A weaver (weaver) is a master who produces fabrics on a loom. In its modern form, it is mainly a female profession. Weavers work on looms, which can be manual, mechanical or automated. The looms can be used to weave carpets, tapestries, linen, ribbons, and braid. Each type of product and type of weave requires a special machine. Modern textile production relies on automated machines. One weaver services several looms at once: he prepares them for work, changes the shuttles with yarn, regulates its tension, and eliminates breaks. When the canvas is ready, he removes it from the machine. An experienced weaver can detect a malfunction in the machine by sound, assess the quality of the thread by touch and by eye. The working day of such a weaver is spent constantly walking between machines. Working with a manual or mechanical machine with a foot drive, on the contrary, requires painstaking work and means sitting in one place for a long time. Such machines are still used for handicraft production. For example, to create handmade carpets. Vertical and horizontal hand looms are used to make highly artistic, ornamental and subject carpets. The warp threads are pulled onto the frame, and the weft threads are passed between them. In handicraft production, weavers can adhere to certain traditional patterns or work according to an artist’s sketch, using their own drawings. Historical background People learned to weave even before the advent of yarn, in the Stone Age, by intertwining plant fibers, vines, strips of leather, etc. In ancient Greek and Roman literature, the literature of China, India, Western Asia and Egypt, there is evidence that weaving existed in those time. The oldest known example of fabric is considered to be linen fabric, made around 6500 BC. e. It was discovered during archaeological excavations near the Turkish village of Catal Huyuk. In the first weaving devices, the warp of the fabric was placed vertically and tied to horizontal tree branches. The threads were secured near the ground with stones or pegs. The weft was woven into the warp by hand. Already in the 5th millennium BC. e. handlooms were used, which became more complex and improved over time. In 1733, the Englishman J. Kay invented a loom with a flying shuttle (“shuttle-plane”), which doubled weaving productivity. This was the beginning of the industrial revolution in the textile industry. Home spinning gave way to factory spinning. In 1786, the English priest E. Cartwright invented a fully mechanized loom, in which he combined all the basic operations of hand weaving. With its advent, weavers began to operate several looms at the same time. In 1789, he began using a steam engine in his factory of 20 machines. Today, automatic machines are used in textile production. You need to have skills in operating machines, know the structure of the machines, the properties of the fibers used, the fabrics produced, and be able to eliminate minor breakdowns during the work process. To work as a weaver in a factory, primary vocational education (VET), which can be obtained at a vocational school, is sufficient. The next level of education - secondary vocational education (SPO) - allows you to obtain the specialty "Technology of textile products" (qualification "Technician"). You can master it at a college or technical school.
A weaver or weaver is a specialist in the textile industry who produces fabrics on a special loom.
20,000–30,000 rub. (rabota.yandex.ru)
The position of weaver is represented in textile factories. Often craftsmen work individually at home or in small workshops.
Modern textile production is a large workshop consisting of many weaving machines. The work is automated, the weaver only needs to walk around the workshop, monitor the quality of the finished product and literally listen to the operation of the machines. The weaver maintains the machines, adjusts the thread tension, eliminates breaks, changes the shuttles, and removes the finished product. Sometimes you need to fix minor technical problems.
Working on a manual machine is possible in a private workshop. Such work is always valued an order of magnitude higher, but requires significantly more time and labor costs.
The profession of a weaver requires such qualities as: excellent eyesight and good hearing, dexterous fingers, physical endurance, good health and no allergies to chemicals.
According to experts, the light industry in Russia is constantly developing, which means that a shortage of jobs is not expected in the near future. Most modern weavers are hereditary masters. The work of some is highly respected and often highly paid.
The profession is considered traditionally female. The only thing that has changed since ancient times is technology.
To become a weaver, you need to receive a vocational education at a specialized school or college. In the future, you can continue your studies at a university with a degree in Textile Technology. The direction is presented at the St. Petersburg State University of Technology and Design.
Moscow universities: Russian State Geological Exploration University named after Sergo Ordzhonikidze, Moscow Polytechnic University, Russian Economic University named after G.V. Plekhanov, Russian State University named after. A. N. Kosygina (Technology. Design. Art).
Weavers work on looms, which can be manual, mechanical or automated. The looms can be used to weave carpets, tapestries, linen, ribbons, and braid. Each type of product and type of weave requires a special machine.
Modern textile production relies on automated machines. One weaver services several looms at once: he prepares them for work, changes the shuttles with yarn, regulates its tension, and eliminates breaks. When the canvas is ready, he removes it from the machine.
An experienced weaver can detect a malfunction in the machine by sound, assess the quality of the thread by touch and by eye. The working day of such a weaver is spent constantly walking between machines.
Working with a manual or mechanical machine with a foot drive, on the contrary, requires painstaking work and means sitting in one place for a long time.
Such machines are still used for handicraft production. For example, to create handmade carpets. Vertical and horizontal hand looms are used to make highly artistic, ornamental and subject carpets. The warp threads are pulled onto the frame, and the weft threads are passed between them.
In handicraft production, weavers can adhere to certain traditional patterns or work according to an artist’s sketch, using their own drawings.
Historical reference
People learned to weave even before the advent of yarn, in the Stone Age, by weaving plant fibers, vines, strips of leather, etc. In ancient Greek and Roman literature, the literature of China, India, Western Asia and Egypt, there is evidence that weaving existed in those days.
The oldest known example of fabric is considered to be linen fabric, made around 6500 BC. e. It was discovered during archaeological excavations near the Turkish village of Catal Huyuk.
In the first weaving devices, the warp of the fabric was placed vertically and tied to horizontal tree branches. The threads were secured near the ground with stones or pegs. The weft was woven into the warp by hand.
Already in the 5th millennium BC. e. handlooms were used, which became more complex and improved over time.
In 1733, the Englishman J. Kay invented a loom with a flying shuttle (“shuttle-plane”), which doubled weaving productivity. This was the beginning of the industrial revolution in the textile industry. Home spinning gave way to factory spinning.
In 1786, the English priest E. Cartwright invented a fully mechanized loom, in which he combined all the basic operations of hand weaving. With its advent, weavers began to operate several looms at the same time. In 1789, he began using a steam engine in his factory of 20 machines.
Today, automatic machines are used in textile production.
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Automated loom weavers work in textile factories. Hand weavers work individually or in small workshops to make tapestries, carpets, etc.
The weaver needs good eyesight, an eye, and finger dexterity. When working with automated machines, you need good hearing, because... By the sound you can determine the nature of the machine's operation. Physical endurance is required.
Health. The weaving workshop is a very noisy place. This may have a bad effect on your hearing.
Diseases of the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, allergies, hearing and vision problems are contraindications for such work.
Russia 15000—45000 ₽
Moscow 25000—40000 ₽
You need to have skills in operating machines, know the structure of the machines, the properties of the fibers used, the fabrics produced, and be able to eliminate minor breakdowns during the work process.
To work as a weaver in a factory, primary vocational education (VET), which can be obtained at a vocational school, is sufficient.
The next level of education - secondary vocational education (SPO) - allows you to obtain the specialty "Technology of textile products" (qualification "Technician"). You can master it at a college or technical school.
Alenkina Olga Arnoldovna, Volzhsky, Volgograd region
WEAVER
Fingers fly like birds -
The calico stream flows.
Fingers fly like bees -
The stream flows like silk.
Dictionary:
Weaver– a worker engaged in the production of various fabrics on a loom.
Weaving- production of fabric on a weaving loom.
Fiber – top quality yarn, cleanly frayed and double combed.
Historical reference
Since ancient times, spinning and weaving have been the original occupation of the female population. Every peasant family had a spinning wheel and a weaving mill, on which women produced homespun cloth. The fabric was used to make clothes, sheets, towels and other things.
In addition to simple canvas, women made fabrics with patterns. The weaving technique became more complicated. The material for weaving was yarn, which was obtained from flax and hemp, as well as from sheep wool and goat down. The yarn was often dyed at home in different colors, and then the patterned fabrics turned out to be especially elegant.
Canvases woven mainly during the winter season were “bleached” (bleached) with the onset of warm spring. For this purpose, they were first steamed in homemade wood ash lye, then spread out on the grass in sunny weather. Then the canvases were soaked in river water and spread on the grass of a wet meadow. Under the hot rays of the sun, after about a month, the harshness of the canvases disappeared, and they became white and soft.
Along with weaving at home, small enterprises began to emerge and develop successfully - workshops and factories for the production of simple linen, woven items and other household items. For example, in Voronezh a rope factory was already operating in 1703; in Nizhnedevitsky district, since 1800, a shawl factory of landowner Vera Andreevna Eliseeva was operating. She became famous throughout Russia and abroad for her shawls. Carpet factories developed, as well as gold embroidery, embroidery and lace workshops. Spinning and weaving schools were opened in a number of districts.
How threads are spun and fabrics are woven
M. Konstantinovsky, N. Smirnova
There are so many different things made from fabrics in the world! And the fabrics themselves are so different: smooth and fluffy, light and heavy, warm and cool, dense and sparse... And they are all called by one name - fabrics.
sackcloth
Look at different fabrics through a magnified glass: threads are intertwined everywhere! Now it’s clear why the threads of fabrics hold each other so tightly. Who intertwined them? Loom - that's who! Longitudinal threads, that is, those that are stretched along the looms, are constantly jumping up and down. It is not the threads themselves that jump, but the lattice that makes them rise and fall. And across, into the gaps between the longitudinal threads, shuttles fly back and forth. Each shuttle pulls a transverse thread (it is wound from a spool hidden inside the shuttle).
Shuttle winds up the transverse thread when it moves back and forth into the gap between the longitudinal threads
The shuttle is forced to move "bits", which hit it now from the right, now from the left, like rackets hitting a shuttlecock when playing badminton
The shuttle flew back and again pulled the thread and the gap between the threads. That's how it works weave
Fabric is woven from threads, but where do the threads themselves come from? You can try it yourself by taking a piece of cotton wool and twisting it with your fingers to form a thread. It turns out not very smooth, but real cotton. After all, cotton wool is cotton, only purified. Cotton fibers are fleecy, and when you squeeze them with your fingers and twist them, they cling with their fibers - and this is what you get: thread.
In the old days, the thread was also twisted with fingers and wound on a spindle. And now the threads are spun, that is, twisted, by huge spinning machines. Not only cotton threads, but also wool and linen.
spinning machine
Cotton loves warmth and grows in the south. As the cotton ripens, the bolls burst, and each one looks like a piece of cotton wool! Then they put the cotton harvester into the field. The cotton will be picked and laid out in the sun to dry. Then they are tied into bales and taken to the spinning mill. There it is loosened, cleared of seeds, combed and cotton threads are spun from cotton fibers.
cotton field
Linen does not tolerate heat and grows in the north. How beautiful the blooming flax is - the whole field is covered in blue flowers. Like the sea! The flax fades, the seeds ripen on it - then it is cut off, laid out on the ground and wait until the microbes living on the ground eat the glue with which the flax fibers are firmly glued. Only after this will it be possible to comb the flax - to split its stems into individual fibers. These fibers will be spun into linen threads.
Flax sheaves
Wool obtained from sheep and spun from its thread. A sheep hairdresser will never ask: “What hairstyle do you want?” All the sheep are shorn in one style - bald! The sheep have been shorn - and again graze in the meadow, growing new wool - until the next shearing. And the wool is sent to the spinning mill.
flock of sheep
Silk obtained from the web. People do not need to spin silk thread - it is spun by a butterfly caterpillar called the silkworm. Why silkworms is understandable, but why mulberries? Because the silkworm caterpillar eats only mulberry leaves and does not recognize any other food. Before turning into a pupa, the caterpillar releases a thin thread and entangles itself with it from head to toe. The result is a silk cocoon. And the people are right there: they unwind the cocoon (not just one, but millions), rewind the thread onto spools and take it to the weaving factory.
Silkworm butterfly
Silkworm cocoon
Synthetics– threads for synthetic fabrics also do not need to be spun. At a chemical plant, chemists make plastic from oil or gas - for example, nylon. The nylon is heated until it becomes soft, and squeezed out through a tiny hole - a nylon thread is obtained. This thread is several times thinner than a cobweb!
A glass thread is pulled directly from molten glass. Fiberglass fabrics are woven from glass threads. Such fabric is impregnated with a special synthetic resin, it hardens - it turns out to be fiberglass. The strongest material! I can’t even believe that it is made of soft fabric, and the soft fabric is made of fragile glass!
There are many different fabrics in the world. For example, “stone” thread - it is spun from fibers that are obtained from asbestos fibrous stone. Asbestos fabric does not burn in the hottest fire!
There is a fabric that can be heated with electric current - it is used to make clothes for polar explorers...
Road to happiness
We perceive life no differently
Like a field of colorful patches.
A patch of pain, happiness and good luck...
Diversity - the whole world is like that.
He, like a weaver, flies into the blanket
By a thread the story of fate.
And for each of us our whole life is not enough,
To find out the results of the divination.
Life cannot be lived in one range,
It has a hundred bright shades, a hundred roads.
The soul trembles with a bright chime
And it goes out, fades from anxiety.
We grow up in different ways,
We meet wonderful people
And turn into loyal friends.
Our whole life is one road to happiness:
Thorny, colorful, not easy.
And God give us patience and participation,
And a bright piece of life!
Excerpts from literary works about weaving and fabrics
...I put him to bed, and she threw off her frog skin, turned into a red maiden and began to weave a carpet. Where the needle pricks once, the flower will bloom, where it pricks another time, cunning patterns follow, where it pricks a third time, birds fly...
Russian folk tale "The Frog Princess"
“If only I were a queen,”
Her sister says,
Then there would be one for the whole world
I wove fabrics.”
And Pushkin. "The Tale of King Satan and the Beautiful Princess Swan"
... The old mouse woman hired four weaver spiders, and they sat in the mouse hole day and night, weaving canvas and preparing the dowry.
And the fat, blind mole came to visit every evening and chatted about how summer would soon end, the sun would stop scorching the earth, and it would become soft and loose again. Then they will get married...
G.-H. Andersen. "Thumbelina"
... Life was very fun in the capital of this king. Foreign guests arrived almost every day, and then one day two deceivers appeared. They pretended to be weavers and said that they could weave such a wonderful fabric, better than which nothing could be imagined: in addition to the unusually beautiful design and coloring, it also has an amazing property - it becomes invisible to any person who is out of place or incredibly stupid.
G.-H. Andersen. "The King's New Dress"
...The landlady had three daughters. The eldest daughters only knew what to do: sit at the gate and look at the street, and the youngest worked for them: she sheathed them, spun and wove for them, and she never heard a kind word...
...And so it came true. Khavroshechka will fit into one ear of the cow, come out of the other - everything is ready: woven, whitewashed and rolled into pipes...
Russian folk tale “Kroshechka-Khavroshechka”
... The poor girl had to sit every day on the street by the well and spin yarn, so much so that the work bled on her fingers.
And then one day it happened that the whole spindle was filled with blood. Then the girl bent down to the well to wash it, but the spindle jumped out of her hands and fell into the water. She ran to her stepmother and told about her grief.
The stepmother began to scold her and said:
- Since you dropped the spindle, then be able to get it back.
... I jumped into the well for a spindle and ended up in the house of the lady ....
Brothers Grimm. "Mistress Blizzard"
... The long winter evenings have arrived. Tanya's sisters put flax on combs and began to spin threads from it. “These are threads,” Tanya thinks, “but where are the shirts?”
Winter, spring and summer have passed - autumn has come. The mother installed crosses in the hut, pulled the warp over them and began to weave. The shuttle ran quickly between the threads, and then Tanya herself saw that canvas was coming out of the threads.
When the canvas was ready, they began to freeze it in the cold and spread it out in the snow.
And in the spring they spread it on the grass, in the sun, and sprinkled it with water. The canvas turned from gray to white.
K. Ushinsky. “How a shirt grew in a field”
Proverbs and sayings
At the lazy spinner's
I don't have a shirt for myself.
Labor feeds and clothes.
Patter
A weaver weaves fabric for Tanya's dress.
Puzzles
Light, not fluff,
Soft, not fur,
White, not snow,
But he will dress everyone.
(Cotton)
Heated, dried,
They beat, tore,
They twisted, weaved,
They put it on the table.
(Linen)
Stretched out in winter
And in the summer it curled up.
(Scarf)
He takes off his fur coat twice a year.
Who walks under a fur coat?
(Sheep)
thread
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Self-test questions
1. Who is the silkworm? What is he famous for?
2. How did people spin wool by hand?
3. What is the meaning of the proverb “Work feeds and clothes”?
LITERATURE
Alyonkina, O.A. Professional and labor socialization of youth / O.A. Alyonkina, T.V. Chernikova. – M.: Globus, 2009.
Alyonkina, O.A. Profile training in a correctional school // Modernization of management of an educational institution / O.A. Alyonkina [etc.]; edited by V.V. Serikova, T.V. Chernikova. – M.: APK and PPRO, 2004. – P. 73–79.
Bulycheva, N.A. Features of professional choice of correction class graduates / N.A. Bulycheva // Correctional pedagogy. – 2004. – No. 2 (4).
Gerasimova V.A., Cool hour of play. Issue 2. – M.: TC Sfera, 2004. – 64 p.
Proverbs, sayings, riddles of the peoples of Russia / comp. M.P. Filipchenko. – Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2011. – 378 p. – (Wisdom of thousands of years).
Chernikova, T.V. Career guidance support for high school students / T.V. Chernikova. – M.: Globus, 2006.
Chistyakova, S.N. Professional guidance for schoolchildren: organization and management / S.N. Chistyakova, N.N. Zakharov. – M.: Pedagogy, 1987.
What's happened. Who is it: children's encyclopedia. In 3 vols. T. 1. A-J / comp. V.S. Shergin, A. I. Yuryev. 5th ed., revised. and additional – M.: AST, 2007. P – 519
What's happened. Who is it: children's encyclopedia. In 3 vols. T. 2. Z – O / comp. V.S. Shergin, A. I. Yuryev. 5th ed., revised. and additional – M.: AST, 2007. P – 503.
What's happened. Who is it: children's encyclopedia. In 3 vols. T. 3. P – I / comp. V.S. Shergin, A. I. Yuryev. 5th ed., revised. and additional – M.: AST, 2007. P – 519
Shalaeva G.P., Big Book of Professions/G.P. Shalaeva. – M.: AST: SLOVO: Poligrafizdat, 2010. – 240 p.
I explore the world: Children's encyclopedia: Inventions. – M.: LLC Firm “AST Publishing House”; 1999.
I explore the world: Children's encyclopedia: History. – M.: LLC Firm “AST Publishing House”; 1997.
I explore the world: Children's encyclopedia: Animals. – M.: LLC Firm “AST Publishing House”; 1997.
1000 riddles. For children 3-6 years old. – M.: JSC “OLMA Media Group”, 2011. – 240 p. – Series “Program for the development and training of preschoolers
Drawings: Abutkina N.Yu., Alenkina O.A., Alenkina O.M.
Weaving (weaving) Weaving, like spinning, arose in the Neolithic era and became widespread during the primitive communal system. A handloom with a vertical warp appeared approximately 56 thousand years BC. e. F. Engels considered the invention of the weaving loom to be one of the most important achievements of man at the first stage of his development. During the feudal period, the design of the loom was improved, and devices were created to prepare yarn for weaving.
Weaving in folk culture Until a century, weaving was one of the most common household activities in the traditional cultures of the peoples of Russia and neighboring territories. It was used mainly in the manufacture of linen and hemp canvas for underwear, cloth for outerwear, as well as belts and finishing braid. The traditions of folk patterned weaving are supported today by numerous enthusiasts and professional artists, including at folk arts and crafts enterprises.
About the loom The history of the creation of the loom goes back to ancient times. Before learning how to weave, people learned to weave simple mats from branches and reeds. And only after mastering the weaving technique did they think about the possibility of intertwining threads. In 1550 BC, the vertical loom was invented. The weaver passed the weft with a tied thread through the warp so that one hanging thread was on one side of the weft and the next on the other. Thus, odd warp threads appeared on top of the transverse thread, and even ones below, or vice versa. This method completely repeated the weaving technique and took a lot of effort and time.
