Shupikova Tatyana Sergeevna
Place of work, position: MKOU "Berezovskaya Secondary School" of Dmitrievsky district, Kursk region; teacher of Russian language and literature
The level of education : basic general education
The target audience: 7th grade
Subject: Literature
Lesson topic: “Historical era on the pages of the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba".
Cate lesson :
To deepen students’ knowledge about the biography and work of N.V. Gogol; introduce the historical basis of the story “Taras Bulba”.
Cultivate respect for mother and feelings of patriotism using the example of the heroes of the work.
To develop students’ skills in working with the text of a work of fiction.
Lesson type:
Lesson of studying and primary consolidation of new knowledge
Students in class (auditorium): 7
Used textbooks and teaching aids:
V.Ya. Korovina. Literature. 7th grade: In 2 parts. Part 1. - M.: Education, 2007.
Equipment used :
Teacher equipment : computer, multimedia projector; cards with tasks for group work, portrait of N.V. Gogol, illustrations depicting the main characters of the work.
Equipment for students : textbook, workbook, task cards for group work, sample worksheet for homework.
Short description:
Updating: establishing successive connections between previous and new knowledge in a new situation. Motivation: creating a problem situation, dramatizing an episode from a story, reciting a prose text under musical accompaniment, work in groups. Teaching techniques: demonstration, observation, comparison, analysis, conclusion. Teaching methods: explanatory-illustrative, problem-based. Types of work: individual, frontal, group work. Lesson structure. 1. Class organization. 2. Checking homework. 3. Statement of the problem. Communicate the purpose of the lesson. 4. Studying a new topic. 5. Generalization and systematization of new knowledge. 6. Analysis and evaluation of work results. 7. Homework.
Class organization.
Teacher's word.
1 . The bell rang... like in a theater...
Everyone took their seats, silence.
The curtain opens and on stage -
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol -
A true master of language (a portrait of N.V. Gogol is projected).(Sl.1)
Checking homework
Here is another name that evokes admiration and pride in any person who knows and loves literature. Let's remember what we already know about N.V. Gogol.
1) Conversation:
- When and where was the writer born? Who are his parents?
MESSAGE 1(Sl.2)
Student: Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol was born on March 20 (April 1, new style) 1809 in the town of Sorochintsy, the former Poltava province, in Ukraine. He came from a poor landowner family and spent his childhood on his parents' estate, in the village of Vasilyevka.(Sl.3)
Gogol's father, Vasily Afanasyevich,(Sl. 4)was a lively, talented person, with a penchant for romantic daydreaming, which he combined with humorous abilities. He wrote poetry and composed comedies in Ukrainian.
Gogol's mother,(Sl.5)Maria Ivanovna was a kind, simple-minded woman. The premature death of her husband, which followed in 1825, was a grave grief for her. All her love was focused on her children. She had four daughters and a son, “Nikosha,” as Nikolai Vasilyevich was called at home. The mother's favorite was the eldest of the children, Nikosha.
Gogol's parents belonged to the educated stratum of the Ukrainian nobility and were on close terms with many wonderful people from their neighbors. Not far from Vasilyevka, in the village of Obukhovka, lived the poet and playwright Vasily Vasilyevich Kapnist. Little Gogol wrote poetry in imitation of his father, and Maria Ivanovna later recalled how, when Kapnist came to Vasilievka, she showed him her son’s children’s poems and how the old poet prophesied a brilliant future for him.
The father cared about the literary education of his children. He talked with them about literature and during walks he asked different topics for poems. The eldest son, Nikosha, always successfully coped with these literary exercises.
Teacher's word : The land in which Gogol was born was covered in legends, beliefs, and historical stories that excited the imagination. Near Vasilyevka, where the future writer lived, Dikanka was located, to which Gogol dated the origin of his first stories. Here, in Dikanka, they showed the shirt of the executed Kochubey (remember Pushkin’s “Poltava”), here, according to legend, there was an oak tree near which Mazepa’s meetings with Maria took place. In Kibintsy, the estate of a relative of the Gogols, there was a big library, there was a home theater for which Gogol's father wrote comedies. All this contributed to the development of the literary interests of the future writer.
- Where did N.V. study? Gogol?
MESSAGE 2:(Sl.6)
Student: The Gymnasium of Higher Sciences in Nizhyn left an unforgettable mark on the life and work of the great Gogol. It was founded by the brothers A.A. and I.A. Beardless – prominent statesmen Russian Empire;(Sl. 7)construction educational institution The university type was carried out from 1808 to 1818 at the expense of Count Bezborodko and his serfs.
Students at the Nizhyn gymnasium lived in a separate boarding house. The future great Russian and Ukrainian writer N.V. lived in one of the rooms of this boarding house from May 1, 1821 to June 27, 1828. Gogol. (Sl.8)
The very young Nikolai was only 7 years old when his parents brought him to provincial Nizhyn from the Gogol-Yanovsky family estate. Among his peers, being a sickly and rather skinny child, he looked like an obvious baby. The first months of study and life away from home, without his mother’s caring hands, were very difficult for him.
Young Gogol learned the basics of science without much zeal. He didn’t pass the rear, but he wasn’t in the front row either. If he comprehended the subjects of the humanities easily - his success was at the level of a modern "good student", then the exact "sciences" were not given to him at all. According to the four-point grading system, for example, in differential and integral equations, he received a one-year grade - count, and a two - in conic sections (section of geometry). But he had no equal in the Law of God and moral philosophy. Upon completion of his studies, Nikolai received the lowest XIV-class rank that could be assigned to a high school graduate.
Nikolai wrote letters weekly to his native Vasilyevka and eagerly awaited an answer. Once a month, the letters were of the standard type: “Mama, I urgently need...” followed by a list of two or three pages with a detailed listing of everything that Nikolasha asked from his parents, who were barely making ends meet. The older he got, the more often he asked for information about folk songs, legends, sayings, customs, beliefs and everything from which he drew images for his first literary attempts.
Teacher: Here, in the gymnasium, Gogol's multifaceted talents manifested themselves: he learned to play the violin, studied painting, participates in performances both as a graphic designer and as an actor, he is especially good at comic roles, and enjoys success. In addition, Gogol tries himself in various literary genres. However, he still associates all his dreams with government activities and doesn't think seriously about writing.
- What can you say about the beginning of his literary activity?
MESSAGE 3:(sl.9)
Student: Having graduated from the Nizhyn gymnasium in the summer of 1828, Gogol went to St. Petersburg in December. Having neither money nor high-ranking acquaintances, it takes a long time to find a job. Only in November 1829 was he taken to the Department of State Economy “for testing.” Since April 1830 he has served as a scribe in the Department of Appanages. He receives pennies and is in dire need. Tries unsuccessfully to enter the stage. The first steps in the literary field were also unsuccessful. In 1829, Gogol published Hanz Küchelgarten under the pseudonym V. Alova. The poem received negative reviews in magazines. Gogol took this blow hard. He used his last funds to buy up unsold copies and burnt them. St. Petersburg made a depressing impression on Gogol with its bureaucracy, commercialism, lack of spirituality, “...everything is suppressed, everything is mired in idle, insignificant labors...” - he writes to his mother. But failures did not break the young man.
He continues his literary works, dramatically changing the direction of his creativity: he draws inspiration from Ukrainian folklore, brilliantly guessing and picking up the in-depth appeal of Russian literature to the people that has begun. Gogol fills letters to his relatives with requests to collect and send to him folk tales, songs, report on “customs and morals of the Little Russians,” beliefs, costumes. During 1830-1831 several works by Gogol are published anonymously: “Basavryuk, or the Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala”, later included in “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”, a chapter from the historical novel “Hetman”, excerpts from the “Little Russian story” “The Scary Boar”, sketch “Woman” .
Teacher: In St. Petersburg, Gogol wrote his first stories, became famous, entered the circle of writers, met Zhukovsky, Pletnev, Pushkin. Pushkin warmly welcomed the publication of “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”: “This is real fun, sincere, relaxed, without affectation, without stiffness, and in places what poetry..!” Gogol discusses his creative plans with Pushkin. Pushkin supported Gogol, helped him in his literary endeavors, and suggested topics for new works. He also suggested the idea of “Dead Souls” and “The Inspector General” to Gogol.
- So, name his works that are familiar to you. (“The Inspector General”, “Evenings...”, etc.)
Sh. Statement of the problem. Communicate lesson objectives.
1. The teacher's word.
You named the most significant works of N.V. Gogol. We will introduce you to the comedy “The Inspector General” in 8th grade, the poem “ Dead Souls"We will study in 9th grade. And let’s start getting acquainted with the story “Taras Bulba” right now. (Sl. 10)
So, the topic of our lesson... However, you can formulate it yourself. Listen, observe, analyze, be attentive to the opinions of your classmates, and then you can easily formulate the topic of the lesson yourself a little later.
Today in class we will briefly get acquainted with the history of Ukraine in the 16th century; Let's observe how Gogol reflected the historical era in his literary work - in the story "Taras Bulba", we will continue to form correct, beautiful speech.
1U. New topic.
1. The teacher's word.
The action of the story “Taras Bulba” takes place in Ukraine in the 16th century, where at that time Polish landowners, the lords, ruled. Listen to historical information about this time.
MESSAGE “Ukraine in the 16th century” (sl. 11)
In the 16th century, the Polish gentry ruled the Ukrainian lands west of the Dnieper. Part of the Ukrainian nobility converted to Catholicism and became Polish in order to maintain and increase their privileges. But the common people stubbornly resisted, preserved the language, faith, and customs of their ancestors. (sl. 12) The support of all those striving for independence was the Zaporozhye Sich - the free Cossacks, who settled in the lower reaches of the Dnieper on the island of Khortitsa. (sl. 13)
Half a mile before the Sich there was a suburb in which blacksmiths, tanners, kramari, people of all nations lived. The suburb “clothed and fed the Sich, who only knew how to walk and fire guns.”
The Sich consisted of more than sixty kurens - military units, “which were very similar to separate, independent republics.” Living quarters were called kurens. They were covered with turf or felt, surrounded by small earthen ramparts, and cannons were installed near some of them. In the middle of the Sich there was a Maidan, where the Rada gathered. (page 14)
The spirit of democracy reigned in the Sich. There were friendly relations between the Cossacks. All the most important issues of the Cossack community were resolved at a general meeting - the Rada. At the Rada, the Cossacks elected a chieftain and a foreman: a judge, a clerk, and esauls. In the kurens, a kuren ataman was elected.
Everyone who came here was accepted into the Sich. Nobody asked the aliens “where they come from, who they are and what their names are.” The Koshevoy, to whom they appeared, was only interested in whether those who came believed in Christ, whether they went to church, and asked them to cross themselves. (f. 15)
The Cossacks did not burden themselves with any things. Everything - “money, dresses, all the grub, salamata, porridge and even fuel” - was kept by the kuren chieftain, who “usually bore the name daddy.”
The laws of community life in this headstrong republic were quite harsh. The theft of even some trifle was considered “a disgrace to the entire Cossacks.” The person who stole was tied to a pillory and beaten to death with a club. The debtor who did not pay was chained to a cannon, where he sat until he was ransomed. Terrible execution relied on for murder. The murderer was lowered into a hole, a coffin with the body of the murdered man was placed on top of it, and he was covered alive with earth.
The art of war in the Sich was taught during battle. “The youth were brought up and formed in it by one experience, in the very heat of battle.” The intervals between them “the Cossacks considered it boring to occupy with the study of any discipline, except perhaps target shooting and occasionally horse racing.” All the time free from battles was “given to revelry - a sign of a wide range of spiritual will.” It was some kind of continuous noisy feast. But when the time of battle came, the “reckless and cheerful between battles” Cossacks were transformed into “battle-hardened knights”, for whom the most important things in the world were comrades in arms, faith in Christ, freedom and independence of their native land.
N.V. Gogol admired the Zaporozhye Sich and was convinced that only the Sich with its republican system formed proud, brave and freedom-loving Cossacks.
3. The teacher's word.
Interest in Ukrainian history It was not by chance that it arose from Gogol. He was going to write a serious scientific work on the history of Ukraine. This work was not created, but collected materials, related to the life of the Cossacks, were used by the author in working on the story.
About life Zaporozhye Sich, N.V. Gogol spoke about the struggle of the Cossacks, about their heroic death in the name of the Motherland, in the name of freedom in the story “Taras Bulba”.
So, imagine that we are invited to visit Taras Bulba. Today there is a joyful event in his house. His sons returned from school - Taras’s pride and hope. Events are starting to unfold right before our eyes..(Mk. 16)
4. Working with text.
4.1. DRAGING THE EPISODE “Meeting of Taras Bulba with his sons.”
Yes, the meeting between the father and his sons after a long separation was energetic. Shouldn't we also show dexterity and dexterity in physical exercises? I announce a physical minute.
FISMINUTKA (conducted by a student)
One - get up, pull yourself up
Two - bend over, straighten up
Three - three claps of the hands, three nods of the head.
Four - wider legs.
Five - wave your arms
Six - sit down quietly at the table.
4.2. Conversation:
You read the first chapter at home, now answer:
What are the names of our heroes?
What can you say about each of them?
What qualities, in your opinion, did Taras Bulba especially value in the Cossacks (using the example of his sons).(Love for the Motherland, valor, courage, devotion, endurance, bravery...)
TEACHER'S WORD.
Indeed, Gogol set himself the task of showing that the character of Taras Bulba and his attitude to life values are determined by the history of the country.
The era was so remarkable that it was reflected not only in literature, but also in other forms of art.
4.3 WORKING WITH REPRODUCTION (Section 17)
Consider the painting by I.E. Repin “Cossacks”.
Is there a hero (or heroes) similar to Taras Bulba among the Cossacks depicted in the picture?
What did the artist manage to convey?
Looking at the picture, we can conclude what the Cossacks (Cossacks) were and that they fought.
4.3. Group work .
And now, together with the heroes of the story, we will allow ourselves to enter the house of Taras Bulba. What did we see here? Why did Gogol include a description of the little room in his story? 1 group will work on these issues. Questions:
1. Read the description of the light room (p. 145-146)
2. What did you see
On the walls,
On shelves,
What's the situation like?
3. Why did the author introduce a description of the light room into the story?(The interior and household items act as a means of revealing the image of the hero. Everything in the little room is connected with the anxious, nomadic life of the owner. In the foreground - weapons - this is the main thing for the owner. The need to always be on guard, the readiness to go on a campaign at any moment and look death in the eyes left an imprint on the consciousness of the hero, and on his behavior and habits)
The group will get to know the owner of the house better - Taras Bulba. I think they will have an interesting time and share their impressions with us.
1. Read the episodes and descriptions related to the personality of Taras Bulba.
2. Questions:
How does the author describe Taras Bulba? (p. 148-149) .
What is the meaning of his life?
Pay attention to how Taras Bulba treats his wife and sons
What impression do you have about Taras Bulba?
How does this personality characterize the era in which he lives?
While some are looking at the room, others are getting acquainted with Taras, group III will watch a sweet woman - the mother of Taras’s sons.
1. Taras Bulba decided to take his sons to the Zaporozhye Sich. How did the mother react to her husband’s decision (p. 149).
2. Questions:
What did the mother hope for? Were her hopes justified? (p. 149).
Read by heart the passage “Mother at the bedside of her sons” (preliminary task for the lesson) (p. 152).
What feeling fills your soul?
What is the fate of the woman, wife, mother of that time? How is the historical era reflected in her image? (p. 150).
U. Generalization, primary consolidation and systematization of new knowledge.
1. Discussion of tasks.
Let's read the description of the room. (page 18)
Group 1: For what purpose does the author give us a description of the light room?(Taras's room was decorated in the taste of that time, of which memories remain only in folk songs and thoughts. Everything was clean. Weapons, hunting attributes, and horse harness hung on the walls. On the shelves were a variety of jugs, bottles, flasks, cups and glasses. Birch bark benches around the entire room; a huge table under the icons in the front corner and a wide stove covered with tiles. Interior details help the reader get an idea of the lifestyle of Taras and his family, the life and morals of the era. Here one can also guess the character of the owner of the house - a military man who spent his life in campaigns and battles, with weapons, on horseback, and not averse to drinking and joking around in the company of comrades.)
Group 2 read the passage that talks about Taras Bulba. (page 19)
What have you learned about Taras Bulba? How does this personality characterize the era in which he lives? ?(Taras is shown in this episode, on the one hand, as a man accustomed to making decisions without regard for the feelings of loved ones, as a despot and a man without a heart, but on the other hand, he is a warrior, a “knight” who has no other life except battles, fights, so he not only dreams that his sons would be the same, but he himself is eager for the world that is dear to him, goes to the Zaporozhye Sich.)
Group 3 you had the task of reading the passage by heart, please.. (Sl. 20)
How is the historical era reflected in the image of the mother?(she personifies all the wives and mothers of the Cossacks who did not return from the battle.
The dynamic plot conveys the feeling of maternal anxiety, the last farewell, the mother seems to have a premonition of trouble... Gogol notes that wrinkles have changed “the once beautiful face. In fact, she was pitiful, like every woman of that daring century.” The author, describing the heroine, repeats more than once:
Pale, thin and kind mother,
Thin old mother
Poor old lady
One poor mother
Poor old lady
Poor mother, mother, weak as a mother.)
2. The teacher's word.
I've spied the only ones in the world
Holy, righteous tears, -
Those are the tears of poor mothers!
They will not forget their children,
Those who died in the bloody field,
How not to pick up a weeping willow
Of its drooping branches.
These lines by Nekrasov very subtly noticed the state of mind of a woman, a mother, seeing off her children to war. She cannot turn back history. Taras Bulba, long before his sons returned home, decided their fate: to be defenders of their Motherland, like himself, so he makes a decision: his sons go with him to the Zaporozhye Sich. How great is the grief of the mother, how touching is the scene of her farewell to her sons. And with a feeling of heaviness in our souls, we also see off the sons of Taras Bulba and think about what awaits them ahead. We'll talk about this in the next lessons.
U1. Lesson summary.
1. Discussion of the wording of the lesson topic.
Now let's go back to the beginning of our conversation and try to formulate the topic of our lesson. Remember everything we talked about in class. How would you formulate the topic of our lesson? Which proposal do you think is the most successful? So, the topic to which we devoted our lesson is (page 21) “Historical era on the pages of the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba".
Conclusion from the lesson.
What do we learn from the first chapter about that “abusive, difficult time” when the events described by Gogol in the story took place? Based on the text, show how the author creates the look of the era?
( Gogol creates the appearance of the era through the author's descriptions, the characters of the heroes, their way of life and morals. The first chapter is built on an antithesis: the “severe flavor” of the Cossacks and the tender love of a woman directed towards her children, “daring times” and passionate maternal feelings. Before us appears the main character of the story, Taras Bulba, a fighter and warrior by nature, living according to the harsh laws of wartime. Gogol depicts Taras’s wife, a devoted and loving mother, forced to part with her beloved sons, for whom Taras has prepared the fate of warriors. We see how difficult times determined the characters, relationships and lives of people.)
The time of action in the story “Taras Bulba” is assigned to the past. It is there that Gogol sees spiritually free and powerful people. There were strong and wonderful people in the past, but he doesn’t see them in the present. But can they be? The writer asks himself and the reader this question. By showing what people were like, Gogol instills in the reader the idea: real people can and should be different. The heroes of Gogol's Sich, with whom we have already met and those with whom we have yet to meet, are a high ideal, but every person who lives later has enough worthy qualities to come closer to this ideal.
3. Grades for the lesson.
UP. Homework.
Thank you all for the lesson.
We did a great job.
We summed up the work -
We formulated the topic ourselves.
Write down the homework assignment: (sl. 22)
Municipal budgetary educational institution-gymnasium No. 133
Ussuriysk, Ussuriysk urban district.
"Difficult and abusive"
time in Gogol's story.
"TARAS BULBA"
Alekseenko E.V.
Russian teacher
language and literature
highest qualification
2012-2013.
Equipment for the lesson.
On the desk.
1. Map “Russia in the 16th-17th centuries”
2. Painting “Cossacks writing a letter to the Turkish Sultan” by Repin.
3. Illustrations by students for the story “Taras Bulba”.
4. Presentation about N.V.’s childhood and school years. Gogol, photographs of the writer, parents, friends.
5.Newspaper with a portrait of the writer and an epigraph for the lesson
"My thoughts, my name, my works
Will belong to the people"
6.Dictionary.
1.Zaporozhye Sich-
2. Abusive (old) - war, battle
3. A free Cossack is a free person, independent of anyone (in the old days in Ukraine and Russia).
4. Ataman - leader, leader.
5. Bursak - student of theological school.
7. Cossack costume.
The topic of our lesson: “N.V. Gogol acquaintance with the story “Taras Bulba” (Difficult and abusive time in the work).
What new word did you come across in the topic of our lesson?
How do you understand “bad” time?
How does Ozhegov’s dictionary explain the meaning of this word?
What do you think are the goals of our lesson?
Write down the epigraph of the lesson, we will return to it at the end of the work.
Before getting acquainted with the story of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, we will take a correspondence excursion to Bolshie Sorochintsy, Ukraine, where the writer was born.
3. The message is read by a student (about the writer’s childhood and high school years).
Teacher: It is impossible to imagine a writer without familiarity with his work.
A message about the writer's work.
What other interesting facts about N.V.’s biography? Do you know Gogol?
What works of Nikol Vasilyevich have you read?
4. Teacher
Gogol really wanted to write a work about the brave, strong, his native people. And Nikolai Vasilyevich often thinks: won’t he be able to tell about such people. And Gogol plunges more and more into the study of the history of the Ukrainian people, persistently, patiently rummaging through historical works, reading chronicles. And a bright, living history of the people stands before him. And the imagination draws images of brave, proud people, battles, military victories, exploits, wide and free wild steppes. These thoughts take the writer into the depths of the history of the 16th-17th centuries, Zaporozhye. The Russian Cossack force grew here. The writer was not satisfied with the present; he lived in the past.
- Today we will get acquainted with the work of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol
"Taras Bulba".
5. Teacher
What types of literature do you know?
What type of literature does Taras Bulba belong to?
What genre of literature does this work belong to?
And when the work describes reliable historical events, like
what is it called?
What if heroes accomplish feats? (historical-heroic story)
So, what historical event is the basis of the story, what time is reflected in it, you will learn about this from the historical reference.
6. Historical information “Zaporozhye Sich” (Attached)
7. Teacher
Summarize
Why was the Zaporozhye Sich called that?
How does the dictionary explain the meaning of this phrase?
What kind of people gathered there?
What united these people?
(They were united by recklessness and belligerence. For each of them, war is a normal state, they cannot help but fight. They came to the Zaporozhye Sich as if they were returning to their own home, from which they had just left)
Who was chosen as chieftain?
What goal now stood before Taras as an ataman?
(To unite such different people: runaways, convicts, with their own views, habits, characters, unite this mass for the fight).
8. Teacher
Yes, Taras knows nothing higher than love for the Fatherland, for him there is nothing higher than the Cossacks, purer and holier than military friendship. And when the Cossacks chose him as their chieftain, and the Sich rose to action and was preparing for battle, Taras Bulba could not resist and made a speech to the Cossacks - he wanted to express everything that was in his heart. His words reached his fellow Cossacks to the very depths of their souls.
Reading by heart Taras's speech about comradeship (a boy in a Cossack costume).
How did the oldest and young Cossacks react to the ataman’s speech?
(read an episode from Chapter 9).
Guys, how do you understand what partnership is?
How do you understand Taras’s words “There is no bond holier than fellowship”?
9.Teacher
To better imagine the appearance of the era that Gogol depicted in the story, we turn to Repin’s famous painting “The Cossacks Write a Letter to the Turkish Sultan”
(Student reads the message)
10.Teacher
Let's pay attention to the illustrations made by the guys for
read story.
(The teacher introduces the students to the illustrations, indicating their names).
11.Teacher
So, you have read Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba”. What kind of leaders
Have you identified the central themes?
1. Theme of war and peace.
2. Family theme.
3. Theme of mercy.
4. Theme of good and evil.
5. History of Ukraine.
6. The struggle of the Zaporozhye Cossacks.
What is the idea of the story “Taras Bulba”?
Fatherland! (I wanted the Fatherland to be strong and powerful).
Partnership! (So that Rus' would be a single state).
Faith! (So that contemporaries believe in a better future).
What episodes stood out to you the most?
Did you like the work and why?
12. Eduard Romanenko will share his impressions of the story he read; he will read his own poem “Taras Bulba”.
Taras Bulba.
Talented artist of words,
He skillfully holds the pen
in your own hands. And again, again
he creates stories, but
One beautiful creation
He called him “Taras Bulba”.
Him in moments of inspiration
he wrote one morning.
Flipping through the pages of the story
about the adventures of a Cossack,
I dream clearly on a dark night,
when suddenly Taras's hand
deprived me in one motion
suddenly the life of his son.
And then the enemy force
decided to burn him alive.
She mourns so quietly and sadly.
A wife deprived of a family.
Cossack spirit, Cossack strength
Visible in the work.
Romanenko E.
Message I.
“The old-world Ukrainian farm was Gogol’s birthplace, the old-world farmers were his educators.” N.V. Gogol was born on March 20, 1809 in the village of Sorochintsy, near Poltava. The future writer spent his childhood in the village of Vasilyevka. The father of the future writer, Vasily Afanasyevich, was an extraordinary man. After retiring, he devoted almost all his time to literature and theater.
Often to performances that he organized at his place distant relative Dmitry Prokofievich Troshchinsky, the father brought his sons. Gogol's mother, Marya Ivanovna, is an extremely beautiful and very kind woman. When Gogol grew up, he and his brother Ivan entered the Povetov School, where they studied for a year. Since 1820 he has been studying at the Nizhyn Gymnasium of Higher Sciences. A short, pointed-nosed teenager with brown eyes, he found it difficult to get used to new living conditions, but gradually met and made friends with many of his comrades. Gogol had an amazing gift, like everything stupid and funny in the character and actions of people, he was able to “guess” a person. The high school students formed their own literary circle. At the gymnasium, Gogol was interested in drawing and theater, and read a lot.
Message
II
.
Living in Nezhin, Gogol dreamed of St. Petersburg. With such dreams, he graduated from the Nizhyn gymnasium and on December 13, 1828 he left for St. Petersburg. He began to engage in literary creativity during his high school years. In St. Petersburg he publishes the poem “Ganz Küchelgarten” under the pseudonym V. Alov. The critics did not spare the poem and, after reading a review of his work, Gogol bought all the copies of the books in the shops and burned them. Upset by his failures, at the end of July 1829 Gogol left for Germany. After a while, he decides to take up literary creativity again. In 1830, the story “Basavryuk” was published in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. He is working on the collection “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”. And when the story “The Evenings on the Eve of Ivan Kupala” was published, real fame came to Gogol.
In 1835, the collection “Mirgorod” was published. The collection includes 4 stories “The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich”, “Old World Landowners”, “Viy”, “Taras Bulba”.
The last years of his life he lived in Moscow, engaged in literary creativity.
Zaporizhzhya Sich
In ancient times, the peoples of modern Russia and Ukraine lived together in one state. But the Mongolian Tatar yoke separated these two peoples. Rus' came under the rule of the Golden Horde, and Ukraine was divided among neighboring states, and in the 16th century Poland annexed most of Ukraine.
Polish landowners (gentry) wanted to completely subjugate Ukraine. They forbade Ukrainians to adhere to Ukrainian customs, wear familiar clothes, and speak their native language.
Instead of the ancient Orthodox faith in Ukraine, they began to forcibly introduce the Catholic faith accepted in Poland. Ukrainian and Polish landowners forced peasants to work for themselves. The working people resisted this. For this, people were severely punished: they were executed or had their noses and ears cut off. People fled to the distant outskirts, to the steppes, settled there, fished and hunted. A particularly large settlement arose on the Dnieper River, beyond the rapids (Zaporozhye). Here they built fortifications, “notches”. This is where the name Zaporozhye Sich came from. The places here were difficult to reach, and people felt safe here. They repelled the attacks of the Crimean Khan or the Turkish Sultan. There were many thousands of people here. They obeyed their atamans and hetmans. In battle, they obeyed them unquestioningly, and in peacetime, any chieftain could be replaced by another. Having reached the Zaporozhye Sich, people became free. In open boats, the Cossacks went to sea and attacked merchant ships, landing on the coast of Turkey or Crimea. Many Cossacks died here. But those who returned to the Zaporozhye Sich brought rich booty: gold, carpets, silks, and other expensive goods. The Cossacks became dangerous not only for the Turks and Crimean Tatars, but also for the Poles. The Polish landowners understood that only then would they gain a foothold in the Ukrainian lands when they put an end to the Zaporozhye Cossacks.
For fifty years the Cossacks fought against the Polish gentry. Much blood was shed, many lives were cut short. The largest Cossack uprising in the 17th century was the uprising led by Taras Fedorovich Pavlyuk, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Yakov Ostryanin. The Cossacks won victories more than once, but they could not resist the Polish landowners, since they were at that time one of the best warriors in Europe
Repin “The Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan”
Repin did not love a single painting as much as the “Cossacks”. He admired the images of the Zaporozhye Cossacks, since no one in the world felt freedom, equality and brotherhood so deeply. Zaporozhye has always been free and did not obey anyone.
The artist worked on the painting for more than 13 years. This painting is based on a true historical event.
In 1676, the Turkish Sultan Mahmud IV sent a formidable letter to the Cossacks, in which he ordered them to surrender without resistance. And the Cossacks did not remain in debt. They sent a mischievous reply to the Sultan.
Repin depicted the Zaporozhian Cossacks at the moment when they, huddled around a rough table, were composing their famous letter. One after another, they make sharp and caustic remarks about the Sultan, laughing at the very thought of the possibility of their enslavement.
Repin's painting reveals such an extraordinary wealth of human characters depicted on the canvas.
In the center of the picture is a long and insightful chieftain - Ivan Serko, a legendary hero about whom many legends have been preserved. The expression on his face conveys dignity, self-confidence, strength and humanity.
There is a clerk next to him. There is a thin, sarcastic grin on his smart, ironic face.
A Cossack in a red zhupan and a white hat attracts attention, answering the joke of his comrades with a roar of laughter. A thin old man with a gray forelock on his shaved head laughs with a thin, silent laugh. And next to him, a handsome young man laughs loudly, with his luxurious mustache tucked behind his ear.
In the picture, Repin managed to convey general, unbridled joy. Gestures, variety of clothing and equipment of the Cossacks help to more clearly sense the mighty strength of the Cossacks.
The feeling of strength also arises because the central group is not given in isolation, but against the background of the rest of the Zaporozhye army, covering the entire horizon.
Repin, like Gogol, pictured the Zaporozhye Sich as a free Cossack republic that gave birth to gifted and powerful people, strong in spirit. To be truthful, Repin, when painting the picture, consulted with historians, sketched ancient weapons, and visited all the legendary places of the Zaporozhye Sich. And although this picture was not painted directly for the story “Taras Bulba,” you can still recognize Gogol’s heroes on the canvas.
The cheerful fat Cossack is reminiscent of Taras Bulba, the old man with forelock is reminiscent of Kisyan Bovdyuk, the handsome Cossack is reminiscent of Kukubenko.
Taras Bulba became a symbol of courage and love for the fatherland. The character, born from the pen of Nikolai Gogol, has successfully taken root in cinema and even in music - opera productions based on Gogol’s story have been staged in theaters all over the world since the end of the 19th century.
He gave 10 years of his life to the story “Taras Bulba”. The idea for an epic work was born in the 1830s and already in the middle of the decade adorned the collection “Mirgorod”. However, the author was not satisfied with the literary creation. As a result, it went through eight edits, some of them drastic.
Nikolai Vasilyevich rewrote the original version until it was changed storylines and the introduction of new heroes. Over the years, the story grew thicker by three chapters, the battle scenes were filled with colors, and the Zaporozhye Sich became overgrown with small details from the life of the Cossacks. They say that the writer checked every word so that it more accurately conveyed the atmosphere and characters, while striving to preserve the flavor of the Ukrainian mentality. In 1842, the work was published in a new edition, but it was still corrected until 1851.
While collecting material for his work, Gogol took extreme measures - from the pages of the newspaper he asked readers to help put together a mosaic of historical facts of Ukraine. Everything was valuable, from information from personal archives and unpublished information to the memories of contemporaries from the outback. The classic relied on Ukrainian chronicles, Levasseur de Beauplan’s book “Description d’Ukranie” and the work of Semyon Myshetsky “The History of the Zaporozhye Cossacks”.
But the historical facts that were intertwined in the new work of the classic lacked soulfulness and emotion. Gogol solved this problem brilliantly, diluting the dry details of the past with folk art home country. From it the writer drew vivid epithets. Folklore even served as the basis for creating images and characters: for example, Bulba’s son Andriy resembles the heroes of the songs Teterenko and Savva Chaly.
The trinity technique has migrated from fairy tales to the pages of books, when characters undergo tests three times before getting what they want. Rhetorical questions characteristic of fairy tales were woven into the monologues:
“Am I not worthy of eternal regret? ... Didn’t I have a bitter share?”
Thus, the language of the narrative acquired melodiousness and lyricism. A contradictory and complex story should not be taken as reliable confirmation of history, because even exact time events are unclear. Gogol's literary brainchild has more artistic value.
The action takes place in Ukraine between 1569 and 1654, when Kyiv was part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Graduates of the Kyiv Bursa Ostap and Andriy returned to their home. Taras Bulba, an old Cossack who rose to the rank of colonel, when he met his sons, could not contain his irony. The subject of his ridicule was the seminary outfits of his offspring, which caused a fight between the head of the family and the eldest son Ostap. However, Taras was pleased with the heir’s athletic form.
On the same day, at a council with his comrades, Bulba announced the decision to send his sons to the Zaporozhye Sich to train young people in military science. But he himself, bursting with pride for his offspring, went with them to personally introduce them to his regimental comrades. On the road, the aging father is nostalgic for his young, turbulent life, Ostap’s heart bleeds for his mother (the woman said a hard goodbye to the children, not wanting to let them go to the Sich), and Andriy is absorbed in thoughts about the beautiful Polish woman he met in Kyiv.
In the Sich, the Cossacks led a riotous lifestyle - they drank, fooled around, did everything except improve their fighting skills. This was what they preferred to do in real battles. The young newcomers happily plunged into the general fun, but such a turn did not suit Taras Bulba, and he encouraged his comrades to go to war in Poland to avenge the oppression of the Ukrainian people.
In the battles, the heirs of the protagonist matured, the father admires the article and the exploits of his sons, who rose to the forefront of the Cossack army. Having besieged the city of Dubno, the warriors plundered defenseless settlements and abused the local population. One night Andriy received news that his beloved Polish woman was also in the city and was dying of hunger. The young man, taking bags of bread, went to the meeting.
Andriy’s love turned out to be so comprehensive that it forced the young man to renounce his homeland and family. At this time, in the camp of his former comrades, the enemies, reinforced with fresh forces, killed some of the drunken Cossacks and marched to Dubno, and the terrible news of his son’s betrayal fell on Taras. The Sich also suffered defeat - the Tatars attacked the Cossacks who were left without a “head”.
The inhabitants of the besieged city became bolder and went out to fight the Cossacks; Andriy was also in the ranks of the Poles. Bulba punished his son for treason by luring him into the forest. Gogol described the terrible episode of Andria’s death in detail, putting into the mouth of the main character a phrase that later became a catchphrase:
The Cossacks suffered a fiasco in the battle, in which Taras Bulba also lost his second son - Ostap was captured. Young man executed in the city square. Taras was present during the torture of the heir and even answered his call:
“Father! Where are you? Can you hear?
120 thousand Cossacks went on a campaign against the Poles. In battle, Taras, driven by revenge for his lost son, surprised his comrades with unprecedented cruelty and anger. The opponents were defeated, promising the Cossack army to forget the grievances, but Bulba did not believe the oath of the hetman of the “Polyakhs” Nikolai Pototsky. And he turned out to be right - the Poles reinforced their forces and defeated the Cossacks left behind by Taras.
But the Poles also caught up with the main character. In a four-day battle, the army of Taras Bulba fell, the old chieftain was chained to a century-old oak tree and burned at the stake. Before his death, the brave Cossack prophesied the unification of the lands of Rus' and the victory of the Orthodox faith.
Nikolai Gogol created a collective image of the Zaporozhye Cossacks, making Taras Bulba a defender of freedom and national independence. Courage, love for the Motherland and the Christian faith, love of freedom - the author melted these qualities into the character of the main character, and the result was an ideal textbook Cossack.
In the context of the struggle for the autonomy of Ukraine, Gogol raised questions of the boundaries between courage and cowardice, loyalty and betrayal.
The first film adaptations of “Taras Bulba” started in the era of silent films. In 1909, the pioneer of Russian cinema, Alexander Drankov, tried to transfer the character of the Cossack to the screens. IN leading role short films were performed by Anisim Suslov.
Subsequently, the Germans, French, British and even Americans took up the imperishable work of the Ukrainian writer. The list of films includes:
The most interesting productions critics and viewers call the 1962 film, staged in America, where the image of the chieftain was embodied. “Taras Bulba” of 1936 is curious because, although the film was created in France, it was directed by Russian Alexei Granovsky. Reincarnated as a Cossack, Harry Bor.
But the most iconic film, based on Gogol's book, presented. In the spring of 2009, crowds of lovers of classical literature flocked to the cinemas and were not disappointed - he turned out to be irresistible in the role of Bulba. Realistic battle scenes added emotions - the authors included five battles in the script. The geography of the filming locations covered Russia, Ukraine and Poland.
Together with Bogdan Stupka, movie stars (Andriy), (Ostap), (Mosiy Shilo), (Stepan Guska), Les Serdyuk (Esaul Dmitro Tovkach) shine in the frames. The female characters in the film were embodied by (pannochka, Andria’s beloved) and (Taras’s wife). Hollywood producer Nick Powell, whose credits include working on the film “Braveheart,” was brought in to create the film. He supervised the production of battle scenes.
Stupka admitted to journalists in an interview that he survived the most terrible film of his career:
“We filmed for seven months, and everything was very difficult. There was 40-degree heat for a long time, the artists were in suits, in chain mail, armor, and with weapons. We must run and fight. And so on many times. Even young people felt bad. The smushka hat saved me - at least my head didn’t get warm under it.”
As a result, Bortko's production collected nine prizes and awards.
“Turn around, son!”
“I gave birth to you, I will kill you!”
"There is life in the old dog yet?!"
“Be patient, Cossack, and you will be an ataman!”
“There is no bond holier than fellowship!”
“What, son, did your Poles help you?”
“Even though you’re my dad, if you laugh, then, by God, I’ll beat you!”
“No, brothers, to love like a Russian soul - to love not just with your mind or anything else, but with everything that God has given, whatever is in you, but... No, no one can love like that!”
“The future is unknown, and it stands before man like autumn fog rising from the swamps.”
“When a person falls in love, he is like a sole, which, if you soak it in water, bend it, and it will bend.”
“Great is the power of a weak woman, that she has destroyed many strong ones.”
“Only one person can become related by soul, and not by blood.”
“It’s not the good warrior who hasn’t lost his spirit in an important matter, but the good warrior who doesn’t get bored even with idleness, who will endure everything, and even though you want him, he’ll still get his way.”
The historical past in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"
Target: to form knowledge about the history of the creation of the story; improve the ability to analyze text; develop critical thinking, speech, attention, memory; cultivate patriotism and a sense of camaraderie.
Plan.
Move.
Russian literature of the 20–30s of the 19th century is characterized by an interest in history (is this so?... we recall the works of A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov). Why do writers of the 19th (and 20th and 21st centuries) turn to the past?...
Turning to the past helped to find answers to many questions that people faced, to understand what was happening in the present and to predict the future.
Today we will begin our acquaintance with the story of the Ukrainian, Russian writer Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol.
What do you know about this writer?
Working with a table:
Gogol studied the history of Ukraine, intending to write a scientific work. The work was not created, but materials related to the life of the Cossacks were used by him in his work on “Taras Bulba”….
You will learn about how the story was created using the textbook material and Additional information, work in groups. You will present the results of your work on a poster.Let’s develop criteria for evaluating both the poster and the answer to it:
1. Quality of response (ability to select information; completeness and variety of information)
2. graphic nature of the poster.
3. …..
Work in groups.
Additional material for group work.
In “Taras Bulba” no epic.
image
Presentation of work results.
Summarizing. Evaluation of group work.
Additional material about the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba".
Tale by N.V. Gogol’s “Taras Bulba” is included in the collection “Mirgorod”, which appeared in print in 1835. The Mirgorod cycle consists of various stories, united rather on the principle of opposition: the vulgar and gray life of the inhabitants of estates and provincial towns is contrasted with the writer’s dream of a different life, in which there are other people, other relationships, in which there are high aspirations, faith in victory, the idea of freedom , a feeling of love for the Fatherland.
The story “Taras Bulba” stands out from the cycle. In it, the writer turns to another area of life, to the historical past.
In “Taras Bulba” No images of genuine historical facts, real historical figures.The action takes place in the old days, when - it is impossible to say with absolute certainty. The time depicted in the story can only be determined with approximate accuracy: 15-17 centuries. There is not a single definite historical fact in the story, that is, Gogol did not set himself the goal of reliably telling about specific historical events, did not intend to recreate an accurate picture of the historical past, since he set himself not so much historical as epic goals. That is why “Taras Bulba” is rather not a historical story, but epic.
Gogol deliberately dates the action of the story to the 15th century, although the events taking place in it should have taken place either at the end of the 16th or in the first half of the 17th century. It was then that wars against the Polish state became a common pastime for the Zaporozhye Cossacks, who were joined by many peasants who also wanted to live a free Cossack life.
The Polish gentry, the Turks, who captured and sold people into captivity, the Tatar hordes - the Ukrainian Cossacks fought with all of them. The defense of national independence and state independence was often inseparable from the struggle for faith, for the establishment of the Orthodox Church.
In the story, Gogol portrays epic heroic characters: Taras, Ostap, and other Zaporozhye “knights”. Taras Bulba is close to the popular idea of a heroic character. For Taras and Ostap, love and loyalty to the homeland and comradeship are higher than personal affection, blood kinship, and love feelings.
Gogol did not unduly embellish his heroes, but at the same time he praised them as fearless defenders of their homeland and their faith.
Gogol’s Cossacks call themselves Russians, they fight for Rus' - and this is not the author’s fantasy, because in those days Ukrainians more often called themselves, their language, and faith with the word “Russians”. The concept of “Rus” is associated with the Ukrainian lands no less than with the territory of present-day Russia: it was the Ukrainian lands that were the core of Kievan Rus. Gogol himself was a Ukrainian and an ardent patriot of his homeland, which did not at all prevent him from considering himself Russian and becoming a Russian writer.
Recreating in the past the ideal of life that lives in the popular consciousness, and ideal human characters, Gogol also depicts an ideal, fair social system - the Zaporozhye Sich. It is in this environment that the characters of the main characters of the story are formed. The description of the Sich is given a significant place on the pages of the work.
The author did not draw the real Sich, but image Sich - the way it was imprinted in the people's consciousness. N.V. Gogol creates a poetic picture of Cossack society, showing its cruelty and spontaneity.
Strong and powerful characters are a consequence of the way of life that shaped these characters. Taras is a son of his time, and his wildness and unbridledness are the result of the wildness of this era. But Bulba is great at the same time, great as a man of the Sich, defending the freedom and independence of his people. Velik and Ostap, and other Cossacks - Kukubenko, Tovkach, Mosiy Shilo. The feeling of collectivism makes the heroes of the story “Taras Bulba” strong, because each of them feels the shoulder of the other, they are united by a common idea - a feeling of love for their homeland.
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Group Project Assessment Cards
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1 - satisfactory
0 points - did not participate
Last name, first name | Proposing ideas | Participation in discussion | Participation in the design of work | Total points |
Plan of characterization of a literary hero.
Plan of characterization of a literary hero.
“Analytical newspaper “Secret Research”, No. 11, 2009 The new film about Taras Bulba became the box office leader in Russia (it is also shown in Ukraine and Belarus). The film was enthusiastically received by the Russian great powers; Russian politicians speak enthusiastically about it: they say that the film shows that Ukraine and Belarus have always belonged to Moscow. And the leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation Zyuganov sent 700 Russian communists to cinemas - as a “cultural campaign”. However, both the film and Gogol’s work itself have very little historical truth, being, in fact, only great-power propaganda of tsarism. GREAT POWER HYSTERIA April 13, 2009 newspaper “ The New York Times" published an article by Ellen Barry, "A Wild Cossack Enters the Cultural Confrontation." The article begins like this: “The newest movie hero burst onto Russian screens in April, cutting down Polish nobles with his saber like cabbage. Taras Bulba, a 15th-century Cossack immortalized in Nikolai Gogol's novel of the same name, despises peace negotiations as a "woman's affair" and inspires his people with speeches about the Russian soul. When the Polish soldiers burn him at the stake at the end, he proclaims loyalty to the Russian Tsar, although the flames have already touched his mustache. This is already an inaccuracy: the events described by Gogol could not have happened in the 15th century: then there was neither “Russia” (Muscovy was still an ulus of the Horde), nor “Russian tsars” (only Ivan the Terrible proclaimed himself the first in 1547), nor "Rzeczpospolita", with which Bulba fought. Further in the article: “The premiere of the film with a budget of 20 million dollars took place in Moscow on April 1. The hall was packed, and riders in Cossack costumes pranced in front of the cinema entrance. Vladimir Bortko's film, partly financed by the Russian Ministry of Culture, is a hymn to militant patriotism. At the premiere, many spectators cried. It is also a salvo in the culture war between Russia and Ukraine's pro-Western leadership. The heroes of the film are Ukrainian Cossacks, but they are fighting an enemy who came from the West and, dying, talk about the “Orthodox Russian land.” Bortko sought to show that “there is no separate Ukraine,” as he put it in an interview, and that “the Russian people are united.” Leaving the hall, the audience said that they hoped that the film would strengthen pro-Russian sentiment in Ukraine. The core of the film is the idea of a great Russia. At the very beginning, Bulba, played by the outstanding Ukrainian actor Bogdan Stupka, heartfeltly pronounces to the Cossacks the words that generations of Soviet schoolchildren learned by heart: “No, brothers, to love like a Russian soul - to love not just with your mind or anything else, but everything that God has given, whatever is in you.” High-ranking Ukrainian officials did not attend the premiere on April 2. But the spectators leaving the hall said that they were deeply touched by Bortko's call for Slavic unity. At the film's premiere in Moscow's Oktyabr cinema, which seats 3,000 people, the audience applauded Bulba's speech about the "Russian soul", and again when Cossacks with torches in their hands sweep through Western Ukraine, driving out the Poles. Among the ecstatic spectators was ultranationalist politician Vladimir Zhirinovsky. “This is better than hundreds of books and hundreds of lessons,” he told Vesti-TV after the premiere. “Everyone who watches the film will understand that Russians and Ukrainians are one people, and that the enemy is from the West.” What is surprising in these statements is the complete ignorance of those who created and then watched this film. How, for example, should we understand “Bortko’s call for Slavic unity” if the “enemy from the West” is the SLAVIC POLES? Or in the ideas of Bortko and Zhirinovsky, the Poles are not Slavs? So why should we unite not with the Poles, but for some reason with the Russians? But not only that: these Russians themselves are not Slavs at all, but Finno-Ugrians of Muscovy and Tatars of the Horde. It turns out that Ukrainians are called to unite with the Great Horde. But the most interesting thing is that Taras Bulba fought not with the Poles, but with the Belarusians - Gogol shows the war of 1654-1667, in which Ukrainian Cossacks and Muscovites destroyed half of the population of Belarus... GOGOL'S MISCONCEPTIONS When did the events described in the story take place? Gogol, it seems, was confused about this himself, since he begins his story like this (I quote from the 1842 edition): “Bulba was terribly stubborn. This was one of those characters that could only arise in the difficult 15th century in a semi-nomadic corner of Europe, when all of southern primitive Russia, abandoned by its princes, was devastated, burned to the ground by the indomitable raids of Mongol predators...” So, Gogol dates the events to the 15th century - when indeed Muscovy was still an ulus of the Horde, and the lands of Ukraine were not at all “abandoned by their princes” and “devastated”, as he invents, but quite flourished as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (about which Gogol nowhere does not mention a word). Until 1569, Kiev region, Zaporozhye (then “Field”), Podolia, Volyn were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. However, in the same paragraph the writer contradicts himself: “The Polish kings, who found themselves, instead of appanage princes, rulers of these vast lands, although distant and weak, understood the importance of the Cossacks and the benefits of such a warlike guard life.” The Poles became the rulers of Ukraine only at the conclusion of the Union of 1569 (the creation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), when in exchange for assistance in the liberation of Polotsk occupied by Ivan the Terrible, we gave the lands of Ukraine to the Poles. Then there was the Church Union of 1596 - after Boris Godunov bargained with the Greeks in 1589 for the right of the united Muscovite Horde religion to be called for the first time the “Russian Orthodox Church” - instead of the Russian Orthodox Church of Kyiv. As follows further from the text, the events of the story take place in the middle of the 17th century, and not at all in the 15th century and not even in the 16th. Gogol: “There was no craft that a Cossack did not know: to smoke wine, equip a cart, grind gunpowder, do blacksmithing and plumbing work and, in addition to that, go wild, drink and revel as only a Russian can - all it was up to him.” At that time, there was no ethnic group “Russians”, but there was an ethnic group “Rusyns”, which meant only Ukrainians. As for the Russians (called Muscovites), in the 15th century there was a “prohibition” in Muscovy, so Gogol’s phrase “to walk recklessly, drink and revel as only a Russian can” is a fiction. Grand Duchy of Lithuania historian Mikhalon Litvin during the period of Ivan the Terrible’s father, Vasily III (whom Litvin’s contemporary Sigismund Herberstein depicts and describes in his book “Notes on Muscovy” in a turban, in a Persian robe and with a scimitar), wrote a book well known to historians “On the Morals of the Tatars, Litvins and Muscovites." In it, Litvin clearly indicated that Litvins (that is, Belarusians) become drunkards, and Muscovites DO NOT DRINK AT ALL, since their faith forbids them (the faith is not the Russian of Kyiv, but their own Muscovite). Mikhalon Litvin wrote: “Litvins [that is, now Belarusians] eat exquisite overseas dishes, drink a variety of wines, hence various diseases. However, although the Muscovites, Tatars and Turks own the lands that produce grapes, they do not drink wine, but by selling it to Christians, they receive funds for the war. They are convinced that they are fulfilling the will of God if they destroy Christian blood in any way.” “Peasants in Lithuania [that is, in Belarus], having abandoned rural work, converge in taverns. There they revel day and night, forcing the learned bears to amuse their fellow drinkers by dancing to the sound of bagpipes. That is why it happens that when, having squandered their property, people begin to starve, they take the path of robbery and robbery, so that in any Lithuanian [Belarusian] land they pay for this crime with their heads for one month more people than in a hundred or two hundred years in all the lands of the Tatars and Muscovites, where drunkenness is prohibited. Indeed, among the Tatars, anyone who just tastes the wine receives eighty blows with sticks and pays a fine in the same amount of coins. There are no taverns anywhere in Muscovy. Therefore, if only a drop of wine is found on any head of the family, then his entire house is destroyed, his property is confiscated, his family and his neighbors in the village are beaten, and he himself is doomed to life imprisonment. Neighbors are treated so harshly because they are considered to be infected by this communication and to be accomplices of a terrible crime. ...Since Muscovites abstain from drunkenness, their cities are famous for their various skilled craftsmen; they are sending us wooden ladles and staves that help the weak, old, and drunken in walking, as well as saddle cloths, swords, faleros and various weapons, take away our gold. Prince Ivan [Ivan III], having converted the people to sobriety, banned taverns everywhere. He expanded his possessions, subjugating Ryazan, Tver, Suzdal, Volodov and other principalities... Novgorod, Pskov North and others. ...In the same way, the now reigning sovereign born from him [ Vasily III] keeps his people in such sobriety that they are in no way inferior to the Tatars.” How can this be compared with Gogol’s words about “Russian drunkenness”? Gogol about Bulba: “Eternally restless, he considered himself the legitimate defender of Orthodoxy.” The writer everywhere confuses the faith of Kyiv and the faith of Muscovy, but these were always DIFFERENT RELIGIONS. Kyiv was initially part of the Byzantine religion - and followed it, but Finnish Muscovy, baptized by the Kyiv priests only during its capture by Yuri Dolgoruky, during the Horde adopted Horde Nestorianism - a schismatic faith that gives power the status of “God on Earth”. Which greatly pleased the kings of the Horde, and then the kings of Muscovy. Moscow historian A. Bychkov in the book “ Kievan Rus: a country that never existed? (M., 2005) gives many examples that the Muscovite faith was not considered Christian. He writes, in particular: “As Georg Schleising reports in his book “The Religion of the Muscovites” (1695), Russians at this time (and this is already the time of Peter the Great) consider themselves Greek Orthodox, but instead of greeting they say “Salom” (actually, it is written “Shalom”, but and Schlesing writes the words “matchmaker” as “schvaha”).” Next, Bychkov follows with a long quotation from Schleising, in which the religion of the Muscovites is presented as obscene and wild, completely unChristian. Then there are a lot of other quotes and information, including: “As Cardinal D’Ely reported to Rome at the beginning of the 15th century, “the Russians [that is, the Muscovites of the Horde-Muscovy] brought their Christianity closer to paganism to such an extent that it was difficult to say what prevailed in the resulting mixture: whether Christianity, which had taken into itself pagan principles, or paganism that absorbed the Christian doctrine." In the minds of Gogol (and those who read his story or watch the film based on it now) both in those days and today, there are supposedly only two faiths in Ukraine: Polish Catholic and Russian Orthodox. This is a huge lie. Firstly, the Uniates are not Catholics, but the same true Orthodox Christians of Byzantium, who only after Byzantium itself accepted the supremacy of the Pope, but at the same time retain all their Orthodox rites and traditions. Secondly, the Orthodoxy of Kyiv and the “Orthodoxy” of Moscow, as I already said, are two completely different religions. U Kyiv Orthodoxy(in the Middle Ages, covering the lands of Ukraine, Eastern Lithuania-Belarus GDL, the Grand Duchy of Tver and two Republics - Pskov and Novgorod) - power was never deified, Orthodox Christians crossed themselves with two fingers, there was its own pantheon of saints. And among Moscow “Orthodoxy” (in the Middle Ages, united for the entire Horde) - power was deified as “the equal of Jesus and Mohammed” and as “vicars of God on Earth”, people crossed themselves with three fingers, and Ivan the Terrible included among the “saints of the Moscow faith” at a time about 40 Tatar Murzas - for the fact that they came into his service and his faith with all their peoples. So what is “common” here? I will add that Ivan the Terrible, when capturing Tver, Pskov, Novgorod and Polotsk, always first of all massacred all of our Orthodox clergy and destroyed churches. That's how a "co-religionist" is! An important nuance: in the 17th century, under the Tsar of Muscovy, Alexei Mikhailovich, belonging to the Moscow faith automatically meant an oath to the Tsar as his “God Tsar.” The Cossacks of Eastern Ukraine accepted the Moscow faith as a condition for coming under the authority of Moscow - only in 1654, and before that Taras Bulba and his associates could not possibly have been people of the Moscow faith - because they did not consider the Moscow feudal lord their “king of God” and did not swear allegiance to him. So here too Gogol has an inconsistency. An interesting detail: Taras Bulba and his Cossacks shave their faces, but for his Muscovites, Alexei Mikhailovich issues a strict decree: severely punish everyone who, in the Lithuanian fashion, also began to shave their beards. The king wrote that a beard is a sign of a Christian, and those without beards are infidels. It is clear that this representation of the Moscow satrap is taken from the eastern traditions of the Horde. WHO IS TARAS BULBA? The degree of heroization of Taras Bulba has reached literally anecdotal proportions: Taras Bulba dumplings are sold in Minsk stores. Why not sell Otto Skorzeny meatballs and Nestor Makhno chopped cutlets?.. When the series “Brigade” appeared on Russian TV, glorifying the life of a gangster group, many public figures in Russia were indignant: what does this series teach people? Lead a gangster lifestyle and sympathize with the robbers who rob them? And what does he teach our children? But just like that, the notorious Sich of Cossacks, which Gogol praises as a kind of “Ukrainian formation and the image of Ukraine as a Fatherland,” is exactly such a GANG. Taras Bulba (like the rest of the Cossacks of this Sich gang) CAN’T DO ANYTHING BY HIMSELF, and - what’s saddest of all - doesn’t want to engage in creative work at all. That is, to grow or build something with your own hands. THIS MAN DOESN'T KNOW WORK. He, in fact, follows the unwritten laws of thieves: they say, a thief in law should not work, but should live only by theft and robbery. This is what this “hero” has been doing all his life. This is an ignoramus and a lazy person, morally and mentally - a complete degenerate and nonentity, a bastard and a bloodsucker, who sees his calling as killing people, and the only means of feeding his family is robbery. He doesn't know how to do anything else in life. Including even making dumplings - although for some reason they were named after him... At that time government was weak on the outskirts and at the junctions of countries - all sorts of clusters of bandits formed there. In the Atlantic they are known as pirates, and in the territory former USSR This is exactly how their own pirate states appeared - of which the most famous is the country of the Cossacks of Stepan Razin in the Caspian Sea, which lived by robbery of trade routes and all neighbors in all directions of the world. Taras Bulba was also a contemporary of Razin in his Zaporozhye Sich - the same gangster formation that lived only by robbery. At the same time, Gogol’s attempts to endow these bandits with some reasoning “about the Fatherland and Rus'” seem RIDICULOUS. They had no Fatherland, just as there was no Rus' - the very word “Zaporozhye” meant “BEYOND THE THRESHOLD OF Rus',” that is, it was no longer Rus'-Ukraine, but God knows what else was non-Russian and non-Ukrainian. Just as Stepan Razin wore a turban and was fond of Islam, the Zaporozhye Cossacks wear Turkish trousers and fight with Tatar crooked sabers. There is not an ounce of anything “Russian” or “Ukrainian” in this. Gogol directly writes that the Cossacks of Zaporozhye do not know what creative work is, but can only steal and rob from those who are engaged in creative work (primarily their northern neighbors, the Belarusians), and then drink away the loot. When Taras Bulba drank away his loot from the Belarusians (or also the Poles, Crimean Tatars, Muscovites - or his Galicians and Volynians), he went to his bandit superiors (chapter 3): “Finally, one day I came to the Koschevoi and told him directly: What, Koschevoi, is it time for the Cossacks to take a walk? “There’s nowhere to go for a walk,” answered the Koschevoi, taking a small pipe out of his mouth and spitting it to the side. How is there nowhere? You can go to Tureshina or Tatarva. “It’s not possible either to Tureshina or to Tatarva,” answered the Koschevoy, taking his pipe again in cold blood. How can you not? So. We promised peace to the Sultan." What a disaster it is - Taras Bulba is now doomed to starvation - NOBODY TO rob!.. When there is no one to rob outside, you have to rob “your own Jews”: after all, Bulba’s children Andrei and Ostap are asking for food. What to do - you have to engage in Jewish pogroms under a far-fetched pretext (chapter 4): "- How? so that the Cossacks would be brothers with you? - said one of the crowd. - You can’t wait, damned Jews! To the Dnieper, gentlemen! Drown them all, you bastards! These words were a signal. The Jews were grabbed by the arms and began to be thrown into the waves. A pitiful cry was heard from all sides, but the stern Cossacks only laughed, seeing how the Jewish legs in shoes and stockings dangled in the air.” In Gogol (chapter 10): “Two hundred canoes were lowered into the Dnieper, and Asia Minor saw them, with shaved heads and long forelocks, putting its flowering banks to sword and fire; I saw the turbans of my Mohammedan inhabitants scattered, like her countless flowers, on the blood-soaked fields and floating along the shores. She saw quite a few Zaporozhye trousers stained with tar, muscular arms with black whips. The Cossacks ate too much and broke all the grapes; Whole heaps of manure were left in mosques; expensive Persian shawls were used instead of glasses and they were used to girdle soiled scrolls with them.” This is the glorification of banditry and vandalism. Well, okay, they killed and stole - why defecate in mosques? For the glory of what? It is significant that N.V. himself Gogol was a Judeophobe - and makes his main character the same Judeophobe. According to Gogol’s fantasy, the Cossacks were betrayed by the “Jews” during the siege of Dubna (chapter 9): “The Jews, however, took advantage of the sally and sniffed out everything: where and why the Cossacks went, and with which military leaders, and which kurens, and how many there were, and how many were left in place, and what they were thinking of doing - in a word, through In a few minutes, everyone in the city knew everything. The colonels took heart and prepared to give battle.” Or here is a typical passage (chapter 10): “Taras locked the door and looked out the small window at this dirty Jewish avenue. Three Jews stopped in the middle of the street and began to talk rather excitedly; They were soon joined by a fourth, and finally a fifth. He heard it repeated again: “Mordecai, Mordecai.” The Jews constantly looked in one direction of the street; finally, at the end of it, from behind a crappy house, a foot in a Jewish shoe appeared and the coattails of a half-caftan flashed. “Ah, Mordecai, Mordecai!” - all the Jews shouted in one voice. A skinny Jew, somewhat shorter than Yankel, but much more wrinkled, with a huge upper lip, approached the impatient crowd, and all the Jews vied with each other to tell him, and Mordecai glanced several times at the small window, and Taras guessed that they were talking about him. Mordecai waved his arms, listened, interrupted the speech, often spat on the side and, raising the tails of his caftan, put his hand into his pocket and took out some trinkets, and showed off his very nasty trousers. Finally, all the Jews raised such a cry that the Jew standing on guard had to give a sign for silence, and Taras already began to fear for his safety, but, remembering that the Jews cannot reason otherwise than on the street, and that their language itself the demon will not understand, he has calmed down.” If you show this paragraph to Europeans today, without saying that Gogol wrote it, then anyone in Europe will say that it was written by some kind of Nazi and pathological anti-Semite a la Hitler. As you can see, rare dirt was dripping from the pen of the classic... Gogol (chapter 12): “The chronicle pages depict in detail how the Polish garrisons fled from the liberated cities; how the unscrupulous Jewish tenants were hanged..." The writer is lying: the Cossacks in the areas they captured slaughtered ALL the Jews living there - about 80 thousand, and not just “unscrupulous Jewish tenants,” of whom there were only a few (and the Jewish people themselves in Ukraine lived much poorer than the Ukrainians). After all, you have to feed your children something to these bandits - that’s why Judeophobia became a pretext for robbery. WHO DID TARAS BULBA FIGHT WITH? Gogol, obviously, hated the Belarusians (who were also called Litvins when writing his story) and considered them “Poles”, and Belarus itself as Poland. Here is a typical episode (chapter 7): “Taras looked at the Jew and was amazed that he had already visited the city. What enemy brought you there? “I’ll tell you now,” Yankel said. - As soon as I heard a noise at dawn and the Cossacks began to shoot, I grabbed my caftan and, without putting it on, ran there at a run;<...>I look - ahead of the detachment is Pan Cornet Galyandovich.<...>Although he has farms, and estates, and four castles, and steppe land all the way to Shklov, he has no pennies like a Cossack - nothing. And now, if the Breslav Jews had not armed him, he would have nothing to go to war in. That’s why he wasn’t at the Sejm.” Galyandovich - the surname is not Polish, not Russian, not Zhemoit - but purely and only Belarusian (in -vich). And Shklov is not Poland, but Eastern Belarus. But for Gogol, we, Belarus, are “pure Poland”, because it was not Ukraine at all, but our Grand Duchy of Lithuania that created the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with Poland - a single union State in which our gentry and our Belarusian people were integrated with the Poles in all spheres of life. This is why Gogol hated us so much - and this hatred of Belarusians is also shown in the film based on his story that has now been shot. Both in Gogol and in this film, all Belarusians are “Poles” and “Poland”. But we were neither “Poles” nor “Poland”, but we were ourselves - Litvinians and Lithuania Grand Duchy of Lithuania, only part of the State allied with Poland. Alas, this is beyond the understanding of both Gogol and the film’s authors (and, naturally, modern ignorant viewers). Gogol writes (chapter 12): “The trace of Tarasov was found. One hundred and twenty thousand Cossack troops appeared on the borders of Ukraine. This was no longer some small unit or detachment that set out to prey or to hijack the Tatars. No, the whole nation rose up, for the patience of the people was overflowing, - it rose up to take revenge for the ridicule of their rights, for the shameful humiliation of their morals, for the insult to the faith of their ancestors and holy customs, for the disgrace of churches, for the atrocities of foreign lords, for oppression, for union, for the shameful the dominion of Judaism on Christian land - for everything that has accumulated and aggravated the harsh hatred of the Cossacks since ancient times.” Interesting: I’m quoting the story according to the 1842 edition - is it really possible that this is also in the current textbooks of the CIS countries of Russian literature: “for the shameful rule of Judaism on Christian land”? Or do the censors of the CIS Ministries of Education find these statements by Gogol unacceptable for schoolchildren to read? But then this is HERESY: a CLASSIC OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE is being censored. He wrote one thing - but schoolchildren read something completely different, not knowing WHAT Gogol REALLY wrote. I’m sure that the censors of the USSR completely changed the content of this story by Gogol (at least by removing all Gogol’s Judeophobia and changing “Jew” to “Jew” everywhere), but I won’t compare the 1842 edition (which is now posted on the Internet) with the modern one - I’ll leave it at that How " homework"to the most curious readers. “The chronicle pages depict in detail how the Polish garrisons fled from the liberated cities; how the unscrupulous Jewish tenants were hanged; how weak was the crown hetman Nikolai Pototsky with his numerous army against this irresistible force; how, defeated and pursued, he drowned the best part of his army in a small river; how the formidable Cossack regiments surrounded him in the small town of Polonny and how, driven to extremity, the Polish hetman vowed full satisfaction in everything from the king and government officials and the return of all former rights and advantages.” Wikipedia reports about Nikolai Pototsky: “Mikolaj Potocki, Nikolai Potocki, nicknamed Bearpaw (1595 - November 20, 1651) - Polish magnate, statesman and military leader. Great Crown Hetman (1646-1651), fought against the Cossacks. In particular, in 1637-1638. led the suppression of the Cossack uprisings led by Yakov Ostryanin and Gunya. In 1648, twice defeated by Khmelnitsky, he was in Tatar captivity. In 1651 he forced the Cossacks to peace. ...The history of the Cossack uprising of 1637-1638, suppressed by Hetman N. Pototsky, formed the basis of the novel by N.V. Gogol’s “Taras Bulba” and gave specific examples of the dramatic destinies of the heroes.” In some ways I sympathize with the struggle of Ukrainians for their national freedom from Poland - but Gogol here puts this struggle in a completely different direction: they say, the Ukrainians fought so that, having left Poland, not create their own independent State, but become exactly the same already a powerless vassal of Moscow. After all, Gogol ends his story with these words: “When Taras Bulba woke up from the blow and looked at the Dniester, the Cossacks were already on their canoes and rowing with oars; bullets rained down on them from above, but did not reach them. And the joyful eyes of the old chieftain flashed. Farewell, comrades! - he shouted to them from above. - Remember me and come here again next spring and have a good walk! What did they take, the damn Poles? Do you think there is anything in the world that a Cossack would be afraid of? Wait, the time will come, the time will come, you will find out what the Orthodox Russian faith is! Even now, distant and close peoples sense: their king is rising from the Russian land, and there will be no power in the world that would not submit to him!..” This is propaganda of the Moscow great power, especially since Taras Bulba could not have known the word “comrade” - this is a Tatar word that from the Horde entered the Muscovite language. Bulba was not a Muscovite, he did not live in the Horde - the word “comrade” is not in any Slavic language (except near-Slavic Russian). About “what the Orthodox Russian faith is” was discussed above. And the phrase “Already now distant and close peoples sense: their king is rising from the Russian land, and there will be no power in the world that would not submit to him!..” - this is clearly extremely far from the mentality of the Cossacks and the whole of Ukraine - like the past, as well as the current one. Moreover, at that time the Moscow kings did not own Russia-Ukraine, but they owned the entire Horde. So the Moscow tsars should correctly be called not “Russian tsars” at all, but HORDE Tsars - which they were. And the so-called “reunification of Ukraine with Russia” was actually a “REUNION WITH THE HORDE”, with its Finno-Ugric and Turkic peoples, its mentality, its morals and customs, its political and social way of life. With its Horde culture and its Horde history. Of course, it is the right of Eastern Ukraine to decide with whom it should “reunite.” But this whole legend about Taras Bulba simultaneously hides a monstrous genocide over Belarus and Belarusians - the genocide of the war of 1654-1667, in which EVERY SECOND BELARUS died at the hands of the Moscow and Ukrainian occupiers. GENOCIDE OF COSSACKS OVER BELARUS There is no doubt that it is about this war that he writes in last chapter Gogol, where he attributes the atrocities of Colonel Bulba to the “Polish lands”, but in fact the Cossacks then engaged in genocide only and precisely in BELARUS, and not in Poland, where they did not reach: “And Taras walked throughout Poland with his regiment, burned eighteen towns, near forty churches, and already reached Krakow.” Gogol here calls our Belarus “All Poland,” because it was not in Poland, but precisely and only here, that the Cossacks of Khmelnitsky and Zolotarenko were engaged in robbery and genocide. And the words “already reached Krakow” should apparently be attributed to the occupation of Brest by the troops of the Cossacks and Muscovites - who massacred the entire local population there, including every baby. “He beat up all sorts of gentry a lot, plundered richest lands And best castles; the Cossacks unsealed and poured on the ground the centuries-old meads and wines that had been preserved safely in the master's cellars; They chopped up and burned the expensive cloth, clothes and utensils found in the storerooms. “Don't regret anything!” - only Taras repeated. The Cossacks did not respect black-browed panyankas, white-breasted, fair-faced girls; they could not escape at the very altars: Taras lit them along with the altars. More than one snow-white hands rose from the fiery flame to the heavens, accompanied by pitiful screams that would have made the dampest earth move and the steppe grass would have drooped to the ground in pity. But the cruel Cossacks did not listen to anything and, lifting their babies from the streets with spears, threw them into the flames.” This was not in Poland, but on our territory of Belarus. During the war of 1654-67. The Cossack troops of Khmelnitsky and Zolotarenko never reached the territory of Poland. Together with the allied forces of the Muscovites of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, they exterminated 80% of the population of Eastern Belarus (Vitebsk, Mogilev, Gomel regions), 50% of the population of Central Belarus (Minsk region), about 30% of the population of Western Belarus (Brest and Grodno regions). The invaders did not reach Poland and Zhemoytia. Here is what the Belarusian historian Vladimir Orlov writes about this war in the book “Invisible Belarus”: “In 1654, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich started another war for the “original Russian lands.” Hiding behind words about protecting Orthodoxy from the oppression of the “damned Poles,” three huge armies totaling up to 100 thousand invaded Belarus. The royal governors Trubetskoy, Sheremetyev and the Cossack ataman Zolotarenko occupied Vitebsk, Polotsk, Orsha, Krichev, Mstislavl, Gomel, Shklov and other cities. Those who refused to capitulate and bravely defended themselves were destroyed by order of the tsar, and their population was killed or taken captive. The saddest fate awaited Mstislavl, where, as Russian historical documents testify, “more than ten thousand gentry, Lithuanians and other service people were beaten.” Rechitsa, Zhlobin, Rogachev turned into ruins. In 1655 Vilnia was occupied. All the guarantees given by Alexei Mikhailovich that he would preserve the rights and property of the Belarusian gentry and provide for the Orthodox Belarusians [who renounced the Union under threat of death and converted to the Moscow faith. - Approx. V.R.] quiet life(promises which, it must be said, initially had quite a significant influence on the lands bordering Russia) were forgotten. In the occupied lands, the tsarist warriors committed open robbery and violence. In response, a massive partisan movement began, especially active in the Mstislav region (by the way, it was from that war that the world-famous Belarusian partisan tradition began). In July 1654, a detachment of three thousand Belarusian peasants from the Kolesnikovskaya volost heroically attacked the 15,000-strong army of governor Trubetskoy. The residents of Mogilev, who surrendered the city to the Tsar's archers without a fight, could not stand the torture and endless robberies: on February 1, 1661, they rebelled and in a few hours massacred the entire 7,000-strong Tsar's garrison. The people's liberation movement in the occupied Belarusian lands gave the troops of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth the opportunity to move on to successful military operations. As a result of the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667, the Smolensk and Chernigov voivodeships were transferred to To the Russian state, but the entire north of Belarus had to be returned to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Our country emerged from that war having suffered heavy losses. Belarus was missing more than half of its inhabitants who died in battles, died of hunger, and were resettled in Russia. In absolute numbers, it looked like this: out of 2 million 900 thousand, about 1 million 350 thousand remained alive, and in the east of Belarus not even a third of the population survived. Moscow archers sold captured Belarusians into Persian slavery at Astrakhan markets for three rubles per soul. As Gennady Saganovich, a researcher of those events, writes, the war of 1654-1667. as if it had replaced our land. Almost everything has become different: from living conditions to the national gene pool. Belarusians have almost lost their elite, citizens, and entrepreneurs. It was as a result of this war that thousands and thousands of educated and skilled Belarusians, discussed above, ended up in a foreign land, in Moscow and other Russian cities. And it was incredibly difficult for the peasant people to rise to national consolidation. It is precisely in that economic, cultural, demographic catastrophe that the origins of many national complexes and troubles of today’s Belarusians lie.” Thus, Gogol turned out to be the “chronicler” of the GENOCIDE OVER THE BELARUS, and even glorified him in the image of Taras Bulba, the colonel who brought this genocide to the Belarusians. And the details are precise: “at the very altars they could not escape: Taras lit them along with the altars.” The Muscovites and Cossacks gave our population an ultimatum - acceptance of the faith of Muscovy with an automatic oath to its “God Tsar”; if they refused, they drove the entire population into his temple, locked them there and burned them all en masse - along with their infants. Belarusian archaeologists have found hundreds of such evidence of GENOCIDE in our country, an order of magnitude more terrible than the Nazi genocide. A typical picture of that war: a temple burned in the center of a Belarusian settlement (mostly Uniate or Catholic, less often Jewish - in our Grand Duchy of Lithuania 39% of the population were Uniates, 38% were Catholics, 10% were Jews). It contains a collection of charred human bones, most of them the bones of a mother hugging the bones of a child or several of her children. TARAS BULBA: BELARUS VERSION Viewers of the film “Taras Bulba” in the Russian Federation and Ukraine have their own historical associations, and I personally have mine. I dare to remind you that on March 22, 1943, our Khatyn was burned not by the Germans, but by the HEIRS MENTALLY of Gogol’s literary hero Taras Bulba, for exactly the same anti-Semitic and Belarussophobes, Nazis, bandits, fanatics and frostbitten sadists. These are Taras Bulba's relatives - policemen from Ukraine: the 118th Ukrainian police battalion. In December 1986, during the trial, the chief of staff of the 118th Ukrainian police battalion, Vasyura, said: “It was a gang of bandits whose main thing was to rob and get drunk. Take platoon commander Meleshko - a career Soviet officer and a regular sadist, literally going crazy from the smell of blood. The cook Myshak was eager to carry out all the operations in order to brutalize and rob, the translator Lukovich tortured people during interrogations, raped women... They were all the bastards of the bastards ... " According to Gogol’s story, Taras Bulba was exactly the same scoundrel of scoundrels, “eager to undertake all operations in order to commit atrocities and rob.” It was precisely these Ukrainian “Taras Bulba” that burned thousands of our “Khatyns” in the war of 1654-1667. However, historical truth is not on the side of Gogol and the Russian great powers: in that war it was not “Taras Bulba” and the Muscovites who won, but the Belarusians and Poles. Gogol's story ends with scenes of the bloody occupation of Belarus by the Cossacks - but why doesn't the writer talk about how the Belarusian partisans made it so that the Cossacks and Muscovites here BURNED THE EARTH UNDER THEIR FEET? With the help of the Poles, we expelled these bandits from the Fatherland (their troops were so morally decayed due to looting that they ceased to be an army), who not only sent our wealth in caravans to their Muscovy and Ukraine, but also took 300,000 Belarusians for sale into slavery. So the victory was still ours. And whoever won should write history (as they say in Moscow), therefore the current Russian film about Taras Bulba is a film of the losers of the war, not the winners of it, this is the version of the losing side - deliberately false. In conclusion, I will say that the Russian great power is becoming Lately very active: there the state finances deliberately false films about history (like this one about Taras Bulba or about the “Polish occupation of Moscow”) and at the same time created a “Commission to counter the falsification of history to the detriment of the interests of Russia.” That is, imperial propaganda is in full swing, aimed at undermining the statehood of neighboring countries by falsifying their history. According to media reports, this commission will allocate grants to historians of the former colonies of Tsarist Russia - for them to write pro-Russian books and to assert the “greatness of Russia.” That is, a “fifth column” is being created, working off foreign handouts. I consider it unacceptable to discredit and demonize both our Grand Duchy of Lithuania and our great heritage of Belarusians and Poles - our allied Slavic state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Which looks completely wild and strange against the backdrop of the fact that no one in the world creates films that would similarly discredit and demonize medieval Muscovy, showing it in an unsightly light. Why should we watch films in which our Belarusian great-grandfathers are presented negatively? Previously, Tatarstan was just as outraged because of the anti-Tatar film about Ermak. TARAS BULBA OF THE XX CENTURY Now it’s clear why both Gogol’s book and the film based on it are wild and unacceptable for Belarus. But why didn’t even the “Ukrainian separatists” themselves like the film? As for Eastern Ukraine, after the “reunification with Moscow” and the immediate subsequent general campaign against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, two years later it became disillusioned with Muscovy and tried to free itself from it, but that was not the case. As it turned out, the Cossacks “exchanged their awl for soap”: in Poland they still had more freedoms than now near Moscow. Therefore, to today's Ukrainians, Gogol's version seems false. Plus, I’ll note on my own: “the unity of Ukrainians and Russians” (the troops of Khmelnitsky-Zolotarenko and Alexei Mikhailovich) was forged in the general campaign against Belarus, where they destroyed half of the population of Belarus. How it is possible to “forge the reunification of Russia and Ukraine” in the destruction of half of Belarus is incomprehensible to the mind within the framework of the myth of “three branches of a single ancient Russian people.” They say that in order for two branches to unite, they must together half destroy their third branch. Moreover, it was planned to completely destroy us Belarusians: “There will be no Union, there will be no Latinism,” and all Belarusians then were either Catholics or Uniates... But this temporary collaboration with Moscow (the peak of which, the “act of unity”, was the general occupation of Belarus) was a delusion, which was proven by the rest of the history of relations between Ukraine and Russia: after all, the Ukrainians did not want to be “Russians” and part of “Great Russia” . However, Gogol singles out those events as “the peak of the rapprochement between Ukraine and Muscovy” precisely because, in the wake of anti-Polish sentiments, Moscow was seen as an ally. When anti-Polish sentiments subsided, Ukrainians discovered that they found themselves in even greater national slavery. In any case, Gogol, when writing his books, could not have suspected that in the 1850-1860s tsarism would prohibit Ukrainians from turning to God in their language, prohibit the Ukrainian Faith and the Bible in their language, and generally prohibit all book publishing in the Ukrainian language. (Just as in 1839, by decree of the tsar, this was done with the Belarusians.) If Gogol’s Taras Bulba goes to war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for much smaller and insignificant “oppression”, then now for this real national genocide on the part of tsarism - this hero should become the odious “Terminator”. That is, it smoothly transitions into the image of Petlyura or Stepan Bender. They are the modern embodiment of Taras Bulba. For some reason, Russians (primarily the authors of the film about Bulba) don’t see this. Although Bulba is a type of Ukrainian nationalist, and not a person with the mentality of the Horde-Russia - how absurdly both Gogol himself and the authors of the film made a mistake, not understanding the main thing. And because of this mistake they made Bulba “their hero.” This seems to me an amazing delusion: all the current Ukrainian “Taras Bulba” united in UNA-UNSO, where mentally the same Zaporozhye Sich is now - but in a new incarnation. Gogol tore the image of Bulba out of the entire context of History, trying to “freeze” it in the fight against the Belarusians and Poles, where Russia was an ally. But if this image is revived from the “frozen” classic, then Bulba turns out to be an ordinary Ukrainian nationalist. Moreover, in a very thorough manner, the industrialized mass extermination of both Jews and Belarusians. For some reason, the image of Taras Bulba created by Gogol obsessively reminds me of the very real chief of staff of the 118th Ukrainian police battalion, Vasyura, who led the destruction of our Khatyn on March 22, 1943. In my opinion, this Ukrainian Natsik and bandit is in fact pure form"Gogol's Taras Bulba of the twentieth century." Times change, but people and characters remain essentially the same - this is the Law of History... Related articles:
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