CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPBUILDING AND SHIP REPAIR ENTERPRISES
The construction of ships for various purposes is carried out by shipbuilding enterprises, which differ in the composition of workshops, equipment and organization of ship construction.
Depending on the organization of ship construction, there are ship assembly yards, shipyards, shipyards and delivery bases.
A ship assembly yard is an enterprise that carries out only the assembly of ships, as well as the installation of machinery and equipment, and testing and delivery of ships. Units, sections and blocks of the body, as well as finished mechanisms and equipment, come from other enterprises through inter-factory cooperation. The shipbuilding yard does not have procurement, mechanical, hull processing or assembly and welding shops. The shipyard area is largely occupied by warehouses for storing hull parts and structures.
A shipyard is an enterprise that carries out processing of parts, preliminary and slipway assembly of ship hulls, installation of mechanisms and equipment obtained from specialized enterprises, testing and delivery of ships. The shipyard has assembly, hull processing and assembly and welding shops.
The shipyard is the largest shipbuilding enterprise. Such a plant has, in addition to assembly and hull shops, other shops that manufacture mechanisms, boilers and ship equipment. However, a significant part of ship equipment, mechanisms and special devices comes to the plant through inter-factory cooperation.
Shipyard - an enterprise that only assembles ship hulls, installs mechanisms and equipment, and tests and delivers ships to the customer. Currently, ship assembly yards are a rare phenomenon.
Marine and shipbuilding enterprises are divided into five classes depending on the displacement of the ships being built:
Class I - more than 7000 tons. They are equipped with docks or longitudinal inclined slipways. At the docks, crane equipment with a lifting capacity of 5 MN (500 tf) or more is used, on stocks in most cases up to 0.8 MN (80 tf);
Class II - from 3500 to 7000 tons. Construction sites at such enterprises are horizontal platforms equipped with cranes with a lifting capacity of 0.3 to 2 MN (30-200 tf). For launching ships, loading docks, transverse slips, and transfer floating docks are used. Some enterprises are equipped with longitudinal inclined stocks;
III class - from 1000 to 3500 tons. Construction is carried out on horizontal construction sites using cranes with a lifting capacity of 0.3-0.8 MN (30-80 tf). For launching ships, transverse slips or loading docks are used;
IV class - from 250 to 1000 tons. Horizontal construction sites are equipped with cranes with a lifting capacity of 0.1 to 0.3 MN (10-30 tf). Ships are launched using transverse or longitudinal slips;
Class V - no more than 250 tons. Construction is carried out on horizontal construction sites using cranes with a lifting capacity of up to 0.15 MN (15 tf). Vessels are lowered from a transverse slip or using cranes.
The composition of the workshops of a shipbuilding enterprise is determined by the profile of the enterprise and the volume of production, and also depends on the type and size of the ships being built. The division of workshops into groups is conditional.
TO main workshops shipyards that carry out the construction of the ship's hull and installation of equipment include:
- hull processing shop with a metal warehouse and a pre-processing area for sheet and profile products, which produces hull parts. The body-processing shop also includes warehouses for finished parts;
- assembly and welding shop, performing assembly and welding of hull structures - assemblies, sections, blocks. With the block method of building ships, the workshop for assembling and welding hull blocks can be allocated as a separate division in the group of assembly and welding shops;
- slipway shop with construction sites and launching facilities, carrying out the formation of the hull and launching of the vessel;
- mechanical assembly shop, performing installation in blocks, on a slipway and afloat of main and auxiliary mechanisms, heat exchangers, ship boilers, shafting lines;
- pipe shop, performing work on the manufacture and installation of pipelines and ship systems;
- metalwork and assembly shop, manufacturing and installing ventilation, practical items, devices and plumbing products;
- woodworking shop with a sawmill, drying yard and lumber yard, manufacturing and installing decks, parts, furniture and other wood products on a vessel;
- painting and insulation shop performing insulation and painting work on the ship;
- rigging and sailing shop, manufacturing rigging, awnings, covers;
- coating workshop, producing galvanic coating of various products and pipes (zinc plating, chrome plating, nickel plating);
- outfitting and delivery shop, performing work on the completion of ships afloat, testing and delivery of ships.
Group machine shops The shipyard includes: a foundry with a model workshop that makes castings from cast iron, steel, and non-ferrous metals; mechanical, boiler, fittings, forging. These workshops produce stems, fairleads, bollards, fittings, as well as parts that require machining.
Auxiliary workshops – instrumental, mechanical repair, electrical repair, repair and construction - provide the enterprise with tools, carry out repairs of equipment and structures of the enterprise itself.
In addition, each shipbuilding enterprise has:
storage facilities– warehouses for metal, timber, fuel, lubricants; workshop warehouses for materials (rolled products, pipes, etc.); finished product warehouses; the main store for storing products coming from other enterprises and purchased in the state retail chain;
transport industry, including a transport workshop with a garage for cars, tractors, electric cars, rail vehicles and a captain's section - tugs, boats, barges, floating cranes and other floating craft;
energy management- thermal power plant (TEU) or boiler house with steam and hot water networks;
transformer substations with power lines, a compressor station with pneumatic networks, an oxygen and acetylene station with gas pipelines.
Each shipbuilding (ship repair) enterprise has: an administrative building (plant management), a clinic or central medical center, canteens, premises of public organizations, a fire station, etc. All production areas, plant management departments, sanitary, fire-fighting services and other facilities are connected by telephone communication
Shipyard- an enterprise that carries out only installation work on the assembly and welding of the ship’s hull from finished sections supplied here. The same company installs mechanisms, pipelines, instruments and equipment, which are also supplied here. After completion of installation work on the slipway, the vessel is launched into the water, where it is completed.
It should be noted that such shipyards are profitable only if they carry out the construction of a large series of ships (up to several hundred). Due to the limited scope of work performed, ship assembly yards are called highly specialized enterprises.
Shipyard- an enterprise that manufactures all body elements completely. They build the vessel on the slipway and install the supplied machines, mechanisms and all necessary equipment. Here the ship is launched, its completion is completed, and tests are carried out. The specialization of a shipyard is wider than that of a ship assembly shipyard. Several dozen ships are made here based on one project.
Shipyard carries out the entire scope of work on the manufacture of the case, and also produces some types of mechanisms. At such factories, entire series of ships (10-20 each) and experimental ones (1-2 each) are built.
The main workshops of the shipyard are: hull processing, which includes a plaza and sections for marking body parts made of sheet and profile material, gas cutting of metal, a machine park for processing parts (bending and stamping on presses, drilling, etc.) and hot processing them on plates; assembly and welding, in which individual finished parts of hull structures are assembled into units, sections and blocks, their welding and partial installation of ship equipment; slipway, assembling and welding the body from sections and blocks, as well as equipping it and installing devices, mechanisms and equipment; casing-mounting(fitter, rigging and painting), performing installation work, completion and finishing work on the ship; procurement- model, foundry, forging, electrode, designed to provide the vessel under construction with the necessary cast parts, forgings, electrodes, etc.
TO mechanical group include a mechanical one with a machine park for finishing and machining new parts; boiler room, where steam boilers, pressure vessels are manufactured, and relatively minor but complex hull work is performed; reinforcing, where parts of fittings and automatic devices are processed. Here they are welded, tested, installed and adjusted on the ship.
Mechanical installation group includes a pipe-workshop, which manufactures structural elements of ship pipelines and installs ship systems on ships.
The woodworking workshops include sawmills, roundwood and lumber warehouses, dryers, carpentry and joinery shops.
Auxiliary group includes tool, mechanical repair, electrical repair and repair and construction shops. They provide tools for the entire enterprise, as well as repair equipment in production workshops and buildings.
The main material of the ship's hull (steel shipbuilding enterprises, enterprises building ships from light alloys, plastic, wood, reinforced concrete, etc.);
Type of vessels (enterprises building tankers, fishing vessels, bulk carriers, icebreakers, etc.);
Vessel navigation area (enterprises building sea, lake, river, etc.).
Shipyards- large independent enterprises with workshops that manufacture all the elements of a modern ship: hull structures, main and auxiliary power plants, devices, equipment, etc.
As mentioned above, due to the exceptional complexity of building modern ships at one enterprise, shipyards are organizationally and economically infeasible.
Shipyards- enterprises that completely manufacture all hull elements, build ships on the slipway and install machines, mechanisms and all equipment necessary for the vessel supplied by contractors, launch the vessel, complete construction, test and hand over the vessel to the customer.
Delivery bases- enterprises located in the area where the vessel was delivered, delivered from remote areas of its construction. At the delivery bases, the vessel is finally completed, equipped with specific equipment, for example, nuclear power plants, weapons, etc., tested under conditions close to operational ones, and the vessel is handed over.
The main workshops of any shipbuilding enterprise are:
hull processing, which includes a plaza and sections for marking body parts made of sheet and profile material, gas cutting of metal (manual, semi-automatic and automatic), a machine park for processing parts (bending on presses, gouging edges, etc.) and hot processing them on the stove;
assembly and welding, performing the assembly of individual finished parts of hull structures into assemblies, sections and blocks, their welding and partial installation of the vessel’s saturation;
Slipway, which assembles and welds the body from sections and blocks, saturates it and installs devices, mechanisms and equipment. In addition, the workshop checks the quality of hull work (conducts appropriate tests), prepares the vessel for launching and launches it into the water;
casing-mounting(fitter, rigging and painting), performing installation work, completion and finishing work on the ship;
blank-model, foundry, forging, electrode, etc., designed to provide the vessel under construction with the necessary cast parts, forgings, electrodes, etc. (brackets, stems, shafts, fairleads, electrodes, etc.).
The mechanical group of workshops includes:
Mechanical with a machine park for fine-tuning and machining of new parts;
Boiler house, which produces steam boilers, pressure vessels, and other relatively small but complex hull work;
Reinforcing, where parts of fittings and automatic devices are processed and welded, tested, installed and adjusted on the ship.
Mechanical installation group The workshops include the pipe-med shop, which produces structural elements of ship pipelines and installs ship systems on ships;
A metalworking and assembly shop that carries out installation of mechanisms, ship equipment and other installation work on a ship.
Part woodworking The workshops include: sawmills, warehouses for storing round timber and lumber, dryers, a carpentry shop that carries out work on the completion of the vessel (insulation sheathing, formwork flooring, etc.), as well as serving other workshops with scaffolding, fencing, wooden fixtures, etc. . P.; finally, a carpentry shop that produces wooden ship parts (furniture, room decoration, etc.).
Auxiliary group shops: tool, mechanical repair, electrical repair and repair and construction - provides all production shops of the enterprise with tools, devices, and also repairs equipment of production shops and buildings.
Contractor workshops and the sections are workshops of other enterprises performing independent work on ships.
The energy sector of a shipbuilding enterprise consists of a combined heat and power plant (supplying the plant with power energy, as well as energy for its lighting and heating), a transformer substation, a steam power shop (with a test bench), a compressed air compressor room, a water supply, oxygen, acetylene station, etc.
Transport workshop The plant consists of water, rail, road, truck and other transport and means of its operation, maintenance and repair.
Storage facilities includes general plant warehouses storing various materials used for the construction of the ship (metals, timber materials, fuel, textile and leather goods, construction materials, finished equipment, machines and mechanisms, electrical materials, equipment, instruments and much more). This facility is a complex organization that provides the vessel under construction with everything necessary.
Methods of building ships are determined by the technology adopted at each shipbuilding enterprise.
Sectional method consists in the fact that the entire hull of the ship is divided into separate sections: decks, sides, bottom, bulkheads, platforms, superstructures, etc.
Parts of hull structures prepared in the hull processing shop are fed to the assembly and welding area, where individual sections are assembled from them. When assembling and welding sections, they are filled with equipment and fastening parts. Labor costs when building a ship in this way are sharply reduced. The finished hull sections are delivered to the construction slipways, where they are used to form the ship’s hull and carry out installation and welding work.
After manufacturing an entire compartment or enclosed space using this method and testing them for impermeability on the slipway, the installation of saturation of the body (machines, mechanisms, devices, systems) continues.
At block method, which is a development of the sectional method, the vessel is divided into large volumetric parts - blocks, manufactured in the assembly and welding shop from separate sections, and delivered to the slipway in finished form - as if part of the vessel, limited on all sides by structures forming closed compartments or premises. In the finished block, all saturation installation is performed. The readiness of individual blocks supplied to the slipway reaches up to 90%.
This method of building a vessel reduces the time required to form the hull on the slipway and increases the capacity of the slipway. In addition, the production of hull structures that form the blocks of the vessel in a workshop environment, indoors, with maximum mechanization of work, improves the quality of work, facilitates the work of workers and dramatically increases labor productivity.
The dimensions of the section blocks depend on the production conditions at the enterprise and on what kind of transport ensures the delivery of the section blocks to the slipway. In large, well-equipped factories, the weight of blocks supplied to the slipway reaches 600-700 tons (when operating two cranes with a lifting capacity of up to 350 tons, providing block supply in a paired manner, or when assembling a vessel on a horizontal construction site).
Rice. 81. Scheme of forming a hull on a slipway in various ways; a - pyramidal; b - island; c - block (Roman numerals show block numbers).
To reduce general welding deformations, the hull elements exposed on the slipway are in most cases formed in three ways: pyramidal, island and block (Fig. 81). These methods allow the hull to be assembled and welded over a wide front, significantly reducing the construction time of the vessel.
With pyramidal m In this method, the hull is assembled from sections and the formation of the hull begins either from the middle part of the vessel or from the stern. The exposed initial sections form something like a stepped pyramid, which is where this method gets its name.
Ostrovny The method of forming a hull consists of simultaneous laying of several sections along the length of the vessel, which are subsequently connected by face sections. This method reduces the construction period of the vessel due to the expansion of the scope of work.
Blocky The method is used when forming a hull on a slipway from pre-assembled and welded blocks of sections or blocks. The use of this method is rational for the serial construction of ships of medium and small displacement. With the block method, the formation of the body begins with the installation of the base block, after which adjacent blocks are joined to it, simultaneously along both walls.
There are two known methods for organizing the construction of a vessel: positional and flow-brigade.
At position flow method The construction, assembly and installation of ship blocks are carried out in separate positions on special trolleys, which are moved to new positions. With this method, specialized teams of workers are assigned to certain work positions, the teams have permanent jobs and perform homogeneous work.
The flow-position method is widely used in the serial construction of small and medium-sized ships.
Flow-brigade method lies in the fact that specialized teams of workers, after completing a certain amount of work, move from one vessel to another. With this method, the team does not have permanent jobs, which leads to unproductive loss of time. This method is used in the serial construction of large sea vessels, when their movement from position to position is unprofitable.
The vessel is launched into the water after all work related to ensuring the strength and sealing of its hull has been completed.
Descenders can be of the following five types:
1) inclined stocks, from which the ship descends along an inclined plane under the influence of its own weight. The vessel must be placed on launching skids sliding along the inclined surface of the launching tracks. Launching inclined slipways can be designed for longitudinal launching, in which the vessel enters the water stern first, or for transverse launching, in which the launched vessel enters the water sideways;
2) construction docks, which are a pit separated from the water area by a gate or a floating gate called a bathoport. The bateauport is sunk into the threshold at the head of the dock and stops the flow of water into the dock when it is drained. At the construction dock, the ship is either built or brought there on trolleys, especially for launching. To launch a vessel, the dock is filled with water and the vessel floats up. When the same level is reached in the dock and in the water area, the gates open. If the dock is closed with a boatport, then the water is pumped out of it and, acquiring buoyancy, it floats up, opening the entrance to the dock, and then the VESSEL is removed from the dock;
3) dock camera, which is built at the level of the plant territory next to a pit located below the water level and used for launching the vessel. After the vessel is brought into the docking chamber on trolleys, the gate on the plant side and the second gate located in the part of the pit bordering the water area are closed.
Water is pumped into the docking chamber, the vessel floats up from the carts and is moved to the side above the pit. After this, the water from the dock chamber is drained, and the vessel is lowered into a pit in which the water level is equal to the water level in the water area. The outer gates are opened and the vessel is taken out into open water;
4) on the descender for vertical descent, the vessel is transported on trolleys and vertically lowered into the water using screw or hydraulic devices;
5) slip- a mechanized device designed for lowering and lifting ships on trolleys along inclined rail tracks, with their sides facing the water. The speed of the vessel when lowering or ascent is regulated by traction winches with rigging equipment. There are other various types of slips.
Fitting-out work afloat is carried out after the vessel is launched. A minimum amount of work is left for completion: setting up mechanisms and instruments, testing them in conditions close to operational ones, sewing insulation, finishing the premises, painting work, installing equipment and other finishing works. The launched vessel is taken to the outfitting quay, which provides power networks (supply of electric current, compressed air, gases, water, etc.), crane facilities and devices for mooring the vessel and delivering all types of supplies to it.
All ship machinery, mechanisms and devices, after completion of their installation, are adjusted and tested in operation, if possible, in conditions close to operational ones, at the outfitting wall of the plant. When testing the main power plants and propulsion complex, the ship is secured with mooring ropes to the quay wall (therefore, all tests carried out at the outfitting wall are usually called mooring tests).
After eliminating all the deficiencies discovered during the mooring tests of the vessel, a sea trials program is drawn up, and the vessel goes to sea acceptance trials conducted by the state commission. During sea trials, the actual qualities of the vessel are officially determined: speed, controllability and other seaworthiness and technical and economic characteristics. Based on state tests, a vessel acceptance certificate is drawn up, and after minor defects are eliminated, it is considered to have entered into operation.
When creating such a complex product as a modern ship, the overall production process is divided into component parts, that is, into separate production processes. This division is based on the division of the ship's hull into structurally and technologically complete parts, as they are manufactured, it becomes possible to continue the production process until its complete completion.
Specialized parts of the main production process constitute technological stages, the totality of which is called shipbuilding production, and individual technological stages are called types of shipbuilding production.
The formation of types of shipbuilding production is carried out according to the commonality of the methods used for manufacturing products. The general production process of building a metal ship consists of 11 types of shipbuilding production. Their list and a brief description of the works included in them are given in Table. 1.
Each type of production is usually located in a separate (specialized) division of a shipbuilding enterprise.
Table 1 Types of shipbuilding production
| Kinds shipbuilding production | Contents of the production process |
|---|---|
| Hull processing | Manufacturing of body parts, starting from receiving and storage of material until packaging and parts storage |
| Assembly and welding | Assembly and welding of units, sections and blocks, sections ship hulls with their saturation |
| Hull-building | Formation of the ship's hull at the construction site place before launching, including production ship blocks |
| Pipeworking | Pipe manufacturing, definition, configuration and preliminary installation of ship pipelines on the ship |
| Mechanical installation | Assembly of units in the workshop, installation of main and auxiliary mechanisms, devices, heat exchangers, shaft lines, heavy equipment, final installation and testing pipelines |
| Electrical installation | Installation of cable networks, installation, switching on, adjustment and delivery of electrical equipment automation systems and special equipment |
| Product manufacturing hull outfitting nomenclature | products of the hull outfitting range |
| Manufacturing of plumbing installation body saturation, manufacturing and installation of ship pipes ventilation | Installation of sheathings, frames for forming premises, other metal structures (pre-isolation and post-isolation), fastenings for useful things, household equipment and furniture, production and installation of ship pipes ventilation |
| Production and installation of products finishing and equipment ship premises | Manufacturing in the workshops of a shipyard non-metallic and composite parts, assemblies, intended for ship equipment premises; production and preparation in workshops conditions of finishing elements of ship premises, installation of parts and products intended for decoration and equipment of ship premises |
| Production and installation isolation and paint coatings | Surface preparation of structures, manufacturing and installation of insulation, application of anti-corrosion and decorative coatings |
| Test production and delivery of ships | Testing and delivery of vessels |
A shipbuilding enterprise is understood as an industrial enterprise that has means of production (means of labor and objects of labor) and a workforce capable of creating shipbuilding products. It should be noted that the work included in electrical installation production is, as a rule, carried out by an independent specialized installation company. It has its own workshops or areas at each shipbuilding enterprise.
A shipbuilding enterprise consists of main and auxiliary workshops, in which the main and auxiliary parts of the production process are carried out, respectively. The shipbuilding enterprise also includes engineering services (design, technological, metrological), enterprise management services (scheduling, economic, control automation, etc.) and maintenance services (administrative and economic units).
Shipyard "More"
The main workshops of any shipbuilding enterprise are the shipyard workshops, which house 10 types of shipbuilding production (as mentioned above, electrical installation production is assigned to another enterprise). A shipbuilding enterprise, the main production of which includes only shipyard workshops, is called a shipbuilding shipyard. A shipyard includes (facilities on which ships under construction are located), outfitting quays, workshops for the manufacture of hull parts, hull structures, manufacturing and installation of ship pipelines and systems, installation of various mechanisms, as well as a group of outfitting shops. The shipyard receives all mechanisms, devices, equipment, apparatus and instruments from specialized enterprises (contractors).
There are shipbuilding enterprises that do not have hull processing and assembly and welding shops as part of shipbuilding production. Such enterprises are called a ship assembly yard, where ships are assembled from blocks, sections and assemblies supplied through cooperation from other shipbuilding enterprises.
Shipbuilding enterprises, the main production of which includes their own machine-building production, are called shipyards. Shipyards produce mechanisms and equipment both for the needs of their own production and for other enterprises. The main workshops of shipbuilding plants, according to the nature of the product and the technologies for its production, are divided into shipyard workshops and machine-building workshops. The products of the shipyard workshops are intended for those ships that this plant builds. The mechanical engineering departments manufacture mechanisms or equipment and deliver them to the warehouse. From the warehouse, the mechanisms are supplied to ships being built at this plant, or sent to other shipbuilding enterprises.
Vyborg Shipyard Shipbuilding enterprises are also classified depending on the hull material of the ships being built and the areas of their navigation. There are metal, reinforced concrete, plastic, and wooden shipbuilding enterprises. There are maritime and river shipbuilding enterprises. Marine shipbuilding enterprises are divided into 5 classes based on the launching weight of ships under construction (Table 2).
Table 2 Differences between enterprises in terms of launching weight of ships under construction
The relative location of workshops, construction sites, launching structures and other buildings and structures, as well as railways and highways, gas pipeline networks and other industrial networks of a shipbuilding enterprise is determined by its master plan. The layout of the enterprise's master plan is characterized by a development coefficient equal to the ratio of the total area of projections of all buildings and structures onto a plane to the area of the enterprise's territory. At modern shipbuilding enterprises, the construction coefficient is about 0.5.
The economic activity of a shipbuilding enterprise is characterized by the number of products produced per year in value (price) terms. Finished products are characterized by the volume of marketable products sold, which includes vessels delivered to the customer. The total production volume of a shipbuilding enterprise includes the volume of work performed during the year, both on ships delivered to the customer and on ships under construction. The volume of work for individual vessels is determined on the basis of the indicator of progress in the technical readiness of the vessel (as a percentage of the technological labor intensity of construction). The increase in ship production volumes is associated with a reduction in the production cycle of their construction.
According to the degree of completeness of the construction cycle, shipbuilding enterprises are divided into shipyards and factories. Shipyard - an enterprise that includes only construction sites (structures on which ships under construction are located), embankments and workshops for the manufacture of hull parts, hull structures, the manufacture and installation of ship pipelines and systems, the installation of various mechanisms, as well as a group of outfitting shops. The shipyard receives all mechanisms, devices, equipment, apparatus and instruments from other specialized enterprises. Shipyards are not widespread in Russia and Ukraine. The predominant ones in our country are shipyards - enterprises, which, in addition to workshops directly involved in shipbuilding, also include ship mechanical engineering workshops. These workshops produce mechanisms and equipment both for the needs of their plant and for other enterprises in cooperation.
Depending on the hull material of the ships being built, shipbuilding enterprises are divided into metal, reinforced concrete, plastic, and wooden shipbuilding enterprises. There are also marine and river shipbuilding enterprises. Marine shipbuilding enterprises are divided into 5 classes based on the launching weight of ships under construction (Table 1.3.1).
Table 1.3.1. Classification of shipbuilding enterprises by launching weight of ships
Based on the nature of production, the main workshops of shipyards are divided into shipyard workshops and machine-building workshops. The products of the shipyard workshops are intended for those ships that this plant builds. Mechanical engineering workshops manufacture mechanisms and equipment, often without being “linked” to a specific vessel, and deliver them to the warehouse. From the warehouse they are supplied to ships being built at this plant, or through cooperation to other shipbuilding enterprises.
The relative location of workshops, construction sites, launching structures and other buildings and structures, as well as railways and highways, gas pipeline networks and other industrial networks of the plant is determined by its master plan. The layout of the plant's master plan is characterized by a development coefficient equal to the ratio of the total projection area of all buildings and structures to the area of the plant's territory. In modern shipyards the construction factor is about 0.50.
The work of a shipbuilding enterprise is characterized by the following basic data and technical and economic indicators:
annual production output in value terms (billion rubles) and in physical terms (number of ships built, their deadweight, etc.);
number of employees, including production and support workers;
specific output in value and in kind terms (per one worker, per one production worker, per 1 ruble of fixed assets);
