The most effective and economical device, the purpose of which is to extract water from an underground source, is a borehole. It is an excellent alternative to centralized water supply for gardening, farming or a house built outside the city. To construct a water well, you can use one principle selected from several.
The process of drilling a well is quite labor-intensive; it is important to take into account compliance with the order of work, which requires the specialists to have a number of knowledge and skills. The choice of well type and method of installation will depend not only on preferences, but also on the geological characteristics of the soil, as well as expected needs.
Shafts for wells, as a rule, are filterless, that is, artesian, filter, which are also called sand, and also represented by wells.
Artesian wells are drilled until porous limestone is reached; its occurrence may be at a level of 150 m or more. The described water well is capable of providing several private houses with water for a whole year; its advantage is that in such a well the liquid cannot freeze. A filterless artesian well can be operated for half a century.
Drilling a well with a filter installed on sand occurs to a depth of 15 to 30 m. This device is represented by a buried pipe, at the end of which there is a filter; it is responsible for screening out coarse sand. Such a well will supply water to an oversized private house or suburban area.
A sand well has the advantages of ease of work and reasonable installation cost. However, it also has disadvantages, including insignificant productivity, equal to 1 m 3 / hour, and a not so impressive service life, reaching 10 years. In addition, there is a high probability that such a well may become silted and end up in surface and groundwater.
The Abyssinian well, which is also called a tube well, is buried to 8-12 m, its arrangement is made using concrete rings produced in the factory. If there is a good spring on the site, then the well will fill up fairly quickly and water will accumulate in it, so its average capacity can reach 2 m3.
When choosing a water well, you should take into account the approximate needs and how regularly it will be used. If you plan to equip a water well in a summer cottage, which the owners visit seasonally, then you can start equipping a filter shaft. But if a well is needed for a large private house, then you can install an artesian one. This solution will provide the most reliable option for autonomous water supply.
Methods for drilling water wells can be divided according to generally accepted mechanisms. can be done by manual or mechanical drilling. Before starting the process, you have to choose the operating principle of the tool, which can be impact, rotary, or impact-rotational.
Drilling water wells with available tools can only be done up to 25 m in depth.
Work should be carried out until the waterproof layer is reached. When constructing water wells manually, drilling heads are used: drill-bit, coil, drill-spoon. Work is not complete without a rod, winch and casing pipes.
The process of drilling wells of considerable depth is carried out using a drilling rig. This equipment helps to lift and immerse the drill with rods. If the well is shallow, then it is possible to control the column manually. Rods can be made of pipes, which should be mated using threads or veneer. The drill head must be fixed to the end of the lower rod.
The procedure for manual drilling can be divided into a number of stages. The first involves installing a tower above the work site. In this case, it is necessary to maintain the installation height, which should be slightly greater than the length of the rod. The next step is to create a recess in which the drill will be placed. This work can be done using a shovel; the depth of the hole should not be more than 2 bayonets of a shovel.
It is permissible to start the rotational movements of the drill on your own. But with increasing depth, the difficulty of moving the drill will increase, which is why you will have to involve another master. Having overcome 0.5 m, the drill must be removed to free it from the ground. Drilling wells can be difficult due to hard soil; this problem can be solved by softening it with water. The purpose of drilling is to reach the waterproof layer. In order to achieve water purification, as a rule, it is enough to pump out about 3 buckets from the underground layer. A submersible pump can help with this.
If you decide to adhere to this principle of drilling wells in your area, you need to know about the advantages and disadvantages of the method.
Advantages of manual drilling:
Disadvantages of manual drilling:
The process of drilling wells can also be carried out using the rotary method. This technology allows you to equip a deep well. This method is also called rotational. It involves the use of special installations of the URB-2A2 type, which is a self-propelled device. It can be used to drill a well if the soil has granite layers. When carrying out work, a device of the MBU-2M brand, which is a small installation, can also be used. It is advisable to use it when it is impossible to fit larger devices to the work site. It is possible to place it on a building site when access to the site is very limited. At the same time, it is capable of providing a depth of 55 m.
For those with a depth of 200 m and a diameter of 60 mm, you can use an installation of the URB-2.5 brand. It is capable of reaching a depth of 300 m with a diameter of 50 mm.
The largest diameter of 73 mm can be achieved using URB-3 AM; it reaches a depth of 500 m.
The drilling principle when using the installation involves the use of a special pipe, in the cavities of which there is a rotating shaft and a bit. Hydraulic force acts on the bit. The soil from the well is removed with drilling fluid.
With this method, you can use different drilling technologies, one of which involves the use of direct circulation, the other - reverse circulation. In the first method, liquid flows through the wellbore, rushing down. The solution with washed soil ends up outside, migrating through the annulus. This principle of drilling has its advantages, which lie in the versatility of the method, which means that through it it is possible to equip wells of any depth. There are also disadvantages - damage to the aquifer.
The process of drilling wells during reverse circulation involves the flow of drilling fluid by gravity into the annulus. This solution is then extracted using a pump. When backwashing, the main advantage can be identified, which is the maximum opening of the aquifer, which makes it possible to achieve a large well flow rate. However, it is worth considering that there is a minus - it is expensive. It is due to the use of sophisticated equipment and specialist services.
Water can enter the house from a well, which was equipped using the percussion-rope drilling method, which involves breaking up the soil by dropping a driving glass from a tower. If you plan to carry out the work yourself, then it is permissible to use a personally made tower and tools, including a rope and a glass.
The procedure for carrying out the work involves the manufacture of a tower, during which wooden logs or metal pipes should be used. The installation should be in the form of a tripod. The height of the tower should be given 1.5 m greater than the length of the glass. The latter can be a pipe that has a cutting device at the end. There should be a hole in the pipe for emptying the glass. The cable must be fixed to the top of the glass.
The soil must be removed from the pipe after 0.5 m of drilling.
If it is necessary to equip deeper wells, then it is worth using drilling rigs of the following brands: UKS-22M2, UGB-50 or UGB-1VS.
In an area where there is water, an examination must be carried out before drilling begins. In addition, you cannot install a well near cesspools, septic tanks and accumulations of garbage. Afterwards, you need to ensure that the work order is followed, only then will the house have a source of water all year round for many years.
Installing a well is an ideal way to install a private “water supply” on the site of a country house or in a country house with the possibility of fully providing the home with water. The quality of the created object in modern conditions can be ensured both in winter, during the strong and severe frosts that are familiar to Russia, and in the warmer summer season.
For this purpose, for example, a well adapter was invented, as well as a well-functioning principle of water supply that is ideal for the area with a house. The well arrangement scheme is not as complicated as it might seem at first glance, so it can be equipped in a short time.
Regardless of the type of well you have, the operating principle of all water wells is identical and is as follows:
Choosing equipment for constructing your future well is one of the most important stages, since the quality and duration of its operation will depend on the right choice. The most important equipment that you should pay attention to when choosing is: pump, caisson, well head and accumulator.
The principle of arrangement with a caisson or adapter The caisson can be called the main element of the design of the future well. Outwardly, it resembles a container similar to a barrel and is used to protect equipment from groundwater and freezing
Inside the caisson you can place all the necessary components for automatic water supply (pressure switch, membrane tank, pressure gauge, various water purification filters, etc.), thus freeing the house from unnecessary equipment.
The caisson is made of metal or plastic. The main condition is that it is not subject to corrosion. The dimensions of the caisson are usually: 1 meter in diameter and 2 meters in height.
In addition to the caisson, you can also use an adapter. It is cheaper and has its own characteristics. Let's look below at whether to choose a caisson or an adapter and what advantages each has.
The choice of caisson or adapter also depends on the type of well. For example, if you have a well in sand, many experts advise paying attention to the adapter, since using a caisson is not always profitable due to the short service life of such a well.
One of the key elements of the entire system is the pump. Basically, three types can be distinguished:
Borehole pumps are widely represented on the market by a large variety of manufacturers, for every taste and budget. The pump characteristics are selected based on the parameters of the well and your water heating system itself.
Basic design of well pumps: electric motor at the bottom, pumping part at the top It is important to note that if the pump fails, you will bear the cost of not only purchasing a new one, but also lifting the broken one from the well and installing the purchased one back. Therefore, the choice of manufacturer should be approached with all responsibility.
The key function of this equipment is to maintain constant pressure in the system and accumulate water. The hydraulic accumulator and pressure switch control the operation of the pump; when the water in the tank runs out, the pressure in it drops, which catches the relay and starts the pump, respectively, after filling the tank, the relay turns off the pump. In addition, the hydraulic accumulator protects plumbing equipment from water hammer.
Hydraulic accumulators are of horizontal and vertical types In appearance, the hydraulic accumulator is similar to an oval-shaped tank. Its volume, depending on the purpose, can range from 10 to 1000 liters. If you have a small country house or cottage, a volume of 100 liters will be enough.
Hydraulic accumulator - accumulates, relay - controls, pressure gauge - displays To equip the well, a head is also installed. Its main purpose is to protect the well from various debris and melt water getting into it. In other words, the head performs the sealing function.
Construction of a well with your own hands takes place in several stages, allowing you to obtain water on the site. These include the following:
Water well arrangement diagram The first stage is preparation, when it is just planned how to equip the well and its final principle of operation is indicated, as well as the main operations are carried out.
A pit is developed, the bottom of which is leveled with sand, a pump is installed to the water level, which is subsequently connected to the main pipe, the main source that supplies water on the site.
At this stage, a safety cable is used, after which everything is attached to the well head along with the creation of tie-ins; a final trench is laid to the house to create a convenient water supply in the dacha where the work is being carried out.
Digging a pit for a well. First stage The second stage is the main installation work. First of all, a caisson is installed, but if a well is created without a caisson, this stage changes slightly; instead of a caisson isolating water, an additional adapter is installed to bypass the water, or the so-called “piping” is carried out, its complex connection to the entire pump system for protection it from water; By the way, it is a high-quality adapter that is the main trick that allows you to abandon the caisson; everything is attached hermetically using a head
A hydraulic accumulator is installed, supplemented by a pressure switch, after which communications through a pre-prepared trench are brought directly to the cottage, bathhouse, sauna or any other building where access to water is required. A high-quality well can provide water not even at one dacha, but become a central water supply for several neighboring houses.
Installation work. Second phase Let's take a closer look at installing all the necessary equipment for a well
Before you begin installing the caisson, you should first prepare the pit. Of course, the dimensions of the pit must correspond to the dimensions of the purchased container. After you have lowered the caisson into the hole, only its cover should remain at ground level.
If there is groundwater at the site of the future well, it is necessary to provide additional recesses so that, if necessary, timely pumping is carried out.
Only after the caisson has been lowered into the pit and secured, can you begin to secure the casing.
A submersible pump is the most important element of a well and when installing it, it is necessary to take into account some nuances:
If you want to provide your site with an uninterrupted supply of water, then installation of a hydraulic accumulator is required. This type of equipment can be installed either indoors or in a caisson. The technology of the system is quite simple. After the pump has been turned on, water is supplied to the empty tank. If you turn on the tap, water is supplied directly from the accumulator, and not from the well.
The hydraulic accumulator must be installed in such a way as to ensure unhindered access to it in the future. A check valve and tap should also be provided to shut off and drain the water.
The third stage consists of final settings that allow you to adjust the operation of the entire system, the optimal pressure is checked and set, the pump itself is connected directly to the electrical network, the system is started for the first time, tested and corrected if problems are found, pipes and insulation are checked again for leaks .
If you plan to construct a well yourself, it is better not to neglect the preparatory work and seek advice from experienced and trusted specialists who have already received good reviews.
They will help you choose the best place to organize a water source, and also recommend the best pump to cope with a specific volume of liquid, and an adapter, and will also put an end to the question of the need to install a caisson and help solve many other problems, explaining the principle of operation in as much detail as possible.
Among the necessary equipment for creating a well in a country house, a fairly large number of elements are required, among which a special place is occupied by:
The largest and most expensive part is the caisson; the rest of the equipment can mostly be called consumable materials, the quantity of which depends on the size of the system being designed.
A properly organized well will become a constant source of water, independent of the season - so that even in winter there will be a constant flow of clean water at the dacha, suitable for any purpose and providing comfortable living conditions in a private home.
In addition to proper organization, a high water level and long service life of a well are also ensured by well-chosen equipment, for example, a well adapter, so its choice is also worth paying attention to when preparing the project.
Providing a site with water is the first task of its owner. The more ambitious the plans for improving your territory, the more acutely the lack of water supply will be felt. Water is needed for construction work, for the garden you are planning to create, and for your own daily needs.
If you make a water well with your own hands, your dream of water supply will not only come true, but will also allow you to save significantly. We will tell you the best way to drill and what kind of equipment independent craftsmen will need. Taking into account our advice, you will easily arrange your own water source on the site.
There are several real ways to obtain life-giving moisture, which we will tell you about. There are several technologies that can be used to independently extract water in a suburban area.
You will have to choose the appropriate option yourself, since it depends on the landscape of the area, as well as on the technical equipment, finances and skills that you possess. Let's look at the main well structures.
It is difficult to give preference to any one design: each has its own advantages and disadvantages, so the choice depends on the landscape of the area and the capabilities of the owner of the site
If there is a spring on your site, then installing a well is an excellent option for extracting water. The shaft of this structure will act as a liquid storage tank. If the source is active enough, up to 2 cubic meters of water will always be at your disposal.
The Abyssinian well is essentially the same well, but narrow and long. Due to the fact that its length can be approximately 8-12 meters, no pollution from the soil surface gets into the water that fills it.
The Abyssinian well is often called a needle well, because the pipe driven into the ground when creating this structure really resembles a needle
The following video will introduce you to the technology of punching and constructing a needle well, otherwise known as an Abyssinian well:
The deepening of this structure to 15-30 meters is carried out by any method: auger, shock-rope, core. The walls of the well are formed using a pipe with an average diameter of 100 - 180 mm.
The buried end of the wellbore is equipped with a filter. A stainless steel mesh is used as a filter, which is welded or soldered to the first link of the pipe string before immersing it in coarse sand mixed with pebbles.
So you can schematically imagine the design of a well “on sand”, where number 1 is the casing pipe, number 2 is the statistical water level, and number 3 is the mesh filter
This design can satisfy the water needs of a small country house with two water points. If the operation of the structure is seasonal, it will last about five years. With constant use, you can count on 15 years of water supply.
When the well does silt up, you can try to wash it out. If resuscitation measures do not give the desired effect, a new shaft will have to be drilled. Place it next to the previous one.
This structure does not require a filter. Such a well can reach a depth of 100 meters or more. The water produced using such a structure is contained in limestone cracks. The liquid accumulated in them due to condensation can be not only crystal clear, but also mineralized.
Light mineralization is acceptable for everyday use. If the extracted water is classified as mineral water in its composition, then it cannot be used for domestic purposes.
Diagram of an artesian well: 1 - conductor, 2 - statistical water level, 3 - intermediate column, 4 - production column with perforation
It is difficult to determine in advance the depth of the well that will have to be drilled in search of water. You can only roughly get your bearings by talking with neighbors on the site and finding out from them what parameters similar structures have on their territories.
The soil layers are uneven, so the information obtained still cannot be considered accurate for your area. For this reason, casing pipes are purchased taking into account the correction of the obtained data.
If you don’t focus on the nuances, the essence of installing a water well for a country house is the same: it is a long narrow vertical shaft that reaches the depth of the water. The walls of the mine are reinforced with casing pipes. Wells differ from each other in width, depth and additional devices that increase their productivity and reliability.
In addition to casing, wells are equipped with equipment for forced lifting of liquid and its distribution. To choose the right pumping equipment and storage tank, you need to know the characteristics of the well, the most important of which is its depth and flow rate.
The flow rate of a well is an indicator of its productivity: the maximum volume of liquid obtained per unit of time. It is calculated in cubic meters or liters per hour or day.
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Having your own source of water on the site plays a very important role. If there is no centralized water supply, then the best solution would be to install a water well in a private house, which will allow for an uninterrupted independent water supply throughout the surrounding area. You can make a well not only with the help of specialists, but also on your own. This requires funds, the availability of the necessary equipment, tools, as well as free time and desire.
The installation of a water well in a private house can be of two types.
A sand well is chosen for low water flow rates (up to 2 cubic meters per hour). It is drilled to a depth of 25-30 m until it reaches the sand aquifer. Next, the well is reinforced with pipes, a gravel filter is placed at the bottom and a submersible pump is lowered. The water obtained from a well is of high quality, which cannot be said about wells. In addition, the cost of money and time to build such a structure is relatively small. But any sand well has its disadvantages:
An artesian well is the most profitable option for permanent country residence. Such a well is drilled to a great depth, which can be one hundred meters or more. The huge advantage of an artesian well is its unlimited potential: its source is practically inexhaustible, and its productivity reaches 10 cubic meters of water per hour. In addition, the water is of high quality and does not silt or dry out.
However, such a construction of a water well in a private house will cost a little more than the construction of a sand source, but such expenses will pay off fairly quickly. The productivity of the artesian well is very high, it is enough to supply water to a large area with all residential buildings. Such a source can last more than 50 years.
Let's look at what a water well installation looks like in a private house. Step-by-step instruction:
How to make a water well in a private house with your own hands? Drawings are a guarantee of successful implementation of an autonomous water supply system.
It is important to know that according to existing legislation, each well must have an individual passport. It is issued by the organization that carried out the drilling. The passport will be required to be presented to the registration authorities.
Water supply to a private house using a well involves a number of works that are carried out in accordance with the project. It is recommended to order it from specialized organizations. The water supply device must include a filter system and a well for servicing the equipment through which water will be supplied.
Water supply from a well on the site is also possible in case of irregular use of the structure, but there is a possibility of rapid siltation. To avoid this, it is recommended to periodically pump the well. It is also advisable to preserve the system for the winter (completely drain the water).
When organizing an autonomous water supply for a private house from a well, it is very important to organize a reliable mechanism for raising water. The modern market offers a wide variety of pumps from a variety of manufacturers. Which one is right for your system?
To make the right choice, it is necessary to study the operating principle of various types of pumps and the parameters of the source from which water will be pumped. The uninterrupted operation of the water supply system depends on the correct choice.
Before you buy a pump, you need to decide on its type.
All pumps are divided into two classes:
Separation based on device principle:
When purchasing a pump, it is better to choose models that have a thermal switch to protect the motor from overheating.
Don’t think that the more powerful the pump, the better. Excessive power can cause certain problems throughout the system.
It is better to consult a specialist on this issue and purchase a pump with the power included in the project.
When using manual well pumps, the volumes and speed of water supply cannot be compared with the use of automatic analogues. However, this operating principle has one big advantage - complete dependence on communications and external conditions. Thanks to this quality, hand pumps become indispensable assistants when supplying water to small areas or lifting water from shallow wells.
It is most advisable to use a hand pump in the following cases:
Installing a water well in a private house can be done independently.
First of all, it is necessary to identify the aquifer in the territory. To do this, there are several methods for finding a place to drill a hole in the ground:
We suggest considering installing a water well in a private house without a caisson.
After determining the location for drilling, you need to choose the method by which the well will be made. The most effective method is drilling. To do this work independently, use a small-sized drilling rig, which is suitable for use even by non-professionals, or a homemade hand drill. It is a rod at the end of which there is a cutting element. The drill loosens the soil, which is taken up by helical plates located on the rod after the cutting elements. As a result, the length of the rod increases.
After passing through the aquifer, the drilling process is stopped. Next, they begin to prepare the well for full operation. First of all, the well is thoroughly cleaned using a bailer, then a filter is lowered to the bottom, and the remaining space is filled with coarse sand.
The installation of a water well in a private house (you can see the photo in our article) requires subsequent equipment for use. To do this, the walls of the well are strengthened using asbestos-cement pipes. This is done in order to ensure unhindered and as clean access to the aquifer (without soil elements).
Before performing this stage of work, you need to consider the following factors:
After installing the pipes, it is necessary to determine how water will rise to the surface from depth. The most successful way is to use a submersible pump and run hoses from it to pump water into the house and into containers for watering the area. The power of such a pump must first be calculated, taking into account the height to which resources will be supplied from the well.
We briefly looked at the construction of a water well in a private house. You already know how to conduct water resources on your own. Now you can start decorating, which also matters. There are many options here, for example, building a wooden frame, a carved canopy, decorating a well with special boulders made of artificial stone. Now turn on your imagination and create comfort in your area.
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A well structure is a set of soil excavation elements with a diameter significantly smaller than their length, which ensures durable and reliable creation of a channel between the earth’s surface and the exposed deep reservoir fluid. The main purpose of the borehole channel is geological exploration and assessment of underground resources, study of the structure of the section, maintaining the pressure of the working formation, monitoring the operation of deposits, and extraction of natural resources.
Wells are divided into the following components:
Rice. 2 Well diagram
In the oil and gas industry, intermediate casing strings are used to separate incompatible geological zones that require different drilling modes. The following intermediate well strings are used in the drilling industry:
Rice. 3 Well section
The well is installed to collect water from underground water sources, and the following operations are carried out:
When drilling wells, measures are taken to protect the canal from collapse; for this purpose, several basic elements are included in the construction of water-producing wells.
Rice. 4 Appearance of casing pipes
Casing pipes are used to strengthen and seal a wellbore; the main materials for their manufacture are metal, plastic and asbestos cement. Metal pipes are made from ordinary or stainless steel; there are also galvanized and enameled types.
In addition to threading, pipes are connected to each other by welding or using couplings.
Recently, pipes made of low-pressure polyethylene HDPE have become especially popular, widely used in common sand wells. A plastic production string can be made up of pipes having a length of 3 or 6 meters, and their outer diameter, designed for the installation of deep submersible electric pumps, is usually 90, 113, or 125 mm.
The construction of wells producing water in sand necessarily includes a filter, which is located in the bottom of the casing and immersed in the aquifer. There are several types of well filters, differing in design and operating principle.
The simplest type is created by adding fine-grained gravel to the bottom of a well. The gravel bed prevents the intake of mud solution in the well from sand and silt from the bottom, thus reducing the load on the filtering surfaces of the casing pipes and the electric pump.
Rice. 5 Well filters - design features
A simple device with a casing pipe wall having transverse or longitudinal perforation in the form of thin cuts. Water flows well through the narrow slots, and small particles of sand are filtered out. This design is mainly used in HDPE pipes.
It is a fine mesh made of corrosion-resistant materials (food grade stainless steel or fiberglass) that is highly resistant to abrasion. The main disadvantage of the design is its increased resistance to water flow (by 20 - 40%), in some cases with low flow rates this can lead to a lack of water at the source.
The design is used in conditions where high strength is required; it is a pipe with a large number of clear round holes. A perforated filter is used in sources with a small supply volume and low pressure.
Made of stainless wire of triangular cross-section, wound in dense rows on a perforated casing pipe. It is characterized by high strength and durability, directly related to the cross-section of the wire used in it.
To extract water from wells, submersible and external electric pumps and pumping stations are used; surface pumping equipment can be located near the wellhead or at some distance from it. To connect electric pumps to a well source, various methods and equipment are used, designed for different types of electric pumps.
If it is necessary to resolve the issue of attaching a submersible electric pump and protecting the borehole channel from the penetration of dirt and sediment, a cap is used, which is installed on top of the casing pipe. The device is designed for a standard diameter, can be made of plastic, steel or cast iron, and can withstand the weight of suspended pumping equipment up to 250 kg. in plastic version and up to 500 kg. when using metal. The typical design includes a carabiner for hanging the electric pump and an outlet through which the pressure pipe passes when connected to the line.
Structurally, the head is made of two parts, which are connected after the electric pump is immersed in the well. To do this, a flange is put on the casing pipe, pressing it to the surface of the earth, a rubber ring is installed and a second flange with a suspended electric pump is placed on top, fixing it motionless with bolts.
Rice. 7 Heads
The adapter allows you to connect a surface centrifugal electric pump or pumping station to a well through a pipeline if they are located at some distance. The pipes are located underground, which prevents them from freezing in winter. The second advantage of this connection is the increase in the depth of immersion of the pressure pipeline into the well by lowering it below ground level, which in surface pumps does not exceed 9 meters.
The adapter is made in the form of two parts, one of which with a connected pressure pipeline is located in the borehole channel, and the second with a water main connected to it is located outside. Both parts are connected through the walls of the casing using threads and an insulating rubber gasket.
Rice. 8 Adapter - structural device
A caisson pit is used in cases where an electric pump and pumping equipment to automate its operation are located near the wellhead. Usually the pit is made in the form of a concrete ring deepened into the ground; sometimes plastic or welded metal structures covered with bitumen waterproofing are used. To prevent groundwater from penetrating into the bottom hole along the well shaft, the bottom of the hole is covered with a cement-sand screed.
Typically, a pumping station or automatic control of a deep-well electric pump is placed in caisson wells: a hydraulic accumulator, a pressure and idle speed switch, a pressure gauge. In addition to insulation from groundwater, the caisson provides protection from freezing not only at the wellhead, but also at the entire water main, which, when used, is located underground.
Rice. 10 Caisson well
To extract water from wells, surface and submersible electric pumps of a centrifugal operating principle are mainly used. The advantage of this design is the ability to create high pressure in the line, thanks to the use of units with a large number of impellers, which allows increasing the pressure in each subsequent stage.
Household submersible electric pumps can lift water from very great depths (about 200 meters), while surface types are used in sources with a water surface at a depth of up to 9 meters from the surface of the earth. To increase the intake depth of surface models, built-in or submersible ejectors are sometimes used, although their efficiency decreases significantly.
Rice. 11 Centrifugal electric pump
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Like a well, the water in it is in an aquifer. Using an installed pump, it is supplied to the top. To strengthen production install casing pipe, which uses plastic, steel, perforated or asbestos-cement products. If this is not done, then the soil will begin to crumble from the walls, which will cause the well to subsequently cease to function.
The well has the following operating scheme:
Although the pattern may vary, it all depends on the type of pump used.
The Abyssinian well is a driven well, which is the simplest option. In order to equip it on the site, the water layer must have depth up to 12 meters. The quality of its water depends mainly on the structure of the soil. If necessary, such a production can be arranged in the basement.
A sand well, the design of which is in great demand, is suitable only for personal use. The water from it is characterized as technical in its properties, therefore it is used only for bathing or watering the garden. On average, the aquifers in this well lie at a depth of about 10-50 meters.
By the way, drilling work in such formations can be done with your own hands, the main thing is that there is no shale passing through the area within a few meters. It is unlikely that you will be able to pass it without the help of professionals.
Of course, sand wells have some disadvantages. The main disadvantage of such production is the interruption of water supply. The problem is related to seasonal changes in the level of life-giving moisture. In addition, it needs to be maintained periodically, especially for summer residents who need water only in the summer. In this situation, the filter located in the well becomes silted over time. This is why the water rise must be regular. In addition, the service life of such a well is no more than 15 years.
Artesian production, although considered the most expensive, is the most effective method of centralized water supply. To drill it, large equipment is used, allowing it to go deep approximately at 200–300 meters.
Water from an artesian well is better and of higher quality than from a sand well. Also, the filter in it hardly gets clogged. It is mounted at the bottom of a supply pipe with a diameter of 219 mm. This production guarantees a 99% constant supply of life-giving moisture, and its service life is 50 years.
True, such wells also have disadvantages. For example, sometimes it is necessary to install additional filtration systems, since the water may contain various iron compounds. In addition, as mentioned earlier, its arrangement is expensive. You will also have to obtain permission to drill such a mine and coordinate the project.
The most important stage in the development of a well is the selection of equipment, since its period of operation and quality of work will depend on it. Basically follows pay attention to the choice:
It is necessary to protect the mouth from external negative influences. Such a device serves as a kind of container that protects the upper meters of the mine shaft from the effects of low temperatures in the ground.
A sealed caisson container can also be used as a technological volume for installing various equipment that services the well. Installing automation, cleaning filters and other devices in it allows you to save space in the house.
Caissons are made from different materials: plastic, metal structures or concrete castings. Installation of this equipment It is especially suitable in our climatic conditions, because during severe winters the soil in the dacha area freezes to a depth of one and a half meters. Therefore, horizontally running pipelines must be located below the freezing level.
The coffered hatch installed on the top of the device is usually insulated with sheet foam. A ladder can be placed inside the equipment.
The pump is the main element of the entire system. It can be of the following types:
Today on the market there is many models of well pumps. Their parameters are selected based on the characteristics of the well and water supply system.
By the way, if the pump breaks down, you will not only have to purchase a new one, but also pay for lifting the broken one and installing the purchased one. That is why you should be more serious when choosing a manufacturer.
This well equipment is used to prevent water hammer and regulate the pressure of pipeline contents. The hydraulic accumulator also maintains a minimum fluid level in the system.
During normal operation, inside this device there is a supply of life-giving moisture, and a minimum pressure is also maintained. When using a hydraulic accumulator, the pump turns on less often and wears out less.
The design of such a device is similar with compensation tank, which is used in heating systems. But the hydraulic accumulator is made from other materials; they do not come into contact with water and do not change its quality. The membrane in it is created from food grade rubber.
This device is designed to protect against debris getting into the barrel. In addition, it serves as a support for the suspension of the water-lifting column and pump. The head is made of metal or plastic. In the first case, it can withstand up to 500 kg, and in the second - up to 200 kg. The connection must be sealed using a rubber gasket.
Before you start drilling, you must first dig a hole, in other words, a depression measuring 1.5x1.5 meters. Its walls need to be covered with boards. Then a drilling derrick, which is a tripod, is mounted above it from metal pipes or logs. A winch is fixed at its top, to which the drilling column is attached. It can consist of several meter-long rods fastened together into a single whole.
Drilling must be done with an assistant. One should turn the bar around its axis with a wrench, and the other should hit it with a hammer from above, thereby creating additional load. In general, it is advisable that this work be performed by 4 people: two performers were engaged in turning the drill, and the rest were lifting and lowering it with a winch.
The drill needs to be pulled out every 50 cm and clean the soil well. The required depth can be determined by the water level in the excavation. Then a casing pipe with a filter system is installed in the well. The gap between the pipe and the ground should be filled with concrete mortar. It will rise above the ground.
After this, a clay castle is constructed around the well. If this is not done, then rain and melt water will constantly penetrate into the excavation from the surface, which will deteriorate its quality.
A pump with a pipe for supplying liquid and a power cable are fixed to the safety rope. The supply pipe must be brought up and welded to the caisson.
If the aquifer is deep, drilling should be carried out using special equipment. Moreover, in some situations you have to perform several control drillings to determine the best source.
An examination is required before drilling. It is prohibited to install a water well near septic tanks, cesspools and waste accumulations.
presstile.ru
The Abyssinian well is the simplest type of well you can think of. Such a well is made by driving a pipe into the ground. It is possible to make such a well only on loose soils with few stones. Another decisive condition for such a well will be the proximity of the first aquifer. With this method of constructing a well, it is possible to raise water from a depth of no more than 9 meters. If the soil is deeper, it will be necessary to first dig a special shaft into the bottom of which a pipe will be driven. With this option, it is convenient to use a surface pump or a pumping station based on it to lift water upward.
For driving, a metal tube (for example, galvanized steel) of small diameter (from 25 to 60 mm) is used. The pipes are fastened together using threaded couplings. It is necessary to put a special cone on the end of the first pipe to be clogged and make holes through which water from the aquifer will enter the pipe. A simplified view of the Abyssinian well is shown in the figure below:
Approximate view of an Abyssinian well Pipe driving is carried out in a manner that resembles pile driving. A mechanism is installed on the top of the pipe, consisting of a load, two blocks for lifting it and a bumper, against which the load will hit and thereby drive the pipe into the ground. For better understanding, see the following figure:
Scheme of driving pipes of an Abyssinian well In this case, it is important to maintain the vertical direction of the pipe. To do this, use a construction plumb line.
Schematic view of the drilling rig If you are going to use a modern submersible well pump, then you will need to drill a well! If you have the skills and special equipment, this will not be difficult. And if you have nothing but money, then the easiest way for you is to hire a team of drillers. They often know at what depth in a given area the water suitable for use lies, in addition, they will equip the well with casing pipes and carry out its initial pumping of sand. All you have to do is select a submersible pump based on your needs and the flow rate of the well (a pump with an excessively high flow rate will quickly empty the well and burn out from dry running), select the diameter and material of the pipelines and automation that will ensure constant pressure in the water supply system and protect against dry running.
The diameter of the casing pipe is selected based on the diameter of the deep-well pump. The smaller the diameter of the pump, the higher its price and the smaller the choice of models. Therefore, I advise you to have a diameter of 110 or 120 mm. For this diameter, it is easiest to select a pump with the flow and pressure parameters you need. A smaller diameter of casing pipes can only be used if you are making a well for a pumping station.
Before lowering the casing into the well, its bottom is perforated to a height of up to 2 meters. In some cases, the lower end of the pipe is plugged and water can only enter the pipe through holes drilled in it. In this case, a “lens” of water will not be formed under the casing; in addition, this may underestimate the well’s flow rate.
At the exit from the ground, the casing pipe is cut and a well cap is installed on top of it. The pressure line of the pump, the power cable pass through it, and a steel cable is attached to it, on which the deep-well pump will be suspended. Do not hang the pump from the power cable! This can lead to cable breakage and the pump falling to the bottom of the well.
Borehole head From everything said above, the following conclusions can be drawn:
That's all! Write your questions in the comments, and don’t forget to share the article via social networks.
znayteplo.ru
Before finding out the answer to the question of how a well is constructed, it is quite logical to study the methods and devices that contribute to its formation. Possible drilling options:
The main stages of drilling in the following video:
The operating principle is identical for all types of water intake wells. What is it?
Important! A check valve, cable and pressure pipe are first connected to the pump. The power of the equipment is calculated based on data - the distance of the well from the consumer; the distance between the aquifer and the ground.
The well has quite a lot of elements:
To get the well working, you need to use the following elements:
Attention! The structure must be insulated and waterproofed.
The water well connection diagram has the following order:
Important! The check valve keeps the water under pressure.
You can watch the installation of a water well in the video:
Well construction can have various variations. The design depends on the materials of manufacture and the type of well.
In general, the device diagram looks like this:
The design of an artesian well is clearly reflected in the photo:
vodakanazer.ru
When talking about what types of water wells there are, one cannot help but remember the well. Theoretically, it can also be considered one of the types of wells, only with a large diameter, but this is a separate, broad topic. And now we will consider the material specifically for wells. The types of water wells do not differ in variety; more precisely, there are only 2 main ones, artesian and sand.
Important: when choosing a type, the power or how much water the well produces is of great importance.
So, from the sand layer you will get, on average, about 0.5 - 1.5 m³ per hour.
And the artesian option will already give you up to 10 m³ per hour, which can satisfy the requirements of a small dacha cooperative or a large cottage with a swimming pool and 5 - 7 water consumption points.
Owners of dachas and country houses need to equip their own water supply system. It is not always possible for them to connect to the central highway. In this case, the ideal solution would be to arrange your own source. Before you begin active actions, you should familiarize yourself with the theoretical aspect, find out the principle of operation of the well and the options for its drilling.
Before finding out the answer to the question of how a well is constructed, it is quite logical to study the methods and devices that contribute to its formation. Possible drilling options:
The main stages of drilling in the following video:
The operating principle is identical for all types of water intake wells. What is it?
Important! A check valve, cable and pressure pipe are first connected to the pump. The power of the equipment is calculated based on data - the distance of the well from the consumer; the distance between the aquifer and the ground.
The well has quite a lot of elements:
To get the well working, you need to use the following elements:
Attention! The structure must be insulated and waterproofed.
The water well connection diagram has the following order:
Important! The check valve keeps the water under pressure.
You can watch the installation of a water well in the video:
Well construction can have various variations. The design depends on the materials of manufacture and the type of well.
In general, the device diagram looks like this:
The design of an artesian well is clearly reflected in the photo:
