Stairs. Entry group. Materials. Doors. Locks. Design

Fairy tale title

keep a stone in your bosom

hold a grudge

"Wild Landowner"

don't give in an inch

not to give at all

"Wild Landowner"

stand one's ground

achieve your demands

"Wild Landowner"

nowhere to stick my nose

nowhere to go

"The Wise Minnow"

mental ward

have a lot of brains

"The Wise Minnow"

keep your eyes open

be vigilant

"The Wise Minnow"

sleep in hand

prophetic dream

"The Wise Minnow"

go seven miles away to slurp jelly

go far for something

"The Wise Minnow"

to our yard

in place

"Crucian idealist"

hold your pocket wider

hope for something that cannot be

"Crucian idealist"

10 phraseological units were found in Russian folk tales.

Phraseologisms came from folk tales:

I was there too, drinking honey and beer

a hut on chicken legs

Koschei the Deathless

Lisa Patrikeevna

neither to say in a fairy tale, nor to describe with a pen

under Tsar Gorokh

no sooner said than done,

the fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it

megillah,

three days and three nights.

The phraseological wealth of the language comes to life under the pen of talented writers and publicists and becomes a source of new artistic images, jokes, and unexpected puns.

Such research work allowed us to conclude: our writers very often use phraseological units in their works, which help them vividly, figuratively characterize the hero, logically, consistently present their thoughts, make the speech intense, emotional, and rich. This is what we should strive for. And we need to learn from our classics.

4.4 Phraseological dictionaries

We learned that there are phraseological dictionaries that present the sources of the origin of phraseological units and their meaning. Authors of dictionaries: V.P. Zhukov and A.V. Zhukova "School phraseological dictionary", A.I. Fedorov "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language", A.I. Molotkov "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language", E.A. Bystrova, A.P. Okuneva, N.M. Shansky "Educational phraseological dictionary", Zhukov V.P., Sidorenko M.I., Shklyarov V.T. "Dictionary of phraseological synonyms of the Russian language and others.

4.5 Homonyms - phraseological units,

synonyms - phraseological units,

antonyms-phraseologisms

When studying dictionary entries, it became clear that phraseological units have homonyms, synonyms and antonyms.

In the dictionaries we found examples of phraseological units-homonyms:

To let a rooster fly means to produce a melody out of tune.

Letting a rooster mean setting something on fire.

Here are examples of synonymous phraseological units:

Uma chamber - seven spans in the forehead

The head on the shoulders is a light head. Two pairs of boots are alike.

Beat swords into plowshares - sheathe the sword.

AND, finally, examples of antonym phraseological units:

At least a dime a dozen - the cat cried.

Rolling up your sleeves - carelessly.

Brew the porridge - disentangle the porridge.

Hard to climb - easy to climb.

5.Analytical materials

Sociometric research.

We conducted a sociometric survey of adults (parents and school teachers) and students in grades 6-7 on a voluntary basis. Respondents were asked the following questions:

4. Your favorite phraseological unit.

93% of teachers know what a phraseological unit is, 7% do not know; 65% of parents know, and 35% do not know; of children, 83% know, 17% do not know.

Most often, adults encounter phraseological units in fairy tales and oral speech, children - in works of art and fables.

Of all the wealth of phraseological units, phraseological units were most often heard in the speech of our respondentsbeat your head, break into pieces, kill on your nose.

Adult respondents heard phraseological phrases for the first time at school, child respondents heard them for the first time in kindergarten and at school.

Among adult respondents, 42% do not use phraseological units in their speech, although they know them; among children, 48% do not use phraseological units in their speech.

The origin of phraseological units turned out to be unknown for many adults and children (83% and 78%, respectively), and only 17% of adults named the Bible and myths as the source of origin, and 22% of children named ancient Rus'.

Favorite phraseology of teachers -neither light nor dawn,

students -like water off a duck's back,

parents -Nick down.

6.Product description booklet

The booklet is a collectionthe best phraseological units compiled during research work.

See Appendix No. 3.

7. Conclusion.

During the research work, we became acquainted with the sources of phraseological units of the Russian language, improved the skill of working with phraseological dictionaries, created a presentation about phraseological units.

We found out that the use of phraseological units in speech makes it strong, bright, accurate, and convincing. The use of phraseological units in speech contributes to the development of a sense of language, expands knowledge about language, enriches speech, makes it figurative and expressive. The presence of a large number of phraseological units in a language shows its richness, and one cannot study a language without studying its phraseology. Very often, behind such words and phrases lies a whole world, a historical era - facts of bygone life, ideas and beliefs of our ancestors, real events of the distant past.

At the end of the research work we cameto the conclusion: it is necessary to constantly get acquainted withphraseological units, so that speech becomes more precise and richer. To do this, you need to read more, consult various dictionaries, conduct search work, turning to the works of writers, the works of Russian scientists.

8. List of used literature.

Baranov M.T., Kostyaeva T.A., Prudnikova A.V. Russian language. Reference materials. Textbook for students. Edited by N.M. Shansky. M, "Enlightenment", 1993.

Zhukov V.P., Molotkov A.I., Fedorov A.I. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. Ed. A.I. Molotkov. – 4th ed. – M.: Rus. lang., 1986.

Fedorov A.I. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language. – 3rd ed., rev. – M.: Astrel: AST, 2008.

Lapatukhin M.S., Skorlupovskaya E.V., Snetova G.P. School explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. A manual for students. Edited by F.P. Filin. M. education, 1981.

Subbotina L.A. - author and compiler. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language for schoolchildren. -Ekaterinburg: U-Factory, 2004.-412 p.

Tutorial: Russian literature. From words to literature. 5th grade: textbook / R.I. Albetkova. – 10th edition, stereotypical – M.: Bustard, 2010.

Textbook: T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranova, L.A. Trostentsova and others. Russian language. Textbook for 5th grade in 2 parts. M.: Education, 2014.

9. Applications.

Appendix No. 1.

Questionnaire.

1. Do you know what a phraseological unit is?

2. Where do you most often find phraseological units?

3. Give examples of phraseological units.

4. Your favorite phraseological unit.

5. Do you use phraseological units in your speech?

6. Where did phraseological units come to us from?

Appendix No. 2.

Table. Results of the sociometric study “Knowledge of Phraseology”.

Appendix No. 3.

A dictionary of phraseological units compiled during research work.

AVaska listens and eats, but doesn’t pay attention.

Athe casket just opened -a problem that seemed complex had a simple solution .

Augean stables- a heavily clogged, dirty or cluttered room.

Ariadne's thread- something that helps you find a way out of a difficult situation.

Achilles' heel- vulnerable spot.

Run as fast as you can - run very fast.

Throwing your thumbs is idleness.

Run away - run away.

In no time - very quickly.

We got lost in three pines, confused in a simple matter.

Take in tow and help.

To contribute- about a person who took his feasible part in some business.

Bring someone out into the open - force them to tell the truth.

Voice in the wilderness- vain calls that remain unanswered.

To look with all your eyes is very attentive.

Look both ways -be vigilant.

Sword of Damocles- impending, threatening danger.

Two-Faced Janus- Two-faced person.

Demyanova's ear-forced excessive treat, contrary to the wishes of the person being treated.

Keep a stone in your bosomhold a grudge.

Hold your pocket wider-hope for something that cannot happen.

Antediluvian times- prehistoric times.

Bury your talent in the ground- about a person who does not develop his natural abilities.

Rolling up your sleeves - energetically.

The Golden Fleece -gold, wealth that one strives to acquire.

ANDI have known your wolfish nature for a long time; I have extensive life experience.

And that's it - finish what you started.

TOlike a squirrel in a wheel - bbe in constant trouble.

How I looked into the water and foresaw the present.

Like being submerged in water, drooping.

As if he fell from the moon, he appeared unexpectedly.

You can’t lure with a roll, you can’t seduce with anything.

Sink into oblivion- disappear forever, be forgotten.

Manna from heaven- unexpected luck, wonderful help.

MArtyshkin's work is in vain.

Nand a thousand frets, far away, loudly, far away.

To hit someone on the neck is to punish.

To our yard -in place.

Lather the neck - beat it.

You can never see your ears, just like you can never see them.

There is nowhere to stick my nose -nowhere to go.

Neither alive nor dead - very scared.

Don't give in an inch -not to give at all

Olympian calm- calmness, unperturbed by anything.

To go to the ends of the world is very far.

To fall off your feet is to be very tired.

Sleep in hand- prophetic dream.

Stand one's groundachieve fulfillment of their demands.

Go seven miles away to slurp jelly -to go far for something.

Trishkin caftan-careless and ill-considered elimination of some shortcomings, which lead to the emergence of new ones.

Uma chamber-have a lot of intelligence.

Xwalk on hind legs -fulfill every whim, serve, tremble and obey.

And I was there, drinking honey and beer - I was on a walk.

A hut on chicken legs is a dilapidated dwelling.

Koschey the Immortal is old and greedy.

Lisa Patrikeevna is cunning.

It can’t be said in a fairy tale, nor can it be described with a pen - it’s very beautiful.

Under Tsar Gorokh - a very long time ago.

No sooner said than done, quickly executed.

The fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it - the instructive meaning of the fairy tale.

The fairy tale about the white bull is about a long, endless story (and often boring). http :// cle. pickens. k12. sc. us/ images/ announcement/142542-2081126-857. gif

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Relevance of the implemented project:

Currently, the problem of lack of knowledge about phraseological units has arisen, and now it is especially acute, because graduates of the 9th and 11th grades take the State Examination and the Unified State Exam, the test materials of which contain tasks that require knowledge of phraseological units. It turned out that many high school students have great difficulty finding phraseological units in the text, do not understand their meaning, and do not know how to use them in speech. Phraseological phrases - a special layer of the Russian language, part of the culture of our people - should return to our speech and enrich it.

The fundamental question of the project: Why are phraseological units needed in a language?

The goal of our project: by conducting certain research in the field of linguistics, to study the nature of phraseological units and learn from the example of Russian folk tales and the works of Russian classic writers to use phraseological units in their speech

Project objectives:

• search for the necessary linguistic information about phraseological units;
• find out the sources of origin of phraseological units;
• get acquainted with phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language;
• compile your own illustrated dictionary of phraseological units;

To achieve the goal of the project, it was decided to study scientific data on phraseological units, to study the history of the appearance of phraseological units in the language, into what groups phraseological units of the language are divided into by origin. It was also necessary to become familiar with phraseological dictionaries. The content of the project included familiarization with synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms of phraseological units. You can only learn to use phraseological units in your speech using the example of Russian folk tales and the works of Russian classics, so it was decided to turn to the works of I.A. Krylova, M.E. Saltykova-Shchedrina, N. Nosova. To get an objective picture of the use of phraseological units in our speech, a sociological survey of adults and peers was conducted. All students took part in creating an illustrated dictionary of phraseological units.

To achieve the goal, we used methods of research, observation, comparison, sociological survey, analysis, and generalization.

Stages of project preparation and implementation:

STAGE 1. Development of design specifications

1. The class is divided into 4 groups that receive tasks

Group 1 - explore scientific data on phraseological units; study the sources of phraseological units;

Group 2 - sociological survey of students, teachers, parents;

Group 3 - research work; object of study: Russian folk tales, works by I.A. Krylova, M.E. Saltykova-Shchedrina, N. Nosova;

Group 4 - study of dictionaries of phraseological units; selection of phraseological units-synonyms, antonyms, homonyms.

2. Discussing the students’ work plan individually or in a group, identifying sources (find on the Internet, ask at home, use encyclopedias, think well for yourself).

STAGE 2. Collection and clarification of information, questionnaires.

1. Discussion with schoolchildren of possible sources of information,
2. Independent work of groups
3. Teacher consultations.

STAGE 3. Implementation of results.

Students prepare a presentation on the progress report

Teacher consultations.

STAGE 4. Evaluation of results (analysis of the implementation of project tasks )

Students participate in preparing for the presentation of material in a presentation lesson.

STAGE 5. Conducting the lesson “The role of phraseological units in our speech.”

Results of the project:

Students learned the meaning of the concept of “phraseologism”, became acquainted with the sources of phraseological units in the Russian language, and with phraseological dictionaries.

• We created a presentation about phraseological units.
• We have compiled a dictionary of phraseological units and continue to work on it.
• We worked with phraseological units-homonyms, synonyms, antonyms. diversity.
• We learned the history of the origin of many phraseological units.

As a result of the project, we organized an exhibition of drawings “Phraseologisms in Drawings”

All project participants came to the conclusion: it is necessary to constantly become familiar with phraseological units so that speech becomes more precise and richer. To do this, you need to read more, consult various dictionaries, conduct search work, turning to the works of writers, the works of Russian scientists.

Prospects for further development of the project. This project can be used by other teachers in their work. to develop students’ competence in the field of independent cognitive activity, skills of independent work with large amounts of information; provide assistance in understanding the meaning of phraseological units, develop the ability to use them in a speech situation; teach a brief presentation of your thoughts orally and in writing.

Resources involved in the implementation of the project.

1. V.P. Zhukova, A.V. Zhukova. School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. M.: "Enlightenment". 1983.

2. Rosenthal D.E. and others. Russian language for schoolchildren in grades 5-9. Journey to the land of words. Tutorial. M.: Bustard, 1995.

4. Fedorov A.I. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language: approx. 13,000 phraseological units. M.: Astrel: AST, 2008.

5. Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Philologist (linguistics) / Comp. M. V. Panov. M.: Pedagogy, 1984.

Goals:

• summarize the research work on the project;
• show the nature of phraseological units and learn from the example of Russian folk tales and the works of Russian classical writers to use phraseological units in their speech, present the sources of origin of phraseological units;
• get acquainted with phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language; present your illustrated dictionary of phraseological units;

During the classes

1. Teacher's word:

We present a research project "The role of phraseological units in our speech." Putting a spoke in the wheels, leading by the nose, the cat cried... How often do we use these expressions in our speech? Do we understand their meaning?

“Phraseological units constitute the national physiognomy of the language, its original means and its... wealth,” wrote the great Russian critic V.G. Belinsky Therefore, we decided to learn everything about phraseological units and joined the project “The role of phraseological units in our speech.”

We have created working groups to work on the project. Each group had its own task.

2. The floor is given to students of group 1:

While exploring various information sources, we became acquainted with the concept of “phraseologism”. We learned that phraseological units are stable combinations of words that are close in lexical meaning to one word. Therefore, phraseological units can often be replaced with one less expressive word. Let's compare: at the edge of the world (earth) - far away; lather the neck - teach a lesson, punish; walks under the table - small; the tooth does not touch the tooth - it is frozen; hack on the nose - remember; how to look into the water - to foresee, etc. There are phraseological units throughout the history of language. Since the end of the 18th century, they have been explained in special collections and explanatory dictionaries under various names: catchphrases, aphorisms, idioms, proverbs and sayings.

Even M.V. Lomonosov, drawing up a plan for a dictionary of the Russian literary language, indicated that it should include “phrases”, “idioms”, “utterances”, that is, phrases and expressions. However, the phraseological composition of the Russian language began to be studied relatively recently.

We got acquainted with the sources of phraseological units:

1) original Russians ( rough work, green street);

2) Old Slavonic ( seek and ye shall find);

3) Latin and Greek ( Augean stables, contribute);

4) Western European ( blue stocking, throw down the gauntlet)

Most of the phraseological units reflect the deeply folk, original character of the Russian language. The direct (original) meaning of many phraseological units is connected with the history of our Motherland, with some customs of our ancestors, and their work. So the expression kick your ass(idle) arose on the basis of the direct meaning of “splitting a block of wood into loaves of wood (chocks) to make spoons, ladle, etc. from them,” that is, to do a simple, easy task.

We found phraseological units that came from myths very interesting:

• Augean stables- a heavily clogged, dirty or cluttered room.
• Ariadne's thread- something that helps you find a way out of a difficult situation.
• Achilles' heel- vulnerable spot.
• Sword of Damocles- impending, threatening danger.
• Two-Faced Janus- Two-faced person.
• The Golden Fleece - gold, wealth that one strives to acquire.
• Sink into oblivion- disappear forever, be forgotten.
• Olympian calm- calmness, unperturbed by anything.

We got acquainted with phraseological units that came from the Bible:

• To contribute- about a person who took his feasible part in some business.
• Voice in the wilderness- vain calls that remain unanswered.
• Antediluvian times- prehistoric times.
• Bury your talent in the ground- about a person who does not develop his natural abilities.
• Manna from heaven- unexpected luck, wonderful help.

3. The floor is given to students of 2 groups:

We conducted a sociological survey of adults (parents and school teachers) and children. Respondents were asked the following questions:

4. Your favorite phraseological unit.

93% of teachers know what a phraseological unit is, 7% do not know; 65% of parents know, and 35% do not know; of children, 83% know, 17% do not know.

Most often, adults encounter phraseological units in fairy tales and oral speech, children - in works of art and fables.

Of all the wealth of phraseological units, phraseological units were most often heard in the speech of our respondents beat your head, break into pieces, kill on your nose.

Adult respondents heard phraseological phrases for the first time at school, child respondents heard them for the first time in kindergarten and at school.

Among adult respondents, 58% do not use phraseological units in their speech, although they know them; among children, 44% do not use phraseological units in their speech.

The origin of phraseological units turned out to be unknown for many adults and children (83% and 78%, respectively), and only 17% of adults named the Bible and myths as the source of origin, and 22% of children named ancient Rus'.

Favorite phraseology of teachers - neither light nor dawn, students - like water off a duck's back, parents - Nick down.

4. The floor is given to students of 3 groups:

We have carried out some research work, as a result of which we found out whether our writers use phraseological units in their works.

To obtain the result, the fables of I. A. Krylov were studied. In them we found 9 phraseological units:

- "Donkey and Nightingale": in a thousand ways, far away

- "Trishkin caftan": Trishkin caftan;

- "Two dogs": walk on hind legs;

- "Monkey": monkey's work;

- "The Cat and the Chef": and Vaska listens and eats;

- "Demyanov's ear": Demyanova's ear;

- "Squirrel": like a squirrel in a wheel;

- "Casket": and the casket simply opened;

- "Wolf in the kennel": and I have known your wolfish nature for a long time;

20 phraseological units were found in Nikolai Nosov’s stories:

• run at full speed
• kick your ass
• run away
• in no time,
• got lost in three pines,
• take in tow
• bring to clean water,
• look with all your eyes,
• rolling up my sleeves
• and that's the end of it.
• like looking into the water
• as if submerged in water,
• like I fell from the moon,
• you can’t lure with a roll,
• prick on the neck
• soap your neck
• you can't see your ears
• neither alive nor dead,
• go to the ends of the world
• fall off your feet

Getting acquainted with the tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin and Russian folk tales, we found phraseological units.

Phraseologisms from fairy tales by M.E. Saltykova-Shchedrin

Phraseologisms came from folk tales:

• I was there too, drinking honey and beer
• a hut on chicken legs
• Koschei the Deathless
• Lisa Patrikeevna
• neither to say in a fairy tale, nor to describe with a pen
• under Tsar Gorokh
• no sooner said than done,
• the fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it
• megillah,
• three days and three nights.

Such research work allowed us to conclude: our writers very often use phraseological units in their works, which help them vividly, figuratively characterize the hero, logically, consistently present their thoughts, make the speech intense, emotional, and rich. This is what we should strive for. And we need to learn from our classics.

5. The floor is given to students of 4 groups:

We learned that there are phraseological dictionaries that present the sources of the origin of phraseological units and their meaning. Authors of dictionaries: V.P. Zhukov and A.V. Zhukova "School phraseological dictionary", A.I. Fedorov "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language", A.I. Molotkov "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language", E.A. Bystrova, A.P. Okuneva, N.M. Shansky "Educational phraseological dictionary" and others.

We learned that phraseological units have homonyms, synonyms and antonyms.

In the dictionaries we found examples of phraseological units-homonyms: To let a rooster fly means to produce a melody out of tune. Letting a rooster mean setting something on fire.

Here are examples of synonymous phraseological units: Uma chamber - seven spans in the forehead

And finally, examples of antonym phraseological units:

• At least a dime a dozen - the cat cried.
• Rolling up your sleeves - carelessly.
• Brew the porridge - disentangle the porridge.
• Hard to climb - easy to climb

View a presentation prepared by students.

U: Now let's summarize our work. What is the result of our work? What new things did we learn while working on the project?

Applications

Questionnaire.

1. Do you know what a phraseological unit is?

2. Where do you most often find phraseological units?

3. Give examples of phraseological units.

4. Your favorite phraseological unit.

5. Do you use phraseological units in your speech?

6. Where did phraseological units come to us from?

Questionnaire for students and teachers

Questionnaire for parents and grandparents.

Tyukhov Sergey Sergeevich

Project Manager:

Ermakova Oksana Yurievna

Institution:

MBOU "Secondary school No. 1 named after. A.I. Herzen" Timashevsk Krasnodar region

Real research work on the Russian language “The amazing world of phraseological units” made on 19 sheets, with a presentation of the research methodology. The work includes an appendix with a questionnaire and photographs of a hand-made book. The study compiles a phraseological dictionary in pictures.

This research work (project) on the Russian language “” was completed in the primary grades of school.

As part of a research project (work) on the Russian language on the topic “The Wonderful World of Phraseologisms,” I will conduct a survey of elementary school students on the use and understanding of phraseological units.

Introduction
I. Theoretical foundations
1.1. The concept of phraseological units
1.2. Origin of phraseological units
1.3. Signs of phraseological units
1.4. Phraseologisms in other languages
II. Practical part
2.1. Results of the study of student questionnaires
2.2. Results of the study of teachers' questionnaires
2.3. Creating a phraseological dictionary
Conclusion
Bibliography
Application

Introduction

Can be hung on a nail
Towel and cane,
Lamp, cloak or hat.
And a rope and a rag...
But never and nowhere
Don't hang your nose in trouble!
Yu. Korinets

– one of the richest languages ​​in the world, there is no doubt about it. In order to achieve complete mutual understanding and express one’s thoughts more clearly and figuratively, a person uses phraseological units in his speech. Phraseologisms in Russian are used quite often in everyday speech. Sometimes people don’t notice that they are pronouncing these set expressions - they are so familiar and convenient. The use of phraseological units makes speech lively and colorful.

Unfortunately, the speech of modern children is characterized by a poor vocabulary; it often lacks phraseological units at all. When a person and phraseological units are interconnected, they help to clearly express a thought and give imagery to speech. And sometimes they make communication difficult because their meaning is not always clear to everyone.

I suggested that the meaning of catchphrases is related to their origin. Having learned about the origin and meaning of various phraseological units, I will be able to open unknown pages of the history of the language.

I was interested in this topic. I decided to learn more about such stable combinations, their meaning, origin, and the appearance of phraseological units in the Russian language. I decided to research phraseological units and tried to understand how often they occur in speech and what they mean.

Based on this, I had questions: “ Do all the guys know what phraseological units are? Are there phraseological units that are used more often than others? Do the guys in our class know the meaning of phraseological units?

I became interested, and I decided to start looking for an answer to this question, which is why I chose the topic of my research project: “The wonderful world of phraseological units.”

Relevance of the topic is due to the fact that in everyday life, when faced with phraseological units, many people do not even notice it. They do not know how to correctly use phraseological units in speech because they do not know their meanings.

The purpose of my work: create your own phraseological dictionary in pictures.

Object of study: oral speech and survey materials of third-graders.

Subject of study: phraseological units.

1. search for the necessary information about phraseological units;
2. get acquainted with phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language;
3. explore phraseological units found in our speech;
4. analyze and find out the meaning of the most frequently used phraseological units;
5. conduct a survey of students on the use and understanding of phraseological units.

Hypothesis: I assume that phraseological units decorate our speech, make it expressive and bright.

Research methods:

• study and analysis of literature;
• collection of information;
• survey – questioning;
• observation;
• study.

Project type: research, short-term.

Hypothesis testing: Having collected information about phraseological units, conducting research and observations, I created an illustrated book “Phraseological Dictionary in Pictures”. In my opinion, this material helps to study not only the Russian language, but the history, traditions, customs of Russian and other peoples.

I. Main part

Once upon a time in a workshop there were 2 parts and a rod, which were used together and separately. But one day a worker took them and welded them into one new part in the shape of the letter F.

This is what happens in the life of words. Words-details live and live, they are used separately, but when the need arises, the words merge into indivisible combinations - phraseological units. There are words to plug, behind, belt, and phraseology put in your belt, (to easily cope with someone). In phraseological units, words lose their previous meanings.

The Russian language is very rich in apt and figurative stable combinations of words. Such stable combinations are called phraseological units. The word “phraseology” comes from two words in the Greek language: “phrasis” - an expression of a figure of speech, “logos” - a concept, doctrine.

- this is a stable combination of words used to name individual objects, signs, actions. Ozhegov’s dictionary gives the following definition: “Phraseological unit is a stable expression with an independent meaning.”

The lexical meaning has a phraseological unit as a whole, for example: to beat the thumbs - “to mess around”; distant lands - “far”. Unlike phrases or sentences, a phraseological unit is not composed anew each time, but is reproduced in finished form. A phraseological unit as a whole is one member of a sentence.

Phraseologisms characterize all aspects of a person’s life - his attitude to work, for example, golden hands, beat the thumbs, attitude towards other people, e.g. bosom friend, disservice, personal strengths and weaknesses, e.g. don't lose your head, lead by the nose and etc.

They are used in everyday life, in works of art, and in journalism. They give expressiveness to the statement and serve as a means of creating imagery.

Phraseologisms have synonyms and antonyms - other phraseological units; for example, synonyms: on the edge of the world; where the raven did not bring bones; antonyms: lift to the skies - trample into the dirt.

There is a section of linguistics that is devoted to the study of the phraseological composition of a language - phraseology.

1.2. Origin of phraseological units

Many phraseological units were born in fiction, biblical tales, mythology and only then came into the language. For example: manna from heaven, monkey's work. They are called or.

Phraseologisms have existed throughout the history of language. Already from the end of the 18th century, they were explained in special collections and explanatory dictionaries under various names (catchphrases, proverbs and sayings). Even M.V. Lomonosov, drawing up a plan for a dictionary of the Russian literary language, indicated that it should include “phrases”, “ideomatisms”, “utterances”, that is, phrases and expressions.
However, the phraseological composition of the Russian language began to be studied relatively recently.

1. Phraseological phrases created on the basis of proverbs and sayings ( Hunger is not an aunt, hand washes hand.)
2. Phraseologisms that have entered our lives from professional speech. ( To beat the thumbs, to sharpen the lasses.)
3. Some expressions come from myths ( Achilles' heel), folklore ( Megillah- Russian folk tale), literary works ( monkey's work- from I.A. Krylov’s fable “The Monkey and the Glasses”).

For example, put on your feet:
1. cure, get rid of a disease;
2. raise, educate, bring to independence;
3. to force one to act actively, to take an active part in something;
4. strengthen economically and materially.

Phraseologisms are divided into different groups that characterize a person, his actions, his character, his psychological state.

According to the characteristics:
Characterizing a person’s action based on his relationship and relationship with the environment and the team:
1. Walk, stand on hind legs- “to please, to serve”;
2. Soaps one's head (to whom)- “to scold strongly. Scold someone."

Characterizing the manner of verbal communication:
1. Sharpen laces, balusters- “engage in empty chatter”;
2. Twirl, twirl the ox- “talk, talk nonsense.”

Characterizing a person’s relationship to work and business:
1. Roll up your sleeves- diligently, diligently, energetically, do something.
2. Beat your head- spend time idly, idle.

Characterizing a person’s mental state, which manifests itself externally in his behavior:
1. Pout- get angry, take offense, making a dissatisfied face.
2. How an aspen leaf trembles- shakes, usually from excitement or fear.

All phraseological units originally arose to designate specific events, phenomena, facts. Gradually, for various reasons, they began to be used figuratively to designate other, but somewhat similar to the original meaning, phenomena. This gives phraseological units a special imagery and expressiveness.

Most of the phraseological units originate from the depths of centuries and reflect a deeply folk character. The direct meaning of many phraseological units is connected with the history of our Motherland, with some of the customs of our ancestors, and their work.

1. originally Russian;
2. borrowed.

The bulk of currently used phraseological units are stable combinations of words of original Russian origin ( beat your head, look for the wind in the field, you won’t spill water). They originated in the Russian language or were inherited from an older language. Phraseological units of the Russian language are diverse in origin. Most of them originated in the Russian language itself, they are originally Russian: what the mother gave birth in, naked as a falcon, grated roll, hang your nose, on one block, take it to the quick and many more etc.

The image is born as a reflection of reality. In order to imagine a phenomenon of reality in the form of an image, we must, firstly, rely on knowledge of this reality, and secondly, resort to imagination. The image is usually created through “double vision”.

So we see a tall man in front of us, and this is real, but at the same time we can also remember the fire tower, which used to be the tallest building in the city. Combining these two “visions” we call a tall person fire tower, and this is already an image. To better understand the imagery of phraseological units, it is necessary to develop imagination.

Original Russian phraseological units can be associated with professional speech: pull the gimp (weaving), clumsy work, without a hitch (carpentry), set the tone, play the first violin (musical art), baffle, back up (transport).

A certain number of native Russian phraseological units arose in dialect or slang speech and became the property of the national language. For example, smoke like a rocker, clumsy work, pulling the strap and etc.

Phraseologisms of the Russian language can also be borrowed. In this case, they represent the result of rethinking phrases from Old Church Slavonic and other languages ​​on Russian soil.

Borrowed phraseological units came to us from other languages.
Old Church Slavonic in origin are such phraseological units as: second coming- “a time that is unknown when it will come”, the Forbidden fruit- “something tempting, but not permitted.”

Many phraseological units came to us through various sources from mythology. They are international, as they are common in all European languages: sword of Damocles– “a constant threat to someone”; tantalum flour– “suffering caused by contemplation of the desired goal and the consciousness of the impossibility of achieving it”, apple of discord- “the reason, the reason for a quarrel, disputes, serious disagreements”, sink into oblivion- “to be forgotten, to disappear without a trace”, colossus with feet of clay– “something majestic in appearance, but essentially weak, easily destroyed”, etc.

Among the borrowed phraseological units there are phraseological tracing papers, i.e. literal translations of foreign language phrases in parts. For example, blue stocking from English, on a grand scale – auf grobem Fub- from German, to be out of place – ne pas être dans son assiette from French.

The system of phraseological units of the Russian language is not once and for all frozen and unchangeable. New phraseological units inevitably arise in response to the phenomena of modern life and are borrowed as cripples from other languages. And they enrich modern speech with new, relevant expressions.

Phraseologisms related to the historical past of the people, for example, where do crayfish spend the winter?- many landowners loved to feast on fresh crayfish, but in winter it was difficult to catch them: crayfish hide under snags, dig holes in the banks of a lake or river and spend the winter there.

In the winter, guilty peasants were sent to catch crayfish and had to get crayfish out of the icy water. A lot of time passed before the peasant caught crayfish.

He will freeze in his shabby clothes and his hands will get cold. And often after this the person became seriously ill. This is where it came from: if they want to seriously punish, they say: “I’ll show you where the crayfish spend the winter.”

Figurative expressions reflecting folk customs and beliefs, for example, run to the light– in small towns in Russia there used to be an interesting custom of inviting people to visit. Tall candles were placed on the windows. If a candle (light) is burning on the window, it means that the owners of the house are inviting everyone who wants to see them. And people followed the light to visit their friends.

Stable combinations of words that arose from various crafts, for example, a teaspoon per hour- originally this expression was used in the speech of doctors literally in relation to medicine. Then it began to be used disparagingly in colloquial speech, meaning “to do something very slowly, barely.”

The origin of many phraseological units is associated with folk and literary fairy tales with fables by I. A. Krylov and other works. In our speech, we often use various apt expressions created by writers and poets. ( I didn’t even notice the elephant- did not pay attention to the most important thing, and the casket just opened- a simple way out of a seemingly difficult situation, Princess on the Pea- a spoiled person).

Such expressions are called catchphrases. They seemed to fly beyond the boundaries of the works in which they were originally created and entered the literary language, receiving a broader, more generalized meaning in it.

To correctly use phraseological units in speech, you need to know their meanings well. The meanings of some phraseological units can only be understood by knowing the history of the Russian people, their customs and traditions, since most phraseological units are originally Russian. While studying this topic, we learned a lot of interesting things about our past, about the history of the Russian people.

1.3. Signs of phraseological units.

If we see a phrase that is similar to a phraseological unit, we need to check whether one of the words of this phrase can be replaced with another. For example, in the phrase leaky roof, each word can be freely replaced: holey jacket, tiled roof, and the remaining word will retain its meaning. And if you replace any word in the phraseological unit golden hands, you get nonsense, for example: golden legs, silver hands. You can say: “Skillful hands,” but the word skillful in this case will be used in the literal sense.

If one of the words in a phrase can be replaced with a very limited set of other words ( fear takes, melancholy takes), then most likely this is a phraseological combination.
- It is not a title.
Geographical names, names of institutions and other names are not phraseological units (Bolshoi Theater, Red Arrow, Dead Sea).

1.4. Phraseologisms in other languages.

Phraseologisms exist in many languages ​​of the world. Often phraseological units are the property of only one language, but despite this, they are similar in meaning, for example:

II. Practical part

2.1. Results of the study of student questionnaires

Unfortunately, in the school curriculum of the educational educational complex “School of the 21st Century”, too little time is allocated for getting acquainted with phraseological units. I decided to find out what level of proficiency in phraseological units my classmates have. To do this, I conducted a survey using specially designed questions.

During the study, a survey was conducted among 31 students in grade 3-B.

Purpose of the survey– find out whether schoolchildren know what phraseological units are; do they understand the meaning of phraseological units; How often do schoolchildren use phraseological units in everyday speech?

1. Do you know what phraseological units are? (Not really)

We found out that all the children surveyed know what phraseological units are. Twenty-one of the children surveyed know what phraseological units are, ten people do not know.


2. Do you use phraseological units in your speech? (Yes, no, sometimes)

Analysis of the responses showed that 9 students use phraseological units in their speech, 7 students - sometimes, 15 people - never used phraseological units in their speech.


3. Explain the meaning of the following phraseological units: a disservice, talk with your teeth, your hands are full of holes, like peas against a wall, like water off a duck’s back.

It should be said that out of 31 people with a high level of understanding of phraseological units, only 5 people, 8 people could not explain the meaning of one phraseological unit, 6 people have an average level of understanding and 12 people have a low level. The phraseological units “a disservice” and “water off a duck’s back” caused the greatest difficulty for all children.

The survey showed that the majority of children understand the meaning of phraseological units, but selectively. Children cannot always explain in their own words what an expression means or come up with their own interpretations. This was the case with the fourth question.

4. Complete the phraseological units by choosing the right word.
a) Make an elephant out of... (a mosquito, a fly)
b) Not in your... (cup, plate)
c) Count... (forty, raven)
d) Throw words... (into the sea, into the wind, into the well)
e) ... (fifth, third, seventeenth, seventh) water on jelly.

19 people (60%) answered the question confidently and clearly, choosing the right word; 7 people (28%) could not write down 1–2 phraseological units correctly; 5 students (12%) did not know these phraseological units.


5. Where do you find phraseological units? (At home, at school, in literature, in speech, I find it difficult to answer).

27 students believe that phraseological units occur in speech;
22 students - at school;
13 people answered - in literature;
3 students found it difficult to answer.

The survey showed what children most often consider phraseological units they encounter in lessons at school and in the speech of their parents.

2.2. Results of the study of teachers' questionnaires

I wanted to find out how primary school teachers feel about phraseological units. To do this, I conducted a survey using specially designed questions. The survey involved 15 teachers working in grades 1–4.

1. Do you use phraseological units during the educational process?
a) yes
b) no
c) rarely

From the diagram we see that the majority of teachers, 83%, often use phraseological units during the educational process, 16% rarely, and there is not a single teacher who does not use phraseological units at all in the educational process.


2. Do you think the students understand the meaning of the phraseological units you use?
a) understand;
b) don’t understand;
c) do not always understand;

From the diagram we see that the majority of teachers believe that 66% of students understand the meaning of the expressions they use, 25% do not always understand, and only 9% do not understand the meaning of the expressions they use at all.


3. Highlight the 10 most “popular” phraseological units among teachers.


As a result of the analysis of this issue, we were able to identify the 10 most “popular” phraseological units among teachers of Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1, the most “popular” were “counting crows”, “soaring in the clouds”, “hack on the nose” and less so “pulling the tongue”, "like a fish in water."

In the course of the research, it turned out that not all students can correctly explain the meaning of phraseological units, do not know where they are used and rarely use them in speech. Many students have heard catchphrases but do not know their meaning, and some have never heard them at all. But teachers at our school often use phraseological units in their speech when working with children. During the survey, the 10 most “used” phraseological units among teachers of Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1 were identified.

Thus, we can conclude that in Russian language and literary reading lessons little attention is paid to the study of phraseological units. But they express the essence of rather complex phenomena and make speech more vivid and emotional. Undoubtedly, there are a huge number of phraseological units in the Russian language. You can verify this by opening any phraseological dictionary.

I came to a conclusion that in order for children to know the Russian language better and be able to use phraseological units in their speech, they need to explain what phraseological units are, for what purpose we use them, the origin and meaning of some phraseological units. I wanted to interest the children so that they would use phraseological units more often in their speech, so I created a presentation at home “The Amazing World of Phraseologous Units” and introduced it to the children during extracurricular activities. I hope that it was interesting and useful to them.

2.3. Creating a phraseological dictionary

I decided to create my own dictionary of phraseological units; such a dictionary can be offered to schoolchildren for use. The meaning of phraseological units will be explained in the dictionary and pictures will also be added for better understanding.

The most frequently used phraseological units in everyday speech were chosen for the dictionary, the meaning of which will be interesting for schoolchildren to learn. Phraseological units were also added to the dictionary, which caused difficulties for most children during the survey. In total, our dictionary contains 21 phraseological units.

After production, the dictionary was printed and offered to the children in the class for familiarization. My dictionary attracted the attention of the kids in the class. Everyone liked the pictures that illustrated the phraseology. After looking at the images, the children enjoyed reading the explanations for the phraseological units.

Conclusion

Working on this topic, I gained a more complete understanding of phraseological units, learned to find them in the text, and use phraseological units in my own speech. I also learned how to work with dictionaries and use information from the Internet.

I came to a conclusion that it is necessary to know the meanings of phraseological units in order to use them correctly in speech; they help make our speech lively, beautiful, and emotional. While studying this topic, I learned a lot of interesting things about our past, about the history of the Russian people, their traditions and customs.

The goal of my research work has been achieved– create your own phraseological dictionary in pictures.

The tasks that were assigned to the work were completed, extended hypothesis confirmed– phraseological units really decorate our speech, make it expressive and bright. In the future, I would like to continue working on this interesting and fascinating topic.

List of used literature

1. Burmako V.M. Russian language in drawings. - M.: Education, 1991.

2. Mali L.D., O.S. Aryamova. Speech development lessons in third grade: lesson planning and didactic materials - Tula: Rodnichok, 2006.

3. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language 8000 words and phraseological expressions / Russian Academy of Sciences. – M: ELPIS Publishing House LLC, 2003.

4. S.V. Ivanov, A.O. Evdokimova, M.I. Kuznetsova and others. Russian language: 3rd grade: textbook for students of educational organizations: in 2 hours. Part 1 / 3rd ed., - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2014.

5. M.T. Baranov, T.A. Kostyaeva, A.V. Prudnikova. Russian language. Reference materials: Textbook for students / 5th ed., - M.: Prosveshchenie, 1989.

6. N.V. Bogdanovskaya. Aspects of studying Russian phraseology / textbook - St. Petersburg: 2008.

7. Kokhtev N.N. Russian phraseology / N.N. Kokhtev, D.E. Rosenthal. - M.: Russian language, 1990.

8. Zhukov V.P. School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language / textbook. – M.: Education, 1994.

Phraseologisms

IN OUR LIFE

prepared primary school teacher Linyuk N.P. Surgut

“Phraseological units are pearls, nuggets and gems of the native language...” A.I.Efimov

Objective of the project:

• find out what phraseological units are;
• find out what some mean

phraseological units;

• determine the role of phraseological units in

human speech.

PROBLEM QUESTION:

Do phraseological units clog our speech or make it bright, figurative, colorful?

Phraseologisms – This stable figures of speech that have independent meaning and are characteristic of a particular language.

Phraseologisms are used all the time in our everyday speech. Sometimes we don’t even notice that we are uttering these unstable expressions - how familiar and convenient they are.

• Phraseologisms divided into different groups: - phraseological units with names animals; speech from mythology; - phraseological units that came into our speech from oral folk art; - professional phraseological units; - phraseological units characterizing person.

"Achilles' heel"

Achilles is a beloved hero of many legends of Ancient Greece. This is an invincible, brave man who was not taken by any enemy arrows. You've probably often heard the phraseology Achilles' heel ? So what does his heel have to do with it if he was invincible and brave?!

Legend says that Achilles' mother Thetis, wanting to make her son invulnerable, dipped the boy into the waters of the sacred river Styx. But while dipping, she held him by the heel and the heel was unprotected.

In one of the battles, Paris, Achilles' opponent, shot an arrow at Achilles' heel and killed him.

All sorts of things weak , vulnerable place a person is called

Achilles heel .

"Through the Sleeves"

Why sleeves That's what they're called - it's clear (from the word hand). Let's talk about expression carelessly .

So they began to say in those distant times exchange, when Russians wore clothes with very long sleeves: for men they reached 95 centimeters, and for women in were even longer - 130-140 centimeters

Try to work in clothes with such sleeves: it will be uncomfortable, it will turn out bad. To make things work, the sleeves had to be rolled up.

So they started talking about people who do their job lazy, reluctant, slow , what are they work carelessly .

"Like water off a duck's back"

“He’s like water off a duck’s back!” This expression is often found, but its origin is not known to everyone.

But to say: “Like chicken water” - it is forbidden .

Have you seen a wet chicken?

Pathetic view.

No wonder about unadapted to life, frightened, confused people They say "like a wet chicken."

And the expression

like water off a duck's back means: he (she) doesn’t care about anything.

"Burn to the ground"

What is tlo? Usually the meaning of the expression is associated with the verb smolder .

In fact tlo Means "base".

Burn to the ground - burn to the ground.

"Know by heart"

The meaning of these words is known to children as well as adults.

Know by heart - means, for example, learn perfectly a poem, a rule, a multiplication table...

And there was a time when know by heart, check by heart taken almost literally. This saying arose from the custom of testing the authenticity of gold coins, rings and other items made of precious metal. You bite the coin with your teeth, and if there is no dent left on it, then it is genuine, not counterfeit. Otherwise, you could have gotten a fake one.

"Get stupid"

This meaning is connected with the ancient Russian tradition. In the old days in Rus' it was not customary for women to appear in public with bare head and bare hair, this was wrong and the woman found herself in an awkward, uncomfortable position.

Make a fool of yourself means “to make a mistake”, “to make a mistake”, “to get into an awkward position”.

"Good riddance"

There is a legend among the people: before leaving for the wedding, the bride, who wanted her sisters to get married as soon as possible, must pull the tablecloth with which the table is set, that is, as if pulling her sisters along with her on the road.

The custom of seeing off those leaving by waving handkerchiefs so that the path “lies like a tablecloth, even and smooth” has still been preserved. The expression good riddance was originally used only as a wish for a safe journey

But over time it began to be used ironically , in meaning "go anywhere", "get out" .

So, a little test:

1) Good riddance

2) Make a fool of yourself

3) Know by heart

go anywhere, get out

make a mistake, blunder

good at understanding something

2) Like water off a duck's back

1) Sleeveless

3) Achilles' heel

4) Burn to the ground

he (she) doesn’t care about anything

weak, vulnerable place

burn to the ground.

lazy, reluctant, slowly

Phraseological menagerie

Hungry like...

wolf

fox

Cunning as...

hare

Cowardly as...

As healthy as...

Quirky as...

Inflated like...

turkey

Nem To ak …

fish

Dirty as...

pig

Stubborn as...

donkey

Conclusion

After doing my little research, I came to the conclusion that f raseology is the greatest treasure and value of any language. Phraseologisms do not clog up our speech, but make it emotional, beautiful, rich. The more phraseological units we know, the more accurately and colorfully we will be able to express our thoughts.

Informational resources : school phraseological dictionary of the Russian language ( resources: http://www.bookvoed.ru/view_images.php?code=444538&tip=1 http://www.elhoschool.ru/russki/frazeol.htm http://edu.tltsu.ru/sites/sites_content/site1065/html/media6815/11.jpg http://iliustracija.lt/wp-content/gallery/erika/brevno_v_glazu2.jpg http://frazbook.ru/wp-content/gallery/illyustracii-k-frazeologizmam/bit_chelom.jpg http://img.labirint.ru/images/comments_pic/0939/010labe6vj1253801714.jpg