Requirements for the construction of a hazardous production facility
Requirements for the design of a hazardous production facility
When designing hazardous production facilities, quality control of design documentation and designer's supervision of compliance with design decisions during the construction of hazardous production facilities is ensured.
When developing design documentation for construction, expansion, reconstruction, technical re-equipment, conservation and liquidation of a hazardous production facility (design documentation), the relevant sections of the design documentation at all stages of design take into account the requirements and provide for measures to ensure industrial safety, prevent accidents and localize them consequences with the necessary justifications and calculations.
When developing these measures, sources of danger, risk factors, conditions for accidents and their scenarios, the number and location of production personnel are taken into account.
For a hazardous production facility, for which the Federal Law “On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities” or Rostechnadzor of Russia has established the obligation to develop an industrial safety declaration, an industrial safety declaration is developed as part of the project documentation. The Declaration of Industrial Safety is developed, updated and undergoes an industrial safety examination in accordance with the regulatory legal acts of Rostechnadzor of Russia
Design documentation and changes made to it are subject to industrial safety review in accordance with the rules for conducting industrial safety review established by Rostechnadzor of Russia.
The conclusion of the industrial safety examination submitted to Rostechnadzor of Russia is reviewed and approved in the manner established by it.
The decision to begin construction, expansion, reconstruction, technical re-equipment, conservation and liquidation of a hazardous production facility (hereinafter referred to as construction) is made if there is a positive conclusion from the industrial safety examination of the project documentation, approved by Rostechnadzor of Russia.
During the construction process, deviations from the design documentation are not allowed, quality control of construction and installation work is ensured, as well as control of the condition of the technical base and technical means of construction and installation.
Upon completion of construction, the hazardous production facility is accepted into operation. During the acceptance of a hazardous production facility into operation, the following is monitored: compliance of the work performed with design solutions to ensure industrial safety; carrying out tests of technical means and equipment that ensure the prevention of accidents and localization of their consequences, compliance of the tests with the approved program; readiness of personnel and emergency rescue services to localize and eliminate the consequences of accidents.
Requirements for technical devices
Technical devices, incl. foreign production must be certified for compliance with industrial safety requirements and the requirements of regulatory documents.
In the technical documentation for the technical device, incl. foreign-made, the manufacturer (supplier) organization indicates the conditions and requirements for safe operation, the methodology for conducting control tests (inspections) of this device and its basic components, service life and service life, the procedure for maintenance, repair and diagnostics.
Various types (types) of technical devices, before their use at a hazardous production facility, undergo acceptance tests carried out by the acceptance committee in the prescribed manner.
Based on the results of acceptance tests and a certificate of compliance with industrial safety requirements, Rostechnadzor of Russia issues permission to use a specific type (type) of a technical device in the manner established by it
Technical devices are subject to maintenance throughout the entire period of their use. The scope and timing of preventive maintenance to maintain a technical device in good condition are determined in the technical documentation for this device. The organization operating the hazardous production facility organizes the maintenance work for the specified devices and controls their implementation, and also ensures the registration of specific types (types) of technical devices with the bodies of Rostechnadzor of Russia.
When repairing and adjusting technical devices at hazardous production facilities, it is ensured that this work is carried out on the basis of the requirements of the relevant regulations, as well as compliance with established procedures for planning, quality control and accounting of repair and adjustment work.
Upon reaching the service life established in the technical documentation, further operation of the technical device is not allowed without carrying out work to extend the safe operation period in the manner established by Rostechnadzor of Russia
Certification of technical devices
Certificate is a document certifying the compliance of the object in question with industrial safety requirements.
Certification- this is the process and rules for carrying out work, as a result of which a certificate is issued. The rules for certification are established by the federal executive body for standardization, metrology and certification together with Rostechnadzor of Russia and its territorial bodies.
Certification is carried out by accredited organizations. At hazardous production facilities, a variety of technical devices are used that are subject to certification.
The main classes of technical devices, permission for the manufacture and use of which is issued by the Federal Mining and Industrial Supervision of Russia (BTP 2/99), are given below.
‣‣‣ Lifting and transport equipment (cranes, lifts (towers), elevators, escalators, passenger conveyors, cable cars and other equipment).
‣‣‣ Boiler equipment, steam and hot water pipelines, equipment operating under pressure more than 0.7 kgf/cm 2
‣‣‣ Explosion-proof and mining electrical equipment.
‣‣‣ Technical devices for mining and mineral processing industries and underground facilities not related to mining.
‣‣‣ Equipment and instruments used in blasting operations for industrial purposes.
‣‣‣ Gas equipment for boilers, process lines and units, gas burners, tank and instantaneous water heaters.
‣‣‣ Technical devices for oil and gas production (oil and gas production, gas processing, drilling equipment; equipment for geological exploration and geophysical work; equipment for main pipeline transport).
‣‣‣ Technical devices used at hazardous production facilities of chemical, petrochemical, oil refining and other industries, working with explosive, toxic, aggressive environments,
‣‣‣ Technical devices for hazardous production facilities for grain storage and processing.
‣‣‣ Equipment for ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy of hazardous production facilities (blast furnace, coke, steel-smelting, technological for non-ferrous metallurgy; steel-smelting, vacuum and steel refining units; continuous casting machines, etc.) ‣‣‣ Electric furnaces, electric furnace installations and devices where melts of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and alloys based on these melts are obtained ‣‣‣ Equipment for melting cast iron.
‣‣‣ Gas protective breathing equipment (isolating respirators, air apparatus, isolating and filtering self-rescuers), gas monitoring devices, technical devices, incl. special protective suits for emergency situations.
‣‣‣ Instruments and automation equipment used at hazardous production facilities
‣‣‣ Liquid and vacuum pumps, pumping units, air and gas compressors; parts for them.
‣‣‣ Tanks, specialized containers and cylinders for liquefied gases, explosive and fire hazardous and toxic media.
‣‣‣ Pipelines and their components: steel, non-ferrous metals and alloys, non-metallic materials - for hazardous production facilities.
‣‣‣ Electric welding equipment used at hazardous production facilities.
‣‣‣ Fittings for technical devices used at hazardous production facilities.
During operation, technical devices are subject to industrial safety examination.
Requirements for the construction of a hazardous production facility - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Requirements for the construction of a hazardous production facility" 2017, 2018.
The ProfExp company invites enterprises and organizations of various forms of ownership to cooperation and offers services for the design of hazardous production facilities. We develop the necessary documentation with subsequent registration with Rostechnadzor if the following prerequisites are met:
In each of the listed cases, our company’s employees will competently and in the shortest possible time develop the documentation required by law.
A change in the policy of the enterprise, a drop in demand for certain products lead to the fact that the management of the enterprise decides to mothball certain workshops or production facilities. This operation differs from liquidation in that the equipment is not dismantled and buildings are not destroyed.
How is conservation beneficial for an enterprise? There are several answers to this question:
ProfExp specialists will prepare the necessary documents taking into account the requirements of environmental legislation, fire safety, sanitary and hygienic requirements and standards in force in Russia. We carry out the following stages for the conservation of hazardous production facilities:
For various reasons, a company may cease to operate. If production, in accordance with current legislation, is a hazardous production facility, it is necessary to take a number of measures to facilitate the exclusion of information about hazardous production facilities from the state register.
The enterprise is obliged to disconnect utility lines, ensure the possibility of dismantling equipment, removing and recycling hazardous substances and materials used in production.
Our company’s employees will quickly develop a project for the liquidation of a hazardous production facility, including the following sections:
This list is not complete and closed. The specific list of documents is determined by our company employees individually for each customer and each object.
The management or owner of an enterprise may at a certain stage decide to re-equip production, replace technology, or purchase new equipment. If an enterprise is registered as a hazardous production organization, all actions must be carried out on the basis of documentation that has been examined and duly registered with Rostechnadzor.
In accordance with the law, the development of documentation for the re-equipment of production can be carried out by an organization that has the appropriate SRO license. If you want all work to be carried out in accordance with the law, please contact our company. Based on your request, the following work will be performed:
Are you planning to mothball hazardous production facilities, dismantle equipment or technical re-equipment? Contact the ProfExp company. We will complete all necessary work in the minimum time and with maximum quality! You won't waste time studying the legal nuances of each transaction! We will do everything for you!
III. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DESIGN OF A HAZARDOUS PRODUCTION FACILITY
3.1. When designing hazardous production facilities, quality control of design documentation and designer's supervision of compliance with design decisions during the construction of hazardous production facilities is ensured.
3.2. When developing design documentation for construction, expansion, reconstruction, technical re-equipment, conservation and liquidation of a hazardous production facility (hereinafter referred to as design documentation), the relevant sections of the design documentation at all stages of design take into account the requirements and provide for measures to ensure industrial safety, prevent accidents and localize them consequences with the necessary justifications and calculations.
3.3. The design documentation provides for measures to prevent accidents and localize their consequences, both at the designed facility itself and as a result of accidents at other facilities in the area where the designed facility is located.
When developing these measures, sources of danger, risk factors, conditions for accidents and their scenarios, the number and location of production personnel are taken into account.
The design documentation for the conservation or liquidation of a hazardous production facility provides for measures to prevent accidents, localize and eliminate their consequences both during the process of conservation or liquidation of the facility and upon their completion.
3.4. The design documentation provides for justified and sufficient solutions to ensure industrial safety, taking into account particularly complex geological and hydrogeological construction conditions, seismicity, landslides and other phenomena.
3.5. For a hazardous production facility, for which the Federal Law “On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities” or Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia in accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 11, 1999 No. 526 “On approval of the Rules for submitting a declaration of industrial safety of hazardous production facilities” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation , 1999, No. 20, Article 2445) it is mandatory to develop an industrial safety declaration, and an industrial safety declaration is developed as part of the project documentation. The industrial safety declaration is developed, clarified and undergoes an industrial safety examination in accordance with the regulatory legal acts of the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia (Regulations on the procedure for drawing up an industrial safety declaration and the list of information contained in it”, approved by Resolution of the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia dated 09/07/1999 No. 66 (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia 07.10.1999 No. 1926) with amendments and additions approved by Resolution of the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia dated 27.10.2000 No. 62 (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 30.11.2000 No. 2477). (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 10/01/1999 No. 1920) with amendments and additions approved by Resolution of the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia dated 10/27/2000 No. 61 (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 11/30/2000 No. 2476).
3.6. Design documentation and changes made to it are subject to industrial safety examination in accordance with the rules for conducting industrial safety examination established by the State Mining and Technical Supervision Authority of Russia.
The conclusion of the industrial safety examination submitted to the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia is reviewed and approved in the manner established by it.
3.7. At the request of the customer or a person representing his interests, the initial data for the development of design documentation is reviewed by the Gosgortekhnadzor bodies of Russia for compliance with industrial safety requirements, achievements of scientific and technical progress in the field of new technological processes, equipment and materials.
Factors affecting operational stability
Industrial facility
Various factors can influence the stability of an object’s operation, although not each of them can cause a source of emergency. They can be both internal and external.
Internal factors are:
· planning and development of the facility territory;
· reliability and productivity of technological equipment, the degree of its wear;
· the size of the territory and the nature of the object;
Availability of own energy supply sources;
· types of products;
· production safety system;
· level of applied scientific and technical technology;
· number and professional qualifications of workers and employees;
· wages, staff turnover;
· system of production management, marketing and their reliability;
· labor and production discipline;
· training of production personnel to act in emergency situations;
· ability to operate the facility in emergency modes;
· readiness of the facility to restore production in the event of its disruption by damaging factors from the source of the emergency.
External factors are:
· area of location of the facility (economic situation, availability of transport communications, potentially dangerous objects);
· power supply systems;
· production connections of the facility and their reliability;
· natural resources used;
· market conditions, positive trade balance;
· effectiveness of the general management system;
· sources of financing, tax system, penalties, access to external credit resources, lack of investment;
· legal system regulating the operation of the facility;
· international and domestic political situation;
· sources of emergency situations typical for a given territory, etc.
Business objects for various purposes have different resistance to different emergencies. Some of them are themselves potentially dangerous if accidents and disasters on them create emergencies that pose a danger to the population and other objects.
MEASURES TO ENSURE FACILITY STABILITY IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS. MANAGEMENT IN THE ECOLOGICAL PRODUCTION SYSTEM
The operation of a facility in an emergency is ensured both through a set of measures at the stage of facility design, construction, installation and debugging of technological and auxiliary equipment, and during the production process.
The main ones are:
· design of the facility in accordance with Building Codes and Regulations (SNiP);
· forecasting the occurrence and assessing the possible consequences of emergencies for the operation of the facility;
· development of work schedules for workers and employees in case of emergency;
· maintaining the emergency alert system in readiness;
· organizing training for workers and employees in the rules of conduct and actions in emergency situations when working at the site;
· taking measures to increase the resistance of the engineering and technical complex to the destructive effects of emergency sources;
· carrying out measures to prevent accidents and catastrophes at the facility and ensure environmental safety of production;
· exclusion or limitation of damage from secondary factors from emergency sources;
· organization of sustainable production and emergency management;
· maintaining labor and technological discipline;
· ensuring the sustainability of material and technical supplies in emergencies (at state-owned enterprises);
· introduction of the latest achievements of science and technology into safe production, increasing the reliability of process equipment.
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19 Basic requirements for the planning and development of cities
SNiP 2.07.01-89* Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements
SNiP 2.07.01-89* Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements in suburban areas - in reserve territories included within the city limits; in new and developing villages located within transport accessibility of the city 30-40 minutes.
Areas of individual estate development in cities should not be located in the main directions of development of multi-storey construction in the future.
In areas of individual development, landscaping, landscaping and engineering equipment of the territory, placement of institutions and service enterprises for everyday use should be provided.
Requirements for the design and construction of hazardous production facilities
4.1. The development of design documentation for construction, expansion, reconstruction, technical re-equipment, conservation and liquidation of a hazardous production facility is carried out by design organizations, whose managers and specialists have been trained and certified in industrial safety in the prescribed manner.
4.2. When developing design documentation for construction, expansion, reconstruction, technical re-equipment, conservation and liquidation of a hazardous production facility, the relevant sections of the design documentation at all stages of design take into account the requirements and provide for measures to ensure industrial safety, prevent accidents and localize their consequences with the necessary justifications and calculations .
4.3. Explanatory notes to production and facility projects must include independent sections on explosion and fire safety, in which all explosion and fire safety measures provided for in the project must be listed and justified.
4.4. When designing, categories of all premises and buildings are determined by explosion and fire hazard.
4.5. When designing and operating production facilities and facilities, it is necessary to determine the classes of explosive and fire hazardous areas of production premises and outdoor installations.
4.6. The design documentation provides for measures to prevent accidents and localize their consequences both at the designed facility itself and as a result of accidents at other facilities in the area where the designed facility is located.
When developing these measures, sources of danger, risk factors, conditions for accidents and their scenarios, the number and location of production personnel are taken into account.
Project documentation for the mothballing or liquidation of a hazardous production facility provides for measures to prevent accidents, localize and eliminate their consequences both during the process of mothballing or liquidating the facility and upon its completion.
4.7. For a hazardous production facility, an industrial safety declaration is developed as part of the project documentation. The Declaration of Industrial Safety is developed, updated and undergoes an industrial safety examination in accordance with the regulatory legal acts of the State Mining and Technical Supervision Authority of Russia.
4.8. Design documentation and changes made to it are subject to industrial safety examination in accordance with the rules for conducting industrial safety examination established by the State Mining and Technical Supervision Authority of Russia.
4.9. When designing hazardous production facilities, quality control of design documentation and designer's supervision of compliance with design decisions during the construction of hazardous production facilities is ensured.
4.10. The decision to begin construction, expansion, reconstruction, technical re-equipment, conservation and liquidation of a hazardous production facility is made if there is a positive conclusion from the industrial safety examination of the design documentation, approved by the State Technical Supervision Authority of Russia.
Construction, expansion, reconstruction, and technical re-equipment of hazardous production facilities are carried out by organizations whose managers and specialists have been trained and certified in industrial safety in the prescribed manner.
4.11. During the construction process, deviations from the design documentation are not allowed, quality control of construction and installation works is ensured, as well as control of the condition of the technical base and technical means of construction and installation.
4.12. Upon completion of construction, the hazardous production facility is accepted into operation. During the acceptance of a hazardous production facility into operation, the following is monitored: compliance of the work performed with design solutions to ensure industrial safety; carrying out tests of technical means and equipment that ensure the prevention of accidents and localization of their consequences, compliance of the tests with the approved program; readiness of personnel and emergency services to localize and eliminate the consequences of accidents.
4.13. During the reconstruction, technical re-equipment and expansion of existing hazardous production facilities, the heads of organizations determine the scope of measures to ensure explosion safety for this period, which are mandatory for the heads of construction organizations and the heads of departments subordinate to them.
4.14. Responsibility for ensuring explosion safety during reconstruction, technical re-equipment and expansion at existing hazardous production facilities lies with the head of the contracting organization.
4.15. Work on conservation or liquidation of a hazardous production facility is carried out in accordance with conservation or liquidation plans that ensure the implementation of design decisions to ensure industrial safety.
20 Requirements for facility design
Design includes the development of design and estimate documentation necessary for construction work. This is a very important stage of the investment cycle, which largely determines the effectiveness of the planned construction. It is prohibited to carry out construction and installation work in the Russian Federation without design and estimate documentation.
Design is carried out by organizations or individual specialists ("legal" or "individual" persons) who have the appropriate licenses. Since: licensing authorities are usually very careful in issuing licenses for the right to perform design work to individuals, design work is most often carried out by design organizations (legal entities). The content of design documentation, the form of its presentation, and the rules for drawing up drawings are regulated by special regulatory documents.
Design organizations, as a rule, specialize in the design of objects of a specific branch of construction - industrial, hydraulic engineering, reclamation, civil, agricultural, transport, etc., which is usually reflected in their names (Promstroyproekt, Gidroproekt, GIPROvodkhoz,.). The difference between organizations in different industries usually lies in the respective specialization of their departments and personnel composition, while their organizational structure, as a rule, depends little on the industry focus.
According to their organizational and legal status, small project organizations are most often limited liability companies (LLC), medium and large ones are joint-stock companies (CJSC, OJSC) or unitary enterprises (SUE, MUP). In the field of environmental management, fairly large design organizations usually prevail, since they most often have to design large objects covering large territories. These are mainly state or municipal enterprises (SUE, MUP).
21 requirements for the design of water-gas-electricity supply systems.
Water supply design.
The main requirements that the designed water supply system must meet are: 1) uninterrupted supply of good-quality water in the required quantity to all places of its consumption under the required pressure; 2) the lowest construction cost and operating costs of water supply facilities, and therefore the lowest cost per unit volume of water. When designing a water supply system, one should take into account the integrated use of water supply structures for other economic needs, for example, a reservoir for irrigation, engines of pumping stations to drive generators for electric lighting.
To draw up a water supply project, it is necessary to have a plan with development characteristics (density, number of floors). In addition, it is necessary to know data characterizing the amount of water required for the population and livestock, for livestock farms and industry (oil factories, workshops), for fire fighting, for irrigation of household plots, daily and hourly fluctuations in water consumption for the population, livestock farms and local industry , free pressures with which water must be supplied to various consumers and for fire fighting, and requirements for the quality of drinking and industrial water.
Data is also needed on the expected expansion of the village, population growth over the calculation period, increase in livestock farms, and industrial development.
To carry out a water supply project, it is necessary to have materials on topography, hydrogeology, geology, hydrology, as well as on sanitary and other issues.
COMPOSITION OF WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS
When designing a water supply system, one must focus on the use of local building materials and equipment and the most affordable methods of construction work. In addition, one should not lose sight of the possibility of integrated use of the system as a whole or its individual structures and equipment.
When developing water supply projects, you should use the instructions for drawing up projects and estimates.
Water supply system projects must include the following design and estimate documents:
a) design assignment, act of choosing a location for water source devices and placement of capital structures, hydrogeological and sanitary conclusions on the water source, explanatory note;
b) land use plan to scale;
c) horizontal photography of populated areas and areas where production facilities are located;
d) schematic plan for the placement of water consumers of the first stage of construction,
without contours with water supply;
e) profiles along the route of the designed water pipeline of the first stage of construction
and linking the water tower with the pumping station;
f) design section of the well and drawings of structures intended for construction;
g) standard or reusable construction designs (pumping station, water tower, tanks, etc.);
h) detailing of the network, specification of pipes, fittings, fittings and inspection points
wells separately in phases I and II of construction;
i) construction cost estimate, agreed with the customer, highlighting the first stage of construction;
j) list of equipment.
The water supply system design includes the following materials.
Explanatory note with detailed technical and economic calculations. The explanatory note indicates the most advantageous breakdown of the construction of water supply structures in the execution queue; a description of the water supply network and the location of structures is given with justification for the choice of pipeline directions and calculations of water supply structures (water intake, pumping station, treatment facilities, water tower, underground reservoir, inspection wells, etc.). In the case of using deep groundwater, a description of the design of the tube well and its equipment is included in the note; when using surface water sources (rivers, canals, ponds), a justification for the selected type of water intake and a description of its design are given. The note also provides a complete calculation of the water supply network, indicating the diameters of pipes, fittings and fittings, a description of the types of selected pumps and motors and their performance and power characteristics. In addition, construction estimates are provided both for individual structures and for the entire construction as a whole. Attached to the estimates is a plan for financing the construction of water supply facilities. In conclusion, an operational estimate is drawn up indicating the cost of one cubic meter of water for each stage of construction of water supply structures and a description of the methods of operation of all water supply structures is provided.
Statistical materials include the number of people, cars and other water consumers at a given time, changes in the number of water consumers by season and population growth. In addition, it is necessary to know the size of livestock farms and agricultural industrial enterprises, their future development, the amount of water needed at a given time and taking into account their development.
To substantiate the project, it is also necessary to characterize current water consumption from existing water sources and the cost of labor and funds for water delivery, economic characteristics of the water supply facility, the nature of existing buildings, planned construction, number of storeys of buildings, material and fire resistance data.
It is also necessary to have information about the availability of local materials that can be used for the construction of waterworks, and about the conditions of transportation of both local materials and materials and equipment arriving from factories.
Working drawings. The preparation of a water supply project includes the development of working drawings, which are drawn up on the basis of the approved project. Drawings are developed on the basis of static calculations of structures and on the basis of transferring the project to nature, taking into account local conditions.
When drawing up working drawings, you should use standard designs and use standard parts and structures.
power supply
When designing power supply systems and reconstructing electrical installations, the following issues should be considered: the prospects for the development of power systems and power supply systems, taking into account the rational combination of newly constructed electrical networks with existing and newly constructed networks of other voltage classes; ensuring an integrated centralized power supply to all consumers of electrical energy located within the coverage area of electrical networks, regardless of their affiliation; limitation of short-circuit currents to limit levels determined for the future; reduction of electrical energy losses; compliance of decisions made with environmental protection conditions.
At the same time, external and internal power supplies should be considered in combination, taking into account the capabilities and economic feasibility of technological redundancy.
When addressing redundancy issues, one should take into account the overload capacity of electrical installation elements, as well as the availability of reserves in process equipment.
When addressing issues of development of power supply systems, repair, emergency and post-emergency modes should be taken into account.
When choosing independent, mutually redundant power sources that are objects of the power system, one should take into account the likelihood of a simultaneous dependent short-term decrease or complete disappearance of voltage during the operation of relay protection and automation in the event of damage in the electrical part of the power system, as well as a simultaneous long-term loss of voltage on these power sources during severe system failures. accidents.
The design of electrical networks should be carried out taking into account the type of their service (permanent duty, duty at home, mobile teams, etc.).
Electrical networks with voltages of 220 kV and higher must operate only with a solidly grounded neutral.
2.1. Design of gas supply (gas distribution) systems
2.1.1. The designed gas supply (gas distribution) systems for cities and towns must ensure uninterrupted and safe gas supply, as well as the ability to quickly disconnect gas consumers.
2.1.2. Design documentation must be developed for the construction of gas supply (gas distribution) systems.
For the additional installation of household gas stoves, laboratory burners and other gas appliances that do not require organized removal of combustion products into the chimney, as well as the installation of individual LPG cylinder installations, the operational organization of the gas industry can draw up a sketch.
2.1.3. Before approval by the customer, the design documentation of gas supply (gas distribution) systems must be agreed with the gas industry organization to ensure its compliance with the issued technical specifications for design.
Projects are subject to re-approval if within 24 months. construction has not started.
2.1.4. Gas equipment (technical devices) and materials (including foreign-made) used in projects must be certified for compliance with safety requirements and have permission for use from the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia.
22 ways to protect the population during an emergency
Protection is achieved by carrying out the following activities before and after an emergency:
forecast of possible emergencies and the consequences of their occurrence for the population;
continuous monitoring and control of the environment;
notification (warning) of the population about the threat and fact of an emergency;
evacuation of people from dangerous zones and areas;
engineering, medical, radiation and chemical protection;
application of special regimes to protect the population in the contaminated (contaminated) territory;
prompt and reliable informing of the population about the state of their protection from emergencies, measures taken to ensure safety, predicted and occurring emergencies, and procedures;
preparation for actions in emergencies of the population, managers at all levels, personnel of enterprises, organizations and institutions, as well as management bodies and forces of the RSChS;
carrying out rescue and other urgent work in emergency areas and hotbeds of damage;
ensuring protection of food and water from damaging emergency factors;
creation of financial and material resources in case of emergency. The following measures are of great importance for the effectiveness of protecting people, in which the disaster medicine service takes an active part:
training the population and rescuers in the rules of protection from dangers caused by accidents, disasters, natural disasters, epidemics, including methods of providing first aid and measures to prevent infectious diseases;
moral and psychological preparation of the population and rescuers in order to develop psychological stability and readiness for active actions in eliminating the consequences of emergencies, preventing panic, which often aggravates the consequences of emergencies;
the use of protective structures (shelters, anti-radiation shelters, adaptable premises) as a means of collective protection of the population, including for the deployment and operation of medical institutions in conditions of radioactive and chemical contamination of the territory, etc.;
use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for the respiratory system and skin from contamination with radioactive, chemical substances, and bacterial agents;
compliance with appropriate anti-radiation and anti-chemical protection regimes, rules of conduct; carrying out sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic measures when living (staying) in areas contaminated with radioactive and chemical substances, or in outbreaks of infectious diseases that pose a risk of infection to the population and rescuers during emergency response;
carrying out medical protection measures that are an integral part of the medical and sanitary provision of the population and personnel involved in eliminating the consequences of emergencies.
23 Engineering protection of workers
Assessment of engineering protection of workers and employees of an industrial facility.
Sheltered in protective structures is a reliable way to protect the population, workers and employees, in emergency situations in peacetime and war.
12 hours are allotted for receiving those being sheltered and bringing the shelter to a condition that will ensure life activity.
Preparing protective structures to receive those being sheltered.
Protective structures must be constantly maintained in a state of readiness. This is ensured by compliance with established requirements and operating rules.
To prepare the shelter for receiving sheltered people, it is necessary to carry out the following preparatory work;
1. Open the premises, sealed in peacetime, and destroy all equipment and devices.
2. Open all entrances to receive those being sheltered.
3. Remove bulky equipment, materials and products from the premises that impede the occupancy of people.
4. Ventilate and, if necessary, disinfect the premises.
5. clear the approaches to the shelter, install signs and signs, turn on the ‘Entrance’ sign.
6. Check the air supply, water supply, sewerage, electrical systems. supplies, if necessary, carry out a test run of the diesel power plant.
7. Turn off the technological equipment.
8. Install pairs or benches to accommodate people, acquire the necessary property and repair materials.
9. Install and connect the radio and telephone.
10. Complete the first aid kit with the necessary medications.
11. Fill drinking water tanks.
12. Replenish the shelter with missing tools, devices, materials according to the equipment sheet.
The time it takes to bring a shelter to receive those being sheltered should not exceed 12 hours. Work on the preparation of protective structures is carried out by the personnel of the shelter maintenance units operating in peacetime, under the control and guidance of the civil defense headquarters.
24 Principle of organizing rescue operations
Basics of organizing and conducting rescue and other emergency operations.
The implementation of the main task of civil defense - saving people - is impossible if it is not organized correctly. Therefore, certain organizational frameworks have been established within which S&DPRs are carried out.
Rescue operations in the OMP include: localization and extinguishing of fires on advance routes and work areas; reconnaissance of routes for the advance of civil defense forces and work areas; searching for the injured and extracting them from damaged and burning buildings, flooded, smoke-filled and gas-contaminated premises, rubble; opening destroyed, damaged and littered structures and rescuing people in them; providing first aid to the injured and evacuating them to hospitals; withdrawal of the population from dangerous zones to safe areas; sanitary treatment of people, veterinary treatment of farm animals, protective equipment and clothing, food, water, fodder. Less urgent work includes: laying column tracks and creating passages in rubble and contaminated areas; localization of accidents on gas, energy, water supply, sewerage networks to create good conditions for carrying out rescue operations; restoration and repair of communication lines and energy networks in order to carry out rescue operations, as well as protective structures for people in the event of repeated emergencies; strengthening or collapse of structures of buildings and structures that threaten collapse and impede the safe conduct of rescue operations; destruction of unexploded ammunition and other explosive objects.
By decision of the head of the district civil defense, a group of civil defense forces and assets is created in peacetime. The group includes object and territorial formations of urban rural areas, military units of civil defense. As a rule, it consists of formations of the first and second echelons and a reserve. Echelons are divided into shifts in compliance with the integrity of the organizational structure of the formations and their production principle.
The first echelon includes military units of civil defense, object formations of enterprises, and part of territorial formations. Military units of civil defense and territorial formations are usually involved in carrying out civil defense measures at the most important economic facilities according to the civil defense plans of the region.
The second echelon is created to replace the formations of the first echelon, which have lost their efficiency and to increase its power.
An objective grouping of civil defense forces usually consists of a combined detachment, a rescue squad (team), and various services.
When bringing civil defense forces to readiness, formations (usually in wartime) are located in pre-designated settlements or in areas with natural shelters. Conditions are provided in the regions
for accommodation of rest, food, protection of personnel, gathering of formations, observations are organized, construction of control devices or
adaptation of existing structures for this purpose, ways are being outlined for the advancement of civil defense forces to the zones of the S&DPR.
The tasks of the grouping of civil defense forces and assets include: rapid entry into the affected area, carrying out emergency and countermeasures in a short time, continuity of rescue operations, timely replacement of formations, skillful use of technology and equipment to search for and extract people from under the rubble, maintaining cooperation.
Rescue operations cannot be carried out effectively without the use of modern technology, therefore, depending on the type of work carried out, the following groups of technical means are used: machines and mechanisms for opening rubble, dismantling and clearing them, lifting, moving and transporting goods (bulldozers, cranes, tractors, excavators, dump trucks, jacks, winches); pneumatic tools for making holes in walls, rubble ceilings for the purpose of supplying air and rescuing victims (jackhammers and drill hammers); tools for cutting metals (autogenous cutters, gas cutters, kerosene cutters); devices for pumping water (fire fighting and filling stations, motor pumps, watering machines, pumps); means for crossing water obstacles (barges, pontoons, tractor-trailers, ferries); maintenance and repair facilities (refueling stations, service stations, workshops, lighting stations).
With the successful use of machines and mechanisms, the successful conduct of S&DNR depends on: the acquisition by intelligence of civil defense forces of reliable data on the situation by a set date, the rapid entry of civil defense forces into affected areas, high training of personnel, their compliance with safety rules when carrying out work, advance study of the features of probable work areas, good management and clear organization of interaction between civil defense forces and assets.
As for the techniques and methods of performing S&DNR, they depend on the nature of the destruction of structures, accidents of energy and technological networks and the degree of radioactive and chemical contamination of the territories.
First of all, they arrange driveways and passages to destroyed structures where people may be located and in places of accidents that complicate rescue operations. The regulatory framework for travel is as follows: for one-way traffic - roads are 3-3.5 meters wide, for two-way traffic - 6-6.5 meters. With one-way traffic, sidings with a length of 15-20 meters are made every 150-200 meters. When constructing driveways, mechanized formations with truck cranes and bulldozers are used. At the same time, fire formations come out with them to extinguish and localize fires in places where tracks are laid.
As a rule, military units and civil defense formations are involved in rescuing people in rubble and damaged burning buildings, but the population is also involved in this work. Immediately after the rescue teams enter the work site, the rescue of people begins. Civil defense forces are looking for shelters, establishing contact with those in protective structures, using air intake openings, other surviving means of communication, tapping on walls, in the end. When shelters with people in them are discovered, air is first supplied there by clearing air intake channels or making holes in the walls and ceilings.
It is necessary to pay special attention to the moment of directly opening the shelter of a collapsed building, since incorrect execution of this action sometimes leads to a tragic outcome. There are different methods:
digging a manhole or emergency exit hatch; dismantling the rubble above the main entrance to open the door or cut a hole in it; dismantling the rubble in order to make an opening in the ceiling of the shelter and get people out through it; breaking through the wall of a shelter from an adjacent room that is not blocked.
In the affected area they are also looking for people in various places unsuitable for shelter (in ditches, pipes, road structures).
All actions when dismantling the rubble are carried out carefully. Through a constructed passage, the casualties are carried out by dragging, using stretchers, on arms, cloaks, blankets, etc. Moreover, first of all, they try to free the head and chest. After providing first aid, the victims are taken to safe areas.
During earthquakes, removing debris from equipment requires: large excavators, mobile power plants and spotlights for working at night, powerful cranes.
When eliminating the consequences of earthquakes, the main problem is the quick and careful removal of rubble, since according to statistics, out of 1000 people, 50 people die in the rubble every hour. In general, people under the ruins can live up to 2-3 weeks if they are not injured.
When dismantling rubble, an instructor with specially trained dogs is also used, which sense the presence of people at great depths. Modern equipment is also used: infrared cameras, vibraphones, and a device for directed listening of rubble.
After finding living people, rescuers drill a narrow well through which medicines, water, and food are transferred. As a rule, a concrete slab is lifted by crane a few centimeters, then they begin to drill into the concrete along the edges in order to move the slab as carefully as possible.
Rescue operations in destroyed cities cannot be carried out during a fire, so it is necessary to reduce the risk of fires as much as possible, since the fire will take away the last hope from those buried alive.
When carrying out rescue operations, it is also necessary to localize accidents and damage to utility and technological networks (the main method is to disconnect damaged areas and risers in buildings, using valves in manholes, shut-off valves in basements. If the heating system inside buildings is damaged and there is a threat of damage people with hot water (steam), the system is disconnected from the external network at the entrances to the building or the pipeline is repaired.
In case of accidents on gas networks, I turn off individual sections at gas distribution and gas holder stations using shut-off devices, special wedge valves or hydraulic valves. Damaged low-pressure gas pipes are sealed with plugs and covered with raw clay or wrapped with sheet rubber. If the gas ignites, the flame is extinguished with sand, earth and clay. Work to eliminate gas accidents is carried out in insulating gas masks and without the use of explosive lamps.
Elimination of accidents on electrical networks begins after they are de-energized. The electrical work area on the network is grounded on both sides. On sewer networks, accidents are eliminated by disconnecting the damaged areas and draining wastewater.
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