Carrying out calculations of waste from cutting down trees and shrubs
Initial data for calculation
According to the act of inspection, preservation (demolition), replanting of green spaces and calculation of the amount of their replacement cost dated July 26, 2011, case 197/11 falls within the work zone and is subject to demolition:
Trees – spruce (up to 20 years) – 13 pcs.
Free-growing bushes of various species (up to 15 years) -172 pcs. The agreed act of the USPH has been provided (see Appendix).
Waste from stump uprooting accounts for ~ 16.0% of the trunk volume
Density of raw wood - 0.72 t/m 3
Full wood ratio:
The calculated folded volumes of trees, the volumes of above-ground phyto-mass of trees (trunk diameters, tree heights, volume of twigs and branches) are taken according to TERR-2001-68. Collection No. 68. “Improvement. Technical part" according to reference table 1.
Table 1
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Calculation of cutting and uprooting waste
Waste of twigs and branches from logging (173 001 01 01 00 5)
According to the act of inspection, preservation (demolition), and replanting of green spaces, 13 trees with a height of 13 to 20 years and a height of 2.0 to 10 m are subject to felling. and bushes of various species up to 15 years old in the amount of -172 pcs. This type of waste includes: waste of trunks, twigs, branches and crowns of trees to be demolished, without their selective collection.
1) Waste from cutting down spruce trees
V = V total ´ N, m 3
V = 1.49 m 3 /pc. ´ 13 pcs. = 19.37 m 3
B = V ´ ρ ´ (k 1 ´ m 1 + k 2 ´ m 2), t
B = 19.37 m 3 ´ 0.72 t/m 3 ´ (0.178 ´ 0.57+ 0.822 ´ 0.12) = 2.791 t
Where:
V (m 3) – storage volume of waste, trunks, branches, branches and crowns of trees to be demolished, without their selective collection;
B (t) – mass of waste, trunks, branches, branches and crowns of trees to be demolished, without their selective collection;
N (pcs.) – number of trees with a height of 2.0 to 10 m to be demolished;
V total (m 3 /piece) - the volume of waste, trunks, twigs, branches and crowns of one tree with a height of 2.0 to 10 m, subject to demolition;
to 1 (shares of units) – the share of trunks in the total storage volume of trees to be demolished;
k 2 (shares of units) – the share of twigs, branches and crowns in the total storage volume of trees to be demolished;
m 1 (fractions of units) – full wood coefficient for trunks and waste from stump uprooting;
M2 (fractions of units) – full wood coefficient for twigs, branches, and crown.
2) Waste from cutting down bushes
V = V total ´ N, m 3
V = 0.15 m 3 /pc. ´ 172 pcs. = 25.8 m 3
B = V ´ ρ ´ к 2 ´ m 2 , t
B = 25.8 m 3 ´ 0.72 t/m 3 ´ 0.822 ´ 0.12= 1.832 t
Where:
V (m 3) – storage volume of waste, twigs, branches and crowns of bushes to be demolished, without their selective collection;
B (t) – mass of waste, twigs, branches and crowns of bushes to be demolished, without their selective collection;
N (pcs.) – number of bushes to be demolished;
V total (m 3 /piece) - the volume of waste, twigs, branches and crown of one bush to be demolished;
ρ (t/m 3) - density of raw wood;
k 2 (shares of units) – the share of twigs, branches and crowns in the total folded volume of bushes to be demolished;
m 2 (fractions of units) – coefficient of full wood for twigs, branches, and crown.
The total amount of waste of twigs and branches from logging will be 45.17 m 3
or 4.623 t.
Stump removal waste (173 001 02 01 00 5)
This type of waste includes waste from uprooting tree stumps to be demolished without selective collection.
V = V st.d ´k 3 ´N d + V std.k ´k 3 ´ Nk, m 3
V = 0.304 m 3 /pc. ´ 0.16 ´ 13 pcs. + 0.15 m 3 /pcs. ´ 0.16 ´ 172 pcs. = 4.76 m 3
B = V ´ ρ ´ к 1 ´ m 1 , t
B = 4.76 m 3 ´ 0.72 t/m 3 ´ 0.57 = 1.953 t
Where:
V (m 3) – storage volume of waste from uprooting tree stumps to be demolished, without selective collection;
B (t) – mass of waste from uprooting tree stumps to be demolished, without selective collection;
N d (pcs.) – number of trees with a height of 2.0 to 10 m to be demolished;
N d (pcs.) – number of bushes to be demolished;
V stem.d (m 3 /piece) – the volume of the trunk of one tree with a height of 2.0 to 10 m, subject to demolition;
V stem.k (m 3 /piece) – the volume of the trunk of one bush to be demolished;
ρ (t/m 3) - density of raw wood;
to 1 (shares of units) – the share of waste from stump uprooting in the total storage volume of trees or bushes to be demolished;
to 3 (fractions of units) – the share of waste from stump uprooting is equal to the volume of the trunk to be demolished;
m 1 (fractions of units) – full wood coefficient for waste from stump uprooting.
Short description
According to the act of inspection, preservation (demolition), replanting of green spaces and calculation of the amount of their replacement cost dated July 26, 2011, case 197/11 falls within the work zone and is subject to demolition:
-trees – spruce (up to 20 years) – 13 pcs.
- free-growing bushes of various species (up to 15 years) - 172 pcs. The agreed act of the USPH has been provided (see Appendix).
Waste from stump uprooting accounts for ~ 16.0% of the trunk volume
One of the tasks when developing a draft technological regulation for the process of handling construction and demolition waste is to calculate the mass and volume of logging residues formed during the cutting down of green spaces (tree removal) in the construction or demolition zone.
There is no official methodology for calculating the mass and volume of logging residues for these purposes in the Russian Federation. The initial data for such calculations is information about the trees to be cut down (species, height and thickness at a height of 1.3 m) and shrubs (young trees), given in the count sheet from the design documentation for the construction (demolition) project.
This article presents a method for calculating the mass and volume of logging residues developed in our company. As the basis for its development, tabular data from the All-Union standards for forest taxation, approved by Order of the USSR State Forestry Committee of February 28, 1989 No. 38, was used.
1) Data from Table 17 “Trunk volumes (in bark) in young trees by height and diameter at a height of 1.3 m” - to determine the volume of trunks of young growth and shrubs. As a result of processing the given data to determine the average ratio between the diameter (D), height (h) and volume (V) of one trunk, the calculated shape coefficient (Kp from Table 1) was determined, which with an accuracy of +/- 10% allows you to determine the volume of the trunk by formula Vst=Кn*h*пD2/4.
2) Data from tables 18 and 19 “Volumes of trunks (in bark) of tree species by height and diameter at a height of 1.3 m with an average shape coefficient” - to determine the volume of trunks of various tree species. As a result of processing the given data to determine the average ratio between the diameter (D), height (h) and volume (Vst) of one trunk, calculated coefficients were determined for some of the tree species listed in the table, which with an accuracy of +/-10% allows us to determine the volume of the trunk according to the formula Vst = Кn*h*пD2/4. The calculated form factors are given in Table 1
3) Data from table 185 “Weight of 1 cubic meter. m and the volume of 1 ton of wood of different species" - to determine the mass of wood, the values of the mass of one cubic meter of the corresponding type of wood from the column “freshly cut”, or from the column “dry” - for dead wood, were used.
4) Data from table 206 “Volume of bark, twigs, stumps and roots” to determine the volume of twigs and branches, as well as stumps and roots as a percentage of the volume of trunks. For the calculation, average values from the interval given in the tables were used. The volume of twigs and branches is 7% of the volume of trunks, the volume of stumps and roots is 23% of the volume of trunks.
5) Data from Table 187 “Fully wooded brushwood and cottonwood coefficients” - to determine the folded volume of twigs and branches from the full wooded volume using a conversion factor of 10.
FKKO-2014 contains codes for the following waste:
1 52 110 01 21 5 Waste of twigs, branches, tips from logging
1 52 110 02 21 5 Stump uprooting waste
1 54 110 01 21 5 Low-value wood waste (brushwood, dead wood, trunk fragments).
Therefore, the calculation of the mass and volume of logging residues must be calculated by type of waste:
For the technological regulations of the Process of handling construction and demolition waste, it is necessary to calculate the mass of waste, but for temporary storage in storage bins and their removal from the construction site, it is necessary to estimate the volume of logging residues, and in the storage volume.
The calculation is made using the Excel application. An example of an Excel page table header is shown in Table 2.
The calculation was carried out in the following order:
1) Filling out the initial data according to the accounting sheet;
column 2 - line number of the accounting sheet;
column 3 - wood type;
column 4 - number of trees;
column 5 - minimum trunk diameter from the interval specified in the counting sheet;
column 6 - the only value of the trunk diameter indicated in the counting sheet;
column 7 - maximum trunk diameter from the interval specified in the counting sheet;
Column 8 - minimum trunk height from the interval specified in the counting sheet;
column 9 is the only value of the trunk height indicated in the counting sheet;
column 10 - maximum trunk height from the interval specified in the counting sheet;
column 11 - additional number of trunks - if in the column “characteristics of the state of green spaces” n trunks for one tree are indicated, then in column 11 it is indicated (<значение графы 11>= (n-1)*<значение графы 4>.
2) Calculation of the average value of the trunk diameter if there is an interval:<среднее значение диаметра ствола (графа 6)> = (<значение минимального диаметра (графа 5)>+<максимальное значение диметра (графа 7)>)/2;
3) Determination of the volume of one trunk<объем ствола (графа 12)>is made according to Vst = Kn*h*pD2/4, where Kn is the corresponding shape coefficient from Table 1, D is the average trunk diameter, h is the average trunk height. Calculation of the volume of one trunk:<объем ствола в куб.м (графа 12)>=Кn* π*(<диаметр ствола в см (графа 6>/100)* (<диаметр ствола в см (графа 6>/100)*< высота ствола в м (графа 9)>/ 4);
4) Calculation of the dense measure of trunk volume Vpl=Vst*nst, where nst is the total number of trunks:<плотная мера объема стволов (графа 13)> = <средний объем ствола в куб.м (графа 12)>*(<число деревьев или кустов (графа 4)>+<число дополнительных стволов (графы 11)>). For one bush, the number of additional trunks is taken to be 5;
5) Calculation of folding measures (when storing or transporting, it is necessary to take into account the average volume of space occupied by tree trunks or bushes:<складочная мера объема стволов (графа 14)>= <плотная мера объема стволов (графа 13)>*4/p;
6) Calculation of the volume of twigs and branches depending on the volume of the trunk is carried out in accordance with paragraph d) of this article:<объем сучьев и ветвей в плотной мере (графа 16)> = <плотная мера объема стволов (графа 13)> *<переводной коэффициент (графа 15=0,007)>. In folding measure - according to paragraph e) of this article:<объем сучьев и ветвей в складочной мере (графа 18)> = <объем сучьев и ветвей в плотной мере (графа 16)>*<переводной коэффициент (графа 17=10)>;
7) Calculation of the volume of stumps and roots from the volume of the trunk is carried out in accordance with paragraph d) of this article:<объем пней и корней в плотной мере (графа 20)> = < плотная мера объема стволов (графа 13)>*<переводной коэффициент (графа 19=0,23)>. In the fold measure, the volume of stumps and roots is assumed to be double volume:<объем пней и корней в складочной мере (графа 21)> =<объем пней и корней в плотной мере (графа 20)>*2.
8) Calculation of the total volume of wood in a dense measure:<полный объем (графа 22)> = <объем стволов в плотной мере (графа 13)>+<объем сучьев и ветвей в плотной мере (графа 16)>+< объем пней и корней в плотной мере (графа 20)>;
9) Calculation of the total volume of wood in a folded measure (this indicator most objectively allows us to assess the need for the capacity of bodies (containers) of vehicles for removal of logging residues):<полный объем древесины в складочной мере (графа 23)> = <складочная мера объема стволов (графа 14)>+ <объем сучьев и ветвей в складочной мере (графа 18)>+ <объем пней и корней в складочной мере (графа 21)>
10) The volumetric weight of wood in a dense measure (density in t/m3) is recorded in column 24 in accordance with paragraph c) of this article, for species not listed in table 185 - in accordance with Appendix 3 to SNiP II-25-80 (Density of wood and plywood ).
11) Calculation of the weight of the trunks:<вес стволов (графа 22)> = <объем стволов в плотной мере (графа 13)>*<объемный вес древесины (графа 21)>;
12) Calculation of the weight of twigs and branches:<вес сучьев и ветвей (графа 26)> = <объем сучьев и ветвей в плотной мере (графа 16)>*< объемный вес древесины (графа 24)>;
13) Calculation of the weight of stumps and roots:<вес пней и корней (графа 27)> = <объем пней и корней в плотной мере (графа 20)>*< объемный вес древесины (графа 24)>;
14) Total weight of removed waste (logging residues):<вес вывозимого отхода (графа 28)> = <вес стволов (графа 25)> + <вес сучьев и ветвей (графа 26)>+<вес пней и корней (графа 27)>
Thus, the proposed methodology allows you to calculate the volume (both full and folded) and weight of logging residues, differentiated by type of waste based on the initial data of the counting sheet, as well as estimate the required volume of storage bins or vehicle bodies and the number of vehicle trips for their removal.
The table shows the weight of 1 cubic meter of wood (volume weight) depending on the type of wood and its moisture content.
Weight table 1 cu. m (volume weight) timber, boards, linings made of wood of various species and humidity
Depending on the moisture content, measured as a percentage of the mass of water contained in the wood to the mass of dry wood, wood is divided into the following moisture categories:
Dry wood (humidity 10-18%) is wood that has undergone technological drying or has been stored for a long time in a warm, dry room;
Air-dry wood (humidity 19-23%) is wood with equilibrium moisture content, when the moisture content of the wood itself is balanced with the humidity of the surrounding air. This degree of humidity is achieved during long-term storage of wood under natural conditions, i.e. without the use of special drying technologies;
Green wood (humidity 24-45%) is wood that is in the process of drying from a freshly cut state to equilibrium;
Freshly cut and wet wood (moisture content greater than 45%) is wood that has been recently cut or has been in water for a long time.
Weight table for one beam, one board and lining
When organizing timber transportation, the density of the tree is an important indicator when selecting a timber truck and calculating the cost of transportation. This will help avoid overloading, which will consequently prevent you from being fined.
The density of the material has a special significance on the weight of m3 of wood; accordingly, to correctly solve the questions posed, it is necessary to determine the value of the density. There are two types of density: volume weight(density of the structured physical body) and specific gravity(density of wood substance).
Calculator for calculating the volumetric weight of wood.
Tree White Acacia Birch Beech Elm Oak Hornbeam Spruce Maple Linden Larch Alder Walnut Aspen Siberian Fir Caucasian Fir Scots Pine Cedar Pine Poplar Common Ash
Volume, m3:
Wood substance is a mass of solid wood materials without natural voids. This type of density is measured in laboratory conditions, as it requires additional measurements that are impossible under normal conditions. For each wood of all types and species of trees, this value is constant and amounts to 1540 kg/m3. However, wood has a multicellular fibrous structure of a complex type. Walls made of wood substance play the role of a frame in the structure of wood. Accordingly, for each tree species and species, the cellular structures, shapes and sizes of cells vary, as a result of which the specific gravity of the tree will be different, as well as the different weight of m3 of the tree.
Also, humidity plays a big role in changing the specific gravity of wood. Due to the structure of this material, with increasing humidity, the density of wood also increases. However, this rule does not apply to the density of wood substances.
| № | Wood species | Humidity percentage, % | ||||||||||
| 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 100 | Fresh* | ||
| 1 | Larch | 670 | 690 | 700 | 710 | 770 | 820 | 880 | 930 | 990 | 1100 | 940 |
| 2 | Poplar | 460 | 470 | 480 | 500 | 540 | 570 | 610 | 650 | 690 | 760 | 700 |
| 3 | Beech | 680 | 690 | 710 | 720 | 780 | 830 | 890 | 950 | 1000 | 1110 | 960 |
| 4 | Elm | 660 | 680 | 690 | 710 | 770 | 820 | 880 | 930 | 990 | 1100 | 940 |
| 5 | Oak | 700 | 720 | 740 | 760 | 820 | 870 | 930 | 990 | 1050 | 1160 | 990 |
| 6 | Hornbeam | 810 | 830 | 840 | 860 | 930 | 990 | 1060 | 1130 | 1190 | 1330 | 1060 |
| 7 | Norway spruce | 450 | 460 | 470 | 490 | 520 | 560 | 600 | 640 | 670 | 750 | 740 |
| 8 | Walnut | 600 | 610 | 630 | 650 | 700 | 750 | 800 | 850 | 900 | 1000 | 910 |
| 9 | Linden | 500 | 530 | 540 | 540 | 580 | 620 | 660 | 710 | 750 | 830 | 760 |
| 10 | White acacia | 810 | 830 | 840 | 860 | 930 | 990 | 1060 | 1190 | 1300 | 1330 | 1030 |
| 11 | Alder | 530 | 540 | 560 | 570 | 620 | 660 | 700 | 750 | 790 | 880 | 810 |
| 12 | Maple | 700 | 720 | 740 | 760 | 820 | 870 | 930 | 990 | 1050 | 1160 | 870 |
| 13 | Common ash | 690 | 710 | 730 | 740 | 800 | 860 | 920 | 930 | 1030 | 1150 | 960 |
| 14 | Siberian fir | 380 | 390 | 400 | 410 | 440 | 470 | 510 | 540 | 570 | 630 | 680 |
| 15 | Scots pine | 510 | 520 | 540 | 550 | 590 | 640 | 680 | 720 | 760 | 850 | 820 |
| 16 | Caucasian fir | 440 | 450 | 460 | 480 | 510 | 550 | 580 | 620 | 660 | 730 | 720 |
| 17 | Cedar pine | 440 | 450 | 460 | 480 | 510 | 550 | 580 | 620 | 660 | 730 | 760 |
| 18 | Birch | 640 | 650 | 670 | 680 | 730 | 790 | 840 | 890 | 940 | 1050 | 870 |
| 19 | Aspen | 500 | 510 | 530 | 540 | 580 | 620 | 660 | 710 | 750 | 830 | 760 |
*Fresh. - Freshly cut tree
When starting to build a house or make renovations, sometimes you have to face questions that seem simple at first glance, but you can’t answer them right away. It seems awkward to approach specialists with such a question, but you need to know for sure. For those who can turn to the Internet, it’s easier - type in a search engine “How much does a cube of wood weigh” and in half a minute received a comprehensive result. By the way, really, how much?
The weight of wood does not always have the same value. What does it depend on? First of all, from the moisture content of the wood. If we compare, for example, oak and birch, it turns out that a cubic meter of oak weighs 700 kg, and a birch weighs 600 kg. But it could be different. Weighing a cubic meter of birch, we get 900 kg, and oak will show the same 700. Or in both cases it will be 700 kg. Why do you get such different numbers? In this case, the moisture content of the wood plays a role.
There are four degrees of humidity: dry (10-18%), air-dry (19-23%), damp (24-45%) and wet (above 45%). Thus, it turns out that different rocks with the same humidity have different weights, as in the first example above. If the humidity is not the same, then the weight may fluctuate in one direction or another. The standard humidity is 12%.
Another factor that affects the weight of wood is its density. The highest density is found in iron and ebony wood - from 1100 to 1330 kg/m3. Boxwood and bog oak are close to them - 950-1100. For ordinary oak, beech, acacia, pear, and hornbeam, the density is about 700 kg/m3. It is even lower for pine, alder, and bamboo - 500 kg/m3. And the lowest is for cork wood, only 140 kg/m3.
Having knowledge in this area is sometimes very important. When purchasing building material, its quantity cannot be determined by eye by a non-specialist. Knowing the dimensions of the timber or lining, the material from which they are made and its moisture content, simple calculations allow you to determine the weight of the purchased product. How much does a cube of wood weigh? In this case, the answer to this question will help you figure out whether the seller sent you the goods correctly.
In addition, there is another indicator - heat transfer. It will come to the aid of those who use wood as firewood for heating. The higher the hardness, i.e. The density of the wood species, the higher its calorific value. Of course, no one will heat a room with boxwood, but when choosing between linden and pine or birch and acacia, you can get much more heat if you know which of these species is the hardest. Information about the density of each tree can be gleaned from the tables, since all this information is systematized for ease of use.
| Breed | Humidity, % | |||||||||||
| 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | |
| Beech | 670 | 680 | 690 | 710 | 720 | 780 | 830 | 890 | 950 | 1000 | 1060 | 1110 |
| Spruce | 440 | 450 | 460 | 470 | 490 | 520 | 560 | 600 | 640 | 670 | 710 | 750 |
| Larch | 660 | 670 | 690 | 700 | 710 | 770 | 820 | 880 | 930 | 990 | 1040 | 1100 |
| Aspen | 490 | 500 | 510 | 530 | 540 | 580 | 620 | 660 | 710 | 750 | 790 | 830 |
| Birch: | ||||||||||||
| - fluffy | 630 | 640 | 650 | 670 | 680 | 730 | 790 | 840 | 890 | 940 | 1000 | 1050 |
| - ribbed | 680 | 690 | 700 | 720 | 730 | 790 | 850 | 900 | 960 | 1020 | 1070 | 1130 |
| - Daurian | 720 | 730 | 740 | 760 | 780 | 840 | 900 | 960 | 1020 | 1080 | 1140 | 1190 |
| - iron | 960 | 980 | 1000 | 1020 | 1040 | 1120 | 1200 | 1280 | — | — | — | — |
| Oak: | ||||||||||||
| - petiolate | 680 | 700 | 720 | 740 | 760 | 820 | 870 | 930 | 990 | 1050 | 1110 | 1160 |
| - eastern | 690 | 710 | 730 | 750 | 770 | 830 | 880 | 940 | 1000 | 1060 | 1120 | 1180 |
| — Georgian | 770 | 790 | 810 | 830 | 850 | 920 | 980 | 1050 | 1120 | 1180 | 1250 | 1310 |
| - Araksinian | 790 | 810 | 830 | 850 | 870 | 940 | 1010 | 1080 | 1150 | 1210 | 1280 | 1350 |
| Pine: | ||||||||||||
| - cedar | 430 | 440 | 450 | 460 | 480 | 410 | 550 | 580 | 620 | 660 | 700 | 730 |
| - Siberian | 430 | 440 | 450 | 460 | 480 | 410 | 550 | 580 | 620 | 660 | 700 | 730 |
| - ordinary | 500 | 510 | 520 | 540 | 550 | 590 | 640 | 680 | 720 | 760 | 810 | 850 |
| Fir: | ||||||||||||
| - Siberian | 370 | 380 | 390 | 400 | 410 | 440 | 470 | 510 | 540 | 570 | 600 | 630 |
| - white-haired | 390 | 400 | 410 | 420 | 430 | 470 | 500 | 530 | 570 | 600 | 630 | 660 |
| - whole leaf | 390 | 400 | 410 | 420 | 430 | 470 | 500 | 530 | 570 | 600 | 630 | 660 |
| - white | 420 | 430 | 440 | 450 | 460 | 500 | 540 | 570 | 610 | 640 | 680 | 710 |
| - Caucasian | 430 | 440 | 450 | 460 | 480 | 510 | 550 | 580 | 620 | 660 | 700 | 730 |
| Ash: | ||||||||||||
| - Manchurian | 640 | 660 | 680 | 690 | 710 | 770 | 820 | 880 | 930 | 990 | 1040 | 1100 |
| - ordinary | 670 | 690 | 710 | 730 | 740 | 800 | 860 | 920 | 980 | 1030 | 1090 | 1150 |
| - acute-fruited | 790 | 810 | 830 | 850 | 870 | 940 | 1010 | 1080 | 1150 | 1210 | 1280 | 1350 |
The table shows average mass values. Possible maximum and minimum mass values are 1.3 and 0.7, respectively, from its average value
