippias and Hipparchus ruled in Athens. their arbitrariness and cruelty caused indignation and a thirst for revenge. During the assassination attempt in 510 BC. e. Hipparchus was killed, and Hippias escaped by hiding only in Persia. Instead, in 509 BC. e. Cleisthenes was elected the first archon. Cleisthenes' reforms were a continuation of Solon's reforms. But he went even further in his reforms, deciding on an administrative redistribution of the state. Previously, there were four generic phyla in Attica. Cleisthenes introduced ten territorial phyles, each of which included citizens from different clans. This reform finally undermined the power of the aristocrats, who now had no influence on their relatives when voting. People began to express their own opinions without fear. Cleisthenes introduced the Council of Five Hundred, in which 50 representatives were elected from each of the 10 phyla. In order to better manage military affairs, a board of 10 strategists was created to manage the Athenian army and navy. To prevent the return of tyranny, the custom of ostracism was introduced (from the Greek Ozigakop - potsherd, lot). The Athenians annually wrote on clay shards the name of a person dangerous to the state. The one who received the most votes must leave the state for 10 years. Ostracism became a powerful means of political struggle; it contributed to the temporary removal of undesirable politicians from political life. Clay ostracon shards on which members of the people's assembly wrote the name of a person who, in their opinion, undermined the democratic system in Athens
The development of ancient states differs from the Ancient Eastern ones in the following features: The development of ancient states differs from the Ancient Eastern ones in the following features: a more accelerated rate of decomposition of the primitive communal system; development of private property; expansion of slave exploitation. Free citizens in these countries stubbornly resisted the tribal nobility, who wanted to achieve their enslavement.
This led to the early elimination of debt slavery and led to the relative stability of small peasant farming. Slavery in the ancient world lost the features of patriarchal slavery, which it had long retained in the countries of the Ancient East.
In Greece, those socio-economic and political structures that gave ancient society a certain specificity are actively developing. These are: In Greece, those socio-economic and political structures that gave ancient society a certain specificity are actively developing. These are: classical slavery, the system of monetary circulation and market, polis - as the main form of political organization.
The state in Ancient Greece took shape in the form of POLIS - a community of free and full-fledged citizens. The state in Ancient Greece took shape in the form of POLIS - a community of free and full-fledged citizens. The polis is characterized by: a combination of communal character and unique features that separate this community from the clan, family, territorial, etc.; it is based on an ancient form of ownership, which was simultaneously state (joint) property and private property;
only a full member of the civil community could become the owner of the main means of production - land; only a full member of the civil community could become the owner of the main means of production - land; only the collective of citizens had the supreme right to land (the right to own, use and dispose of it);
all citizens ideally had equal rights; all citizens ideally had equal rights; the presence of various governing bodies, but the supreme body in most of them was the people's assembly, which had the right to finalize all major issues;
coincidence of political and military organization. (the citizen-owner was at the same time a warrior, ensuring the inviolability of the policy, and therefore of his property); coincidence of political and military organization. (the citizen-owner was at the same time a warrior, ensuring the inviolability of the policy, and therefore of his property); the economy was based on agriculture and cattle breeding, viticulture and horticulture; The basic principle of the economy is the idea of self-sufficiency.
The main periods in the history of the Athenian state were: The main periods in the history of the Athenian state were: the first period - the emergence and formation of the Athenian slave state - VII - VI centuries. BC.; development of the Athenian state - V – IV centuries. BC.; crisis and decline of the Athenian state - IV – III centuries. BC.
The first step towards the formation of the Athenian state - the reforms of Theseus: The first step towards the formation of the Athenian state - the reforms of Theseus: the unification of individual tribal settlements into one with a center in Athens; establishment of a central government in Athens; the people were divided into three groups (regardless of the existing division into tribes) into: - Eupatrides (noble); - geomors (farmers); - demiurges (craftsmen).
Archon Solon. 594 BC acted as an intermediary between the aristocracy and the demos and the legislator with the right to restructure the state. Archon Solon. 594 BC acted as an intermediary between the aristocracy and the demos and the legislator with the right to restructure the state. HIS REFORM WERE THE FOLLOWING:
protected Athenian citizens from the arbitrariness of usurers, protected Athenian citizens from the arbitrariness of usurers, freed them from indentured servitude through the reform of debt law - sysachthia.; all debts were cancelled; such obligations allowing the debtor's identity to be pledged were prohibited; those who were in bondage to creditors received freedom; those sold into slavery were ransomed; divided all citizens into four categories depending on the size of their property (citizens of the first 3 categories could hold government positions, the highest positions - archons, members of the Areopagus - only citizens of the 1st).
creates the Council of 400 - the highest governing body (dealt with issues of current management, including preparing cases for consideration in the people's assembly). This body included only representatives of the first three categories (100 people from each tribe); creates the Council of 400 - the highest governing body (dealt with issues of current management, including preparing cases for consideration in the people's assembly). This body included only representatives of the first three categories (100 people from each tribe); narrows the competence of the continuing Areopagus, which is reduced to control over the activities of the national assembly and supervision of compliance with laws. determined the competence of the people's assembly, the highest authority. It:
resolved all issues related to the domestic and foreign policy of the state; resolved all issues related to the domestic and foreign policy of the state; elected officials; determined the amount of taxes and the procedure for spending public funds; declared war and concluded peace treaties. Every Athenian citizen who had reached the age of 20 had the right to participate in the national assembly.
creates a people's court (or jury) - Gelieus, which: creates a people's court (or jury) - Gelieus, which: had extensive judicial power; participated in the exercise of legislative power; controlled the election of officials.
The reforms of Cleisthenes (510 BC) finally eliminated the remnants of the clan system. He: The reforms of Cleisthenes (510 BC) finally eliminated the remnants of the clan system. He: introduced a division of the population along territorial lines, eliminating the division of the population into 4 tribes (phylas); divided the territory of Athens into 10 territorial phylas; abolished the Council of 400 and created a Council of 500, consisting of representatives of 10 territorial phylas (500 people in each); introduced ostracism ( expulsion from the country of citizens who posed a danger to the state system by gaining excessive influence in the state).
The time of the highest power of Athens and the highest point of development of democracy occurred during the reign of Ephialtes and Pericles (5th centuries BC). The time of the highest power of Athens and the highest point of development of democracy occurred during the reign of Ephialtes and Pericles (5th centuries BC).
The reforms of Ephialtes (462 BC) affected the activities of the Areopagus: The reforms of Ephialtes (462 BC) affected the activities of the Areopagus: organized a trial of corrupt members of the Areopagus; the right to control the activities of the people's assembly was transferred to the heliea; the right to control officials and oversee the implementation of laws - the Council of 500 and the People's Assembly had their qualifications lowered for holding the position of archon.
the judicial powers of the Areopagus were reduced; the judicial powers of the Areopagus were reduced; The qualifications for holding the position of archon were lowered. The Areopagus was in charge of mainly religious functions, so the Areopagus was deprived of political power.
Pericles' reforms boiled down to the following: Pericles' reforms boiled down to the following: payment was introduced when holding a public office; the poor and disadvantaged could now take up positions in public administration; The role of the People's Assembly, the Council of 500 and the Geliei increased.
Thus, during the period of democracy, the central authorities and administration in Athens were: Thus, during the period of democracy, the central authorities and administration in Athens were: the people's assembly; Tip 500; Heliea; Areopagus; elected officials.
People's Assembly. People's Assembly. the right to participate in the national assembly - 18 years (exceptions: metics, women and slaves); issued laws and regulations on private issues; elected officials; checked their activities; resolved issues of war and peace; discussed the food situation in the country.
Council of 500. Council members were elected by lot for a year from among residents who had reached 30 years of age. The council was divided into 10 commissions; was engaged in the preparation of preliminary conclusions on issues that were considered at the national assembly; heard reports from senior officials; exercised control over compliance with the decisions of the people's assembly.
Main features of Athenian law. Main features of Athenian law. The most ancient source of law in Athens is custom. Already in the V - IV centuries. BC. laws become the main source of law in Athens. Even resolutions of people's assemblies are considered laws. They contain general provisions.
Ownership. Private property, which was considered as property provided by the state, received significant development. A significant amount of property belongs to the state. Private individuals could rent such property with special permission from government agencies. Ownership. Private property, which was considered as property provided by the state, received significant development. A significant amount of property belongs to the state. Private individuals could rent such property with special permission from government agencies.
Law of obligations. There are obligations from contracts and obligations from torts. Transactions, as a rule, were formalized in writing. Before Solon's reforms, failure to fulfill contractual obligations entailed personal liability of the debtor, i.e. debt bondage. Law of obligations. There are obligations from contracts and obligations from torts. Transactions, as a rule, were formalized in writing. Before Solon's reforms, failure to fulfill contractual obligations entailed personal liability of the debtor, i.e. debt bondage. After Solon's reforms, the following are the means of securing contractual obligations: deposit, pledge, guarantee.
??????????) - Athenian, son of Megacles and Agarista, grandson of the Sicyon tyrant of the same name (Cleisthenes the Elder), from the noble family of Alcmaeonids.
CLEISTHENES' REFORM - 509 – 507 BC: He introduces a new territorial system of administrative division, distributing all citizens into 10 phylas and one hundred smaller units - demes. The new phylas were compiled in such a way that persons belonging to the same clans and phratries would henceforth be politically separated, living in different territorial administrative districts. As a result of this reform, three important tasks were solved: 1. The Athenian demos, primarily the peasantry, which constituted a very significant and at the same time the most conservative part of it, was freed from the ancient clan traditions on which the political influence of the nobility was based; 2. The frequently occurring feuds between individual clan alliances, which threatened the internal unity of the Athenian state, were stopped; 3. Those who had previously stood outside the phratries and philes and, as a result, did not enjoy civil rights, were attracted to participate in political life. Under Cleisthenes, the existing council of 400 was reformed into a council of 500. It dealt with issues of governing Athens in the intervals between national assemblies. Citizens who had reached the age of 30 fell into it by lot. The functions of the council, in addition to managing current affairs, included preparing issues to be considered in the people's assembly. A decision made by the people's assembly without prior discussion in the Council of Five Hundred was considered illegal.
The Birth of Democracy in Athens
The work of a history teacher at MBOU "Secondary School in the village of Vostok" in the Enotaevsky district of the Astrakhan region
Travnikova Marina Nikolaevna
“DEMOS” + “KRATOS” = DEMOCRACY
(people) (power) (power of the people)
Demos requirements
1. Take away power from noble people;
2. Rule Athens yourself.
3. Demos demanded the abolition of debt slavery,
4. Divide the land, i.e. take away part of the land from the nobles and distribute it to the poor.
SOLON
The conflict between the aristocracy and the demos was to be resolved by Solon. He himself came from a noble family, but was not rich. Solon was distinguished by his education and was revered by the Greeks as one of the seven sages. In 594 BC, he was elected archon - the head of the Athenian polis. He began to carry out reforms.
SOLON'S REFORM
The essence of the law
Debt forgiveness
People who had a debt were exempted from paying it; the plots laid out by farmers again became their property.
Prohibit slavery for debt
All debtor slaves were freed, and those sold overseas were to be found and returned at the expense of the state treasury.
Election of judges
Of all Athenians, regardless of their nobility and wealth.
Regular convening of the People's Assembly
All Athenian citizens took part in the work of the National Assembly.
The meaning of laws
The foundations of democracy have been laid.
Changes in the government of Athens
HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW OF ANCIENT ATHENS Lecture-presentation Lecturer – Associate Professor KAZACHANSKAYA Elena Aleksandrovna
The development of ancient states differs from the Ancient Eastern ones in the following features: a more accelerated rate of decomposition of the primitive communal system; development of private property; expansion of slave exploitation. Free citizens in these countries stubbornly resisted the tribal nobility, who wanted to achieve their enslavement.
In Greece, those socio-economic and political structures that gave ancient society a certain specificity are actively developing. These are: classical slavery, the system of monetary circulation and market, the polis - as the main form of political organization.
The state in Ancient Greece took shape in the form of POLIS - a community of free and full-fledged citizens. The polis is characterized by: a combination of communal character and unique features that separate this community from the clan, family, territorial, etc.; it is based on the ancient form of property, which was simultaneously state (joint) property and private property;
Only a full member of the civil community could become the owner of the main means of production - land; only the collective of citizens had the supreme right to land (the right to own, use and dispose of it);
All citizens ideally had equal rights; the presence of various governing bodies, but the supreme body in most of them was the people's assembly, which had the right to finalize all major issues;
Coincidence of political and military organization. (the citizen-owner was at the same time a warrior, ensuring the inviolability of the policy, and therefore of his property); the economy was based on agriculture and cattle breeding, viticulture and horticulture; The basic principle of the economy is the idea of self-sufficiency.
The main periods in the history of the Athenian state were: the first period - the emergence and formation of the Athenian slave state - VII - VI centuries. BC e. ; development of the Athenian state - V - IV centuries. BC e. ; crisis and decline of the Athenian state - IV - III centuries. BC e.
The first step towards the formation of the Athenian state was the reforms of Theseus: the unification of individual tribal settlements into one with a center in Athens; establishment of a central government in Athens; the people were divided into three groups (regardless of the existing division into tribes) into: - Eupatrides (noble); — geomors (farmers); - demiurges (artisans).
END OF VI century BC e. The situation that develops during this period is characterized by: sharp inequality between rich and poor; state crisis; the enslavement of a large number of free citizens for debt.
Archon Solon. 594 BC e. acted as an intermediary between the aristocracy and the demos and the legislator with the right to restructure the state. HIS REFORM WERE THE FOLLOWING:
He protected Athenian citizens from the arbitrariness of moneylenders, freed them from indentured servitude through the reform of debt law - sysachthia. ; all debts were cancelled; such obligations allowing the debtor's identity to be pledged were prohibited; those who were in bondage to creditors received freedom; those sold into slavery were ransomed; divided all citizens into four categories depending on the size of their property (citizens of the first 3 categories could hold government positions, the highest positions - archons, members of the Areopagus - only citizens of the 1st).
Creates the Council of 400 - the highest governing body (dealt with issues of current management, including preparing cases for consideration in the people's assembly). This body included only representatives of the first three categories (100 people from each tribe); narrows the competence of the continuing Areopagus, which is reduced to control over the activities of the national assembly and supervision of compliance with laws. determined the competence of the people's assembly, the highest authority. It:
Resolved all issues related to the domestic and foreign policy of the state; elected officials; determined the amount of taxes and the procedure for spending public funds; declared war and concluded peace treaties. Every Athenian citizen who had reached the age of 20 had the right to participate in the national assembly.
Creates a people's court (or jury) - Helieu, which: had extensive judicial power; participated in the exercise of legislative power; controlled the election of officials.
The reforms of Cleisthenes (510 BC) finally eliminated the remnants of the clan system. He: introduced a division of the population along territorial lines, eliminating the division of the population into 4 tribes (phylas); divided the territory of Athens into 10 territorial phylas; abolished the Council of 400 and created a Council of 500, consisting of representatives of 10 territorial phylas (500 people in each); introduced ostracism ( expulsion from the country of citizens who posed a danger to the state system by gaining excessive influence in the state).
The time of the highest power of Athens and the highest point of development of democracy occurred during the reign of Ephialtes and Pericles (5th centuries BC).
The reforms of Ephialtes (462 BC) affected the activities of the Areopagus: he organized a trial of corrupt members of the Areopagus; the right to control the activities of the people's assembly was transferred to the heliea; the right to control officials and oversee the implementation of laws - the Council of 500 and the People's Assembly had their qualifications lowered for holding the position of archon.
The judicial powers of the Areopagus were reduced; The qualifications for holding the position of archon were lowered. The Areopagus was in charge of mainly religious functions, so the Areopagus was deprived of political power.
Pericles' reforms boiled down to the following: payment was introduced when holding a public office; the poor and disadvantaged could now take up positions in public administration; The role of the People's Assembly, the Council of 500 and the Geliei increased.
Thus, during the period of democracy, the central bodies of power and administration in Athens were: the people's assembly; Tip 500; Heliea; Areopagus; elected officials.
People's Assembly. the right to participate in the national assembly - 18 years (exceptions: metics, women and slaves); issued laws and regulations on private issues; elected officials; checked their activities; resolved issues of war and peace; discussed the food situation in the country.
Council of 500. Council members were elected by lot for a year from among residents who had reached 30 years of age. The council was divided into 10 commissions; was engaged in the preparation of preliminary conclusions on issues that were considered at the national assembly; heard reports from senior officials; exercised control over compliance with the decisions of the people's assembly.
Main features of Athenian law. The most ancient source of law in Athens is custom. Already in the V - IV centuries. BC e. laws become the main source of law in Athens. Even resolutions of people's assemblies are considered laws. They contain general provisions.
Ownership. Private property, which was considered as property provided by the state, received significant development. A significant amount of property belongs to the state. Private individuals could rent such property with special permission from government agencies.
Law of obligations. There are obligations from contracts and obligations from torts. Transactions, as a rule, were formalized in writing. Before Solon's reforms, failure to fulfill contractual obligations entailed personal liability of the debtor, i.e., debt bondage. After Solon's reforms, the following are the means of securing contractual obligations: deposit, pledge, guarantee.
Marriage and family law. Features: monogamy; women lived separately from men; prohibited; marriage was considered compulsory; celibacy was condemned; a strict ban on incestuous marriages; marriageable age for the bride is 12 years old, the groom is 15 years old;
Marriage is a type of contract concluded between the groom and the bride's guardian; the dowry had approximately the same legal regime as in the East, but was not obligatory; the wife depended on her husband, was deprived of independence and was constantly under the care of someone (father, brother, husband, son; divorce was possible.
Criminal law. Types of crimes: state, against family and morality, against the individual, military, property.
Types of punishment: death penalty (the type of execution the convicted person chose himself - a cup of poison, a rope or a sword - for 3 days), sale into slavery (for robbery), fines, confiscation, exile, deprivation of civil and political rights.
Athenian criminal law also mentions mitigating or aggravating circumstances. Such as self-defense, complicity, etc.
Court and process. Gelieia was: a court of first instance in the most important cases of state and official crimes, considered complaints against decisions of other courts, controlled the activities of officials, and had the right of final approval of decrees and laws adopted by the people's assembly.
Areopagus. His competence boiled down to the following: he considered cases of premeditated murders, and, on behalf of the people's assembly, conducted investigations into cases of state crimes.
Cases of unintentional crimes were considered by the court of Efetov. Property crimes – by the panel of eleven. Individual archons considered judicial disputes in family matters and inheritance cases, and were in charge of issues of religious worship and cases of criminal offenses.
