Ancient Egypt remains one of the most mysterious civilizations of our planet. The secret of the technologies used to build the pyramids has not yet been fully revealed. The riddle of the Sphinx, the curse of Tutankhamun, the mystical disappearance of Nefertiti - what other surprises will archaeologists find in the hot desert sands?
The shoes found by archaeologists in Luxor immediately became the subject of long scientific battles. Firstly, it is made from expensive leather of animals that were not found in Egypt, that is, the owners were wealthy foreigners. Secondly, seven pairs of shoes (and in appearance the shoes actually resemble modern men’s shoes) for some reason were carefully packed in a clay jar.
IN Egyptian Museum there is a mysterious statue of Pharaoh Khafru, carved from a single piece of black diorite and polished to a mirror shine. It is known that Khafre owned the largest of the Giza pyramids. It is also known that in those days it was simply impossible to process solid diorite with stone and copper tools. Where did this statue come from then?
An international team of scientists last year launched an infrared scanning project for the Giza Pyramids. The use of infrared thermography has revealed some very strange stones located in the middle of the Great Pyramid. The fact is that the temperature of the three limestone blocks is much higher than the temperature of the rest of the pyramid - as if there is a room behind them where the fire is burning. But how can a fire burn for three thousand years?
Scientists are still arguing about the causes of death of the famous pharaoh Tutankhamun. There are several main versions, from murder to an illness unknown to science. In 2005, researchers conducted a CT scan of the pharaoh's mummy and received a bunch of mysteries instead of answers. There is a good chance that it is not Tutankhamun who is buried in the sarcophagus at all.
Fragments of the second sphinx (the first was installed near the pyramids at Giza) were almost accidentally discovered by a group of archaeologists in northern Israel. Judging by the remains of hieroglyphic writing on the statue, it was created for the Egyptian ruler Mikerin, the owner of the smallest of the Giza pyramids. But how did the Sphinx get to Israel?
It is now believed that there was another pyramid at Giza. The owner is believed to be Djedefre, who became pharaoh after Khufu. The mystery is that someone simply cut the entire pyramid from its base and dragged it away to an unknown location.
Known throughout Egypt for her beauty, the Egyptian Queen Nefertiti was the wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten and was known as the Ruler of the Nile and Daughter of the Gods. But in the twelfth year of Akhenaten’s reign, the name of Nefertiti suddenly disappears forever, as if a ban had been imposed on him. In addition, the mummy of the great queen was never found.
Ancient Egypt has captivated our imaginations ever since we shook the sand from the paws of the Great Sphinx. It has been an obsession of many archaeologists and historians for the past two centuries. This is a land whose mysteries have been spent many years unraveling.
However, even after this there is still much that we do not know. Some of the greatest relics ancient world still lie beneath the sands of Egypt, waiting to be found. But more often than not, such finds only create even more mysteries and raise even more questions.
3-04-2017, 11:17 |
The Egyptian pyramids are those wonders of the world that have captivated human attention for many centuries. Mysterious structures, the construction of which no one can accurately explain. One thing makes the mystery of the Egyptian pyramids even more interesting.
It is known that Napoleon in the 18th century. not yet being Emperor of France, I wanted to visit inside. During the Egyptian campaign, he was attracted by mystical legends. He stayed inside for about 20 minutes. And then he came out very puzzled and even a little scared, silently and with difficulty getting on his horse, he returned to his headquarters. However, to this day no one knows what struck Napoleon then; he took this secret with him.
And for a long time now, scientists, Egyptologists and simple daredevils have been trying to understand main function. But even now the pyramids are a big mystery that our ancestors left us. No one can say how they were built or what they were intended for.
Over the past 20-30 years, interest in the pyramids of Egypt has increased greatly. But it is still not known exactly what their purpose was. There were a lot of Egyptologists who did not see only the tombs of pharaohs in the pyramids. On the contrary, many scientists put forward other versions and some of them are able to change the idea modern man about ancient civilizations. remain a big mystery to people; it is very difficult to imagine that such structures were built just to bury the pharaoh. Their construction was very grandiose, and a lot of effort was spent.
One of the Arab historians who lived in the 14th century. wrote about the Cheops pyramid. In his opinion, it was built by order of the mythical sage Hermes Trismegistus. He ordered the construction of 30 treasure vaults, they were filled with jewelry and various weapons. Another Arab traveler who lived in the same century argued that the pyramids were erected before the flood. They were built to preserve books and other valuable items.
In Ancient Egypt, powerful pharaohs ruled, and they had crowds of slaves under their command. Pharaohs Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure are known as the most important. But the problem is that in these three pyramids there is no evidence in the form of hieroglyphic inscriptions or mummies indicating that these are their pyramids.
On September 17, 2002, a report appeared in the media that several researchers intend to visit the cache, which was discovered in. They were going to do this with the help of a special robot. It was equipped with a camera. Everyone expected the secret of the pyramid to be revealed. But everyone was disappointed; they were unable to penetrate far. This is due to the design of the pyramids. After a certain stage of construction, it is no longer possible to enter some rooms.
In 1872, the British scientist Dixon tapped one of the chambers, the so-called queen's chamber. While tapping, he discovered voids, then used a pick to destroy the thin wall of the cladding. He managed to discover two holes of equal size, 20 cm each. Dixon and his like-minded people decided that these were adits for ventilation.
Already in 1986, French specialists used a special apparatus and, with the help of technology, also discovered cavities that were thicker than other stone masonry. Then specialists from Japan used special modern electronic devices. They illuminated the entire area and the rest of the area to the Sphinx. Research showed many voids in the form of labyrinths, but it was not possible to get there. And those premises that scientists could explore did not yield results. No mummies or any remains of material culture were discovered there.
So the question arises - where did all the contents go - the sarcophagus or the jewelry. Maybe Egyptologists correctly put forward the version that after several centuries robbers visited the pyramid and took everything with them. But now many people think that the tombs were empty from the beginning, even before the entrance was walled up.
To prove the theory that it was originally empty there can be cited one historical fact. In IX, Caliph Abdullah al-Mamun and his detachment penetrated into. When they found themselves inside in the king's chamber, they were supposed to find treasures there, which, according to legend, were buried with the pharaoh. But nothing was found there. Everything seemed to be cleaned; clean walls and floors and empty sarcophagi appeared before the caliph.
This applies not only to these pyramids at Giza, but to all those built by the III and IV dynasties. Neither the pharaoh's body nor any signs of burial were ever found in these pyramids. And some didn’t even have sarcophagi. This is also another secret...
A stepped one was opened in Saqqara in 1954. There was a sarcophagus in it. When scientists found it, it was still sealed, which means that the robbers were not there. So in the end it turned out to be empty. There is a hypothesis that the pyramids are a special place that was sacralized. There is an opinion that a person entered one of the chambers of the pyramid, and then came out already deified. However, this does not seem to be a rational assumption. Most of all, the belief is that Mamun found maps in the pyramid that were compiled by representatives of a highly developed civilization.
This can be confirmed by the following event. After returning from Egypt, the Caliph created maps of the earth's surface and the most accurate catalog of stars for that period of time - the Damascus Tables. Based on this, it can be assumed that some secret knowledge was stored in the depths of the pyramid, which later ended up in the hands of Mamun. He takes them with him to Bogdad.
There is another approach to studying the mystery of the pyramids. According to research by geologists, a pyramid is a clot of specific pyramidal energy. Thanks to its shape, the pyramid can accumulate this energy. This kind of research is still quite young, but many people are doing it. Such studies have only been carried out since the 1960s. There are even facts allegedly that the razor blades that were located inside the pyramid became sharp again for some time.
It is believed that the pyramid became a place for processing energy into other, more convenient energy. Then it was used for some other things.
This theory goes far beyond the boundaries of official science. However, it still exists and it has its followers. Various scientists are trying to discover the secrets of these structures different ways. Many unknowns remain. Even elementary - how did such massive structures survive for thousands of years? Their construction looks so reliable that it forces many to think about the secret meaning of the pyramids.
It is already a proven fact that most of the buildings of other ancient civilizations have long since collapsed. Archaeologists are making great efforts to find them and somehow restore them. But only the top lining fell off the pyramids. The rest of their design symbolizes reliability.
Already from the 19th century. Many Egyptologists study the structure of the pyramids. And they made astonishing conclusions. No one can reveal the secret of construction Egyptian tombs. However, it has been proven that the size of the slabs is selected with an accuracy of up to a millimeter. Each slab is identical in size to the previous one. And the joints between them are so correctly made that it doesn’t even allow a blade to be inserted there. This is simply incredible. How could the inhabitants of that distant time build so correctly without any technical innovations?
The calculated width between granite blocks is 0.5 mm. This is ingenious and defies explanation. This is the accuracy that they have modern devices. But this is by no means the only secret in construction. Also striking are the right angles and the precise symmetry between the four sides. But an even more important mystery is who brought several stone blocks to such a great height. The main version is that they built pyramids. But there is a problem with the evidence base. Some nuances do not fit into this version. It is unclear how, given those technical and mechanical solutions, it was possible to build such massive structures.
It has been suggested that modern people simply have no idea what construction technologies were used. But it is impossible to build what was built without modern jacks and other tools.
Sometimes versions are put forward that are simply absurd at first glance - what kind of technologies were they, maybe some alien civilizations brought them here. Even with all the achievements of modern man, it would be difficult to repeat such construction. This could have been done, but the construction itself was difficult. And here is another secret that the pyramids carry with them.
Those pyramids that are located in Giza also contain the Sphinx and the Valleys, and here’s another secret for you. During their construction, slabs weighing almost 200 tons were used. And here it becomes unclear how the blocks were moved in Right place. And 200 tons is not the limit of the Egyptians' capabilities. In Egypt there are architectural structures weighing 800 tons.
It is also interesting that around the complex there were not even any hints found that such blocks were dragged from somewhere or moved to the construction site. Nothing found. Hence the assumption about levitation technology is put forward. Based on the myths and traditions of ancient peoples, a lot can be learned in this regard. useful information. Some of them directly or indirectly indicate the existence of such technology. You may even find images that look like a tank or a helicopter. In principle, for those who adhere to an alternative version of the construction of the pyramids, this theory explains a lot.
Of course, even alternative versions, if we are to be objective, cannot be discounted. Every scientist or ordinary person can go and see for himself what kind of structures these are. It immediately becomes clear that this is not a primitive construction by some slaves. This is not even construction using exclusively manual labor. If you follow the logic, then there must be some unknown construction system, and again not a simple one. An example is the construction of massive and reliable structures using special technologies that have not yet been discovered by modern researchers.
Now there are about three dozen different hypotheses that are trying to uncover the secrets of the pyramids. Most Egyptologists are of the opinion about the use of inclined planes, but historians are not architects. But they put forward other versions. They precisely determined that in order to lay an inclined plane to , an inscription more than 1.5 km long would be needed. Moreover, the volume of the inscription itself would be three times the volume of the pyramid itself. Another question that arises is what to build from. Build from plain soil it would be impossible to accurately, since they would begin to settle over time and under the weight of the blocks.
Another mystery is what tools were used to build the blocks. And in general they were built as a whole. One way or another, now it is impossible to adhere to an unambiguous version in this matter. There are many secrets left that are still inaccessible to humans. Both rational and, for some, absurd versions were given here. However, there are such versions, and history is an objective thing. And therefore, such alternative versions also have the right to exist.
Few civilizations have a more mysterious reputation than ancient Egypt. Of course, humanity has already learned a lot about the country of hieroglyphs and sacred cats, but much remains to be unraveled. Perhaps one day we will find answers to all questions, but for now we can only speculate.
Tutankhamun is probably the most famous of all the pharaohs, despite his early death. But how did he die? We have a few guesses. X-rays from 1968 and a CT scan from 2005 show broken ribs and a leg. Fell from the chariot? Accident? Pyramid robber vandalism? The second theory: bad heredity as a result of incest, because his parents were brother and sister.
We really have no idea where he is buried. Alexander wanted to be thrown into the Euphrates River after his death in 323 BC, but the military leaders chose to bury him. Alexander was first buried in Memphis. Then moved to a new tomb in Alexandria, and then reburied again in Alexandria. In 215 AD the Roman Emperor Caracalla visited his grave, and this is the last mention of it in history.
To date, we have learned almost nothing about the Sphinx. Before 1817, all we could see was his head poking out of the sand. We don't even know what the ancient Egyptians called it. “Sphinx” is the Greek word that began to be used to call it much later. And we still don’t know what it symbolizes and why it was erected.
In 2004, archaeologist Angelo Sesana's team found a jar deliberately hidden in a small space between two brick walls inside the temple in Luxor. There were seven pairs of shoes inside. Why are there shoes there, and what is the fate of their owners? Egypt expert Andre Veldmeier assessed the shoes as expensive and clearly not for commoners. We also don’t know exactly how old the shoes are, but clearly at least two thousand.
“Screaming” mummies with their mouths open are not uncommon. They don't even really "scream". Many mummies had their mouths opened during embalming so that the person could eat, drink and breathe in afterlife. However, there is one mummy that seemed to actually scream as if in agony. "Unknown Man E" was discovered in 1886, and some researchers believe he may have been poisoned or buried alive.
For many years, Nefertiti ruled Egypt alongside Pharaoh Akhenaten until she simply disappeared. After 1336 BC there is no mention of her. There is not even her grave or mummy, although the Egyptians were very respectful of the dead. In 2015, Egypt's Minister of Antiquities said that there was supposedly an additional chamber in Tutankhamun's tomb, and one of them could well be Nefertiti's crypt.
Everyone knows the Great Pyramid of Giza - it is the only remaining one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It has three chambers: the King's chamber, the Queen's chamber and the Great Gallery. But more recently it was discovered that there are at least two more cameras there. There are likely many more hidden chambers and tunnels in the Great Pyramid than we thought.
So, the “Sea Peoples” lived in Egypt. And we know little about who they were. In fact, we don't know anything about them at all. Allegedly, this was a group of pirates who sailed the Mediterranean Sea, and Egypt was a tasty morsel for them. Egyptian texts from the time of Ramses II only mention that “they came from the sea in their warships, and no one could resist them.”
Somewhere in Egypt, over 4,000 years ago, there existed a mysterious and prosperous kingdom called Yam. The Egyptian treasurer Harkhuf mentioned that he returned from Yam with luxurious things: “three hundred donkeys loaded with incense, ebony, incense, grain, leopard skins, elephant tusks, many boomerangs and other wonderful gifts.” Where this heavenly place was located is unknown to us. In any case, there are no traces of him left.
In 1908, in Thebes, British Egyptologist Flinders Petrie stumbled upon an unknown royal tomb, and a century later we still don't know who was buried there. The burial belonged to the XVII or XVIII dynasties, i.e. the bodies were 250 years older than Tutankhamun. One mummy is a young woman, and the other is presumably her child. They both wore gold and ivory jewelry. Unfortunately, the inscription on the tomb was unreadable except for the words “great wife of the pharaoh.”
The secret of the Egyptian pyramids
It is generally accepted that the construction of the Egyptian pyramids was carried out by tens of thousands of people who worked in quarries, moved giant stone blocks to the construction site, dragged them up the scaffolding, installed and fastened them. But is it?
Speaking at the Archaeometry Symposium, which brought together scientists from various disciplines, in Washington last May, polymer chemist Joseph Davidovich of Barry University painted a completely different picture, backing his arguments with results scientific research. He was held chemical analysis samples of stone used to build three pyramids. Comparing them with rocks found in the nearby limestone quarries of Turakh and Mokhatama, from which, apparently, the material for these structures was taken, he discovered that the composition of the facing blocks of building stone contained substances that were not found in the quarries. But in this layer there are thirteen various substances, which, according to J. Davidovits, were “geopolymers” and played the role of a binding material. Therefore, the scientist believes that the ancient Egyptians built pyramids not from natural stone, but from artificially made materials by crushing limestone, making mortar and filling it with a special binder V wooden formwork. Within a few hours, the material hardened, forming blocks indistinguishable from natural stone. Such technology, naturally, took less time and did not require so many workers. This assumption is supported by microscopy of rock samples, showing that limestone from quarries is almost entirely formed by closely “packed” calcite crystals, which give it a uniform density. The facing stone found on site, as part of the pyramids, has a lower density and is replete with airy “bubble” voids. If this stone has natural origin, then we can assume places where it could have been developed by the ancients. But such developments are unknown to Egyptologists.
The binding agent was obviously sodium carbonate, various phosphates (they could be obtained from bones or guano), quartz and silt from the Nile - all this was quite accessible to the Egyptians. Besides facing stone covered with a millimeter-thick layer of substance, which consists almost entirely of these components.
Among other things, the new hypothesis allows us to answer a long-standing question: how were ancient builders able to fit stone blocks with such precision? The proposed construction technology, in which the sidewalls of previously “cast” blocks can serve as formwork for casting a new block between them, makes it possible to adjust them almost without creating space between them.
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