1. On heating networks in polyurethane foam insulation from the top of the fixed support shield to the ground must be less than ≥ 0.5m .
2. When changing an existing channel installation in insulation of min. cotton wool for ductless, a fixed support must be installed on a pipeline in polyurethane foam insulation , and the existing- dismantle.
3. Air vent on a ductless pipeline set between 0,2 < В < 0,5 м. от земли .
4. If the ventilator operating on the main route is not implemented within the established depth limits, it can be placed on the subscriber branch before the valve.
5. Angles on heat pipes in polyurethane foam should be as standard as possible: 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°.
6. Deepening of PPU pipelines for pipelines with a diameter of more than 325- up to Zm.
7. Laying pipelines in polyurethane foam insulation under the road :
- In the case (sleeve):
if possible, install supply (12.0 linear meters long) and receiving pits outside the roadway;
the length of the case should not exceed 9.0 linear meters.
When justified, as an exception, 1 joint in the sleeve can be implemented.
- In through and semi-through channels, on sliding supports with mandatory provision of gravity water removal from the channel.
- In unloading structures with sanding (provided that there is a possible, in the future, unhindered opening of the road surface, if from the bottom of the road surface to the top of the pipe there is more<0,6 м.)
8. When designing, take the length of pipelines in polyurethane foam insulation equal to = 11.5 m (for all diameters)
9. When laying pipes in polyurethane foam insulation in passageways and semi-bore channels, channel dimensions must provide the ability to work with joints (couplings). The distance from the pipeline insulation to the channel wall should be taken at least-0.5 m. As an exception, in cramped conditions for diameters up to 150 mm, the distance can be reduced to 300 mm.
10. When soils with a design resistance of less than 1.5 kg/cm 2 under pipelines in polyurethane foam insulation should be provide an artificial foundation .
11. On pipelines in polyurethane foam insulation with a diameter of up to 159 mm inclusive, the permissible oblique joint with a sealed coupling is 5°. For diameters of 219 mm and above, an oblique joint of up to 2.5° is allowed. At large angles, bends should be provided.
12. Joints on pipelines V PPU isolation place behind outside crossed communications And aisles through walls buildings And cameras .
13. It is recommended to install starting compensators on pipelines in polyurethane foam insulation with DN 400mm and more, up to- DN 400 mm use natural compensation.
14. Insert branches in the coverage area of the starting compensator no closer than 10 m from the compensator, with its reconfiguration.
16. Pipeline kinks are not allowed in the area of operation of the starting expansion joints.
17. A fixed support (hereinafter n.o.) is not placed in the wall of the building ( min 1 m from the wall of the building.) ( BUT. can be installed inside the ITP).
18. Shut-off valves should be installed at the boundary of the pipelines’ balance sheet.
19. On branches up to the shut-off valves, the thickness of the pipeline wall must be no less than the wall thickness of the main pipeline.
20. The water outlet must have a minimum slope of 0.003
-Water outlet from the descents - preferably gravity drainage into an existing or planned drain.
- Water release is allowed if justified:
a) into a separate water intake well with subsequent pumping into an existing or projected drain.
b) water absorption well.
c) construction of a drainage pumping station (DPS).
- Water outlet from building structures:
a) gravity flow into an existing or designed drain.
b) construction of a drainage pumping station (DPS).
21. In sections of pipelines DN 800 mm or more, with bellows expansion joints, passage channels should be provided, and fixed supports should be designed for the maximum possible loads.
Requirements for the design of thermal chambers
1. In the thermal chamber, the shut-off valves should be located as close as possible to the insertion, and unobstructed access to it should be provided for maintenance and repair.
3. If the distance from the floor to the shut-off valves in the chamber is more than 1.5 m, a service platform is installed.
4. The thermal chamber must have at least two inspection hatches, located diagonally.
5. If water is removed from the drains and the heat chamber is discharged from the pit into one well, a valve should be installed in the pit.
Air and drain valves, thermometers and pressure gauges on underground heating networks are made by chambers, the dimensions of which in plan depend on the diameter of the heat pipe and the possibility of unhindered maintenance of the equipment installed in the chamber. The height of the chamber is made at least 2 m. The ceilings of the chambers are mounted from prefabricated elements of reinforced concrete slabs, in which holes are provided for cast iron hatches - at least two per chamber. The walls of the cells are of two types: made of prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs and large blocks. Monolithic walls are rarely made.
Installation of a reinforced concrete chamber from prefabricated structures consists of the following: preparation of the base; laying the base slab; installation of wall blocks and their temporary fastening (if necessary); laying floor slabs; caulking or sealing seams and preparing the outer surface for waterproofing; installation of hatches; installation of manhole covers.
In some cases, caused by necessity, with appropriate justification, the construction of chambers from monolithic reinforced concrete is allowed. The main disadvantages of using monolithic reinforced concrete are the large number of work processes performed manually and long work periods due to the need for curing the concrete during hardening.
a, b - laying base slabs:
c, d— installation of G-framed blocks; d - laying floor slabs
Increasing the reliability and durability of heating networks under construction is greatly facilitated by the organization and implementation of technical supervision, especially over the construction of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures, the installation of their waterproofing, and the sealing of butt seams. For example, the discrepancy between the sizes of holes in the walls of chambers for the passage of pipes and the design values (cross-sectional area of the channels) requires additional work to carefully seal and seal the resulting gaps and cracks (at the junction of the channels with the walls of the chambers). As a result, conditions are created in these places for water to penetrate into the chambers and channels. For this reason, sections of heat pipes near the walls of the chambers are most often subject to severe damage by corrosion.
Reinforced concrete thermal chambers are high-strength special-purpose products that are used when laying underground communications: water supply systems, sewerage systems and gas networks. Thermal chambers, or as they are also called heating chambers, are used to accommodate heat pipeline units, as well as equipment that requires constant maintenance during operation and, if necessary, repair. In addition, cameras are used to interface pipes of different sizes and intersect them.
The following equipment is installed in thermal chambers: valves, stuffing box expansion joints, drainage and air devices, instrumentation and other equipment. Branches to consumers and fixed supports are also installed in the chambers.
The main areas in which thermal cameras are used are civil, housing and engineering construction. The high strength of these makes it possible to protect underground communications from adverse environmental factors, vibrations from vehicles passing over the pipeline, soil pressure, as well as from unauthorized or accidental entry of humans and animals. Heating network chambers have increased strength and waterproofing.
Thermal chambers are immersed to a maximum design depth of 4 m. The depth of the top of the chamber floor is assumed to be at least 0.3 m. To drain random water along the bottom of the chambers, a slope with a cement-sand screed is created, directed towards the pits. In damp soils, accompanying drainage is laid along the heat pipeline line so that the groundwater level does not rise above 1 m from the bottom of the chambers.
Depending on the design features of the thermal chambers, they are divided into two types:
Reinforced concrete thermal chambers made of prefabricated blocks consist of the following elements:
Thermal chambers made of prefabricated slabs and panels include the following elements:
In dry soil, the lower blocks of the chambers are installed on a sand leveling layer 10 cm thick, and when installed in wet soil - on a concrete preparation 10 cm thick. The middle and upper blocks are installed on a cement mortar of 1/3 composition. The blocks and panels are secured to each other using overlay parts welded to the embedded parts of the blocks.
Thermal chambers are manufactured in accordance with series 3.903 KL-13 “Heat supply. Prefabricated reinforced concrete chambers on heating networks."
The material from which the thermal chambers are made is hydraulic concrete. The compressive strength class of concrete is B22.5. The tempering strength of concrete is taken to be no lower than 70% of the design strength. The concrete class for frost resistance is assigned to F150, and for water resistance – W4.
Reinforced concrete thermal chambers are reinforced with welded mesh and frames made of hot-rolled steel rods of the following classes: A-I and A-III - for chambers made of prefabricated blocks; A-I, A-II and A-III - for chambers made of prefabricated slabs and panels. For ease of installation of prefabricated products, lifting loops are made of smooth reinforcing steel of class A-I.
Reinforced concrete thermal chambers are marked with an alphanumeric designation. The brand of thermal cameras contains numbers characterizing the overall dimensions - length, width and height in meters. Prefabricated chamber blocks contain letters indicating the position of the blocks in the chamber (NBK - lower chamber block, SBK - middle chamber block, VBK - upper chamber block), and numbers indicating the main dimensions of the chamber where the block is installed - length, width and height in meters. The presence of hatches or holes in the blocks is indicated by the size of these holes in the denominator.
Chambers are installed in places where heat pipeline equipment is installed: valves, stuffing box expansion joints, drain and air valves, dead supports, etc.
The construction part of the chambers is often made of brick, as well as monolithic concrete or reinforced concrete. boron reinforced concrete is mainly used for flooring.
In the construction of heating networks in Moscow, prefabricated reinforced concrete chambers with a round and rectangular outline have been used.
Chambers made of round reinforced concrete rings with an internal diameter of 1.5 and 2 m, used on heat pipeline routes with a diameter of up to 150 mm, have become widespread.
The design of the round chamber is made up of three types of blocks: rings without holes, rings with holes for passing pipes and floor slabs.
1 - floor slab;
2 - block without holes;
3 - block with holes;
4 - compacted crushed stone;
5 - opening for passing pipes;
6 - cement mortar;
7 - pit;
8 - preparation from concrete M-75
The walls of the chamber are assembled from three ring blocks, superimposed on each other. To pass pipes, one of the ring blocks has openings. This block is usually installed in the top or middle row, which corresponds to the normal depth of heat pipes from the ground surface (0.8-1.5 m).
The lower ring block is installed on a preparation made of M-75 concrete with a thickness of 150 mm. A crushed stone layer 50 mm thick is laid under the concrete preparation.
A round floor slab is laid on top of the upper annular block, which has an edge and two holes for installing inspection hatches. Manholes are usually made of brickwork and covered with standard cast iron hatches. The outer surfaces of the chamber are covered with hot bitumen 2 times.
In the construction of heating networks, the design of chambers made of prefabricated reinforced concrete sections of rectangular shape was used.
1 - wall block without holes;
2 - wall block with holes;
3 - bottom block;
4 - overlap block
Typical camera designs are designed for internal dimensions of 1.5x1.5; 1.5x2 and 2x2 m.
The rectangular outline of the chambers has some advantage over the round one in terms of more convenient maintenance of the heat pipeline equipment located in the chamber. This design consists of rectangular closed links superimposed on one another. The rectangular links from which the walls of the chambers are assembled are made of two types: without holes and with holes for passing pipes.
Since 1970, a new prefabricated design of rectangular chambers with walls made of vertical blocks was developed and implemented. Prefabricated chambers of this design are designed for five plan sizes (1.5 x 1.5; 1.5 x 2; 2 x 2; 2 x 2.5 and 2.5 x 2.5 m) and are assembled from wall blocks and floor and pit floor blocks.
The wall block is an L-shaped slab, the short side of which serves as its base, and the long side forms the wall of the chamber. Reinforcement in the form of loops is released from the short side of the block.
The blocks are manufactured in two types: solid and with a rectangular hole for passing pipes.
The corner wall block has the shape of a corner in cross section.
The bottom block is rectangular in shape, with reinforcing loops on four sides.
The floor slab has a rectangular shape with holes for hatches.
The minimum depth of the chambers is taken to be 0.3 m, counting from the surface of the earth or road surface to the top of the ceiling . The location of the holes in the wall blocks in height is based on the most common depths for laying heat pipes in design practice, of the order of 1-1.5 m. With deeper laying of heat pipes, the height of the backfill above the top of the floor increases by deepening the bottom of the chamber.
a - size 150×150 cm;
b - size 250×250 cm
Installation of cameras from vertical blocks is carried out in the following sequence. In an open pit, preparation is made from M-75 concrete. For preparation, bottom blocks and corner and middle wall blocks are installed over a layer of cement mortar, which ensures their correct position. After passing the reinforcement and tying it with the loop reinforcement of the blocks, the gap between the wall blocks and the bottom block is filled with M-200 concrete. The seams between the wall blocks are sealed with M-50 grade cement mortar by pouring it into the grooves from above.
Beams and floor slabs in cement mortar are laid on top of the wall blocks. The seams between the slabs are also sealed with cement mortar.
The outer surfaces of the walls and ceilings are covered with a layer of hot bitumen 2 times. When the chambers are located in conditions of a high groundwater level, it is necessary to install an adhesive waterproofing system consisting of two layers of waterproofing material. In some cases, external plaster with waterproof cement mortar can be used.
The advantages of the described design of prefabricated rectangular chambers are the simplicity of manufacturing the blocks and the ease of their transportation and installation.
The main advantage of the design of prefabricated chambers with walls made of vertical blocks is the uniformity of the wall blocks of the chambers and semi-through channels, differing only in size and height. This greatly simplifies the organization of the production of all prefabricated parts of heating systems at the factory. Thanks to the simple configuration of the blocks, their production does not cause any difficulties for any construction organization at any time of the year. Installation of the camera does not require heavy equipment and devices for temporary fastening of blocks during assembly. The sealing of block joints in winter conditions can be done from inside the chamber.
The great advantage of the structure is its stability, achieved by monolithic wall blocks with bottom blocks.
The use of prefabricated chambers of round and rectangular shapes makes it possible to completely industrialize the construction of heating networks. Large chambers can be constructed from prefabricated blocks of the types described above. For the construction of large chambers, rectangular concrete blocks are most widely used. The blocks are made of M-100 concrete and have length dimensions of 1; 1.5 and 2 m and a section of 0.5X0.6 m. The walls of chambers of all sizes in plan and height are made from these concrete blocks. When the height of the chambers is more than 2 m, reinforcing mesh is placed in the horizontal seams between the blocks. If the dimensions of the chamber in plan require the insertion of blocks of dimensions smaller than 1 m, then the gaps between the standard blocks are filled with monolithic concrete.
Large chambers for large-diameter heat pipes are made of monolithic reinforced concrete.
The Mosinzhproekt Institute has developed unified chambers made of prefabricated reinforced concrete vibro-rolled panels for underground communications. The cameras can be used for heating pipelines with a diameter of up to 600 mm, as well as water pipelines with a diameter of up to 900 mm and gas pipelines with a diameter of up to 600 mm.
These chambers house the fittings and equipment of the most typical units of heating networks.
The chambers are constructed from separate volumetric elements - cabins, assembled at the factory from rectangular reinforced concrete slabs. Volumetric cabins are assembled from bottom slabs, floor slabs, walls and longitudinal frames. The slabs are produced by the method of continuous vibratory rolling on mills of the engineering system. N. Ya. Kozlova. The slabs are connected to each other using gussets welded to the embedded parts.
The design of the cabin allows the floor slab to be removed during installation work or equipment replacement without compromising its stability. By combining several booths, different types of chambers can be obtained to accommodate heat pipe equipment. Fixed supports made of monolithic reinforced concrete are arranged between two adjacent cabins. Fixed shield supports can be located outside the chamber, which is usually done when constructing chambers for branches of heat pipelines. The figure shows a diagram of a chamber for placing stuffing box compensators and branches, composed of two cabins.
Structures along the route of heat pipelines for the installation of equipment that requires post, inspection and maintenance during operation. In the chambers of heating networks there are valves, stuffing box compensators, drainage and air devices, control and measurement. instruments and other equipment. In addition, they usually install branches to consumers and fixed supports. Transitions of pipes of the same diameter to pipes of another diameter must also be within the limits of K.t.s. All K.t.s. installed. along the heating network route, are assigned exhiuatats. numbers, with which they are indicated on plans, diagrams and piezometric. graphs. The equipment placed in the chambers must be accessible for maintenance, which is achieved by ensuring sufficient distances between the equipment and the walls of the heating network chambers. Height K.t.s. choose at least 1.8-2 m. Their internal. Dimensions depend on the number and diameter of the pipes being laid, the dimensions of the installed equipment and imaginary ones. distances between buildings, structures and equipment. K.t.s. They are built from brick, monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete. Openings are left in the end walls to allow heat pipes to pass through. Floors in K.t.s. made from prefabricated reinforced concrete. slabs or monolithic. For water drainage, the bottom is made with a slope of at least 0.02 towards the receiver, which is for the convenience of pumping water from the boiler. located under one of the drains. The ceiling can be monolithic or made of prefabricated reinforced concrete. slabs, laid on reinforced concrete. or metallic beams. To install hatches, slabs with holes are laid in the corners of the ceiling. In accordance with the safety rules during operation, the number of hatches for K.t.s. at least two are provided for internal chamber area up to 6 m and at least four for an area of more than 6 m2. To descend the service personnel, brackets are installed under the hatch, arranged in a checkerboard pattern with a height increment of no more than 400 mm, or ladders. If the dimensions of the equipment exceed the dimensions of the entrance hatches, installation openings are provided, the width of which is equal to the largest size of the fittings, equipment or pipe diameter plus 0.1 m (but not less than 0.7 m). Industrial chambers for heating networks made of prefabricated reinforced concrete are widespread, the installation of which takes less time and reduces labor costs.
installation of heating radiators;
assembly and installation of a boiler room;
pressure testing of the system;
description of the Work Completion Certificate;
commissioning works;
removing air from the heating system;
Prefabricated structures of rectangular c.t.s. are also used. with vertical walls. blocks, of which there are two types: solid and with rectangular holes for the passage of heat pipes. When constructing heating networks of small diameter K.t.s. can be made from round reinforced concrete. rings Round floor slabs have two holes for inspection hatches.
On main lines and heating networks with a diameter of 500 mm or more, sectional valves with an electric drive are installed, as a rule, in heating systems, above which above-ground structures in the form of pavilions are built. The design of repair work in the pavilions includes lifting equipment. For waterproofing. protection of the outer surfaces of the bottom and walls of the K.t.s. in the presence of a high groundwater level, despite the existing associated drainage, cover
glued waterproofing made of bitumen
rolled materials in several layers,
what is determined by the project. In conditions
increase waterproof requirements
bridges, except for external wrapping
additional waterproofing is used.
plaster cement-sand waterproofing internal. surfaces applied during large volumes of work using the shotcrete method.
wood burning
solid fuel
autonomous
diesel
liquid fuel
gravitational
independent
HEATING NETWORK CHAMBERS
AIR HEATING CHANNEL, heated air duct
SEWER NETWORK
SEWER COLLECTOR
DROP TRAINER, separator
BOILER FRAME
CATALYTIC REACTOR
APARTMENT HEATING
CERAMIC EMBEDIER ATTACHMENT
COAGULATION
COAGULANTS, coagulating agents
COAGULATION
CONTACT COAGULATION
HEATING SYSTEM MANIFOLD
SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTOR
MINE WELL
WATER HEATER
COMBINED CLIMATE CONDITIONING SYSTEM
COMBINED HEATING
COMPACT SUPPLY JET
HEAT PIPES COMPENSATOR
COMPENSATORY NICHES
SEDIMENT COMPOSTING
COMPRESSOR
CONVEYOR
CONVECTIVE AIR JET
CONVECTIVE HEATING
CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER
CONVECTORS
CONGRUENT MELTING
CONDENSATE
CONDENSATE PUMP
CONDENSATE PIPEL
CAPACITOR
CONDENSER IN A HEAT PUMP HEATING SYSTEM
AIR CONDITIONER
AIR CONDITIONING
CONTROL AND MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
SOLAR RADIATION CONCENTRATOR
CONCENTRATION LIMITS OF GAS IGNITION
CORROSIVE INHIBITOR (moderator)
CORROSIVE PASSIVATOR
CORROSION OF METALS
SELECTIVE CORROSION OF METALS
INTERCRYSTALLITE CORROSION OF METALS
TRANSCRYSTALLITE CORROSION OF METALS
CHEMICAL CORROSION OF METALS
CORROSION OF METALS ELECTROCHEMICAL
CORROSION-PITTING
HRSG
BOILER ROOM
BOILER INSTALLATION
BOILER UNIT, boiler unit
BRIDGE CRANE
WASH TAP
WINCH manual
RADIANT HEATING
RADIANT HEAT TRANSFER
HEATING SYSTEM MAIN
OIL FACTORY
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THERMAL AND AIR MODES OF A BUILDING
MILL
DIAPHRAGM DRIVE OF THE REGULATORY ORGAN
LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION
LOCAL SUPPLY VENTILATION, air showering
LOCAL DUST COLLECTION UNIT
LOCAL HEATING
LOCAL AIR HEATING
LOCAL PANEL-RADIANT HEATING
LOCAL SUCTION
METHANTANK
FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD in heat transfer
METHODS OF CLIMATE CONTROL IN BUILDINGS
MOISTURE TRANSFER MECHANISMS
MICROFILTER
MULTI-ZONE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
KITCHEN SINK
WET DUST COLLECTORS
INSTALLATION OF VENTILATION SYSTEMS
WASTE INcinerator
RELIABILITY OF GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
RELIABILITY OF HEATING SYSTEMS
GUIDING APPARATUS
PUMP BOOSTER UNIT
PUMPING STATION
INITIAL CONDITION
NON-FREEZING MOISTURE IN MATERIALS
FIXED SUPPORTS
IMPASSABLE CHANNELS OF HEATING NETWORKS
OIL TRAP
GAS PIPELINES ON BOILERS AND FURNACES
BOILER BLOWING
BOILER BLOWERS
DEWATERING OF NATURAL WATER SEDIMENTS
DEWATERING OF SEWAGE SLUDGE
DISINFECTION OF WATER WITH OZONE
DISINFECTION OF WATER WITH UV RAYS
WATER DISINFECTION WITH CHLORINE, disinfection
DISINFECTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE
DISINFECTION OF NATURAL AND WASTEWATER
DESILIFICATION OF WATER
SECURITY OF SETTLEMENT CONDITIONS
DESALINATION OF WATER
DESALINATION OF WATER BY REVERSE OSMOSIS
BOILER LINING
GAS PIPELINE EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT FOR ION EXCHANGE UNITS
NATURAL GAS PROCESSING
REINJECTION OF GEOTHERMAL WATER
CONTROL OBJECTS WITH DISTRIBUTED AND CONCENTRATED PARAMETERS
FENCE WITH TRANSPARENT THERMAL INSULATION
SINGLE-PIPE WATER HEATING SYSTEM
OZONATOR
OKSITENK
DESALINATION
DESALINATION AND DESALINATION OF WATER BY DISTILLATION
MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL SEWAGE SLUDIMENTS
SEDIMENTS OF NATURAL WATER
WATER CLEANER
CONTACT CLEANER
AIR DRYING
SORPTION AIR DRYING
STEAM PIPEL DRYING
DISCHARGE OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS FROM GAS APPLIANCES
SEPARATOR
OPEN HEATING SYSTEM
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
HEATING PANEL
HEATING OVEN
HEATING AND VENTILATION UNIT
HEATING GAS OVENS
HEATING UNIT
BOILER
HEATING APPLIANCE
HEATING
AIR SUCTION LATERAL
RING AIR SUCTION
WATER SETTING
SETTLEMENT TANK
SETTLEMENT RADIAL
SETTING TANK WITH ROTATING DEVICE FOR WATER COLLECTION DISTRIBUTIONS
THIN-LAYER SETTENTOR
REJECTION
COOLING POND, cooling pond
AIR COOLING
AIR COOLING DRY
ABSORPTION AIR PURIFICATION
CATALYTIC GAS AND AIR PURIFICATION
PURIFYING GASES AND AIR BY CONDENSATION METHODS
DEEP WASTEWATER TREATMENT OF SMALL SETTLEMENTS
CLEANING AND DESALTING OF WASTEWATER BY ION EXCHANGE
PURIFICATION OF GROUNDWATER FROM NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
NATURAL WATER PURIFICATION AND WATER TREATMENT
TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER BY OZONATION
TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
CLEANING OF DRAINS
WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN AREAS WITH HARSH CLIMATES
WASTEWATER TREATMENT OF GALVANIC PRODUCTIONS
WASTEWATER TREATMENT OF INDIVIDUAL HOUSES
WASTEWATER TREATMENT WITH OXYGEN
WASTEWATER TREATMENT OF SMALL SETTLEMENTS
WASTEWATER TREATMENT OF FACILITIES WITH SHORT-TERM Occupancy
WASTEWATER TREATMENT FROM NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
WASTEWATER TREATMENT WITH ACTIVATED SLUDGE
INFRARED PANEL
UNIFORM AIR SUCTION PANEL
PANEL-RADIANT HEATING
WATER STEAM
SECONDARY BOILING STEAM
OUTDOOR CLIMATE PARAMETERS
STEAM HEATING SYSTEM
STEAM-WATER MIXTURE
STEAM-WATER HEATER
STEAM HEATING
STEAM BOILER
STEAM PUMP
VAPOR INSULATION
SUPERCOOLER
STEAM PIPEL
VAPTOR PERMEABILITY
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM
AIR DISCHARGE PIPE
PELTIER EFFECT
FOAM DUSTING EQUIPMENT
V-BELT TRANSMISSION
AIR OVERFLOW
SAND TRAP
STOVE HEATING
