Direct speech, i.e., the speech of another person, included in the author’s text and reproduced verbatim, is formatted in two ways.
If direct speech is included in a line (in a selection), then it is enclosed in quotation marks: « I regret that I didn't know your father “,” she said after a while. –He must have been very kind, very serious, loved you very much " Luzhin remained silent(Eb.).
If direct speech begins with a paragraph, then a dash is placed in front of it (there are no quotation marks):
Fedya and Kuzma were silent. Kuzma quietly winked at Fedya, and they went out into the street.
– This is what I came for: Have the Lyubavins come from mowing?
– We've arrived.
– Take Yasha and wait for me here. I'll pop home in a minute(Shuksh.).
Both methods of formatting direct speech can be combined if the speech of one person also includes the direct speech of another person:
– Did I say that?
– Oh, terrible fool!(Bond.).
– Did you have a dream?
– I saw it. It’s as if my father and I went to trade a horse, we both liked one horse, my father blinks at me: “Jump and ride » (Shuksh.).
If direct speech is worth before introducing it in the author's words, then after direct speech a comma and a dash are placed, and the author’s words begin with a lowercase letter: “We understand everything perfectly, Nikolai Vasilyevich,” Solodovnikov quipped to himself, sitting down on a white stool.(Shuksh.). If after direct speech there is a question mark, exclamation mark or ellipsis, then these marks are preserved and a comma is not placed; the author’s words, as in the first case, begin with a lowercase letter: “Yes, I should have said goodbye!..” - he realized when the covered car was already climbing up(Shuksh.); “My blue-eyed guardian angel, why are you looking at me with such sad anxiety?” – Krymov wanted to say ironically(Bond.).
If direct speech is worth after the author's words, then these words end with a colon; punctuation marks after direct speech are preserved: I I tell him: “Don’t cry, Egor, don’t”(Spread); Philip mechanically moved the steering oar and kept thinking: “Maryushka, Marya...”(Shuksh.); I wanted to quickly get to the “office”, quickly pick up the phone, quickly hear the voice familiar to Dolin: “Is that you? It’s necessary, huh?”(Sol.).
1. If at the rupture site turns out exclamation or question mark, then it is saved, followed by a dash before the words of the author (with lowercase letters), after these words a dot and a dash are placed; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter: “Do I now give happiness to many people, as I did before? - thought Kiprensky. “Is it really only fools who try to arrange the well-being of their lives?”(Paust.); “Yes, be quiet! - the duty officer ordered. “Can you be quiet?!”(Shuksh.).
2. If at the rupture site there should be direct speech ellipses, then it is saved and a dash is placed after it; after the author’s words, a comma and a dash are placed if the second part of direct speech is not an independent sentence, or a dot and a dash if the second part of direct speech is an independent sentence; the second part of direct speech begins with a lowercase or capital letter, respectively: “Probably the landlady is having a seizure...” thought Mashenka, “or she had a quarrel with her husband...”(Ch.); “Wait...,” Lenka shouted, freeing his flaxen hair from his grandfather’s clumsy, trembling fingers, perking up a little. - As you say? Dust?"(M.G.).
3. If at the rupture site direct speech there should be no punctuation mark or there should be mid-sentence marks: comma, semicolon, colon, dash, then the author’s words are highlighted with a comma and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a lowercase letter: “You can’t understand,” I whisper, calling Ruslan into the next room and closing the door, “because we are different creatures.”(Trif.); “So, it’s wilted a little, on one side,” Asya giggled in a youthful way, wrinkles scattering across her face, “like a stale apple.”(Trif.); “Suddenly you sow,” Semyon thought, “and ordinary barley grows. Most likely this will happen."(Sol.); “Yes, something is biting badly,” said Fog, “it hurts when it’s hot.”(T.); “But how you will play,” Darwin said in response to his thoughts, “that, of course, is the question.”(Eb.).
4. If at the rupture site there should be direct speech dot, then a comma and a dash are placed before the author’s words, and a dot and a dash are placed after these words; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter: “They were disbanded before the verdict,” Dvornik said. “They will announce it tomorrow at nine o’clock in the evening.”(Trif.).
5. If the author's words break apart within the meaning of into two parts, which relate to different parts of direct speech, then if other conditions are met, a colon and a dash are placed after the author’s words: “Ehma...” - hopelesslysighed Gavrila in response to a stern orderAnd bitterlyadded : “My fate is lost!”(M.G.); “Don't touch the uniform! –ordered Lermontovand added , not at all angry, but even with some curiosity: “Are you going to listen to me or not?”(Paust.); “Have you ever smelled copper on your hands? –asked unexpectedly the engraver and, without waiting for an answer, winced andcontinued : – Poisonous, disgusting”(Paust.).
If direct speech turns out to be inside the author's words, then it is enclosed in quotation marks and preceded by a colon; direct speech begins with a capital letter. After direct speech, punctuation marks are placed as follows:
A) a comma is placed if it was necessary at the break point of the author’s introductory words: Saying, “See you soon,” she quickly left the room. ;
b) A dash is placed if there is no punctuation mark at the break in the author’s introductory words: Overcoming the awkwardness, he muttered a student witticism: “My grandmother fell ill with measles” - and wanted to give the conversation that had begun a casual lightness(Bond.);
V) A dash is placed if direct speech ends with an ellipsis, question mark or exclamation mark: The children expected him to praise them, but the grandfather, shaking his head, said: “This stone has been lying here for many years, this is where it belongs...” - and told about the feat of three Soviet intelligence officers(Dry); Pyotr Mikhailych wanted to say: “Please don’t get involved in your own affairs!” – but remained silent(Ch.); She[dog] stops. I repeat: “What is said?” – and I keep it on the counter for a long time(Priv.);
G) if direct speech is directly included in the author’s sentence as its member, then it is enclosed in quotation marks, and punctuation marks are placed according to the terms of the author’s sentence: Having told Grichmar the phrase “There is no easy life, there is only an easy death,” Krymov caught Stishov’s restless, warning glance(Bond.).
If direct speech belongs to different persons, then each replica is highlighted separately in quotation marks:
A) replicas are separated from each other by a dash: “Is the samovar ready?” - “Not yet...” - “Why? Someone came there." – “Avdotya Gavrilovna”(M.G.);
b) if one of the remarks is accompanied by introducing author’s words, then the next one is not separated by a dash: “You’re a widow, aren’t you?” – he asked quietly. "Third year". - “How long were you married?” - “A year and five months...”(M.G.);
V) A dot and a dash are placed between replicas belonging to different persons and equipped with different author’s words: As he passed by, he said, “Don’t forget to buy tickets.” “I’ll try,” I replied.; if the first replica contains exclamation or question marks, the period is omitted: Passing by, he shouted: “Cheer up!” “I’ll try,” I replied. ;
G) A comma and a dash are placed between remarks belonging to different persons, but united by a common author’s sentence: When the clerk said: “It would be good, master, to do this and that,” “Yes, not bad,” he usually answered.(G.); if the first replica contains exclamation or question marks, the comma is omitted: When I asked, “Why do you wear a carpet on your back?” “I’m cold,” he replied.; the same with a different arrangement of parts of the author’s sentence: When I asked, “Why do you wear a carpet on your back?” - he replied: “I’m cold”(Current.).
At paragraph allocation lines of dialogue is placed before the replica dash; After the author's words preceding the dialogue, a colon or period is placed. If the author’s text contains words introducing direct speech, then a colon is placed after them; if there are no such words, then a dot is added:
Carmen took her hand away; the unfinished beat froze with a questioning ringing.
– “I’ll finish the game,” she said.
– When?
– When will you be with me(Green).
The telegraph operator, a strict, dry woman, having read the telegram,suggested :
– Make it different. You are an adult, not in kindergarten.
– Why? - asked the Weird. “I always write to her like this in letters.” This is my wife!.. You probably thought...
– You can write whatever you want in letters, but a telegram is a type of communication. This is clear text.
The weirdo rewrote(Shuksh.).
The same with a single replica:
Shatsky walked around the room.
– Stuffiness, stuffiness! - he muttered. – The evenings here cause asthma(Paust.).
His eyes are lowered to his plate. Then he raised them to Nadya, ordinary blue eyes, smiled and said quietly:
– Excuse me. It's my fault. This is childish of me(Sol.).
Paragraph and non-paragraph (with the help of quotation marks) highlighting of direct speech is used differentially. If the text alternates between external speech (addressed to the interlocutor) and internal speech (thought to oneself), then external speech is formatted using paragraph highlighting, and internal speech is formatted using quotation marks:
– Hmmm. Well, you're right. Business cannot be exchanged for idleness. Go ahead and draw your triangles.
Nadya looked pleadingly into Ivan’s eyes. “Well, what’s so scary about that,”I wanted to tell her . - Tomorrow will be a new evening, we can go to the White Mountains. And the day after tomorrow. But it’s not my fault if I promised two weeks ago.”(Sol.).
And after my words, he smiled from ear to ear (his mouth was just from ear to ear) and joyfully agreed:
– Okay, let's go then.
“Here I’ll show you, let’s go,” -I thought to myself (Sol.).
Only the inner ( thought to myself) speech in the author’s text, outside of dialogue:
Kuzma looked where they pointed. There, on the slope of another slope, mowers walked in a chain. Behind them, the mown grass remained in even lines - beautiful. “One of them is Marya,” -Kuzma thought calmly (Shuksh.); Kuzma looked at her with joy. “What else was I, a fool, looking for?” –he thought (Shuksh.).
Quotes conclude in quotes and are formalized with punctuation marks in the same way as direct speech (see § 133–136):
A) Marcus Aurelius said: “Pain is a living idea of pain: make an effort of will to change this idea, throw it away, stop complaining, and the pain will disappear.”(Ch.); Remember the words of L.N. Tolstoy more often: “A person has only responsibilities!”; M. Aliger has the lines: “A person needs very little for happiness to grow to its full height”; L. N. Tolstoy has an interesting comparison: “Just as the eye has an eyelid, so a fool has self-confidence to protect himself from the possibility of defeat of his vanity. And both, the more they take care of themselves, the less they see - they close their eyes.” ;
b) “Whoever shoots at the past with a pistol, the future will shoot at him with a cannon,” wrote R. Gamzatov; “He is not a writer who has not added at least a little vigilance to a person’s vision,” said K. Paustovsky ;
V) “To create something,” wrote Goethe, “one must be something”; “If on Nikolai (December 19),” the book said, “the day is cold and clear, it’s a good year for the grain harvest.”(Sol.);
G) Pascal’s statement: “Whoever knows how to suggest that he is not very cunning is no longer simple” sounds aphoristic; Picasso’s words: “Art is an emanation of pain and sadness” have a deep meaning .
If the quotation is not given in full, then an omission is indicated ellipsis(at the beginning of the quote, in the middle or at the end):
A) “...If good has a reason, it is no longer good; if good has a consequence, then it is no longer good. Good is beyond effects and causes,” wrote L. N. Tolstoy in his diaries; “...The poem develops into my memories, which at least once a year (often in December) demand that I do something with them,” notes A. Akhmatova in “Prose about the Poem” ;
b) “The biography of the heroine... is written down in one of my notebooks,” writes A. Akhmatova in one of her letters from Komarov ;
V) “Goethe says somewhere that nothing significant can be created in a foreign language, but I always thought that this was not true...” wrote M. Tsvetaeva in 1926 to Rilke .
If the quotation precedes the author's text, then after the ellipsis the word is written with capital letter; if the quotation comes after the author’s words, then after the ellipsis it is used lowercase letter : “... Olesha’s books fully express his essence, be it “Envy”, or “Three Fat Men”, or polished little stories,” wrote V. Lidin; V. Lidin wrote: “...Olesha’s books fully express his essence, be it “Envy”, or “Three Fat Men”, or polished little stories” .
A quotation included in the author's proposal as a component of it is highlighted in quotation marks(but starts with a lowercase letter), punctuation marks are used only those that are dictated by the author’s sentence itself: L. N. Tolstoy’s thought “time is the relationship between the movement of one’s life and the movement of other beings,” expressed in his diaries, has a philosophical content .
If the quotation is not an independent sentence and ends with an ellipsis, then after the closing quotation marks a period is placed, referring to the entire sentence as a whole: Iskander noted that “wisdom is a mind infused with conscience...”. Wed: Academician I.P. Pavlov wrote that “an idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death; lordship is the most dangerous poison" . – Academician I.P. Pavlov wrote that “an idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death..." . – Academician I.P. Pavlov wrote: “An idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death..."(In the first and second cases, the period after the closing quotation marks refers to the entire sentence as a whole; in the third, the quotation is framed as an independent sentence that has its own final sign (ellipsis), so there is no period after the closing quotation mark.)
When abbreviating a quotation that already has ellipses that perform certain functions inherent to them, the ellipses placed by the author quoting the text, indicating the abbreviation of the quotation, are enclosed in angle brackets: In the diary of L. N. Tolstoy we read: “She cannot renounce her feelings<…>. For her, like all women, feeling comes first, and every change occurs, perhaps, independently of the mind, in feeling... Maybe Tanya is right that this will pass by itself little by little<…>» .
If the quoted text already contains a quotation, then use quotation marks of different shapes - “cute” ( „“ ) and “Christmas trees” ( «» ). “Paws” (or “paws”) is an internal sign; “Christmas tree” – external. For example: ““Respect for the past is the trait that distinguishes education from savagery,” Pushkin once said. Near this line, it seems, we have now stopped, realizing that we cannot retreat back, and not daring, but getting ready and getting ready to move forward, to true respect.”(Spread).
If it is necessary for the quoter to highlight individual words of the quotation, this selection is indicated in parentheses: ( emphasized by us. – N.V.); (italics are ours. – N.V.); (our detente. – Ed.). For example: “Whoever wants to study man in history must be able to analyze historical (highlighted by us. – N.V.) emotions"(Yu. Lotman).
If the quoting person inserts his own explanatory text into the quotation or expands an abbreviated word, then this explanation is enclosed in square or angle brackets: “Thank you for admiring Moore[son of M. Tsvetaeva] …” – writes M. Tsvetaeva to B. Pasternak in 1927; “I must have read the staircase!” P[that's why] h[That] Leia read. Get it from her, correct the typos,” writes M. Tsvetaeva to B. Pasternak in 1927.
References to the author and source of citation are enclosed in parentheses; The period ending the quotation is placed after the closing parenthesis. For example: “To think broadly pedagogically means to be able to see the educational meaning in any social phenomenon” (Azarov Yu. Study in order to teach // New World. 1987. No. 4. P. 242).
If a quotation ends with a question or exclamation mark, or an ellipsis, then these marks retain their place (they appear before the closing quotation mark). When listing examples, the period after the closing bracket is replaced with a semicolon: “How mysterious you are, thunderstorm!” (I. Bunin. The fields smell...); “Don't leave your loved ones. There are no former lovers in the world..." (A. Voznesensky. Poems. M., 2001. P. 5).
If an indication of the author or the cited source is placed below the quotation, in particular with epigraphs, then the parentheses are removed, as are the quotation marks in the quotation, and at the end of the quotation a sign corresponding to the given sentence is placed. For example:
White rose with black toad
I wanted to get married on earth.
S. Yesenin
You don't love me, you love mine!
F. Dostoevsky
... Why so often
I feel sorry for the whole world and I feel sorry for the person?
N. Zabolotsky
Painting teaches you to look and see...
A. Blok
In quotation marks quotations (other people's speech) included in the author's text, including direct speech, are highlighted (see § 140–145).
Without quotes Poetic quotations are issued if they are given while preserving the author's stanza. The position in the text takes on the excretory function:
The twelfth - the last and short - chapter of the book begins. The twelfth hour of Alexander Blok’s short life is striking.
Only in the menacing morning fog
the clock strikes for the last time...
…The year one thousand nine hundred and twenty has arrived, the fourth year of the new October era(Eagle).
Not in quotation marks and direct speech when conveying dialogue using paragraph division (see § 138), since the position in the text takes on the excretory function.
They are highlighted with quotation marks. other people's words included in the author's text, when their belonging to another person is indicated: This happened in the spring of 1901, which Blok called"extremely important" (Eagle); Pasternak writes: “... in my individual case, life turned into artistic implementation, as it was born from fate and experience.” But what is"fate and experience" V"special case" Pasternak? This again"artistic transformation" , with whom meetings, correspondence, conversations were connected - with Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Aseev, Paolo Yashvili, Titian Tabidze(Lich.); Jordan loved Kiprensky and called him"kind soul" (Paust.); Pasternak's struggle for"unheard of simplicity" poetic language was a struggle not for its intelligibility, but for its primordiality, originality - the absence of poetic secondaryity, primitive traditionality...(Lich.).
In quotation marks words that are alien to the writer’s vocabulary are highlighted: words used in an unusual (special, professional) meaning, words belonging to a special, often narrow circle of people communicating: I poked the oar, little boy"dal var" (Priv.); The grass did not wither for a long time. Only a blue haze (it’s popularly called"mga" ) covered the reaches of the Oka River and distant forests."Mga" it thickened, then turned pale(Paust.); Sasha lives"on bread" in a bourgeois house(Boon.); A solution of calcium sulfate salts from gypsum can pass into the microscopic pores of ceramics and give"efflorescence" on the surface of the work there are whitish spots under the glaze. Ideally, only ceramics would take root on ceramics. Such"implant" would age in sync with the original(magazine).
In quotation marks foreign style words are highlighted, the ironic meaning of the word is emphasized, an indication is given of the double meaning of the word or the meaning known only to the one to whom the words are addressed: ...Many pages of an English classic novel"breaking" from the wealth of the material world and sparkle with this wealth(M. Urnov) (another style word in a scientific text); ...The mystery of this mysterious acquisition, a generous gift for"services" , serves as an example of ambiguous talk(M. Urnov) (ironic meaning of the word); As long as it's a secret, don't say anything"there" known to you"especially" (Ch.) ( there, person- the meaning of the words is known only to the addressee); I started taking exams... when"decent persons" they weren't kept(Eagle) (indication of the special, secret meaning of the word); ...And if not for this thesis, it is still unknown what the departmental"bewilderment" (Hall.) (ironic and deprecatory use of the word); And so every day from"dawn" before"dawn" . A"dawn" - this is a special article used by the guard at the guardhouse in the morning and evening(Gil.) (double meaning - generally accepted and conventional).
In quotation marks words used in a special, often conditional meaning are highlighted: After all, the zero cycle is"dust-free" cycle, it does not require numerous subcontractors and suppliers(Hall.).
Quotation marks emphasize the purely grammatical unusualness of the use of words, for example in the case when parts of speech or entire phrases that are not intended to express these functions are used as members of a sentence: "Want?" , "let it be you" sounded in my ears and produced some kind of intoxication; I didn’t see anything or anyone except Sonechka(L. T.); From his friendly"I was waiting for you" she cheered up(B.P.).
In Russian, any “foreign” speech expressed verbatim and included in the author’s text is called direct. In conversation, she stands out with pauses and intonation. And in a letter it can be highlighted in two ways: in one line “in selection” or by writing each remark from a paragraph. Direct speech, to form it correctly, is a rather difficult topic for children. Therefore, when studying rules alone, it is not enough; there must be clear examples of writing such sentences.
Direct speech “dialogue”, punctuation marks and the formatting of conversations in writing is a rather complex topic that needs to be properly understood. Firstly, remarks belonging to different persons are most often recorded from a paragraph. For example:
- Look into that nest over there: is there anything there?
- There is nothing. Not a single egg!
- Are there any shells near the nest?
- There are no shells!
- What's happened!? It's not like some kind of animal is in the habit of stealing eggs - we need to trace it!
Two persons, designed using paragraph marking, in which each new paragraph with a remark from one of the interlocutors must always begin with a dash and a capital letter. Replies may consist of one or more exclamation or interrogative types.
Secondly, direct speech, after which punctuation marks are placed in a special order, can be written in one line. To format the dialogue in this way “in a selection” without indicating who exactly they belong to, each of them must be enclosed in quotation marks and highlighted with a dash. For example:
“Well, what are you doing?” - “I’m afraid, what if the ladder falls?” - “The ladder won’t fall, but you might drop the basket with eggs!”
If one of the statements is followed by author's notes, the dash before the next phrase is omitted. And a comma and a dash are placed before the author’s words.
“She’s sleeping,” Tanya said. “Show me where he sleeps!”
If, in writing a conversation between several people, the author’s preliminary words are included, then a colon is placed after them. Moreover, it is also mandatory in cases where there is no verb that determines the continuation of the conversation, but direct speech is clearly visible. For example:
Mother smiled:
- You are my smart girl!
This phrase can also be written in one line, only then you need to use quotes: For example:
The mother smiled: “My good girl!”
It is worth noting that unspoken thoughts or inner speech of the author are always highlighted in quotation marks, regardless of where in the sentence it is located. Echo sounds are also placed in quotation marks in writing. For example:
“Now I’d like some hot tea,” he thought.
I stand and think: “Why is this rain?”
"Hey, people?" - the echo repeated loudly.
Before writing words of direct speech, always put a colon after the author’s words and open quotation marks. The remark always begins with a capital letter, an exclamation point is placed before the closing quotation marks, or a period is placed only after the quotation marks.
There are some cases where after the words of the author there is direct speech, the punctuation marks in which are slightly different from those described above. Namely, if in the absence of a verb denoting the subsequent remark, it is impossible to put the words “and said”, “and thought”, “and exclaimed”, “and asked” and the like, in such cases a colon is not placed after the author’s notes. For example:
Nobody wanted to leave.
- Tell us another story!
My words confused everyone.
- So you don't trust us?
Quotations given in the text are distinguished using approximately the same rules. If it is not given in full, then an ellipsis is placed where the words are missing. As a rule, quotations are always separated by commas, even if they are similar to Before a quotation with the first words omitted, they begin to be written with an ellipsis and, if it is located in the middle of a sentence, then with a lowercase one. Here, as in the case of direct speech, colons and dashes are used, which are placed according to already known rules regarding the location of the quotation.
In the case where the author’s words need to be inserted into direct speech in the text, the statements are enclosed in quotation marks along with the author’s notes. For example:
“I’ll go to my grandmother,” the kid said, “and that’s all!”
There are cases when quotation marks are not used at all, commas are used instead:
If, when breaking statements, direct speech should not have ended with any sign, or a comma, dash, colon or semicolon was provided, then a comma and a dash are placed before the author’s words, and a period and a dash are placed at the end. Then the rest of the replica is written in capital letters. For example:
“I’ll be gone for a few minutes,” said Helen. “I’ll be there soon.”
In cases where in the first part of direct speech there should have been a question or exclamation mark before the break, it is placed before the dash and the author's words, after which they put a period and then direct speech continues after the dash. The ellipsis with colon is also preserved.
Direct speech, which is not so difficult to learn, is found very often in literary works. Therefore, books can be a good visual aid for studying this topic. After all, visual perception, together with knowledge of the rules, can well consolidate knowledge on the topic “Direct Speech” in memory.
Punctuation marks, sentence patterns with the location of direct speech and quotations in the text are studied at school for many years, which is understandable, because this section of the Russian language is quite voluminous and has many subtleties. However, the basic rules that are most often used in writing are not that difficult to remember.
The author's narrative may include statements or individual words belonging to other persons. There are several ways to introduce someone else's speech into a sentence or text: direct speech, indirect speech, improperly direct speech And dialogue.
Legend:
P- direct speech starting with a capital letter;
P– direct speech starting with a lowercase letter;
A– author’s words starting with a capital letter;
A– words of the author starting with a lowercase letter.
And his father told him
_You, Gavrilo, are great!_
(Ershov)
“Everything will be decided,” he thought, approaching the living room, “I’ll explain it to her myself.” (Pushkin).
He sat down in a chair, put his cane in the corner, yawned and announced that it was getting hot outside (Lermontov).
I didn’t ask my faithful companion why he didn’t take me straight to those places (Turgenev).
Suddenly the driver began to look to the side and, finally, taking off his hat, turned to me and said_ _ Master, would you order me to come back?_ (Pushkin)
No, no, she repeated in despair, it’s better to die, it’s better to go to a monastery, I’d rather marry Dubrovsky.
Oh, my fate is deplorable! _
The princess tells him
If you want to take me
Then deliver it to me in three days
My ring is made of okiyan_.
(Ershov)
I answered with indignation that I, an officer and a nobleman, could not enter into any service with Pugachev and could not accept any orders from him (according to Pushkin).
Sometimes I tell myself_ _ No, of course not! The little prince always covers the rose with a glass cap at night, and he takes great care of the lamb..._ (Antoine de Saint-Exupéry)
The girl tells him_
_But look, you’re gray;
I'm only fifteen years old:
How can we get married?
All the kings will begin to laugh,
Grandfather, they will say, took his granddaughter!_
(Ershov)
He reported_ _ that the governor ordered his officials on special assignments to wear spurs_ (according to Turgenev).
He sat down next to me and began to tell me what a famous surname and important upbringing he had (according to Leskov).
It doesn’t matter, Petrusha, my mother told me, this is your imprisoned father; kiss his hand and may he bless you..._ (Pushkin)
It used to be that you would stand in the corner, so that your knees and back would ache, and you would think_ _ Karl Ivanovich forgot about me; It must be calm for him to sit on an easy chair and read hydrostatics - but what does it feel like for me?_ _ and you begin, to remind yourself of yourself, slowly opening and closing the damper or picking the plaster from the wall (Tolstoy).
You are not our sovereign_ _ replied Ivan Ignatich, repeating the words of his captain._ You, uncle, are a thief and an impostor!_ (Pushkin)
The next day, at breakfast, Grigory Ivanovich asked his daughter if she still intended to hide from the Berestovs (Pushkin).
We all communicate with each other every day. We communicate at home, at work, while on the road or at lunch. Most people increasingly prefer text messages to traditional phone calls, which is why messengers are so popular today. Add to this daily communication on social networks, and the obvious arises - we write a lot. So much and quickly that sometimes we forget to put commas, check spelling, exaggerate with exclamation marks or get carried away with ellipses. A psychologist and hypnologist spoke about what punctuation marks say about our character.
Don't use commas or use too many commas
Commas are a multifunctional sign; it is difficult to judge character by it. But it is possible using some syntactic structures. A large number of unnecessary commas indicates an uneducated but conscientious person who knows that he should put commas in the text, but does not know where exactly and how many.
Place an ellipsis after each sentence...
As a rule, an ellipsis after each sentence is used to indicate the incompleteness of a statement caused by the speaker’s excitement, a break in the logical development of thought, external interference, to indicate hesitations or interruptions in speech.
But it happens that the text is simply full of dots: inappropriate and out of place. People who are talkative and whose thoughts cannot keep up with their words suffer from ellipsis. They are in a hurry to say, they are reluctant to think it through to the end. Graphologists consider the abundance of ellipses to be a sign of weak character.
If you were lucky enough to be born with an ellipsis, you are meaningful and democratic, open-minded and dynamic, mysterious and unconventional. If these qualities are not enough from birth, you can and should develop, because ellipsis is life with its understatement and surprises, many options and unpredictability. This is an opportunity to come up with your own version of the development of an event, to gain power over circumstances. Any sign can become an ellipsis, as long as there is a desire confirmed by action.
Use exclamation marks a lot
Too many exclamation points indicate youthful enthusiasm and excitement. Often in letters from schoolchildren, exclamation marks are placed anywhere, without any justification. Also, this habit is characteristic of temperamental people, ready to prove that they are right at all costs. Well, it’s not for nothing that this mark is called an exclamation mark; it is used when they want to focus attention on the subject of conversation, emphasize their thought, and confirm their opinion.
Put/don't put a dash
Dash - this sign is preferred by emotional and demonstrative people. A sort of sweeping sign, somewhat akin to an exclamation point.
A dash is something so self-evident that it’s not worth talking about, a dash, and nothing more. I’m the boss, you’re the fool, he’s the smart one, and you’re the idiot. The girl on the cover of a glossy magazine is simply super, and I am a reflection in a distorting mirror. What is there to discuss? Everything is clear, in one word - a dash. But! What goes without saying for a person - a dash - can have a completely different meaning for his interlocutor. There is a boss, but mental abilities are not determined by the chair he occupies. The girl on the cover is perfect and uninteresting, but my non-standard appearance is somehow catchy. Smart people sometimes cannot give anything new to the world, but the idiot Einstein, who failed his final exams, created the theory of relativity.
Put a lot of question marks, ending your sentence not with a question, but???!!
An abundance of question marks in a letter is often characteristic of people who are unsure of themselves. When expressing an opinion, they leave themselves the opportunity to retreat: “I’m just guessing and not insisting on anything.” But again, emotional and eccentric people tend to express feelings in such a way that their text contains a large number of question marks and exclamation marks.
Using CAPS LOCK
When writing CAPS LOCK, you can tell that the person has problems with self-esteem. In life, few people listen to him or take him seriously, so a person wants to draw attention to himself in this way. In other words, all this is due to the poverty of the mind. And sometimes, when a person switches completely to capital letters in a conversation, this indicates his emotional leap, that is, something either delights him, or irritates him and has already pissed him off.
Some people use capslocking to make their words more expressive, for example when commenting on someone's joke or statement.
Start all sentences with a small letter
In informal communication, be it correspondence on a social network or instant messenger, this may not mean anything except that a person does not pay attention to this nuance. At the same time, the auto-correctors built into phones sometimes suggest replacing a lowercase letter with a capital one. Therefore, it is unlikely that you will be able to write all sentences with a small letter.
There is another example when the interlocutor deliberately writes, say, your name with a small letter, or, when talking about another person, does the same. By doing so, he deliberately shows disrespect. The reason for this could be anything.
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