This work is part of a study devoted to the analysis of the sources of inter-individual variability in negative personality traits (supported by the Russian Humanitarian Foundation, grant No. 15-06-10847a “The nature of variability in negative personality traits: a twin study”, director Yu.D. Chertkova). The study examines the adaptive and maladaptive components of various personality traits and their impact on various areas of life. The work analyzed the contribution of resilience to the subjective psychological well-being of respondents. An indicator of general well-being was life satisfaction (LS), which was diagnosed using the Diener Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). In addition, the subjects assessed their satisfaction with certain aspects of life - career and interpersonal relationships. Vitality (VR) was diagnosed using the questionnaire of D.A. Leontyev and E.I. Rasskazova, which is an adaptation of the Hardiness Survey methodology developed by S. Maddi (Leontyev, Rasskazova, 2006). The questionnaire allows you to assess three components of resilience (involvement, control and risk taking) and a generalized indicator of lifespan. The sample includes 363 respondents (55.6% women; age range from 18 to 70 years, M=25.3 SD=10.7). The work showed that there are no gender differences in the level of resilience. Life satisfaction is slightly higher among men. The structure of relationships between life expectancy and life satisfaction does not differ between men and women. Resilience demonstrates a fairly close relationship with life satisfaction. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between these indicators is 0.434 (p<0,001), отдельные составляющие ЖС также коррелируют с LS на уровне 0,3-0,4 (p<0,001). Жизнестойкость связана и с более частными показателями удовлетворенностью жизнью – субъективным ощущением успешности карьеры и семейной жизни. Таким образом, отношение к трудным ситуациям как к поддающимся контролю и ощущение себя как человека, способного с ними справиться, положительно коррелирует с субъективными психологически благополучием.
PSYCHOLOGY
RELATIONSHIP OF PERSONAL RESOURCES AND SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF LIFE (using the example of meaningfulness of life and resilience)
Yu. Yu. Neyaskina
PERSONAL RESOURSES AND SUBJECTIVE LIFE QUALITY APPRECIATION INTERRELATION RESEARCH (on the example of life conciseness and hardiness)
Yu. Yu. Neyaskina
The article presents an analysis of the empirically identified specifics of the relationship between the subjective assessment of the quality of life and the parameters of meaningfulness of life and resilience. It has been shown that these resources are differently associated with assessments of life satisfaction among representatives of different age and professional groups. The study complements the picture of ideas about the factors that determine the subjective quality of life of an individual.
The paper provides the analisys of the emperically found interrelation between life quality subjective appreriation and hardiness. It is revealed that such resources are differently connected according to person's age or profession. So the research complements the subjective life quality determinant conception.
Key words: quality of life, life satisfaction, meaningfulness of life, resilience, time perspective of the individual.
Keywords: life quality, satisfaction from life, life conciseness, hardiness, personality’s time perspective.
In the modern world, a person’s ability to carry out his plans regardless of external conditions, including unfavorable ones, is an undeniable value both in many areas of professional activity and in everyday life. In line with positive psychology, personal resources - positive personality traits that contribute to a person’s successful adaptation to the world around him and practical mastery of it - are undoubtedly predictors of indicators of personal well-being, prerequisites for achieving positive emotional states (happiness, life satisfaction, etc.) and, as a consequence, improving quality of life.
The purpose of the study was to describe the specifics of subjective assessment of the quality of life among respondents of different age and professional backgrounds with varying degrees of expression of “resource” personality parameters - meaningfulness of life and resilience. Numerous theoretical and empirical studies indicate that both meaningfulness in life and resilience can be considered as core components of personal potential. The results of studies by D. A. Leontyev and co-authors show that resilience and meaningfulness of life are significantly positively correlated with each other, although they do not coincide.
This study tested the hypothesis that the combination of high indicators of vitality and meaningfulness of life does not necessarily entail an increase in a person’s subjective assessment of his life (just as a combination of low ones does not always clearly entail a decrease in this assessment): the nature of the relationship is not clear-cut , varies depending on age and professional specifics.
The formation of the total sample was carried out on the basis of two basic grounds:
1) age of respondents;
2) professional affiliation.
In the context of the second parameter, we were interested in “special” professional samples, suggesting that resilience, being a professionally significant quality, is one of the basic “resource” personality parameters. Thus, the sample with a total volume of 280 people combined the following groups (Author’s note: Empirical data were collected during joint research with E. A. Nekrasova, V. V. Teslenko, G. S. Fesenko, N. A. Pak in during 2013):
1) 60 people of different social status, gender, professional background, aged from 25 to 35 years;
2) 60 people of different social status, gender, professional background, aged 35 to 45 years;
3) 80 people - police officers aged from 20 to 50 years;
4) 80 people - young people aged 18 to 21 years, serving under conscription in the ranks of the armed forces of the Russian Army.
The following methods for collecting empirical data were used: Test of life-meaning orientations (LSO) by J. Crumbo, adapted by D. A. Leontiev; Questionnaire on time perspective by F. Zimbardo (2TP1) adapted by A. Syrtsova, E. V. Sokolova, O. V. Mitina; Vitality test by S. Maddi, adapted by D. A. Leontyev, E. I. Rasskazova; Methodology for assessing quality of life and satisfaction (Q - Les - Q) adapted by E. I. Rasskazova; Study of quality of life (Quality of Life Inventory, Frisch M.) translated and adapted by E. I. Rasskazova (Russian-language adaptation of the methodology is currently ongoing).
Yu. Yu. Neyaskina, 2014
PSYCHOLOGY
Research results
I. In a study aimed at studying the characteristics of the quality of life in young people aged 25-35 with different levels of meaningfulness in life and resilience, clustering the data of 60 respondents according to the totality of all parameters (meaningfulness of life, resilience, time perspective) did not give clearly defined clusters . The best solution was obtained based on the indicators of the methods of time perspective of the individual and life-meaning orientations. As a result, respondents were distributed into two clearly defined clusters. The first cluster included 39 people - experimental group 1, the second - 20 - experimental group 2. At the stage of searching for the reasons on which the respondents were divided, we calculated the average values for all scales of the LSS methods and scales of the F. Zimbardo personality time perspective questionnaire. According to the LSS method, all scales (goals, process, result, locus of control - life, locus of control - self) showed significant differences (p< 0,01).
Despite the fact that clustering according to the aggregate matrix of indicators “LHS + Vitality” did not give a clear division into groups, comparison of the resulting groups according to the resilience method showed significant differences on all scales. In the first group, indicators on the scales of involvement, control, risk taking, as well as the general indicator of resilience were higher than those of respondents in the second group. Thus, the first experimental group (EG 1) consisted of respondents with higher indicators of meaningfulness in life and vitality parameters, the second (EG 2) - with low indicators on these positions.
According to the results of F. Zimbardo's method, significant differences were obtained between groups on three out of five scales (negative past, hedonistic present, fatalistic present). Experimental group 2 (with low indicators of meaningfulness and resilience) is characterized by a more negative attitude towards the past, an orientation towards a carefree and carefree attitude towards time and life, an inability to give up pleasure today for tomorrow's reward, a helpless and hopeless attitude towards the future and life in general.
Next, the relationship between the significance and accessibility of values was revealed (M. Frisch’s method), as well as the specifics of assessing the quality of life according to a number of parameters (E. I. Rasskazova’s method) among respondents of the resulting groups.
In the group with high indicators of vitality and meaningfulness of life (EG 1), there are practically no parameters for which respondents demonstrate low (lower than significance) satisfaction (Table 1).
The parameters “Self-esteem” and “Friends” are implemented in the lives of respondents “in abundance”, more than are in demand. The only parameter - “Home” - has higher indicators for importance than for satisfaction. For respondents in the first experimental group, home is of great importance, but people are not satisfied with the place where they live.
In the second experimental group there are a large number of indicators for which satisfaction is lower than importance (health, money, work, love, home, city). Respondents are not satisfied with the implementation of these values in their lives (Table 2).
Table 1
Comparison of the importance of values (areas) and satisfaction with them among respondents with high rates of meaningfulness and vitality
EG 1 Significance Satisfaction t criterion
Self-esteem 1.51 1.94 3.28**
Friends 1.45 2.27 4.43**
House 1.86 1.21 2.54*
Note: * for p< 0,05; ** для р < 0,01.
table 2
Comparison of the importance of values (areas) and satisfaction with them among respondents with low indicators of meaningfulness and vitality
EG 2 Significance Satisfaction t criterion
Health 1.7 0.35 3.00**
Money 1.65 -0.25 4.54**
Work 1.2 0.05 2.44*
Love 1.75 0.65 2.42*
House 1.6 0.1 3.21**
City 1.15 -0.35 2.72**
Note: * for p< 0,05; ** для р < 0,01.
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Table 3
Results of comparison of the subjective significance of values among respondents with high (EG 1) and low (EG 2) indicators of meaningfulness and vitality
Scales EG 1 (high) EG 2 (low) t-test
Significance
Self-esteem 1.51 1.1 2.12*
Money 1.18 1.65 3.19**
Training 1.40 0.8 3.28**
Children 1.67 1.2 2.23*
House 1.86 1.6 2.10*
District 1.24 0.7 2.70**
Note: * for p< 0,05; ** для р < 0,01.
For respondents of the first experimental group (high indicators of meaningfulness, vitality), it is more important how they evaluate themselves, the opportunity to acquire new skills or information that interests them is important, relationships with children are of great importance, the place of residence and the area around them are important. For respondents
in the second experimental group, the money they earn and the things they own are more important.
Table 4
Results of comparison of subjective satisfaction with values among respondents with high (EG 1) and low (EG 2) indicators of meaningfulness and vitality
Scales EG 1 (high) EG 2 (low) t criterion
Satisfaction
Health 1.45 0.35 2.29*
Self-esteem 1.94 1.05 2.54*
Goals and values 1.89 1.05 2.68**
Money 0.86 -0.25 2.39*
Training 1.64 0.6 2.76**
Love 2.05 0.65 2.85**
Friends 2.27 1.2 3.29**
Relatives 2.02 0.9 2.40*
House 1.21 0.1 2.16*
Note: * for p< 0,05; ** для р < 0,01
Results of comparison of groups in assessing quality of life (aspect: satisfaction over the past week)
Table 5
Scales EG 1 EG 2 t criterion
Emotional experiences 21.76 18.15 3.91**
Sphere of communication 20.43 17.3 2.70**
Relationships with other people 4.28 3.5 3.01**
Material condition 3.20 2.45 2.67**
Well-being 3.94 2.9 3.62**
Life satisfaction 4.07 3.25 3.47**
Note: * for p< 0,05; ** для р < 0,01.
The group with high rates of meaningfulness and resilience is superior to the second experimental group in a significant number of parameters. Respondents of the first experimental group are more satisfied with such aspects as: health, self-esteem, goals and values, money, education, love, friends, relatives, home.
At the next stage, we compared life satisfaction over the past week among representatives of different groups (methodology by E. I. Rasskazova). You-
significant differences were revealed on all scales: emotional experiences, sphere of communication, relationships with other people, financial status, well-being, life satisfaction (Table 5).
Respondents with higher scores on the criteria of meaningfulness of life and resilience had a higher level of subjective quality of life. This result seems to be expected to a certain extent: it is obvious that the presence of personal resources (we believe that
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laziness in life, as well as resilience and a balanced time perspective are internal resources for the individual) contributes to a more positive assessment of one’s own life. At the same time, we were interested in age specifics, the relationship between the importance of various spheres and values of life, and the subjective assessment of satisfaction with these aspects among young people in comparison with a more mature sample. In this regard, at the next stage, a study similar to that described, but conducted on a sample of respondents aged 35-45, was undertaken.
II. At the next stage, when dividing 60 respondents aged 35 - 45 years into groups based on a set of indicators of meaningfulness of life, resilience and time perspective, a pattern similar to that described in the previous study was obtained: clustering of the summary matrix, including indicators of all three methods, did not allow us to obtain a “good” solution. After excluding the vitality parameters from the clustering matrix and conducting a cluster analysis based on the data from the life support system and the method of time perspective of the individual, the respondents were divided into two clearly defined clusters.
The first experimental group (EG 1a) included 30 people (16 women and 14 men). The second experimental group (EG 2a) included 26 people (14 women and 12 men). The formed groups can be considered equivalent in terms of age, gender and education and not quite equivalent in terms of marital status.
The first experimental group (EG 1a) included respondents with higher indicators of meaningfulness in life and vitality parameters (differences were revealed on all scales of both methods), the second (EG 2a) included respondents with lower indicators of
indicated positions (4 people from the initial sample were not included in any cluster and their results were not taken into account in further research). Let us note that the resulting experimental groups are not characterized by polar (high and low) indicators for the parameters of meaningfulness and vitality. This fact may partly explain the resulting picture of differences and similarities in assessing the quality of life.
It can be stated that the empirical picture we obtained in a sample of young people (25-35 years old) is also reproduced in a more mature sample: the groups differ on all scales of methods of meaningfulness in life and resilience, despite the fact that the clustering of the totality of these indicators (“LSS” + viability) does not provide a “good” cluster solution. This fact seems to us worthy of attention, but for now we will limit ourselves to just mentioning it without attempting to interpret it.
Indicators according to the method of time perspective of personality indicate differences in only two scales out of five (in EG 1a the indicator on the “future” scale is higher, p< 0,05; ниже - по шкале «негативное прошлое», р < 0,01). Видится существенным, что различия во временной ориентации лиц с разными уровнями осмысленности жизни и жизнестойкости в группах молодых и зрелых людей были выявлены по различным шкалам.
Next, groups with more and less high levels of meaningfulness in life and resilience were compared in terms of the level of subjective assessment of quality of life and life satisfaction. The following significant differences were revealed in the importance of values and subjective life satisfaction in various areas in the first and second experimental groups (Table 6).
Table 6
Subjective assessment of the importance of values and satisfaction with their implementation by respondents with different levels of meaningfulness in life and resilience (35 - 45 years old)
Parameters of EG 1a EG 2 a t-criterion
Health (important) 1.7 1.4 2.44*
Money (satisfied) 0.63 0.46 3.3**
Creativity (satisfied) 1.6 0.8 3.15**
Love (satisfied) 1.87 0.96 2.4*
Children (satisfied) 1.93 0.65 3.07**
Note: * for p< 0,05; ** для р < 0,01.
It is obvious that the number of significantly different parameters is significantly less than that obtained from a similar comparison of data from respondents of a different age category: one difference in the context of significance (versus five in the group of young people 25 - 35 years old), four differences in the context of satisfaction (versus nine - respectively).
It is significant that the assessment by respondents of both groups of quality of life over the past week did not differ significantly in any of the parameters (physical health, emotional experiences, activity in free time, sphere of communication, relationships with other people, functionality during the day,
financial condition, general well-being). The last empirical fact is consistent with the absence of differences in present scales (F. Zimbardo’s method). The lack of differences in the subjective assessment of the present among people aged 35-45 years with different levels of meaningfulness in life and resilience may be a consequence of a kind of “operationalization” of the present period of life through the activities carried out (work, study, household, etc.): even in a situation of insufficient internal resource a person turns out to be necessarily involved in the everyday range of diverse activities and, thereby, in some sense neutralizes, levels out the absence
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resource, “filling” one’s present (probably, the opposite situation is also possible, when a person with a high level of resources, being absorbed in the momentary “concerns of the present,” neglects the resource and does not turn to it “here and now”).
Thus, we can say that in adulthood, higher indicators of meaningfulness in life and resilience do not so clearly determine differences in the subjective assessment of one’s own life according to a set of parameters, as in youth. Perhaps, during the period of maturity, the range of “resource” parameters expands, and satisfaction with various aspects of life begins to be achieved at the expense of some other components of personal potential.
III. The next block of research procedures was carried out on samples of young and mature respondents, who, in addition, differed from the groups described above in terms of professional affiliation. Further research was carried out on “special” groups in terms of professional involvement - representatives of law enforcement agencies (including conscripts).
At the first stage, the research base consisted of police officers - 80 people: 40 officers and 40 junior officers. It should be noted that the age range in the sample was very widely represented - from 20 to 50 years. The average age of respondents is 33 years.
Data on the scales of the methods of life-meaning orientations, resilience, and time perspective were subjected to cluster analysis. Based on intragroup similarity, the combined sample was divided into two clusters. The first experimental group included 37 police officers, and the second - 40 officers. Three respondents were not included in any of the clusters.
At the stage of searching for grounds for grouping, we encountered a pattern different from the studies described above: of the three methods, it was the vitality test that turned out to be the main basis for dividing respondents into groups. The differences on all scales of the resilience technique turned out to be statistically significant (involvement, risk taking, general indicator of resilience - at p< 0,01; контроль - при р < 0,05), в то время как методика СЖО дала лишь одно значимое различие (шкала «локус контроля - я»), методика Зимбардо значимых различий не показала. Выявленный эмпирический факт представляется нам свидетельством того, что жизнестойкость выступает особо важным параметром, предстает базовым личностным ресурсом именно для данной категории респондентов в силу специфики их профессиональной деятельности и следующей из этого специфики образа мира и образа жизни.
A more detailed analysis of the qualitative composition of the resulting groups revealed the following fact: the first group included exclusively members of the junior command staff, the second (with higher indicators on all scales of vitality) was predominantly made up of representatives of the officer corps (37 out of 40 people). It should be noted that before the clustering procedure, we carried out
scale-by-scale comparison of groups formed specifically on the basis of professional status (title), however, significant differences were not obtained on any of the scales. Thus, a slight “movement” in the qualitative composition of the groups (the exclusion of 3 people from considering the results and the “transfer” of another 3 people from one group to another) made it possible to form groups that differed in terms of vitality parameters. It should be noted that the groups turned out to be practically equivalent in gender (no more than 25% women in each sample), radically different in professional status. In addition, it is of interest that the age range of respondents in the second group (with higher levels of resilience) turned out to be significantly lower (29 ± 7.4 versus 36 ± 7.6; t = 3.97**). Thus, the first experimental group consisted of junior commanding officers, predominantly men aged 30 to 42 years, with lower scores on the parameters of resilience (resilience, involvement, control, risk taking) and lower scores on the “locus of control - self” scale. "(those who consider themselves less able to act as masters of their own lives). The second experimental group consisted primarily of officers aged 22 to 36 years, who had high scores on vitality parameters and felt able to control their lives.
It is obvious that with such a distribution of respondents into groups, we are dealing with a priori different categories of persons. Young people who choose a path to obtain a military education and men who enter the profession on a contract basis, based on a set of parameters, represent different types of military personnel. At the same time, most often a young man who consciously enters the military profession has ideas about the system of social and material benefits that a serviceman receives “included” with his chosen specialty, potentially contributing to improving the quality of life. Thus, we can say that one of the motives (and in the case of contract service, most often the leading motive) for entering the military profession is a person’s conscious orientation towards improving the quality of life (its objective parameters). This fact to some extent neutralizes the so-called “input differences” associated with the qualitative composition of the resulting groups.
A comparative analysis of groups according to the positions of subjective assessment of quality of life gave the following results.
When assessing the importance of various life spheres (values), respondents from both experimental groups showed virtually no differences. The exception was the “money” parameter, the significance of which turned out to be significantly higher for respondents with lower vitality scores (and with a lower professional rank). The parameters that gave differences in the aspect of satisfaction with what was achieved also turned out to be quite small (Table 7).
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Table 7
Results of comparison of subjective quality of life between groups of military personnel with high and low vitality indicators
EG 1 (II) (low vitality) EG 2 (II) (high vitality) Student’s t-cr
Money (importance) 1.56 1.3 2.20**
Game (satisfaction) 1.4 1.85 2.01**
Helping others (satisfaction) 0.86 1.45 2.76**
Leisure time activity (last week) 10.86 11.9 2.44**
Note: * for p< 0,05; ** для р < 0,01
Respondents with higher levels of resilience demonstrate greater satisfaction with such aspects as “playing,” “helping others,” and “leisure time activity” (an aggregate parameter assessing one’s condition over the past week). Considering that “helping others” in the context of the methodology used (M. Frisch’s method translated by E. I. Rasskazova) involves helping people in general (not close relatives, that is, not targeted help), and “game” is what the respondent does in their free time to relax, have fun or improve themselves, it can be assumed that the respondents of the second experimental group, on the one hand, have the resources to be active in relation to both others and themselves personally, and, on the other hand, in a certain way replenish their internal resources through this activity. Respondents with low levels of hardiness may view the material aspect of life as a kind of external resource that allows them to achieve a higher assessment of the quality of life.
To provide greater validity to the conclusions about the existence of a relationship between the parameters of resilience and quality of life (as well as meaningfulness and quality of life), a correlation analysis was carried out between the data of the corresponding techniques.
The number of identified correlations between vitality parameters and various indicators of quality of life in both groups turned out to be significantly different. In the first experimental group, 8 and in the second - 38 significant correlations were identified. This empirical fact seems to be evidence that in the presence of an internal resource (in this case, with a high level of resilience), a person’s subjective assessment of the quality of life is based on this resource.
An analysis of the consistency between indicators of quality of life and parameters of meaningfulness of life indicates a different picture of the relationship: in the experimental group with lower indicators of vitality, 25 were identified, in the group with high indicators - only 13 significant correlations. It can be assumed that meaningfulness of life and resilience determine the specifics of the quality of life of police officers, while the parameters of resilience are more interconnected with various aspects of the subjective quality of life at a high level of expression, while at
When resilience is weakly expressed as a personal resource, the determining factor is the meaningfulness of life.
It can be assumed that if a professionally significant personal resource (in this case, resilience) is developed, then this is already enough for a person to enjoy the process of professional activity. If the resource is scarce, then external (social) assessment of achievements that ensure social success becomes important. Hypothetically, with a low level of personal resource, external assessment in material form becomes more significant (not necessarily purely monetary, it can be any marker of recognition and social success - insignia, awards, etc.).
IV. At the next stage of the study, the experimental base was young people, aged from 18 to 21 years, serving under conscription in the ranks of the armed forces of the Russian Army - a total of 80 people. All respondents were called up for service from the Kamchatka region, were conscripts of the same period of conscription (Spring 2012 conscription) and were under the same conditions of service.
The distribution of respondents into groups was carried out on the basis of a clustering matrix, including indicators of all scales of the resilience methodology. Two main clusters were obtained. The first included 28 respondents with a high level of resilience (EG 1). The second cluster (EG 2) included 38 respondents who showed a lower level of resilience (on all scales, including the integral indicator, differences at p< 0,01). 14 респондентов не вошли ни в одну группу.
Criterion analysis showed that the groups differ in most indicators of the LSS technique. The only exception was the “Process” scale.
Thus, further comparison in terms of subjective assessment of the significance of values and quality of life was carried out in groups that were equivalent in age, gender and professional status and differed in the level of meaningfulness of life and the severity of resilience. The first experimental group included young people with higher, and the second - with lower, indicators on the indicated parameters.
The time perspective technique showed differences between groups on the “negative past”, “positive” scales.
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positive past”, “fatalistic present”
Note that the absence of differences precisely on those scales that characterize the “present” of conscripted military personnel (“process”, “hedonic present”) seems quite natural in the context of the presence of respondents of both groups in special conditions that strictly regulate and structure precisely the “present” the life span of the respondents (in this case, the “fatalistic present” scale is probably determined to a greater extent by personal characteristics rather than by the external conditions of the respondents’ life activities).
A comparison of the assessments of respondents of both groups regarding the importance of individual life spheres and values according to the quality of life methodology did not show significant differences. At the same time, the assessment of subjective satisfaction with various aspects of life varies significantly along a number of parameters.
Young people with high levels of resilience and meaningfulness in life are more satisfied with their health, have more structured goals in life (as confirmed by the results of the LSS methodology) and values that give meaning to life. In addition, respondents in the first group have higher life satisfaction in the areas of work and creativity, which indicates harmonious personal development and the ability to enjoy everyday activities, as well as higher satisfaction with material well-being. Also, representatives of the first experimental group are more satisfied with such personal relationships as love, and emphasize the ability to build interpersonal connections. The results are presented in Table 8.
When assessing life satisfaction over the past week, young people with higher levels of meaningfulness in life and resilience also showed a tendency to have more positive subjective assessments of various aspects of life (Table 9).
Analysis of the correlations between the parameters of the quality of life, on the one hand, and the scales of life support methods, resilience and time perspective, on the other, allows us to draw the following conclusions: high satisfaction with the quality of life among respondents of the first group is closely related to obtaining satisfaction from their own activities, with active involvement in current events. And the higher the satisfaction with activity and involvement, the more a person is satisfied with his creativity and place of residence, the more important personal relationships (love) and awareness of his own role in society become for him, which allows the individual to find a lot of meaningful and interesting things for himself. In addition, the high subjective quality of life among respondents in this group is supported by satisfaction with the part of life they have lived and orientation towards the future (with a hedonistic emphasis in the present). The higher the indicators of personal resources, the more satisfaction increases with such components of the subjective quality of life as health, creativity, relationships with others, and satisfaction with the city of residence. At the same time, the importance of having such components of quality of life in the lives of respondents as love, learning, goals in life and having a job increases, and the area of residence becomes less important, which indicates flexibility in relations with the outside world, i.e. the ability to adapt.
Table 8
Differences in groups of conscripts with different levels of resilience
according to quality of life parameters
Scales Importance Satisfaction
EG1 EG 2 t em. EG 1 EG 2 t em.
Health 1.75 1.63 0.9 2.18 1.4 3.3**
Self-esteem 1.29 1.55 1.7 1.75 1.69 0.4
Goals and values 1.57 1.26 1.7 2.14 1.37 3 7**
Money 1.14 1.03 0.9 1.32 0.47 2.8**
Work 1.5 1.63 1 1.5 0.21 3.4**
Game 1.4 1.21 0.5 2 1.84 0.7
Training 1.32 1.42 0.8 1.82 1.42 1.5
Creativity 1.18 1.03 1 1.79 1.29 2.1*
Helping others 1.29 1.37 0.6 1.82 1.68 0.7
Love 1.86 1.68 1.6 1.93 0.97 3**
Friends 1.75 1.71 0.4 2.14 2.21 0.4
Children 1.68 1.55 0.9 1.04 0.82 0.6
Relatives 1.36 1.57 1.8 2.11 2.08 0.1
House 1.43 1.63 1.6 2 1.63 1.4
District 1.21 1.05 1 1.57 1.5 0.2
City 1.14 1.24 0.7 1.5 1.18 1.5
Note: * for p< 0,05; ** для р < 0,01
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Table 9
Differences in the subjective assessment of the importance of values and satisfaction with their implementation among conscripts with different levels of resilience
Scales EG1 (group with a high level of vitality) EG 2 (group with a low level of vitality) t em.
Sphere of physical health 17.68 15.97 2 9**
Sphere of emotions 22.36 21.05 2.1*
Sphere of activity in free time 13.18 11.79 3 2**
Social sphere 21.18 19.97 1.9
Relationships with people 4.46 4.16 1.8
Activities during the day 4.04 3.95 0.5
Material condition 4.04 3.5 2 7**
Well-being in general 4.36 3.89 2.4*
Note: * for p< 0,05; ** для р < 0,01.
Consideration of correlations in the second group (respondents with low resource indicators) shows that subjective assessments of the components of quality of life in these young people are interconnected with the conviction that risk contributes to development, and it does not matter what the result will be, they act even in the absence of guarantees success. And the more respondents accept this risk, the less satisfied they are with their self-esteem, work, and relationships with friends. Also, the subjective quality of life in this group correlates with a helpless and hopeless attitude towards life and the future, and the more pronounced this attitude is, the less satisfied the respondents are with their education, financial condition, relationships with relatives and place of residence (home and area). In addition, satisfaction with the lived part of life is not supported by either satisfaction with the material aspect of life, or satisfaction in the areas of creativity and love.
I. Generalization of the data obtained as a result of comparing the subjective assessment of the quality of life at different levels of meaningfulness of life and resilience in different age groups allows us to come to the following conclusions:
In different age categories (youth and middle adulthood), groups of respondents with high and lower scores on the methods of life-meaning orientations and resilience give an unequal qualitative picture of the differences in the parameters of subjective assessment of the quality of life;
It can be assumed that during youth, meaningfulness of life and resilience are to a greater extent determining the subjective quality of life as personal resources than in adulthood;
It remains unclear why the pattern of data clustering based on the LSS method and the vitality test does not give a “good” division of the sample into 2 classes, while the division based on the data from the LSS and Zimbardo methods makes it possible to form groups that turn out to be different in all parameters of vitality. This empirical fact requires further research.
II. Generalization of the results on samples included in special conditions of professional activity (police officers, conscripts) allows us to establish the following patterns:
In contrast to “non-specific” samples in the context of professional affiliation, samples of military personnel and representatives of law enforcement agencies (for example, police officers) are characterized by a special nature of the relationship between the subjective quality of life and resilience and meaningfulness of life;
With a sufficient degree of expression of resilience, this parameter is one of the conditions among military personnel that influences the subjective assessment of the quality of life. A low level of resilience in itself does not have a direct impact on subjective life satisfaction, but only encourages the individual to use other personal resources to improve the subjective quality of life (a search for ways to compensate occurs; it can be assumed that either the individual finds these ways and remains in the profession, or is forced to change the field of activity);
As in the case of samples of different ages that are non-specific in terms of professional involvement, internal resources turn out to be most significant for military personnel precisely at a young age. Moreover, strict regulation of life “in the present” becomes a factor that significantly limits the field of external resources, due to which the role of internal resources for young people increases even more;
Involvement in special conditions of life at a young age turns out to be a factor for an individual that significantly reduces the quality of life if resilience and meaningfulness of life as personal resources are not sufficiently formed. If a young man during military service is able to rely on these resources, the situation of military service is not only not perceived by the individual as critical, but also contributes to a detailed understanding of the life path, works to harmonize the time perspective, updates the complex of internal resources of the individual and increases efficiency life activity of young people during their service.
142 | Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, 2014 No. 3 (59) T. 1
PSYCHOLOGY
Thus, a generalization of the data from the conducted studies allows us to say that in adulthood, higher indicators of meaningfulness in life and resilience do not so clearly determine differences in the subjective assessment of one’s own life according to a set of parameters, as in youth. During the period of maturity, activities aimed at transforming the world are important to maintain quality of life. Moreover, if internal resources (meaningfulness of life,
vitality) are sufficiently developed, then satisfaction from the actual process of activity itself works to increase indicators of the subjective quality of life. If internal personal resources are not enough, then the individual needs social support, social approval, confirmation of the “correctness” of her lifestyle and approval of the results of her life activity (including material incentives).
Literature
1. Leontyev D. A. Test of life-meaning orientations (SLO). M., 2000. 18 p.
2. Leontiev D. A., Rasskazova E. I. Vitality test. M.: Smysl, 2006. 63 p.
3. Personal potential: structure and diagnostics / ed. D. A. Leontieva. M.: Smysl, 2011. 680 p.
4. Rasskazova E.I. Methodology for assessing the quality of life and satisfaction: psychometric characteristics of the Russian version // Psychology. Journal of Higher School of Economics. 2012. T. 9. pp. 81 - 90.
5. Sery A. V. Yanitsky M. S. Value-semantic paradigm as a methodological basis for assessing and forecasting personality development // Personal development: prognostic models, factors, variability: collective monograph. Tomsk, 2008. pp. 71 - 93.
6. Syrtsova A. A., Sokolova E. T., Mitina O. V. Adaptation of the F. Zimbardo personality time perspective questionnaire // Psychological Journal. 2008. T. 29. No. 3. P. 101 - 109.
7. Frisch M. Quality of Life Inventory. Complementary Trial Package. Pearson. 2007.
8. Frisch M. Quality of Life Therapy. Applying a Life Satisfaction Approach to Positive Psychology and Cognitive Therapy. Wiley: New Jersey. 2006.
Neyaskina Yulia Yurievna - Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Theoretical and Applied Psychology of Kamchatka State University. Vitus Bering, [email protected].
Yulia Yu. Neyaskina - Candidate of Psychology, Associate Professor, Assistant Professor at the Department of Theoretical and Applied Psychology, Vitus Bering Kamchatka State University, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy.
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
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CONCLUSION
The accelerated pace of change in living conditions, scientific and technological progress require a person to constantly improve adaptation skills. That is why in psychological science it is especially relevant to study the resilience of an individual to increasing loads, stress and the study of value orientations and attitudes that contribute to the successful overcoming of life's difficulties. At the same time, recently in the scientific literature the problem of transforming the structure of value orientations and attitudes of modern man has been discussed (V.V. Vybornova, L.N. Bannikova, L.N. Boronina, Yu.R. Vishnevsky, V.Yu. Chernykh, V. D. Panachev, O. N. Molchanova, N. S. Gordeeva, etc.). As a result, there are increasingly more studies that conduct a comparative analysis of the value-semantic sphere of large communities of people - representatives of different ages, generations and professions. The relevance of studying the resilience of people of pre-retirement and retirement age at the present time is also due to the high degree of demand for the results of such studies in the practice of psychological counseling. For most people of these age periods, issues of vitality (survival) in the social environment are acute today. Age discrimination, ageism - discrimination against a person based on his age is widespread in all spheres of life in Russian society. Ageism is especially noticeable in the field of labor, where after reaching retirement age it becomes increasingly difficult to find a decent job.
Due to the inability to cope with their own psychological fears regarding future life activities, people of pre-retirement age often do not attach much importance to life values, lose resilience due to a lack of understanding of the benefits of retirement age, which results in an increased risk of depressive conditions. Of course, retirement is an important stage in an individual’s life, meaning the emergence of many psychological problems, concentrated in the context of rethinking life values and changing the level of individual resilience, which emphasizes the relevance of the topic of the dissertation work.
Purpose of the study- analyze the problem of resilience of people with different life orientations and values.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
1) consider approaches to understanding personal resilience;
2) analyze the problem of value orientations of the individual in psychology;
3) consider retirement as a psychological problem;
4) determine the psychological characteristics of people of pre-retirement and retirement age;
5) conduct an empirical study of the characteristics of the resilience of people of pre-retirement and retirement age with different life-meaning orientations and value systems. An objectresearch- features of the resilience of people of pre-retirement and retirement age with different life meanings
orientations and values.
Subject of study- the influence of life-meaning orientations and value systems on the resilience of people of retirement and pre-retirement age.
General research hypothesis: The psychological components of life-meaning orientations and resilience have characteristics in people of pre-retirement and retirement age.
Particular research hypotheses:
1. People of pre-retirement and retirement age have different levels of vitality indicators.
2. People of pre-retirement and retirement age have different characteristics of life-meaning orientations.
3. People of pre-retirement and retirement age have different types of values at the level of beliefs and at the level of behavior.
Research methods:
Methods of studying and analyzing psychological, social and pedagogical literature;
Methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis of the obtained results (using methods of mathematical statistics).
Theoretical and methodological basis of the study constitute modern ideas, concepts and approaches of foreign and domestic researchers to the problem of personal resilience - the concept of vitality by D.A. Leontiev, provisions on the subjectivity of the individual (Ananyev B.G., Rubinshtein S.L., Leontiev A.N., Petrovsky V. A., Osnitsky A.K.), the meaning of life (V.E. Chudnovsky), life creativity (D.A. Leontyev), personal adaptation potential (A.G. Maklakov), Sh. Schwartz’s concept of the motivational goal of value orientations and the universality of basic human values, approaches to understanding value orientations as an expression of personality orientation in Russian psychology (B.G. Ananyev, V.A. Yadov, D.A. Leontyeva, N.A. Volkova).
Methods used in the work:
Methods of studying and analyzing psychological literature;
Diagnostic methods of questioning and testing;
Methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results obtained (using Ch. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient).
Research methods:
1. Test of life-meaning orientations (SLO) (D. A. Leontyev).
2. S. Schwartz’s method for studying personal values.
3. Vitality test by S. Maddi (adapted by D.A. Leontyev).
Scientific novelty of the research: The work studied the nature and characteristics of resilience and value orientations of the personality of people of retirement and pre-retirement age. The findings contribute to the study of resilience among people facing psychological challenges due to retirement.
Reliability and validity the obtained results are ensured by a holistic approach to the problem being studied, the methodological validity of the initial theoretical positions and the theoretical and methodological elaboration of the problem; practical testing of the main theoretical provisions of the study, confirming the validity of the hypothesis put forward; application of mathematical and statistical methods of data analysis.
Practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the research results for advisory work of psychologists, social workers of social protection services with people of pre-retirement and retirement age. The implementation of psychological support for people of retirement and pre-retirement age will ensure minimization of the risk of depressive states against the background of worries about the quality of future life activity (after retirement), which means the need to pay due attention to the results of the study and their practical use in socio-psychological work with people of retirement and pre-retirement age age.
Structure of the dissertation determined by the logic of the study and consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and applications. The total volume of work is 86 pages, of which 73 pages are main text.
The introduction substantiates the relevance of the topic of the work, formulates the goal, objectives, subject, object, and research methodology.
The first chapter reveals the theoretical aspects of studying the problem of personal resilience, value orientations, psychological characteristics of pre-retirement and retirement age.
The second chapter presents an empirical study: a description of the methods used, the sample of subjects, the stages and procedure of the study is given; processing of research results. In conclusion, the main conclusions and results of the work are presented.
The rhythm of life in modern society can rightfully be called stressful, and in some cases even extreme and critical. This is due to many factors, among which we can note the current socio-economic transformations, the political situation, the ecological state of the environment, as well as the increasing information impact to which we are all involuntarily exposed. All this affects a person’s psychological health and emotional well-being.
The ability of an individual to successfully overcome unfavorable environmental conditions, demonstrating high resistance to stress factors, is called resilience, and today its presence is more vital and necessary than ever before. That is why modern psychological science is showing increased interest in the study of this phenomenon and its role in maintaining human psychological health.
The main aspects of a subject’s resilience in the sociocultural space are visible through his orientation to work activity, adoption of a healthy lifestyle, ability to cope with stress in changing living conditions, motivation to achieve his plans, growth in the level of education, adaptation, socialization, etc.
For the first time, attention was paid to this phenomenon in the 80s of the 20th century, it was then that the concept of “hardiness” was introduced, which translated from English meant “endurance”, “persistence”, “strength”. The authors of this concept were American psychologists Salvador Maddi and Susan Kobase. They considered “hardiness” as a special integrative quality, a system of attitudes and beliefs about the world and oneself, allowing an individual to withstand a stressful situation while maintaining internal balance and harmony. “Hardiness,” from the authors’ point of view, made it easier for a person to recognize his real capabilities and accept his own vulnerability. This quality was a kind of base that helped to process stressful effects and transform negative impressions into new opportunities.
Within the framework of this model, it is assumed that emotional and informational experience of a certain specificity acts as the best for the individual, and that is why it develops personality, increases the likelihood of a certain interaction with the outside world to obtain the desired type of emotional and informational experiences. From this point of view, personality is determined by feedback from interaction with the outside world, and not by an innate set of qualities.
Many domestic and foreign researchers in their works view this problem differently and, accordingly, give different understandings of the concepts of “resilience”, “viability”,
"sustainability". The very idea of analyzing a person’s internal forces, which allow him to successfully achieve his goals in extremely difficult conditions, has always been the focus of attention of sociologists, philosophers, psychologists, and representatives of various scientific schools.
First of all, semantic contexts are studied, that is, for the sake of which an individual exposes his life to serious risks, and what impact the result achieved by the individual has on his social consciousness, the individual’s state of mind, activity in learning about the world around him, etc. .
Let's consider other approaches to defining the concept of resilience. For example, according to Chertykov I.N. resilience is understood as a person’s ability to overcome the circumstances given by life and himself, a system of beliefs; it is a system of beliefs that contribute to the development of a person’s readiness to manage a system of increased complexity. There is the most general integral characteristic of personality, based on meaning-forming life orientations, self-attitude, stylistic characteristics of behavior, etc.
From the position of a systemic-structural approach, V.D. expressed his attitude to the phenomenon of resilience. Shadrikov: these are “the properties of functional systems that implement individual mental functions, which express an individual measure of expression, manifested in the success and qualitative originality of the development and implementation of activities.”
Vitality, according to V.D. Shadrikov, belongs to a special (spiritual) class of abilities: “They determine the qualitative specificity of a person’s behavior: his virtue, adherence to the principles of faith, love, altruism, the meaning of life; creativity, optimism." Vitality has the main features of spiritual characteristics, but is not identical to them. It represents the unity of natural and moral principles.
Researcher A. Fominova in her monograph “Personal Vitality” gives a deep analytical overview of the genesis of the term, taking into account foreign scientific achievements. Among the key problems, she identified the relationship between close semantic contexts of such concepts as: vitality, vitality, life creativity.
M.R. Khachaturova notes that resilience is a complex construct, the influence of which can extend to many personal characteristics and aspects of human behavior. Vitality in this case acts as a kind of “resource” of the individual, allowing her to cope with difficult life situations.
M.A. Friesen notes that resilience, being a special pattern in the structure of an individual's attitudes and skills, allows changes to be turned into opportunities; it is a catalyst that allows you to transform negative experiences into new opportunities. The author notes an important function of personality resilience - a potential adaptive resource.
Along with the concept of resilience, the closely related category of vitality has recently attracted the interest of scientists. A.I. Laktionova notes that vitality is not a universal, unconditional or fixed characteristic of an individual; it varies depending on the type of stress, its context and other factors that can be defined as risk factors and protective factors that have a significant impact on the development of an individual's adaptive abilities.
E.V. Lapkina emphasizes that vitality is aimed not only at overcoming stress, but also constitutes a system of life meanings and personal relationships that determine the specifics of its response to stress.
Recent studies of the problem of resilience are dominated by psychological concepts based on different approaches: the cultural-historical theory of higher mental functions of a person (L.S. Vygotsky), system-structural analysis (B.G. Ananyev, A.N. Leontiev, B.F. . Lomov), subject-activity (S.L. Rubinshtein, A.V. Brushlinsky, K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya), etc.
An analytical study of sources allows us to affirm the thesis that at the present time there is no unambiguity in the interpretation of the essence and disclosure of the components of resilience as a psychological and pedagogical phenomenon.
This phenomenon attracted the attention of many Russian researchers, including the eminent Russian psychologist D.A. Leontyev. He translated the concept of “hardiness” into Russian as vitality, which subsequently gave this term a special emotional connotation. So, in A. Reber’s dictionary, under the definition
“stable” is understood as a characteristic of an individual whose behavior is relatively reliable and consistent. The opposite of stability is “instability,” that is, unpredictability and disorder of behavior and mood, or even its danger to others. Thus, the concept of “vitality” includes the emotionally rich word “life” and the psychologically relevant property “resilience”.
Based on an interdisciplinary approach to the phenomenon of human resilience, D.A. Leontyev defines resilience as a trait characterized by the degree to which a person overcomes himself. The closest to the concept of resilience is D.A. Leontyev attributes the term
“life creativity,” that is, a person’s expansion of the world, his life relationships. The main components of resilience, in his opinion, are the individual’s conviction of readiness to cope with the situation, and openness to everything new. Resilience influences both the assessment of the current situation, which is perceived as less traumatic, and the person’s further actions, stimulating him to take care of his own health and psychological well-being.
L.A. defines resilience a little differently. Alexandrova. From her point of view, resilience is a special integral ability that contributes to the successful adaptation of the individual. Its main components are included in two blocks: the block of general abilities includes basic personal attitudes, intelligence, self-awareness, meaning and responsibility; block of special abilities, includes skills for interacting with people, as well as skills for overcoming various types of difficult situations.
In general, the analysis of Russian psychological scientific literature on the problem of personal resilience allows us to identify the following approaches to understanding the concept under study:
Understanding resilience as a result of the process of socialization of the individual, developing active resistance to external negative factors (Russian socio-psychological scientific school);
Understanding resilience as an inseparable part of the moral education of the individual, within which the central component is will, discipline, personal character (the approach is disclosed in the works of A.S. Makarenko, V.P. Vakhterov, K.D. Ushinsky, etc.);
Understanding resilience as an integral personal characteristic that ensures an individual’s readiness to successfully overcome life’s difficulties (reflected in the works of S.V. Knizhnikova);
Understanding resilience as a personal resource in the meaningful process of implementing life plans (E.I. Rasskazova, R.I. Stetsishin);
Understanding resilience as a system of beliefs about oneself, about one’s relationships with the outside world and its subjects (D.A. Leontiev).
Subsequently, the theoretical foundation for the development of this concept was the provisions of existential psychology. According to psychologists working in this direction, all events in our lives are the result of decision making. Any decision is a choice. Either the choice of the future is uncertainty, or the past is certainty. At the same time, the choice of the future, as often happens, is accompanied by ontological anxiety. And the more changes are expected, the higher the anxiety. Therefore, in order to avoid it, a person acts as usual, that is, chooses the past. However, excessively frequent choice in favor of the past leads to stagnation, thereby increasing the feeling of the meaninglessness of life. The choice of the future, despite natural anxiety, brings new experiences and opportunities into a person’s life, stimulating him to further personal development.
One of P. Tillich’s students, the founder of the existential-humanistic trend in psychology, R. May, in his book “Freedom and Fate,” develops the position of a person’s self-affirmation in conditions when fate sets limits for him, but he achieves true freedom when he resists them. According to R. May, there is a dialectical connection between freedom and fate - one cannot exist without the other; freedom does not exist without borders. If vital needs are not satisfied (in distress, deprivation), then people turn their gaze inward, move from the ego-self (freedom of action) to the psyche-self (freedom of being) and take the necessary steps to higher levels of needs.
According to E.I. Kuzmina, the integration of existential-humanistic (P. Tillich, R. May, S. Maddi), subject-activity (S.L. Rubinshtein) and reflective-activity approaches (E.I. Kuzmina) preserves the ontological the level of understanding of resilience as “the courage to be” and makes it possible to study a subject overcoming life’s difficulties, asserting himself and moving through obstacles to self-actualization.
The mechanism of action of resilience here lies in the influence of attitudes on the assessment of the current life situation and a person’s readiness to actively act in favor of the future.
At the same time, according to S. Muddy and D. Fiske, it initially developed that there are people with high and low levels of activity, due to the tendency of the personality core, striving to maintain its characteristic level of activation.
However, largely thanks to the awareness of the importance of one’s own activity, as opposed to passivity, a person is able to understand that it is through it that he can influence his own life, and it is this that turns out to be the key variable that prevents the emergence of internal tension in stressful situations. Thus, we can claim that this theory tells us about the usual and potential levels of activation, and one of the main foundations of resilience, according to S. Maddi, is the trait of activity, as opposed to passivity.
In order for a person to survive, withstand and not get sick, it is necessary to change the attitude towards this situation. This is one of the methods of a psychotherapist’s work with people who are in a difficult situation and need psychological support. In this case, there is an interaction between the social and psychological aspects of the development of personal resilience.
The development of personal attitudes can become the basis for a person’s more positive outlook, improving the quality of life, and can turn obstacles and stress into a source of growth and development. And the main thing is that factor, an internal resource that is subject to the person himself, this is something that he can change and rethink, something that helps maintain physical, psychological and social health.
Moving on to consider the structure of resilience, let us again turn to the works of Salvador Maddi. They identified three components - involvement, control and risk taking.
The first component of resilience is
"involvement". Involvement is the confidence that even in unpleasant and difficult situations or relationships it is better to remain involved: to be aware of events, in contact with people around you, to devote maximum effort, time, attention to what is happening, to participate in what is happening. A person, regardless of circumstances, must remember that life is worth living. The opposite of involvement is detachment. People with a developed component of involvement are able to receive genuine joy from their own activities. Due to their immersion in the work process, as well as an active creative position, they find a lot of valuable and interesting things in everyday affairs, which allows them to successfully overcome current and potential stress. A person’s lack of a sense of involvement, on the contrary, contributes to depression and rejection, the conviction that life is passing him by.
The next component in the resilience framework is “control.” Control is a kind of attitude towards the manifestation of vital activity. A person endowed with highly developed control is characterized by an active life position, the feeling that he independently, independently of no one, chooses his own path, and that only he himself can influence the outcome of what is happening. In contrast to this, a feeling of one’s own helplessness can form, a feeling that nothing depends on one’s own choice, and that everything is decided by someone else, but not by the person himself.
And the third component of resilience is “challenge,” or as it is also called, “risk taking.” Risk taking is a person’s conviction that everything that happens to him contributes to his personal development, and from any life event, positive or negative, he can gain useful experience. Such a person may consider the desire for everyday comfort and security boring, impoverishing life, and actions in spite of difficulties, and in the absence of guaranteed success, are very useful. On the contrary, people with low challenge scores do not know how to properly use the experience gained and prefer to be content with little.
Thus, we see that in order to maintain optimal performance, activity in stressful situations, and most importantly, psychological health, the high development of each of the three presented components of resilience is especially important.
Regarding the issue of determining the relationship between resilience and similar concepts and phenomena, we can say that at this point in time, in domestic and foreign psychology there are numerous studies reflecting the essential features of this phenomenon.
Thus, to summarize all of the above, we can state that resilience is an integrative personal quality that allows you to successfully endure stressful situations, while maintaining optimal performance and maintaining internal balance. This happens due to orientation towards the future and the activity hidden in it, which brings new experiences and opportunities into a person’s life, stimulating him to further personal development. The main components of resilience are the individual’s conviction of readiness to cope with the situation, and openness to everything new. Resilience includes three components, namely: involvement, which is responsible for a person receiving joy from the activity performed; control that allows a person to maintain an active life position and independently choose his own path in life; risk taking, which encourages you to take justifiable risks and helps you benefit from the experience gained.
Having analyzed many different understandings and definitions of values proposed in philosophy, sociology, ethics and psychology, we can come to the conclusion that it is inevitable to correlate this concept with three different groups of phenomena. YES. Leontyev formulated the idea of three forms of existence of values, transforming into one another:
1) social ideals - developed by public consciousness and the generalized ideas about perfection present in it in various spheres of public life;
2) the substantive embodiment of these ideals in the actions or works of specific people;
3) motivational structures of the individual (“models of what should be”), encouraging him to substantively embody social value ideals in his activities. These three forms of existence transform into one another.
These transitions can be simplified as follows. The individual assimilates social ideals in the form of so-called “models of what should be”, which contribute to his motivation for activity. As a result, there is a substantive embodiment of ideals. From a substantive point of view, the embodied values of an individual become the key basis for the formation of social ideals, which leads to the formation of an “endless spiral” of values embodied in ideal images. The psychological model of the functioning and structure of an individual’s motivation and its development in the context of sociogenesis allows us to concretize the understanding of personal values in the form of sources of personal motivation, which is functionally equivalent to the needs of the individual. At the same time, personal values, formed in the process of sociogenesis, interact with needs in a rather complex manner.
In general, in Russian psychology, many researchers consider value orientations as an expression of personality orientation and are inclined to believe that value orientations are a subjective mechanism for controlling human behavior (B.G. Ananyev, V.A. Yadov, V.S. Mukhina and etc.).
Recognition of values as actually operating regulators of an individual’s life, influencing behavioral factors regardless of their representation in consciousness, cannot be a reason to deny the existence of conscious beliefs that do not coincide with them in psychological and substantive nature in the context of the individual’s ideas about his own value orientations.
In the scientific literature, special attention is paid to the problem of the discrepancy between real and declared values. A more detailed analysis of the methodological aspects of the identified problem was carried out by Odessa sociologists, and objective empirical factors were obtained in a psychological experiment by E. E. Nasinovskaya, who used the approach of indirect post-hypnotic suggestion. As part of this psychological experiment, subjects had to perform personality-neutral tasks.
For example, there was a task “by eye” to reproduce the length of the presented segments as accurately as possible, and before completing the task, respondents in a state of hypnosis were given instructions like “If - Then”. Under the “If” condition, understatement and exaggeration of the length of segments was instilled; under the “That” condition, the implementation of certain values was required. After emerging from the hypnotic state, the degree and direction of distortion in the length of graphic segments served as a true and reliable indicator of the real motivating power of various value orientations. Also, a significant discrepancy was recorded between the declared importance of the designated values and the strength of their influence on the activities carried out under hypnosis.
V.B. Moeen, M.B. Kunyavsky and I.M. Popov identifies four groups of reasons that explain the discrepancy between actually motivating personal values and the declared value constructs of the individual. With verbal expression and adequate awareness of values, their integration into the practical regulation of an individual’s life can be inhibited in the absence of opportunities for implementation, in the presence of contradictory or competing values.
At the same time, actual values are not always objectively verbalized and recognized by the subject: the limitations of his intellect and the action of defense mechanisms do not allow him to objectively realize the essence of value constructs. Values characterized by adequate awareness can be verbally represented in an inadequate form, which occurs due to the presence of corresponding barriers (for example, speech taboos, etc.).
In order to objectively consider the topic of the work, it is necessary to touch upon the concept of “value orientations”.
Value orientation - social values shared by an individual: serving as goals of life and the main means of achieving them; being the most important factor regulating a person’s motivation and behavior.
Value orientations are understood as elements of the dispositional (internal) structure of an individual’s personality, which were formed and consolidated by life experience in the context of the processes of social adaptation and socialization, which leads to the delimitation of significant (essentially important for the individual) from insignificant (insignificant) values through mechanisms of acceptance or non-acceptance, perceived in the form of a framework (horizon) of fundamental life goals and ultimate meanings, which ultimately determines the acceptable means of realizing value orientations in the process of life.
The main theses of the scientific concept of value orientations are present in the scientific works of F. Znaniecki and W. Thomas, who were the first to categorically use the term “value orientations” itself, reoriented into the individual’s experience of the significance of certain phenomena. The theoretical basis for the concept of value orientations is the theory of M. Weber, dedicated to value-rational actions. The development of the problems of value orientations can also be traced in the works of D. Uznadze, devoted to the fixed social attitudes of the individual.
Value orientations within the framework of the dispositional structure of the personality form the highest level of the hierarchy of the individual’s predispositions to certain models of perception of living conditions, their behavior and subjective assessment, both in the long-term (primarily) and in the actual (here and now) perspective. At the same time, value orientations are more clearly explicated in cases that require the individual to make responsible decisions that entail significant consequences and even predetermine the subsequent nature of life. Value orientations ensure the stability and integrity of the individual, form the structure of consciousness and strategies of social activity, organize and control the motivational sphere of life, and highlight instrumental orientations towards specific types of activities and ways of achieving life goals.
Thus, value orientations should be considered as, first of all, the rejection or preference of certain meanings, which appear in the form of a life-organizing principle and a willingness to support the appropriate behavior of the individual. In this regard, the essence of the concept of value orientations corresponds to the original meanings inherent in the term “orientation”, which is associated with determining one’s own position in space. In this case, in the context of psychological science, we mean orientation in psychological space, that is, in the psychological characteristics of one’s own personality.
Based on this, we can identify several aspects determined by the value orientations of the individual:
1) Value orientations set the general direction of a person’s aspirations and interests;
2) Value orientations determine the hierarchy of individual patterns and preferences of the individual;
3) Value orientations determine the motivational and target program of an individual’s behavior;
4) Value orientations characterize the level of prestigious preferences and aspirations.
5) Value orientations give an idea of the mechanisms of selection within the framework of criteria for the significance of certain values for an individual;
6) Value orientations determine the degree of determination and readiness of the subject to implement his own “life project”.
The manifestation and disclosure of value orientations is carried out through the assessments that the subject gives both to others and to himself, as well as through the circumstances and aspirations of the individual to structure life situations, make decisions in problem situations and resolve conflicts; value orientations, at the same time, are revealed through chosen lines of behavior in morally charged existential situations, through the skills of setting and changing the dominants of an individual’s own life.
Personal crises, which are often complemented by crises of a social nature, usually cause the need to rethink or confirm the individual’s system of value orientations in order to overcome the contradictions that arise in them, which is associated with a change in the vector of activity, reflection and re-identification of the measure of self-realization. In such cases, the effectiveness of resolving psychological crises and minimizing their negative impact is determined by the degree of reflection, dynamism and openness of the individual’s value orientations.
The integrity and consistency of the system of value orientations should be considered as an indicator of the autonomy and stability of the individual. Consequently, their fragmentation and inconsistency testifies to the marginality and immaturity of the individual’s personality. This immaturity is fixed by the individual’s inability, on the one hand, to make assessments and make decisions, and on the other hand, by the discrepancy between nonverbal and verbal behavior.
Of course, the problem of value orientations requires a rethinking of modern conditions, which presuppose the background self-determination of the individual in various loci of cultural space, subordinate to the corresponding cultural norms and life values, which are often inconsistent with each other. Consequently, the key to an objective understanding of value orientations must be sought not in subject-object relations, but in intersubjective ones.
Also, social pedagogy, social philosophy and sociology of youth study the characteristics of a person’s value orientations. A more holistic understanding of the essence of value orientations requires identifying a complex of types of value systems, differentiated by types and levels of their organization. For example, Trikoz N.A. and Gavrilyuk V.V. in their research they focus on four types of value systems:
1) A meaningful life system of values, within which the values of life are united, which in turn determine the goals of human existence, the values of truth, freedom, beauty, that is, universal life values;
2) Virtual value system, which includes the values of maintaining and preserving familiar everyday life, safety, health, comfort;
3) The interactionist system, which includes judgments and values that are significant for group and interpersonal communication - this is the individual’s calm conscience, good relationships with others, the possibility of mutual assistance, power;
4) A socialized system of values, to which the authors include values that determine the processes of formation of the personality itself: those that are approved and disapproved by society.
According to B.A. Barabanshchikov, who analyzed the main types of value orientations of an individual, three levels of their organization can be distinguished:
1) Values that have the most general, abstract nature: these are social, spiritual, material values, and spiritual, in turn, are divided into aesthetic, cognitive, humanistic, etc., and social - into the values of social achievements, social respect and social activity ;
2) Values that are fixed in the life of an individual and manifest themselves as individual personality traits - activity, sociability, curiosity, dominance, etc.
3) The most characteristic patterns of individual behavior, expressed in the consolidation and implementation of value properties.
As part of his research, B.A. Barabanshchikov emphasizes that the empirical data he obtained, proving the connection between values and ideals of an individual with specific methods and forms of behavior, are very diverse, and their formation influences certain personal properties of the individual, despite the fact that the connection between values and personal properties is ambiguous. Therefore, the same personality traits of an individual are correlated with the corresponding groups of values, which, in turn, determine several ways of the individual’s behavior. Also, in a series of empirical studies considered by the author, it was established that values and ideals can be realized through behavioral models, the essence of which is determined by values, or is aimed at the implementation of other value orientations of the individual. However, these values may remain unrealized, which becomes the cause of intrapersonal conflicts. Specific aspects of the manifestation of values in an individual's behavior patterns are determined by the characteristics of the structure of values.
Let us note that in the world socio-psychological and sociological literature, value ideas become the objects of few studies, which is why general traditions of their understanding, and as a consequence - the definition of value orientations, have not yet been developed. Most often they are designated in a broad sense, and therefore are used very ambiguously.
Value orientations and value ideas should be considered as individual forms of representation of “supra-individual” values, and in this light, the terms “value orientations” and “values” will refer to both declared (conscious) and really significant values.
Relevant examples can be given. C. Morris in his studies distinguished between operational (effective) and conscious values, without using the term “value orientations” at all. K. Kluckhohn considered values as a motivational aspect of personality, and value orientations as entire value concepts. M. Rokeach calls values beliefs, which are diagnosed using well-known direct ranking methods.
Taking into account the complexity of definitions of the concepts of “value orientations”,
“values” and “value ideas”, as well as taking into account the frequent confusion of these concepts in the scientific literature, in the framework of further research these terms will be considered identical.
Based on theoretical analysis, a diagram of “Values in the structure of the motivational sphere of the individual” was drawn up (Appendix 1).
All of the above allows us to draw the following conclusion: the system of value orientations determines the substantive side of a person’s orientation and forms the basis of his relationships to the world around him, to other people, to himself, the basis of his worldview and the core of motivation for life, the basis of his life concept. Values influence all motivational formations ( attitudes, interests, habits, inclinations), filling their content with personal meaning. The main function of value orientations is to regulate behavior as a conscious action in social conditions.
Retirement of older people is characterized by the presence of psychological problems associated with an overestimation of the individual's life situation. The significant increase in the proportion of older people in the age structure of modern society has led to a wide range of problems that go far beyond demographics. This led not only to the large-scale interest of psychological science in the problems of people facing the stage of retirement, but also to the formation of an entire Gerontoculture.
Scientific understanding of the personality of older people is characterized by many contradictory judgments that reflect different points of view of scientists on the essence of this life stage, including the concept of personality. According to some authors, there are no significant changes in personality at the stage of aging (in old age). Other scientists believe that in old age an individual’s personality changes under the influence of mental and somatic transformations, which is why old age itself is perceived as a disease, almost always accompanied by various ailments and, of course, ending in death.
The aging process of an individual causes a change in attitude towards many life events and social phenomena, and contributes to a change in the direction of interests. Moreover, most often the list of interests is narrowed, mental processes slow down, social activity decreases, the individual’s general well-being worsens, dissatisfaction with oneself, psychological uncertainty, and distrust of others appear. However, these changes are not common to older people. Empirical studies have repeatedly shown that many people retain their creative abilities and personal characteristics practically unchanged into old age. Being an extremely critical period of life, old age requires all the strength and attention from the individual to adapt to the environment. However, many older people find it difficult to get used to their new social status, despite the fact that old age as such is characterized by many positive qualities, among which the main ones are life experience, prudence, and more free time.
The emotional well-being of an elderly person is considered as a factor determining the feeling of psychological danger or safety. Emotional well-being is determined by the general level of a person’s health, the characteristics of his relationships with friends, relatives, loved ones, the presence of emotional connections with people around him, their support, as well as many other factors that influence the life values of a person retiring. For an elderly person, the family becomes a means of satisfying basic life needs due to exclusion from the social institution of labor. The scientific literature emphasizes that “on the one hand, this gives an elderly person the opportunity to receive support and emotional warmth, and on the other, the opportunity to assist children in raising grandchildren and running a household, while the absence or breakdown of family ties most often leads to to a sharp decrease in the favorable level of emotional and psychological state.”
In addition, as N.I. Babaeva notes, elderly people have high excitability and low stability, which forms sensitivity to various stimuli (experiences and unpleasant situations), but these reactions are short-lived and they are not recorded. This psychological type can be considered the most optimal for achieving longevity, and a positive, optimistic outlook on life, an active life position is the basis for energetic longevity, not burdened by illness.
An analysis of the problem of an individual’s crisis during the transition to the life stage of old age gives grounds to assert that psychological science is full of certain material that reveals the socio-psychological problems of the vitality of older people. However, generally accepted scientific conclusions that fully characterize the psychological problem of retirement have not yet been formulated. Tsvetkova N.A. and co-authors clarify that some men and women perceive retirement as a socio-psychological problem, and the current demographic situation in Russia only leads to an increase in the number of such people who negatively perceive retirement as a life stage.”
Let's pay attention to the life expectancy indicator. In Russia, the Federal State Statistics Service calculated the forecast for this indicator until 2030. In the following diagram we present the trend of changes in the indicator until 2020 (see Figure 1.1).
As we can see, the life expectancy of women, according to the forecast, is higher than that of men, which is true for each year under consideration. At the same time, the life expectancy of men is lower than the general level (both men and women). In fact, this means that the quality of life of men is at a lower level, which explains its comparatively shorter duration.
Being a socio-psychological phenomenon, gerontoculture is a complex and multidimensional formation, the manifestation of which is seen at three levels:
At the macro level, this is a social phenomenon, manifested in the social policy of the state, in ideas about the behavior patterns of older people, in images of old age as a life stage; which also affects the historical retrospective of aging due to the historical conditionality of gerontoculture as a socio-psychological phenomenon;
At the meso level, gerontoculture is considered as a subculture of a certain age group, within which the interpersonal relationships of subjects come to the fore;
At the micro level, gerontoculture is considered in the form of the aging process of an individual, which is manifested in the subjectivity of activity and life - the activity of the individual, his desire for responsibility for his own self-realization, self-development, understanding and acceptance of his life path.
The main psychological problem of an individual retiring is the problem of fears and concerns regarding his future life path, which is being transformed due to changes in labor and other areas. All this can result in a real psychological crisis that negatively affects the psychological health of an elderly person, but at the same time, the presence of psychological problems in people of retirement age is the norm, due to the psychological characteristics of the individual.
According to E. Erikson, at the eighth stage of life there is a turning point of choice between despair and integrity. R. Pekk in his works detailed the totality of manifestations of this crisis and identified their three components:
Awareness of the fact of aging of the body and deterioration of health at a level at which the individual recognizes and accepts this problem as natural;
Finding oneself outside the professional role, that is, outside the context of labor relations;
Acceptance and resignation to the idea of inevitable death.
According to many researchers, it is the cessation of work that contributes to the most profound psychosocial crises in people who are faced with the life stage of retirement. That is why it is extremely important that an elderly person who has retired can determine for himself a set of the most significant activities that can “replace” his usual work activity. If an individual does not see himself outside of his usual work activity, his retirement can lead to a flow of negative emotions, which will be very difficult to cope with, since the cessation of work activity, which is usual for an individual, has a broad socio-psychological context for a person’s life.
At the same time, older people understand that retirement is characterized by a complex of social losses, which are psychologically difficult to come to terms with: a narrowing of their social circle, a decrease in economic status, and a loss of professional competencies as such or their relevance. In other words, after the cessation of usual work activity, an individual may begin to experience a crisis of the social essence of the individual.
Ovchinnikova L.V. and Rosenfeld A.S. note that body image
The “I” of older people during their retirement bears the negative imprint of personal experiences and social cataclysms, which affect their self-esteem, value orientations and associative characteristics of their own image of “I”.
Also, the psychological problem of retirement lies in the fear of older people regarding the social risks inherent in this stage of life. Various authors put forward certain categories of social risks to which older people are the most vulnerable. For example, M.V. Kornilova provides the following list of social risks for older people (see Table 1.1).
Table 1.1 Social risks of older people in modern society
The problem of studying the value orientations of the individual. The influence of value orientations on personality structure. The relationship between the value orientations of university students and the properties of the neurodynamic, psychodynamic and socio-psychological levels of personality.
abstract, added 03/14/2011
Analysis of extreme sports as a type of activity. Psychological characteristics of the personality of persons involved in these sports. The level of vitality in extreme athletes and people who do not engage in sports: research results and their discussion.
course work, added 01/16/2016
The concept of personality resilience and personal adaptation potential. Empirical substantiation of the problem of the influence of the resilience of employees on their personal adaptive potential using the example of law enforcement agencies. Collection of experimental data.
course work, added 11/24/2014
The problem of value orientations of the individual in domestic and foreign science. Psychological nature of individual value orientations. The relationship between values and professional choice. An empirical study of the value orientations of job seekers.
thesis, added 05/05/2012
General information about the subject. Drawing up a psychological profile of the current leader using test methods of vitality, life-meaning orientations and the Mac-scale. Processing the responses received and assessing his professional suitability.
practical work, added 05/20/2013
Problems of value self-determination of Russian youth. Study of the properties and effects of amphetamine and its derivatives. An empirical study of value orientations and personality orientation of young people with experience of using “soft” drugs.
course work, added 11/21/2011
Study of the components of vitality and parameters of life-meaning orientations and self-actualization in old and senile age. Their relationship with socio-psychological personality characteristics in groups of working and non-working pensioners.
presentation, added 05/17/2015
The concept of values and value orientations in psychology, their types and social conditioning. Modern problems of value orientations of senior schoolchildren. Gender differences in the content side of personal orientations of high school students.
course work, added 04/26/2016
Theoretical and methodological aspects of the study of gender differences in the field of value orientations. Analysis of the nature of values and value orientations. The concepts of "sex" and "gender". Gender differences among high school students and their relationship with value preferences.
course work, added 02/06/2012
Characteristics of emotional states. Psychological studies of emotional states. Emotional states of the individual and the problem of their regulation. Features and patterns of changes in the emotional states of the individual in the process of therapeutic massage.
In philosophy, the phenomenon of resilience is considered as a continuous process of personal self-improvement, allowing one to cope with critical moments in life. Among the Stoics, resilience was considered through issues of the meaning of a person’s individual choice, awareness of one’s duty and life’s task. For existentialists, through creative understanding of one’s place in the world around us. Irrationalists pointed to a person’s desire for self-affirmation in the world and to succeed in life. Russian philosophers at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries defined a resilient personality as integral, capable of creation and self-development, awareness of spiritual values.
Among foreign and domestic psychologists who study the phenomenon of resilience, we can distinguish such scientists as: S. Maddi, S. Kobeisa, D. Khoshaba, M. Scheyer, I. Solkova, P. Tomanek, D.A. Leontyev, E.I. Rasskazova, T.V. Nalivaiko, G.V. Vanakova, M.V. Loginova, N.M. Volobueva, S.A. Bogomaz, E.Yu. Mandrikova, R.I. Ssetyshyn et al. For psychological science, the problem of resilience is new and insufficiently studied. To date, there is still no unity in defining what the phenomenon of resilience is. The scientific literature raises various aspects of this phenomenon (attitudes and components, basic values as the basis of this phenomenon, the connection of resilience with the ability to accept the difficulties of life), attention is paid to the peculiarities of the expression of resilience at different ages, and methods for the formation and development of resilience are developed.
We can say that the phenomenon of resilience arose at the intersection of the scientific school of existential psychology and the psychology of stress, ways of coping with it. Foreign psychologist S. Maddi became the creator of the theory of such a personal quality as “hardiness”. This term, translated from English, means “strength, endurance”, D.A. Leontiev defined this phenomenon as “vitality”.
The phenomenon of resilience is a personal formation that develops throughout a person’s life. Vitality manifests itself in certain situations, regardless of the knowledge and understanding of this given by the individual himself.
Thus, supporters of the humanistic movement viewed the individual through his creativity, integrity, constant creation of himself and self-realization, and understanding of the meaning of existence. We can say that representatives of the humanistic movement laid down criteria for assessing the vitality of an individual. If we look at the phenomenon of resilience from the point of view of personal development, then we can talk about self-actualization as a means of achieving resilience. Thus, here the phenomenon of resilience is considered as a way of confirming the maximum rich development of personality for a fulfilling life. Such a person can accept himself and others and be independent. A resilient person can build strong interpersonal relationships and feel included and connected with others.
According to A. Adler, the vitality of an individual is determined by its social development, that is, the understanding that in order to solve various life difficulties and problems one must have courage, be able to cooperate and spend one’s own energy for the benefit of others.
We should also turn our attention to the theory of “selfhood” by K. Jung. Here, a resilient personality is a person who, with the help of his own “self,” acquires new skills, realizes goals and himself, he is able to rise above the masses, while remaining not subject to social norms.
The development of the personality itself is considered by domestic psychologists as a condition for the development of resilience. Vitality is also associated with the level of aspirations, creativity, persistence, and initiative.
M.V. Loginova notes that creativity is the basis for the development of resilience. And the meaning of this phenomenon lies in a person’s ability to become the creator of his own individual history through mastery of the external circumstances of life. The content of vitality is considered through extraversion, activity, plasticity, sincerity and the internal characteristics of the localization of control. L.I. Antsiferova notes that in order to develop resilience, it is necessary to be “involved” in the system of social relations, since the problem of developing resilience arises due to the individual’s inability to self-realization. Therefore, a resilient personality must be able to integrate into various social groups, have a high level of reflection, and be able to adequately assess the social situation. According to E.I. Golovakhi, a resilient person is one who, based on moral values, forms his own moral, consistent life priorities, the order of their setting and the implementation of goals through means of achievement.
YES. Leontiev understands resilience as a trait characterized by the degree to which a person overcomes given circumstances, and, ultimately, by the degree of overcoming oneself. According to D.A. Leontiev, an indicator of stable self-esteem in a resilient person is the presence of a certain signal that everything is in order in life or, conversely, which means the need for changes in life and in relationships with the world. As elements of resilience, the scientist considers freedom from the present and the past, that is, the ability to draw motivating forces for one’s behavior in the planned future, the ability to use these forces to achieve the desired result and responsibility, that is, a person’s understanding of the ability to change the surrounding reality and his own life.
S.L. Rubinstein is ahead of S. Maddi's views. He talks about two ways of human existence, and, consequently, about two options for relating to life. The first is an understanding of life that does not go beyond immediate connections and relationships (that is, based on biological and social needs according to S. Muddy). And the second option is associated with the emergence of reflection (that is, psychological needs according to S. Maddi).
L.A.'s term of resilience. Aleksandrova (2005) defines it as psychological vitality, as well as an indicator of a person’s mental health. In the understanding of R.M. Rakhimova, youth resilience is a set of value systems that allow youth to create their own life project and make it positive.
S.A. Bogomaz established a connection between human resilience and the ability to overcome stressful situations, with a high level of development of physical and mental health, with a sense of optimism and satisfaction with one’s own life.
Thus, we can conclude that interest in the phenomenon of resilience arose in the psychological literature in the context of the study of such phenomena as stress resistance, subjectivity, and personal life worlds. In psychological science, questions have arisen regarding a person’s ability to develop his personality in difficult and unfavorable circumstances of life. We believe that today the theory of S. Maddi and D. Khoshaba is the most developed and holistic, while having a powerful empirical base, therefore we identify the concept of resilience with “hardiness” and consider resilience as a special pattern of the structure of attitudes and skills, thanks to which you can turn the changes that happen to a person into his capabilities, as a system of beliefs about himself, the world, and relationships with the world.
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