It’s no secret that when the lighting in the workplace is poor, the eyes quickly get tired, which means that in general a person will return home more tired after the end of the working day. Headaches, general deterioration of the body, both physical and psychological, visual impairment - all this is affected by incorrectly selected and aligned light. Fixing this is quite simple, you just need to understand how to optimally illuminate your workplace, recreation area and living space as a whole, and what are the established standards regulating this parameter. For this purpose, building codes and regulations (SNiP) standards were developed.
SNiP is a document developed specifically to standardize the lighting of residential and industrial premises during construction. But it is also used for control in residential areas. According to it, by measuring the level of illumination in any room using a lux meter, you can understand whether the lamps need to be changed to more powerful ones or, on the contrary, there is too much light in the room. After all, too much of it leads to unpleasant sensations. So what lighting standards exist for residential premises?
In an apartment or your own home, lighting control is required no less than in an office (and maybe even more). SNiP standards (as the illumination table states) for these rooms (in suites) are as follows:
When purchasing lamps, it has already become customary to pay attention to the marking of the luminous flux. It is on the basis of these data that you can understand whether a lighting device is suitable or not for a room. But how can you understand whether the luminous flux of a lamp is enough to illuminate a living space if it is indicated in lumens, but lux is required? When calculating, 1 lm = 1 lux/sq. m.
You can consider an example of such a calculation. Assuming that lighting is required for a bathhouse or swimming pool with an area of 50 square meters. m, then first you need to multiply the norm prescribed in SNiP by the area of the room, which means 50 x 100 = 5,000 lux. From which it is concluded that the total luminous flux of all lighting fixtures in the room should be 5,000 lm.
According to the table of average luminous flux indicators of various lamps, such a room will require either 6 LED lamps with a power of 12 W, or 6 fluorescent lamps of 20 W each, or 6 incandescent lamps of 75 W each, for a total of 5,200 lm. As you can understand, there is nothing extremely complicated in the norm. Of course, the calculations from such a table are averaged, but when purchasing a lamp, nothing prevents you from checking the strength of its luminous flux by the markings.
Light has always played an important role in the life of mankind, because we receive up to 91% of all information through vision. And in our age of high technology, when constantly working with a computer, maintaining sharp vision comes to the fore.
But, as it turned out, a person’s vision does not necessarily deteriorate even if he works at a computer 8 hours a day. Vision will deteriorate much faster if it is improper, where it spends most of the time. And if you add to the deterioration of vision nervousness, damaged family relationships - the list can be endless. But nothing prevents you from planning the lighting in your apartment. To do this, you just need to choose the right lamps, making some simple calculations first.
Apartments can be directional, i.e. supplied from ceiling lamps, sconces and floor lamps, as well as diffused. This kind of lighting has become very popular recently. It looks very beautiful on multi-level ceilings, but by itself, without directional light, it cannot provide good illumination of the room, and therefore is used only as additional light.
Of course, natural lighting in the room is the best. That is why, when building their houses, people try to make large windows that will provide access to more natural light. But at night there is no natural light. That is why in any house or apartment such lighting is installed that can be competitive or at least similar to natural light. If there is no similarity, then when staying in such a room for a long time, in addition to the feeling of discomfort, a person will experience other bad sensations. And this is what threatens it:
It turns out that improper room lighting and non-compliance with standards will primarily affect health. And the first ones who will feel all the problems are children. In their case, disturbances in body functions due to improper lighting can sometimes even become irreversible. Consequently, lighting, especially artificial light, plays a huge role in human life, both from the point of view of physiology and psychology.
A very important factor that is responsible for both production and industrial safety is, of course, lighting standards. It is necessary to try to understand why the number of defects decreases, attentiveness improves and personnel injuries decrease after a routine check of lighting and replacement of lamps with more powerful ones.
Thanks to numerous studies, it has been possible to find out that violations of safety regulations and production technology most often occur not due to malicious intent or human factor, but precisely due to violation of construction standards. As it turned out, the human visual apparatus also reduces the functionality of its work when the light level decreases. There are the following data characterizing visual work:
Hence the conclusion that no matter how the employer rewards employees for a job well done or how much they punish them for defects, if the lighting standards for the office or production premises are not met, there will be little sense in his actions.
Of course, the standards of building codes and regulations in the field of lighting are average values, and everyone decides for themselves which lighting devices to install in their apartment and what power they will have. But we should not forget that the standards were developed taking into account many indicators and studies. It is quite acceptable if the illumination of the room is slightly higher than the parameters set out in SNiP, but there is a limit to everything.
You should not install a spotlight in the room, which will produce a luminous flux that hurts the eyes. And of course, lighting, in which you have to strain when reading, will not add to your health. So what is the most important thing in planning room lighting? A few more tips:
If you follow all the rules and regulations, you won’t have to bite your elbows after standing in line to see an ophthalmologist or being at an appointment with a psychologist. After all, the most important thing is your health and your family’s.
Lighting is one of the most important components of the project, which must be fully thought out and done correctly.
Of course, the ideal lighting for our eyes is natural light (daytime, morning or evening sun, sun behind the clouds). It's worth making the most of it. well and the main task is to bring artificial lighting as close as possible to natural.
The modern lighting market offers a wide range of lamps of various price categories and style solutions. There you can find chandeliers and ceiling lamps from the manufacturer for any interior. From practical and durable ceiling lights with an understated design to luxurious, premium designer chandeliers made from high-quality eco-friendly crystal and coated with gold leaf. The shapes are completely different - from classic to Hi-Tech style chandeliers, which are real art objects.
It’s difficult not to get confused among such diversity and make the right choice! Sometimes you have to travel around half of Moscow until “that same” lamp is found. This is why it is so important to deal with professionals - this applies to both the store where you purchase the chandelier and the designer working on your project.
Exists a large number of types of lighting fixtures: pendant, built-in, track (lights on a bus), sconces, LED lighting.
Also it is necessary to consider the types of switches: single-key, two- and three-key, dimmers (switches with brightness adjustment), walk-through (on in one place, off in another), walk-through with a dimmer, switches with a motion sensor (perfect in the hallway, in a long corridor, in a dressing room).
In order not to get confused in such a variety, and to plan the electrics correctly and conveniently, you need the help of a designer. Competent specialists know not only all types of lamps and their inclusions, but also how to distribute all the appliances so that the owners can live comfortably and safely in their own home.
in bathrooms, switches are always outside;
if we open the door with our left hand, then the switch should be to the right of the entrance;
It is better to place spotlights along the axis of the mirrors;
most often all switches are located at a height of 900 mm. And at a distance of 150 mm from the corner or edge of the opening;
frosted glass or plastic absorbs 40% of the light (we are talking about an Armstrong-type ceiling).
This is just a small amount of information that you need to know.
It is worth noting that for many years contractors have been working only from drawings, the main thing is to check whether they read them correctly and followed all the recommendations. (Editor's note)
A good option is a calm, relaxing lighting scheme. Low-power matte spherical lamps are suitable for this type of room. They allow you to obtain uniform soft illumination without sharp transitions and boundaries, which does not strain your eyesight. The area of the bedside tables should be illuminated with small table lamps or wall sconces.
It is the main work area in the house, and the right light plays an important role. A small kitchen does not require central light - lighting of the work areas and eating area is sufficient. For a large kitchen, a central chandelier is a must, and it’s good if the choice falls on warm light.
The central chandelier in the living area is considered a necessary element of the interior. The lamp can be adjusted in height and, ideally, in brightness.
In other types of rooms in residential buildings, such as corridor, bathroom, toilet, dressing room, it is worth using spot lighting. It will allow you to get uniform illumination, and will also make the room visually a little more spacious.
The package of design project drawings also contains an electrical drawing with lighting calculations for each room.
Drawings from the design project of Elena Karasaeva
This calculation is necessary to create sufficient illumination in the room, which, in turn, provides favorable and comfortable conditions for human life.
Lack of lighting or its excessiveness causes severe eye strain, rapid fatigue and causes significant psychological discomfort, which adversely affects human health in general.
Lighting standards for office and residential buildings are regulated by SNiPs(construction and design documentation), which sets out standards for various types of premises. Below are recommendations for lighting standards in residential premises.
Until recently, we chose a light bulb based on its power - 100 watts is more than 60. Everything is clear. Watts indicate the power that the lamp consumes. Everyone knows: the more powerful the lamp, the more light it will give. But it’s more important to understand how many lumens it is. Our traditional incandescent lamps convert 90% of their energy into heat. But we don’t need them to heat the room! Therefore, it is the luminous flux that is important. And we pay for the watts consumed - this should also be known. The table below is useful for this. From it it is clear that for a luminous flux of 400 lm, a regular incandescent lamp will “eat” 40 W, but an LED lamp will consume only 2-3 W. In practice, it is important to know the additional characteristics of the lamp: it all depends on the quality of the product, materials, etc. So this calculation is approximate!
But before we do the calculations, we note that the standards do not determine the brightness of the light bulbs, but the illumination. That is, what is the luminous flux per 1 m2 of surface. This value is measured in lux, 1 lux (lx) is when 1 lumen of light falls per square meter (1 lm/m2).
Em=n*Ф/S*2.5 ,
Where n– number of light bulbs,
F– luminous flux in Lm,
S– area of the room,
2,5 – a coefficient that depends on the area and height of the ceiling. If the height is 3 meters or S is more than 100 m2, then it is taken equal to 3.
For example: hall with an area of 7 m2; Let's assume that the lamp uses 3 halogen bulbs. Each 12 V (voltage) = 35 W (power) = 670 Lm (luminous flux).
3*670/7*2.5=115 Lm – we conclude that this is not enough, we are striving for 150 Lm.
The calculation of room illumination also largely depends on its design.. Dark walls and floors absorb light, and it is necessary to include a margin in the calculations. Of course, unless the goal is to create a cozy environment with soft light. Bright rooms are already bright, and too much can cause discomfort to the eyes; almost the same thing happens when you look at the sun through thin clouds.
In addition to the calculated amount in Lm, light is perceived by us emotionally, so it is important what kind of atmosphere we want to get: whether it is a work surface, or a place of relaxation.
Any room is three-dimensional, which is why it is so important to have different lighting scenarios. It is advisable to make them independent of each other, placing them in different tiers.
Upper tier– chandeliers, curtain lighting, lighting in the upper part of the cabinets.
Average– floor lamps, table lamps, sconces, various wall lamps. By the way, a wall lamp directed upward creates lighting without shadows.
Lower– lighting of stair steps, light built into the floor, or along the perimeter of the furniture. It illuminates wonderfully, the only problem is with the selection of lighting fixtures.
Lighting a home is one of the fundamental principles of its design. You could even say that the lighting design of an apartment is the first of the fundamental principles of its project. A competent housing project begins with the development of lighting: when it comes to stone, concrete and metal, it will be very difficult, if not impossible, to correct mistakes.
However, “lighting design” is a complex and multifaceted concept. Light should be healthy and comfortable, show the appearance of the room and express the individuality of its owner. Accordingly, lighting design consists of three disciplines stemming from each other:
This division is not at all far-fetched; it arises in the most natural way. Take a look at the picture: even without explanation it is clear that on the left is lighting design, in the center is lighting architecture, and on the right is interior lighting design.
A full-fledged lighting design project includes all three components, but it is impossible to describe them in one article, so in this article we will talk about the initial and most important thing: the overall design of apartment lighting. Elements of lighting architecture and interior lighting design will be mentioned as necessary, when without them it is impossible to solve the overall lighting problem.
All three types of lighting design work with natural, general (background), local, task and decorative lighting. We have to take the natural as it is, limiting ourselves to lighting design (see below): softening, reflection, scattering. Otherwise, the general rules are:
Note: There is an informal type of lighting - background lighting. We will talk about it later, and the requirement for it is opacity when viewed from the outside.
Lighting should have a beneficial effect on vision, psyche and general health, so let's start with sanitary and hygienic requirements. The rules for lighting an apartment are regulated by physical parameters and “Natural and artificial lighting”; SanPiN 1278-03 remains valid for old buildings, but is not valid for the design of new ones. Aesthetics are not prescribed anywhere or in any way. The basic requirements are:
Notes:
- All values are minimum acceptable. On a cloudy autumn day in the open air, the illumination is more than 10,000 lux, so there is no need to be afraid of “overkill” - there is no such thing as so much electricity in the wiring.
- KEO for overhead natural lighting is not considered; the lateral KEO is measured in the horizontal plane of the floor.
But what are these KEOs and UGRs? Let's see, starting with KEO, it is simpler. To tackle UGR, you'll need to understand a little about the properties of light.
KEO, simply put, is the proportion of natural light entering a room. If, for example, the lux meter on the floor of an open balcony showed 400 lux, and on the floor in the center of the room adjacent to it 250 lux, then the KEO will be 250/400 = 0.625. The norm has been met.
At home, KEO is quite easily determined by a camera, if it is not exactly a point-and-shoot camera:
Example: shutter speed on paper outdoors is 1/60 s, and in the room - 1/40 s. KEO will be 40/60=0.67.
The discomfort coefficient UGR is calculated using the formula from the international standard EN 12464-1. It is based on the so-called hardness of light, which for some reason is called brilliance in regulatory documents (and who came up with such nonsense when Russian has a simple and understandable word? A sacred corporate language, or what?) Very bright light can be soft and favorable for vision, and dull hard - irritate and spoil it.
The hardness of light is determined by three parameters of the light flux: degrees of polarization, coherence and spectrum. The flow of light consists of a huge number of elementary particles from the class of bosons - photons, which are also quanta of electromagnetic radiation with a certain frequency, phase and directions of the electric and magnetic vectors. UGR varies from 0 to 100.
The degree of polarization shows what fraction of photons the directions of the field vectors coincide. For cloudy skies and incandescent lamps, the total polarization is about zero, for clear skies and fluorescent lamps - a few percent, up to 20%; glare from mirror surfaces and light from quantum sources - lasers, LEDs - can be polarized 100%. Light is considered soft when polarized up to 10%. Directional reflection and refraction of light increases its polarization.
You can check the polarization of light with a photographic Polaroid filter: while looking through it, the Polaroid is rotated 180 degrees. If the overall brightness does not change noticeably, the light is considered comfortable, and by the disappearance or weakening, you can immediately see the sources of the light becoming harder.
The degree of coherence shows what proportion of light quanta have the same phase. The hardness of light is determined by the length of the coherence train - the length of the section of the light flux in which the degree of coherence exceeds 50%. It is because of the fairly high coherence of light that flash photographs come out lifeless. It is impossible to determine the length of the coherence train at home, but under normal lighting, the absence of noticeable polarization also indicates an negligibly small coherence train. The exception is the same quantum sources: the coherence of their light can reach up to 100% at a distance of several meters.
The eye easily adapts to the effective color temperature of lighting: if on a clear day it is 5700 K for sunlight, then on a cloudy day it is 6300 K, and at sunset it drops to about 2000 K. But the spectrum of the Sun is thermal, smooth (in the figure on the left) , therefore, thermal light sources are best suited for vision: conventional incandescent lamps, xenon, krypton, freon, halogen. Unfortunately, they are not economical, so modern home lighting is increasingly based on the use of fluorescent lamps.
The luminescent spectrum (middle in the figure) is pseudo-white, there are noticeable dips in its envelope. Objects of colors that coincide with the dips appear visually darker under artificial lighting, which creates disharmony. In addition, obtaining pseudo-white light requires a slight increase in the intensity of the spectral zones, which is also not very good for vision.
Nevertheless, scientists and engineers are tirelessly working to improve fluorescent lamps, and their modern models with a three-layer phosphor provide light that is almost as comfortable as diffused sunlight.
At home, the quality of light from a saving light bulb can be roughly determined if the household has something low-power powered by a solar battery: a calculator, a receiver. The procedure is:
Example: the device turned on 0.6 m from the incandescent lamp and 15 cm from the 11 W housekeeper. 60/15=4, and 2.5x1.5=3.75. The lamp is a crappy “alternative” one; Only suitable for local lighting.
Additions to SNiP 23-05-95 allow the use of LED lamps, subject to compliance with sanitary standards, but for general lighting of rooms they are completely unsuitable, not only in terms of polarization with coherence, but also in terms of spectrum: it is synthetic, island (in the figure on the right). The point here is not so much that objects caught in its deep holes will appear black.
The main disadvantage of the island spectrum is the high concentration of energy in the peaks of the envelope, which is necessary to create the desired overall brightness of white. Energy peaks overload the visual sensors of the eye, which spoils vision and health in general. By analogy: a blow to the head with a pillow will only make you angry, but a brick can kill you.
Therefore, the main areas of application of LEDs in residential lighting are ceiling lighting design and backlighting/lighting, and it is highly desirable to place light strips behind the eaves so that at least polarization and coherence due to diffuse reflection are reduced.
According to sanitary standards, the surface brightness of light sources should not exceed 200 cd/sq.m. Halogen lamps, which provide a thermal spectrum that is very favorable for vision, go far beyond this threshold, representing point sources of light. Therefore, when lighting the work area, they must be hidden behind a visor or recessed into furniture, and for general lighting, use lamps with matte caps or diffuse re-reflection of light, directing it to a white ceiling or walls.
Designing room lighting begins with natural lighting. Then, according to KEO, an artificial one must be attached to it: light shock from turning on too bright a light is also harmful. The binding is done to determine the required power of light sources.
Then, based on the original interior design layout, the types and range of lighting fixtures and their technical characteristics are selected. In this case, it is often necessary to modify the layout.
The next stage is, and based on its result, an electrical circuit for lighting the apartment is developed. And only after this the light is “glued” into the construction project, which again may require various kinds of modifications.
There are two general approaches to lighting: European and American.
Both approaches make it possible to obtain almost shadowless background lighting, and a lampshade or halogen lights scattered on the ceiling instead of a chandelier allow you to use a synthetic approach: the ceiling light is sectional through a double switch, and the sconces are with individual switches. The problem of many wires is solved by covering the walls and ceiling, with electrical cords hidden under it.
Independent proper lighting of an apartment comes down to lighting it room by room, and that’s what we’ll do.
When passing through glass or reflecting off a mirror, direct natural light can become too harsh. In addition, the light from the window should not be too harsh or overly directed.
Hard light is softened by translucent or openwork barriers - tulle, organza. They also diffuse light, which has long been used to optimize natural lighting.
Nowadays, there is a means that, in addition, allows you to direct the light where you need it without using mirrors that polarize it: vertical fabric blinds. Even if their panels are located parallel to the rays, due to diffraction they reduce the hardness of light to an acceptable value. Rotating the panels gives a diffuse reflection in the desired direction, and by moving them apart, you can intercept part of the light flux and direct it to a dark corner. On sale you can already find “smart” blinds that automatically maintain the optimal lighting mode for the room, but for DIYers familiar with electronics, this is a huge unplowed field.
To connect interior design with lighting, it is useful to remember the following:
Halogen lamps create decent shadow-free lighting with low power consumption, because... evenly distributed across the ceiling, they form a kind of radiating plane. But the shadows under the furniture will be deep, so in living rooms, halogens should be deprived of their “point”, as described above. In small rooms (kitchen, hallway) you can’t really look down, and there you can use halogens for general lighting without any need.
We take as a support a house-saving light bulb that has been tested for light quality. To determine the total power for lighting a room, we measure the illumination created by one suspended from the ceiling on the floor in the center. If it is not possible to use a lux meter or submit an application to the SES to measure the illumination, the same camera will help out: put it in mode S (shutter priority), and measure the exposure on a white sheet. A value of approximately 100 lux corresponds to 0.5 s at aperture A = 2.8, 1 s at A = 4 and 2 s at A = 5.6.
Example: camera lens with a maximum “hole” of 4. The metering gave a shutter speed of 4 s. Illumination – no more than (1/4) x 100 = 25 lux. To create a total illumination of 150 lux, you need at least 6 of these bulbs.
The overall lighting design of a room is determined not only by the properties of their light, but also by the directional patterns of the radiation patterns, see fig. Cardioid pattern is preferred for general lighting of any medium-sized room.
Cardioid is produced by one lamp or a group of lamps in a lampshade. If the lamp bulbs are horizontal, the cardioid will be pulled down; if vertically with the flasks down, the DN will stretch to the sides. The first is preferable for rooms with dark furniture; the second is for light ones.
A figure eight is obtained from a cardioid if the lamp is equipped with a lower reflector (“pallet”). Similar in properties to cardioid, but more suitable for lighting large areas or rooms with high ceilings.
Lamps in the reflector have a fan pattern. The narrower and deeper the reflector, the smaller the fan opening. Used for local, task and area lighting. Lamps with a fan pattern, adjustable in height, can successfully solve the problem of lighting a common one-room apartment: by raising them and lowering them, you can adjust the size of zones with light.
DN-petal is given by sconces. The “ear” of the petal can be directed up or down, depending on the location of the lamp: with the bulb up or down, respectively. In the horizontal plane, the sconce design is cardioid. In the American system, it is customary to use sconces with the ear facing upward; in European - ear down and lower power, for temporary working lighting.
The cosecant square (beacon, radar) pattern has the most important advantage: within the light spot, the illumination is theoretically ideal, but practically almost uniform. Achieving CC DN is technically difficult, but a table lamp with a bulb with the bulb facing up and a large hemispherical reflector lampshade above it gives almost this. Have you seen Lenin's table lamp in the pictures? Whoever he was, having spent his entire life processing mountains of documents, he didn’t feel the need for glasses.
Raster lamps are suitable for large public spaces with high ceilings. In living rooms, this is exactly the case when the light that is optimal in brightness turns out to be unacceptably hard.
We will look at the placement of lamps using examples, because... It is impossible to give a universal recipe for all tastes and needs. There is only one thing in common – European lighting. The American light did not take root anywhere except in the extremely utilitarian USA, and in Puritan England too.
The lighting is based on the center of the ceiling, see pic left and center. DN for bright living rooms - cardioid; for large, complex shapes and darkish ones - figure eight; This allows you to illuminate walls and corners without wasting extra power. If you have a light plasterboard ceiling (right), an even more economical shadowless background can be achieved with halogens, and decorative LED lighting will also fit into it.
- the only room where it is not only acceptable, but also recommended: by changing its color, you can change the mood of the room for sleep, waking rest, or whatever else they do in the bedroom. For the “bed” area, lighting from sconces or floor lamps at the head of the room is sufficient (see figure), but the ceiling lamp needs to be moved to the center of the waking area. A fan-shaped one with a wide opening, adjustable in height, is very suitable: the size of the waking area can be changed according to the current use of the bedroom.
The bedroom lighting is perfectly complemented by LED window lighting. Ribbons are placed around the perimeter of the window opening so that they shine along the glass, and are curtained from the inside with organza. On a bed in such a bedroom, with the window open, you can do incredible things, and spies will not see anything except, perhaps, vague shadows.
Hard light hits children's eyes especially hard, so on the ceiling you need a matte lampshade or halogen lamps with matte caps. Lighting options are shown in the figure; on the right - formally correct, but psychologically unacceptable. All dark decorative cloud cornices spoil. Who feels comfortable living under stormy skies all the time? Certainly not for children.
Halogens are optimal for lighting. Shadows under the furniture here are not noticeable, and halogen lamps will not only put less strain on the kitchen wiring (which is already the busiest in the apartment), but also clean themselves of settling fumes, because... They get very hot during operation. How to get rid of halogen dots is described above; An example of successful kitchen lighting design is shown in the figure on the left - in the kitchen the work area should dominate in terms of light.
The lighting of the corridor should, first of all, be uniform: - the face of the house, and, I beg your pardon, decent citizens with a distorted face do not show themselves in public. Economical LED lighting from behind the cornice with reflection from the white matte ceiling, on the left in the figure, is quite justified: they do not stay in the hallway for a long time, but the most ordinary matte lampshades in the center will also work.
But elaborate lighting solutions, as in Fig. on the right, should be avoided: a visitor, a conversation with whom may be fundamentally important for you, may have the subconscious impression that he has come not to a promising subordinate or potential partner, but to Dracula’s castle.
Optimal lighting – even, soft, almost shadowless, as in Fig. left. Deep shadows, highlights, spots, as in two figs. on the right, and the skin pores will not be allowed to open properly when washing, and intestinal motility will be made sluggish. This is usually solved with just one lamp on the ceiling - bathrooms are finished with light, highly reflective materials.
The lamps contain incandescent lamps. The light in the bathroom does not burn for days, so saving is not important, but there are more than enough glare surfaces. In addition, for housekeepers hidden in moisture-proof lamps, the electronics quickly fail due to overheating.
The working lighting of the mirror is matte halogens (second position from the left in the figure), as in the nursery, but the reason is different: the dots that hurt the eyes will not allow you to see minor flaws in appearance, which will then be noticeable to others.
The lighting of a studio apartment is based on the principle of promoting zoning. A good example is shown in the figure on the left. The highlight is the ceiling lamp with a figure-of-eight pattern shifted to the center of the recreation area. In combination with the directional flow of light from the window, such general light makes any other methods of zoning a room effective.
Lighting suspended ceilings technically comes down to the selection of lamps and ceiling materials that are compatible in terms of heat release and energy flux density (PED), but this is a separate topic that is not related to lighting design. As for it as such, stretch ceilings were invented precisely for the sake of complete light self-expression (see figure), therefore the methods of lighting them are not regulated anywhere and in any way, and to give instructions would mean to emasculate the idea.
But one piece of advice still needs to be given: in case the unspeakable beauty in the inter-ceiling space is turned off, provide weak lighting to match the overall design, as a last resort. rice. left. Otherwise, the reflective ceiling can spoil the peaceful comfort of the room, as can be seen there on the right.
Even the most economical energy-saving light bulbs produce quite a lot of heat. Installation of lamps must be carried out taking this circumstance into account. Instructions are attached to the lighting fixtures (or they can be found by brand name), which indicate the permissible power of the lamps, the distance to the walls, etc. These instructions must be followed, but there is a caveat for housekeepers: their heat output in watts is calculated separately. The mains voltage is known, and the current consumption is indicated on the base.
The fact is that the housekeeper's electrical circuit has a fairly high reactivity, and the power designation on the packaging shows the effective power consumption, how much the meter will wind. For some time after turning on the heat, the housekeeper will release more, and then will release less. Housekeepers that burn out quickly are the result of placing them in dull, cramped lampshades, so let the generally good bulbs breathe freely.
Not only the health of a person’s eyes and performance, but also his physical and psycho-emotional state directly depend on the degree of illumination. Moreover, in rooms for different purposes, lighting requirements must differ. Also, when calculating illumination, it is reasonable to take into account the characteristics of the work process carried out by a person in such a room, its frequency and duration. This issue should be given special attention when designing and installing all kinds of lighting systems.
There is also a division of lighting design standards by industry. Below are some of them:
The calculation of illumination standards is regulated by several legal acts. The most important document is SNiP. There are also SanPiN, MGSN (Moscow City Building Standards), as well as a large number of regional (for each subject of the Russian Federation) and industry documents, acts, etc.
Building codes and rules for lighting design are a set of regulatory documents in the field of construction, adopted by executive authorities and containing mandatory requirements, which include 4 parts:
Sanitary rules and regulations cover a huge area of influence. The requirements of SanPin must be taken into account when developing SNiP, technical and regulatory documentation and agreed with the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Russian Federation. SanPin applies both to existing production facilities and to the design and operation of enterprises and buildings under construction. Sanitary norms and rules impose serious requirements for ensuring human living conditions and establish a standard for the safety of environmental factors.
These requirements must be taken into account when developing SNiP, regulatory and technical acts, and also be agreed upon with the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of the Russian Federation.
Calculation of the illumination norm is carried out in Lux (Lx). Lux is 1 lumen per sq.m. It is for this indicator that there are international and Russian standards.
It is worth noting that the developed parameters relate to:
There are tables indicating the optimal amount of Lux for objects of all types. We present indicators for the main groups - offices, production facilities, warehouses, and residential buildings.
The calculation of indicators is carried out based on the characteristics of visual work.
| Visual work category | Characteristic | Subcategory | Illumination (combined system), Lux | Illumination (general system), Lux |
| I | Highest precision | A b V G |
5000 4000 2500 1500 |
1250 750 400 |
| II | Very high precision | A b V G |
4000 3000 2000 1000 |
750 500 300 |
| III | High precision | A b V G |
2000 1000 750 400 |
500 300 300 200 |
| IV | Medium accuracy | A b V G |
750 500 400 |
300 200 200 200 |
| V | Low accuracy | A b V G |
400 | 300 200 200 200 |
| VI | Rough | 200 | ||
| VII | General monitoring of the production process | A b V G |
200 75 50 20 |
a - constant work, b - periodic work with constant stay in the room, c - periodic work with periodic stay in the room, d - general observation of utilities.
| Type of room | Illumination standard according to SNiP, Lux |
| Lift shaft | 5 |
| Passages of technical floors, basements, attics | 20 |
| Ventilation chambers, heating points, pumping and electrical switchboards | 20 |
| Bicycles, strollers | 30 |
| Stairs | 20 |
| Concierge room | 150 |
| Bathrooms, toilets, showers | 50 |
| Billiard room | 300 |
| Gym | 150 |
| Sauna, swimming pool, locker room | 100 |
| Wardrobe | 75 |
| auxiliary | 300 |
| Apartment corridors and halls | 50 |
| Office, library | 300 |
| Children's | 200 |
| Kitchens | 150 |
| Living rooms | 150 |
| Lobbies | 30 |
Whatever type of room it is, you need to carefully plan and think through its lighting. The comfort and health of the people in it directly depends on this.
| Object category | Class | Main purpose of the object | Design speed, km/h | Average illumination of the road surface, Еср, lux, no less |
|
| Main roads and city streets | Outside the city center | A1 | Highways, federal and transit routes, main city thoroughfares | 100 | 30 |
| A2 | Other federal roads and main streets | 80-100 | 20 | ||
| Downtown | A3 | Central highways connecting streets with access to the A1 highway | 90 | 20 | |
| A4 | Main historical passages of the center, internal connections of the center | 80 | 20 | ||
| Highways and district streets | Outside the city center | B1 | 60-70 | 20 | |
| Downtown | B2 | Main roads and streets of the city of regional significance | 60 | 15 | |
| Local streets and roads | Residential development outside the city center | IN 1 | Transport and pedestrian connections within residential areas and access to highways except for streets with continuous traffic | 60 | 15 |
| Residential development in the city center | AT 2 | Transport and pedestrian connections in residential areas, access to highways | 60 | 10 | |
| In urban industrial, municipal and warehouse areas | AT 3 | Transport connections within production and utility-warehouse areas | 60 | 6 | |
| Illuminated objects | Maximum traffic intensity in both directions, units/hour | Minimum illumination in the horizontal plane, lux |
| Directions |
St. 50 to 150 |
|
| Fire passages, roads for household needs | — | 0,5 |
| Pedestrian and bicycle paths |
From 20 to 100 |
|
| Steps and landings of stairs and walkways | — | 3 |
| Pedestrian paths on playgrounds and squares | — | 0,5 |
| Pre-factory areas that do not belong to the city (areas in front of buildings, entrances and passages to buildings, parking lots) | — | 2 |
| Railways: | — | |
| arrow necks individual turnouts railway track |
||
| Transitions and relocations | — | 6 |
| Class lighting object |
Object name | Esr, lk, no less |
| P1 | Areas in front of the entrances of cultural, sports, entertainment and shopping facilities. | 20 |
| P2 | The main pedestrian streets of the historical part of the city and the main public centers of the administrative districts, impassable and pre-factory squares, landing, children's and recreation areas. | 10 |
| P3 | Pedestrian streets; main and auxiliary entrances of parks, sanatoriums, exhibitions and stadiums. | 6 |
| P4 | Sidewalks separated from the carriageway of roads and streets; main passages of microdistricts, entrances, approaches and central alleys of children's, educational and health care institutions. | 4 |
| P5 | Secondary passages in the territories of microdistricts, utility areas in the territories of microdistricts, side alleys and auxiliary entrances of city-wide parks and central alleys of parks of administrative districts. | 2 |
| P6 | Side alleys and auxiliary entrances of parks of administrative districts. | 1 |
| Urban space category | Location of the lighting object | Illuminated object | Fill and accent. light, medium brightness accent. the light of the element, Le, cd/m2 |
Local flood lighting, medium brightness, L, cd/m2 |
| A | Squares of the capital's center, areas of city-wide dominants | Architectural monuments of national importance, large public buildings, monuments and dominant objects | 30 | 10 |
| Main streets and squares of citywide significance | Architectural, historical and cultural monuments, buildings, structures and monuments of urban significance | 25 | 8 | |
| Parks, gardens, boulevards, public gardens and pedestrian streets of citywide importance | Notable buildings, structures, landmarks and monuments, unique landscape elements | 15 | 5 | |
| B | Areas of district and regional public centers | Monuments and monuments, buildings and structures of district and district significance | 20 | 8 |
| Main streets and squares of district and district significance | Same | 15 | 5 | |
| Parks, gardens, squares, boulevards and pedestrian streets of district and regional significance | 10 | 3 | ||
| IN | Streets and squares, local pedestrian roads | Monuments and monuments, landmark buildings and structures | 10 | 3 |
| Gardens, squares, local boulevards | The same goes for the characteristic elements of the landscape | 8 | 3 |
| Illuminated objects | Height of the plane above the floor (H – horizontal, V – vertical), m | With combined lighting | In general lighting |
| Administrative buildings (ministries, departments, committees, prefectures, municipalities, departments, design and engineering organizations, research institutions, etc.) | |||
| 1. Cabinets and workrooms, offices | G-0.8 | 400/200 | 300 |
| 2. Design halls and rooms, design, drawing bureaus | G-0.8 | 600/400 | 500 |
| 3. Premises for visitors, expeditions | G-0.8 | 400/200 | 300 |
| 4. Reading rooms | G-0.8 | 500/300 | 400 |
| 5. Reader's catalogs | B-1.0, on the front of the cards: | — | 200 |
| 6. Book depositories and archives, open access fund premises | B-1.0 (on racks) | — | 75 |
| 7. Photocopying facilities | G-0.8 | — | 300 |
| 8. Binding and stitching rooms | G-0.8 | — | 300 |
| 9. Layout, carpentry and repair shops | G-0.8, on workbenches and work tables | 750/200 | 300 |
| 10. Computer rooms | V-1.2 (on display screen)/G-0.8 on desktops | 200 | |
| 11. Conference rooms, meeting rooms | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| 12. Recreation, corridors, foyer | G-0.0 - on the floor | — | 150 |
| 13. Laboratories: organic and inorganic chemistry, thermal, physical, spectrographic, stometric, photometric, microscopic, X-ray analysis, mechanical and radio measuring, electronic devices, preparatory | G-0.8 | 500/300 | 400 |
| 14. Analytical laboratories | G-0.8 | 600/400 | 500 |
| Banking and insurance institutions | |||
| 15. Operating room, credit group, cash room | G-0.8 on desktops | 500/300 | 400 |
| 16. Premises of the collection department, cash collection | G-0.8 | — | 300 |
| 17. Depository, storage room, storage room for valuables | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| 18. Server room, premises for interbank electronic settlements | G-0.8 | — | 400 |
| 19. Room for the production and processing of identification cards | G-0.8 | — | 400 |
| 20. Safe | G-0.8 | — | 150 |
| Institutions of general education, primary, secondary and higher specialized education | |||
| 21. Classrooms, auditoriums, study rooms, laboratories of secondary schools, boarding schools, secondary specialized and vocational institutions | B – in the middle of the board/G-0.8 on work tables and desks | — | 500/400 |
| 22. Auditoriums, classrooms, laboratories in technical schools and higher educational institutions | G-0.8 | — | 400 |
| 23. Informatics and computer science classrooms | B- on the display screen | — | 200 |
| 24. Technical drawing and painting rooms | On the board G-0.8 - on work tables and desks |
— | 500 |
| 25. Laboratory assistants in classrooms | G-0.8 | — | 400 |
| 26. Workshops for metal and wood processing | G-0.8 - on workbenches and work tables | 1000/200 | 300 |
| 27. Offices of service types of labor | G-0.8 - on desktops | — | 400 |
| 28. Gyms | G-0.0 – on the floor B – at a level of 2.0 m from the floor on both sides on the longitudinal axis of the room |
200 | |
| 29. Indoor pools | G – on the surface of the water | — | 150 |
| 30. Assembly halls, cinema audiences | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 200 |
| 31. Stages of assembly halls | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 300 |
| 32. Teachers' offices and rooms | G-0.8 | — | 300 |
| 33. Recreation | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 150 |
| Leisure institutions | |||
| 34. Multi-purpose halls | G-0.8 | — | 400 |
| 35. Theater auditoriums, concert halls | G-0.8 | — | 300 |
| 36. Auditoriums of clubs, club-living room, premises for leisure activities, meetings, theater foyers | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| 37. Exhibition halls | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| 38. Cinema auditoriums | G-0.8 | — | 75 |
| 39. Foyers of cinemas, clubs | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 150 |
| 40. Club rooms, music classes | G-0.8 | — | 300 |
| 41. Film, sound and lighting equipment | G-0.8 | — | 150 |
| Children's preschool institutions | |||
| 42. Receptionists | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 200 |
| 43. Changing rooms | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 300 |
| 44. Group, playing | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 400 |
| 45. Music and gymnastics rooms, dining rooms | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 400 |
| 46. Sleeping | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 100 |
| 47. Isolators, rooms for sick children | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 200 |
| 48. Medical office | G-0.8 | — | 300 |
| Sanatoriums, holiday homes, boarding houses | |||
| 49. Chambers, sleeping rooms | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 100 |
| 50. Classrooms in children's sanatoriums | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 500 |
| Sports and recreational institutions | |||
| 51. Sports halls | G-0.0 – on the floor/V-2.0 on both sides on the longitudinal axis of the room |
— | 200/75 |
| 52. Pool hall | G-surface of water | — | 150 |
| 53. Aerobics, gymnastics, wrestling halls | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 200 |
| 54. Bowling alley | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 200 |
| Catering establishments | |||
| 55. Dining rooms of restaurants, canteens | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| 56. Handouts | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| 57. Hot shops, cold shops, pre-production and procurement shops | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| 58. Washing kitchen and tableware, rooms for cutting bread | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| The shops | |||
| 59. Trading floors of stores: bookstores, ready-made clothes, linen, shoes, fabrics, fur products, hats, perfumes, haberdashery jewelry, electrical, radio goods, food without self-service | G-0.8 | — | 300 |
| 60. Self-service grocery store sales areas | G-0.8 | — | 400 |
| 61. Sales areas of stores: tableware, furniture, sporting goods, building materials, electrical appliances, cars, toys and office supplies | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| 62. Fitting booths | V-1.5 | — | 300 |
| 63. Premises of order departments, service bureau | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| 64. Premises of the main ticket offices | G-0.8 | — | 300 |
| Consumer service enterprises | |||
| 65. Baths: | |||
| a) expected-remaining b) changing rooms, washing rooms, showers, steam rooms c) swimming pools |
G-0.8 | — | 150 |
| G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 75 | |
| G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 100 | |
| 66. Hairdressers | G-0.8 | 500/300 | 400 |
| 67. Photos: | |||
| a) salons for receiving and issuing orders | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| b) photo studio film room | G-0.8 | — | 100 |
| 68. Darkroom | Г-0.8/В-1.2 (on display screen) | — | 400/200 |
| 69. Laundries: | |||
| a) departments for receiving and issuing linen | G-0.8/V-1.0 | — | 200/75 |
| b) washing departments: washing, preparation of solutions, storage of washing materials |
G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 200 |
| c) drying and ironing departments: mechanical, | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| d) departments for disassembling and packaging linen | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| d) mending clothes | G-0.8 | 2000/750 | 750 |
| 70. Self-service laundries | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 200 |
| 71. Dry cleaning shop: | |||
| a) salon for receiving and issuing clothes | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| b) dry cleaning rooms | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| c) stain removal departments | G-0.8 | 2000/200 | 500 |
| d) chemical storage rooms | G-0.8 | — | 50 |
| 72. Atelier for the manufacture and repair of clothing and knitwear: | |||
| a) sewing shops | G-0.8, on desktops |
2000/750 | 750 |
| b) cutting compartments | G-0.8, on desktops |
— | 750 |
| c) clothing repair department | G-0.8 | 2000/750 | 750 |
| d) departments for the preparation of applied materials | G-0.8 | — | 300 |
| d) manual and machine knitting departments | G-0.8 | — | 500 |
| e) ironing, decating | G-0.8 | — | 300 |
| 73. Rental locations: | |||
| a) premises for visitors | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| b) storerooms | G-0.8 | — | 150 |
| 74. Repair shops: | |||
| a) production and repair of hats, furrier work | G-0.8 | 2000/750 | 750 |
| b) repair of shoes, haberdashery, metal products, plastic products, household electrical appliances | G-0.8 | 2000/300 | — |
| c) watch repair, jewelry and engraving work | G-0.8 | 3000/300 | — |
| d) repair of photo, film, radio and television equipment | G-0.8 | 2000/200 | — |
| 75. Recording studio: | |||
| a) recording and listening rooms | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| b) music libraries | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
|
Hotels |
|||
| 76. Service Bureau | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| 77. Premises of duty and service personnel | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| 78. Living rooms, rooms | G-0.0 | — | 150 |
|
Residential buildings |
|||
| 79. Living rooms | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 150 |
| 80. Kitchens | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 150 |
| 81. Corridors, bathrooms, restrooms | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 50 |
| 82. Common premises: | |||
| a) concierge room | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 150 |
| b) lobbies | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 30 |
| c) floor corridors and elevator halls | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 20 |
| d) stairs and landings | — | 20 | |
| Auxiliary buildings and premises | |||
| 83. Sanitary facilities: | |||
| a) washrooms, latrines, smoking rooms | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 75 |
| b) showers, dressing rooms, rooms for drying clothes and shoes, rooms for heating workers | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 50 |
| 84. Health centers: | |||
| a) expected | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| b) reception, rooms for duty personnel | G-0.8 | — | 200 |
| c) doctors’ offices, dressing rooms | G-0.8 | — | 300 |
| d) treatment rooms | G-0.8 | — | 500 |
|
Other premises of production, auxiliary and public buildings |
|||
| 85. Lobbies and dressing rooms for street clothes: | |||
| a) in universities, schools, hostels, hotels and main theaters, clubs, entrances to large industrial enterprises and public buildings | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 150 |
| b) in other industrial, auxiliary and public buildings | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 75 |
| c) lobbies in residential buildings | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 30 |
| 86. Stairs: | |||
| a) main staircases of public, industrial and auxiliary buildings | G-0.0 - floor, platforms, steps | — | 100 |
| b) staircases of residential buildings | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 20 |
| c) the remaining staircases | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 50 |
| 87. Elevator halls: | |||
| a) in public, industrial and auxiliary buildings | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 75 |
| b) in residential buildings | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 20 |
| 88. Corridors and passages: | |||
| a) main corridors and passages | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 75 |
| b) floor corridors of residential buildings | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 20 |
| c) other corridors | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 50 |
| 89. Elevator machine rooms and rooms for freon installations | G-0.8 | — | 30 |
| 90. Attics | G-0.0 – on the floor | — | 20 |
With the development of technological progress, not only the boundaries of human capabilities have expanded, but also the period of time when people are engaged in active activities.
Previously, they got up at sunrise, did all their business, and went to bed at sunset. And now daylight hours and the period of activity can be easily extended using a switch on the lighting fixture.
How much light is needed for this depends on the purpose for which the room will be used. Obviously, the workplace should have more light than a small storage room.
How, what and in what way should be covered are determined by several legal documents. Chief among them is SNiP 23-05-95 “Natural and artificial lighting”.
All calculations are carried out using it when designing the lighting of residential premises, educational institutions, enterprises, pharmacy and store windows, train stations, parks, streets, etc.
Lighting standards are indicated in Lux (Lx). One Lux corresponds to one lumen per square meter. Different rooms have their own standards that indicate the required amount of light. They depend on the working surface. In a classroom, for example, this is the height of the desk, in an elevator - the floor, etc.
As mentioned above, when calculating the amount of light, they also take into account the nature of the processes that will be performed in a particular room, how often and for how long. The following lighting standards have been developed for residential premises.
When creating a project for lighting a residential building, they are often guided not by some strict standards, but by personal feelings. Light sources are placed so that it is sufficiently light, cozy and comfortable. Experts believe that this method is not always correct and it is better to follow the rules.
But if you still decide to set up the lighting yourself, then there are several ways to help you do it correctly.
Method number 1. Install enough light sources to make your eyes comfortable - neither dim nor bright. To adhere to at least some calculations, you can use a simple formula: per 1 sq. m – one 25 W light bulb.
Method number 2. Use the table, which contains lighting standards in watts for residential premises. You look for the right room, the norm for it and multiply it by the number of square meters.
This table is suitable if you use regular light bulbs. If you choose halogen or fluorescent, keep in mind that the former, with the same power, provide 1.5 times more light, and the latter – 5 times.
For example, you have calculated how many light bulbs are needed for a 20 m2 bedroom. Then we multiply 12 W/m2 by the area and get 240 W. That is, for full lighting you need to buy at least two lamps with a power of 100 and 150 watts.
If we use halogen lamps, then divide 240 W by 1.5. Outputs 160 W. This means you need three halogen bulbs: two with a power of 50 W and one with a power of 60 W. The number of fluorescent lamps is calculated using the same principle. Make calculations “with a margin” if the decor and interior of the room are made in dark colors.
As lighting fixtures, you can use chandeliers as the main source of light, and floor lamps, sconces, table lamps as an additional source. You can “distribute” light bulbs of different wattages between different devices. The main thing is that the lighting is uniform.
Method No. 3. Suitable for calculating illumination if LED lamps are used. First, the amount of luminous flux is calculated (in lumens, Lm), then the number of LED lamps is determined.
Lumens are calculated as follows: the standard of illumination (in Lux), the area of the room and the coefficient depending on the height of the ceiling (from 2.5 to 2.7 meters; from 1.2 to 2.7–3 meters; from 1.5 to 3– 3.5 meters; from 2 to 3.5–4 meters).
Despite the fact that theoretically all these methods can be used without the help of professionals, they are not so simple. There is an extremely high probability of making a mistake and creating insufficient or too bright lighting.
It’s easier and better to optimize lighting automatically using . These devices determine the current light level and, if it is below a specified threshold, turn on the lamps.
Another way to organize is to use a combination of dimmable occupancy sensors and dimmable fixtures. For example, a sensor would be suitable.
Thanks to two movable light sensors, this model allows you to measure light in a specific place, for example, near a window. Due to this, dimmable lamps have different brightness settings - and each zone receives a sufficient amount of artificial light.
At the same time, you do not waste extra electricity and, accordingly, money.
B.E.G. specialists will help you create uniform lighting in your home in accordance with the specified standards. contact us to get a free consultation from professionals.
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