Based on their meaning and structure, SPPs are divided into three main groups. The subordinate clauses in these complex sentences correspond to three groups of minor members of the sentence: definitions, additions and circumstances*.
Types of subordinate clauses
| 1. Determinatives (including pronominal-definitive ones) | They answer the questions which? whose? Who exactly? What exactly? and refer to a noun or pronoun in the main part; are most often joined with the help of allied words which, which, whose, where, etc. and conjunctions that, so that, as if, etc. | The native places where I grew up will forever remain in my heart; He who does nothing will achieve nothing; She looked with such an expression that everyone fell silent. |
| 2. Explanatory | They answer questions about indirect cases and usually refer to the predicate in the main part; are joined with the help of conjunctions that, so that, as if, whether, if, etc. and allied words where, where, how much, which, etc. | I soon realized that I was lost; It seemed to him as if everyone around him was rejoicing at his happiness. |
| 3. Circumstantial: | ||
| mode of action, measure and degree | How do they answer questions? how? to what extent? in what degree? how much? and usually refer to one word in the main sentence; are joined with the help of conjunctions that, so that, as if, exactly and allied words like, how much, how much. | We were so tired that we could not go further. |
| time | When do they answer questions? From what time? until what time? how long? and usually refer to the entire main clause; joined with the help of conjunctions when, while, as, while, as, while, as long as, after, barely, since, only, slightly, before, as soon as, only just, just , only, just a little, earlier than, before. | Until the rain stops, you will have to stay at home. |
| places | Answer questions where? Where? where? and usually refer to the entire main clause; joined with the help of allied words where, where, from. | For folklore practice they go to places where the folk traditions of song and tale are still alive. |
| goals | They answer the questions why? for what purpose? and usually refer to the entire main clause; are joined with the help of conjunctions so that, in order to, in order to, then so that, in order to, if only, yes, if only. | To avoid getting lost, we took to the path. |
| causes | Answer the questions why? from what? for what reason? and usually refer to the entire main clause; are joined with the help of conjunctions because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because of the fact that, then that, since, for, good, since, in connection with the fact that, especially since . | Because the candle burned weakly, the room was almost dark. |
| conditions | They answer the question under what condition? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join with the help of conjunctions if, if, when, if, if, how, once, how soon, whether... whether. | If the weather does not improve within 24 hours, the hike will have to be rescheduled. |
| concessions | Do they answer questions no matter what? in spite of what? and usually refer to the entire main clause; are joined with the help of conjunctions although, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, even if combinations of pronominal words with a particle no matter how, no matter where, no matter how much, no matter where. | Despite the fact that it was already well after midnight, the guests did not leave; No matter how you bend a tree, it keeps growing. |
| comparisons | They answer questions like what? like who? than what? than who? and usually refer to the entire main clause; are joined with the help of conjunctions as, likewise, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, that. | The branches of the birch reach out to the sun, as if they are stretching out their hands to him. |
| consequences | They answer questions about why what happened? what follows from this? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join by means of a union so. | The summer was not very hot, so the mushroom harvest should be good. |
Explanatory subordinate clauses can be attached to the main clause using the particle li, used in the meaning of a conjunction. For example: He didn’t know if tomorrow would come. The conjunction particle whether can serve to convey an indirect question: They asked if we would go with them. REMEMBER: the main thing for determining the type of subordinate clauses is the semantic question. Conjunctions and allied words can add additional shades of meaning to NGN. For example: The village where Eugene was bored was a charming place. This is a complex sentence with a subordinate attributive, which has an additional spatial connotation of meaning.
In order to understand this article, you need to know what complex sentences are. Read about it here.
In a complex sentence, there is a main part and a subordinate part (or subordinate parts). The subordinate part depends on the main part.
Depending on their meaning, subordinate clauses are divided into several types: explanatory, definitive,circumstances, connecting.
Subordinate explanatory sentences serve to clarify the word from the main part and answer case questions ( whom? what? to whom? what? whom? What? by whom? how? about whom? about what?).
An explanatory clause can be joined by conjunctions What, to, as if, How, as if, as if etc. and allied words who, what, which, whose, where, where, where, how, why, why, how much (these are the same words with which questions can begin).
The dog opened his right languid eye and out of the corner of it saw that it was tightly bandaged across the sides and stomach.(M.A. Bulgakov. “Heart of a Dog”) The subordinate clause answers the question “what?”: saw- What? - that it is tightly bandaged across the sides and stomach. Here What- this is a union.
I imagine what will happen in the apartment now. (M.A. Bulgakov. “Heart of a Dog”) The subordinate clause answers the question “what?”: I imagine- What? - what will happen in the apartment now. Here What- this is a union word. It is the subject of the subordinate clause. The prize for endurance was awarded to the last person to swim across the river. The subordinate clause answers the question “to whom?”: that- to whom? - who swam the river last.
The type of subordinate clause should be determined by the question it answers, and not by the conjunction or allied word with which it is attached.
I saw a wolf come out of the forest. The subordinate clause answers the question “what?” (not “how?”): saw- What? - how a wolf came out of the forest.
I want you to act bolder and more decisively. The subordinate clause answers the question “what?”: Want- what? - so that you act bolder and more decisively. This is an explanatory clause, and not a purpose clause (as one might think from the conjunction to).
Newton explained why apples always fall down. The subordinate clause answers the question “what?” (not “why?”): explained- What? - why apples always fall down. This is an explanatory clause.
I asked my friend where he was going to go. The subordinate clause answers the question “with what?”: inquired- how? - where is he going to go. This is an explanatory clause, and not a subordinate clause (as one might think from the conjunctive word Where).
Explanatory clauses perform the same role as complements (that is, the entire subordinate clause is, in fact, one large complement).
A defining subordinate clause defines some noun or pronoun from the main part and answers the questions “ Which?», « which?».
Most often, a subordinate clause is added using allied words Which, which, whose, What, Where, When,where and etc.
I kissed Helena's hand, in which she held the umbrella.(S. Dovlatov. “Ours”) The subordinate clause answers the question “which one?”: hand- which one? - in which she held an umbrella.
In those years, he was almost an assistant professor at a music school, where, on his initiative, a pop class was created.(S. Dovlatov. “Ours”) The subordinate clause answers the question “which one?” (not “where?”): schools- which one? - where, on his initiative, a pop class was created. This is a subordinate attributive, and not a subordinate clause (as one might think from the conjunctive word Where).
The moment he pulled back the curtains, a flash of lightning lit up the sky, and Fandorin saw behind the glass, right in front of him, a deathly white face with black pits in his eyes.(B. Akunini. “Azazel”) The subordinate clause answers the question “which?” (not “when?”): instant- which? - when he pulled back the curtains. This is a attributive clause, and not a tense clause (as one might think from the conjunctive word When).
Subordinate clauses perform the same role as definitions.
Complex sentences - complex sentences consisting of two parts that are unequal to each other.
Simple sentences in complex sentences are interconnected by subordinating conjunctions and allied words.
Subordinating conjunctions and words are used with certain clauses.
There are several types of clauses.
Subordinate clause.
The question is asked from a noun
Which? Which? Whose?
The subordinate clause is attached to the main one using allied words WHAT, WHERE, WHERE, WHICH, WHICH.
There can be demonstrative words next to the noun THE ONE WHAT. They specify the noun they define.
The place of the subordinate clause is unchanged; it is located after the main one.
Close in meaning to subordinate attributives are pronominal attributives. To main clauses they refer to pronouns WHO, EVERYONE, EVERYONE, EVERYTHING.
A pronominal attribute can come before the main thing, that is, change its place in the sentence.
Egorushka, suffocating from the heat, which was especially felt now, ran to the sedge. The heat (what kind?), which was especially felt now.
Explanatory clause
Answers questions about indirect cases (all except I.p.)
The question is asked in the main clause of a verb with the meaning of speech, thought, feeling.
These verbs can be replaced by nouns (thought, message, conversation), adjectives (satisfied, glad, known).
Subordinate clauses are attached to the main one using conjunctions WHAT IT'S LIKE and allied words WHO WHAT.
Adverbial clauses.
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Types of adverbial clauses |
Conjunctions and allied words | |
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Mode of action and degrees |
How, how much, how much, what, so that, as if, etc. |
The student did everything So, How demanded the master. |
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Where, where, where |
Alexey crawled there, Where the plane left. |
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When, while, barely, as soon as, since (since), until (until), etc. |
When I got out of the thickets onto the meadow road, That I saw three girls far ahead. |
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If, when, times, etc. |
If If imagination disappears, then a person will cease to be a person. |
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Because, because, due to the fact that, since, for, due to the fact that, etc. |
The forest was quiet and silent, because the main singers flew away. |
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In order to, in order to, etc. |
Everyone was silent to hear the rustling of flowers. |
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Comparisons |
How, with what, with what - as if, as if, exactly, etc. |
The forest stands silently as if looking somewhere and waiting for something. |
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Although, despite the fact that, no matter how, etc. |
The night was quiet and bright, Although there was no moon. |
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Consequences |
The rain poured down like buckets, So It was impossible to go out onto the porch. |
The types of subordinate clauses in the Russian language are distinguished depending on the semantic connections between the parts. But first, you need to understand what the self (or SPP) is, and how it differs from its fellow compound compound (SSP).
Their main difference lies in the defining relationship between the parts of the data. If in the BSC we are dealing with a coordinating connection (as you might guess based on the name alone), then in the CSP we are dealing with a subordinating connection.
Assumes initial “equality” between parts, i.e. each individual predicative unit as part of a complex) can function separately without loss of meaning: The gentle May sun shone welcomingly and clearly, and each branch reached out to it with its still young leaves.
It is easy to guess that the parts of the sentence in the NGN are in a different type of relationship. The main clause in it “controls” the subordinate clause. Depending on how this control occurs, there are the following types of subordinate clauses:
Types of subordinate clauses | Values | Questions | Unions, allied words | Sample proposal |
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definitive | Identify the noun in the main clause | Who, what, where, where, where, from, which, which | I accidentally came across a letter (which one?) that was written long before I was born. |
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Explanatory | Refers to verbs | Case questions | What, so that, how, as if, etc. | I still don't understand (what exactly?) how this could happen. |
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circumstances | Indicate the location of the action | Where? Where? Where? | Where, where, where | He went to (where?) where flowers bloom all year round. |
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Indicate the duration of action | When? How long? Since when? Until what time? | When, as soon as, since then, etc. | I realized this then (when?) when it was already too late. |
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Under what conditions? | If, if...then | I will help you solve the problem (under what conditions?) if I have time. |
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Clarify the reason for the action | For what reason? Why? | Since, because, because | Petya could not answer the question (for what reason?) because he was not ready for it. |
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Indicate the purpose for which an action is performed | For what? For what? For what purpose? | To personally verify this, he personally came to the director (why?). |
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consequences | Show us the result of an action | As a result of what? | She looked so gorgeous that you couldn't take your eyes off her. |
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course of action | How? How? | As if, exactly, as if, as if | The boys rushed as (how?) as if they were being chased by a pack of hungry dogs. |
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measures and degrees | In what degree? To what extent? To what extent? | How much, how much, what, how | Everything happened so quickly (to what extent?) that no one had time to come to their senses. |
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comparisons | Like who? Like what? Than who? Than what? | How, as if, as if, than | This guy turned out to be much smarter (than who?) than his peers. |
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Despite what? | At least, in spite of, no matter what, no matter how...no matter, let | It may not seem true, but I believe in it (no matter what?). |
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To more accurately determine the types of subordinate clauses, you just need to correctly ask the question from the main sentence (or the word in it) to the dependent (subordinate clause).
