The beetle is 3 – 5 mm in size, earthy-gray in color. The pronotum is wide in the middle, brown, with clearly defined dark and white stripes on the wings. It is characterized by a short but thick rostrum. The egg size is 0.25-0.35 mm, smooth, round, at first yellow-white, then after 2-3 days it turns blackish. The larva is somewhat curved, up to 5 mm, the head is light brown. The pupa is pale yellow, 4.5-6 mm.
The beetles overwinter in fields with perennial leguminous grasses under their remains and in the upper balls of the soil. At a temperature of 3-5 0C in the first ten days of April, they begin to emerge from wintering places. They begin to feed on perennial legumes at a temperature of 7-8 0C, and when bean shoots appear, they move on them, they begin to lay eggs and continue to feed.
Eggs are laid on the lower leaves and soil; from the leaves they fall onto the soil. The fertility of females is up to 2800 eggs. Their embryonic development continues for 7-8 days.
When the revival is completed, the larvae begin to descend to the roots of the beans and in the process begin to damage the nodules. The duration of the larval development period is 29-40 days. One larva during this period is capable of destroying 3-8 vesicles. When feeding is complete, the larvae begin to pupate in the soil in special cradles at a depth of 5-25 cm. The duration of the development period of the pupa is 8-13 days. In the steppe zone, the appearance of beetles occurs at the end of June. The emergence of beetles lasts 2 or more months. Active feeding of beetles is observed in the 3rd decade of July - the first ten days of August, after which they begin to migrate for the winter. One generation develops in 1 year. Not only beetles cause harm, but also larvae. Beetles figuratively eat leaves around the edges. Particular harm is caused to the growing point and cotyledon leaves. Damage by beetles and larvae leads to a deterioration in the quality of seeds, a decrease in yield and the amount of nitrogen in plants and soil.
Protection measures from a bean pest. Early sowing of beans. From perennial leguminous grasses, it is necessary to adhere to spatial isolation (1000-1500 meters). Immediately after harvesting the beans, it is necessary to plow the field. During the germination phase, it is necessary to treat the crops with insecticides if the number of beetles is 10-15 per 1 m2, or 1 beetle per 3-5 plants.
The beetle is 2.95 - 3.55 mm in size, which in the upper part is covered with yellow-gray and grayish hairs; these, in turn, form numerous spots - not expressive. The pronotum on the sides is without teeth, on the bottom of the femurs there is one tooth. Egg size is 0.53-0.72 mm, matte, oblong-oval, sometimes slightly curved. The larva is cylindrical, with long bristles, up to 4 mm, strongly curved. The pupa is whitish-yellow, 3-4 mm.
They overwinter in carrion - in field conditions, inside grain in storages, under plant remains, in soil. They multiply quickly in storages in the summer, but very slowly in the winter. In 1 year, 5-6 generations multiply in warm rooms, they overlap one another. The bean weevil develops in 1-2 generations under field conditions. In the spring, beetles begin to fly 3 km away from their wintering grounds, feeding on pollen, generative organs, flowers of various legumes, and petals. Eggs are laid on the bean flaps, cracks or pits, in wrinkles, in the dorsal seam of the bean. The duration of the egg laying period is 12-18 days. Fertility – 50-60 eggs. The development of the embryo, depending on the air temperature, lasts 6–11 days in field conditions. After emerging from the egg, the larvae immediately bite into the bean, and then into the grain. In summer, the development of the larvae ends in 21 days, and the development of pupae in 8-10 days.
The germination of grain sharply decreases with an increase in the number of holes in it. Most often, beetles harm early bean crops; in late crops, asynchrony in the timing of bean ripening and the emergence of beetles is observed; such crops are much less susceptible to damage.
Protection measures from a bean pest. Sowing seeds that are free from bean weevil. Harvesting beans should be without loss and in a timely manner, before they begin to crack. According to the instructions, you need to cool the grain. When beans begin to form, spray bean crops with insecticides.
The insect is 4-5 mm long, ash-gray in color, with three dark brown stripes visible on the front wall. Eggs are up to 1 mm in length, elongated, white in color. The larvae are narrowed towards the anterior end, whitish, up to 7 mm in length. Causes great harm to bean crops, and damages seedlings and germinating seeds.
The pupae overwinter in the ground, on clover, grain and vegetable crops. The flight of flies begins in the spring, when the birch tree begins to bloom. Flies lay eggs in more humid places under lumps of soil. The larvae continue to feed for more than half a month, after which they begin to pupate in the soil. 2-3 generations develop over the course of a year.
Control measures with a bean pest. Treatment of bean seeds with tigan. It is necessary to create conditions that will promote the friendly emergence of seedlings. Good incorporation of manure, careful tillage of the soil, loosening, removal of plant residues, all this helps reduce the number of pests.
The page was found by the following queries:Beans belong to the legume family and are quite popular in household plots. What makes it so valuable is the protein it contains in large quantities. It’s not for nothing that beans are called the true queen of the vegetarian table. It is rich in proteins, salts, and vitamins.
Of course, the taste, properties and appearance of beans largely depend on how healthy the plant is. Sometimes it is susceptible to many fungal, viral or bacterial diseases. These “illnesses” can lead to serious crop losses or a significant reduction in its quality. As a rule, infected seeds are the primary source of all diseases.
They say that you should know your worst enemy “by sight.” The same principle should be applied to crop protection. If you investigate potential pests in advance and obtain information about possible bean diseases, your chances of saving the crop increase.
White rot poses a serious danger to the plant. The stem and beans of the crop are especially susceptible to this disease. The first signs of its appearance are soft tissues, as well as the formation of a white coating. White mycelium forms on the surface and inside the plant. It is not recommended to plant cucumbers, parsley, carrots or lettuce in one garden plot. The causative agent of this disease is spread by the seeds of beans and peas.
The main measures to reduce the harmfulness of dangerous white rot:
1. Strict implementation of crop rotation rules.
2. Timely destruction of diseased plants.
3. Seed dressing procedure.
4. Compliance with sowing dates.
Bean mosaic can cause no less harm to the plant than white rot. The first manifestations of the disease are very variegated colors of the leaves with a characteristic green color next to the veins. If the disease progresses, the tissue between them becomes deformed, changes color, and swelling appears on it. As a result, the root system develops quite slowly, and infected plants become dwarf. Beans that were affected at later stages of mosaic development often do not bear fruit or produce a very meager harvest.
1. Obtaining and planting only healthy material.
2. Spatial removal of beans from other perennial plants, especially legumes.
3. Compliance with sowing dates.
4. Destruction of infected plants.
5. Timely control of aphids, which are carriers of the disease.
6. Cultivation of mosaic-resistant varieties, for example, Corbetta or Robusta.
The bean borer, which causes damage to beans, is a small sized beetle. It is covered with yellow and gray hairs. Their eggs are matte in color and oval, slightly curved in shape. Pests mainly spend the winter in the soil, for example, under plant debris or in grain storage. They multiply especially rapidly in the summer. With the arrival of spring, they go in search of flowers of legume plants, and also rush to lay their eggs. The pests are quite prolific, as they lay approximately 60 eggs in just two weeks. After hatching, the larvae quickly “bite into” the beans.
Beetles cause serious damage to early crops. The number of holes made by the pest significantly reduces the germination of beans.
1. Timely harvesting of beans.
2. Sowing resistant varieties.
3. Cooling of grain.
4. Spraying bean crops with insecticides during the growing season.
The melon aphid is a pest that causes serious damage to plants and especially 
distributed in the southern latitudes of Russia. This is a very small insect, the color of which varies from yellow to dark shades. Its larvae can be white or green. Adults and their offspring usually overwinter on weeds. It appears in bean beds in June. Moderately humid and warm weather contributes to the rapid development of the pest.
Colonies are found on flowers, the underside of leaves, and shoots. The pest destroys the plant by sucking out all the juices from the plant. Damaged beans grow very slowly and may even die.
Control measures consist of spraying with karbofos. Don’t forget about removing weeds as well. It is on them that aphids develop and, as a result, “attack” the beans.
Cleaning up plant debris and digging up the soil are effective preventive measures.
To protect your crop, they also use a soap solution. However, if the infection is too strong, then they resort to chemicals, for example, Intavir or Decis.
And perhaps the simplest method of protecting beans from pests is to plant plants that will repel aphids with a strong smell, for example, basil, mint or marigolds.
Every gardener will have to work hard to enjoy beans. When the bean harvest is at stake, it's worth putting in the effort.
Subject to these misfortunes and. Sometimes she gets sick, sometimes she falls under the invasion of winged creatures and other lovers of feasting on her.
The summer resident’s task is to understand what happened to the crop, how to help the beans, and how to protect them.
Therefore, bean diseases must be unmistakably “recognized by sight.”
Timely and correctly recognized bean diseases allow timely measures to be taken to treat them, as well as preventive measures.
The main scourge of garden plants is fungus. Fungal diseases affect almost any planting. And they are widespread - everywhere.
They don’t even pass by beans. Not only fungi affect beans.
She can get sick from various pathogenic microflora:
Grain legumes have common diseases. Therefore, according to the rules of crop rotation, they are not placed nearby.
But pathogenic microorganisms know how to find food, they have their own paths to plants.
In different years, beans are affected by various types of diseases.
Diseases of fungal etiology:
Bacterial diseases:
Viral diseases:
Powdery mildew. The leader is this ubiquitous disease, which does not disdain any plants.
Powdery mildew is a fungus, like all fungi, that develops under certain conditions:
Wet years are a haven for powdery mildew. On beans, it manifests itself as a coating on the stems, leaves, and beans.
The plaque is initially whitish, but as the disease progresses it becomes grayish. Spots on the leaves - at first they form only on the bottom, then they become visible on both sides, and have small wet discharges.
This effusion is droplets, and gives the name “dew”, and the whitish coating is called “powdery”.
The mycelium penetrates plant tissues like metastases. It is introduced everywhere, grows in all bean cells.
Powdery mildew of beans is not characterized by early manifestation. It does not affect young plants and progresses on flowering and fruit-bearing plantings.
Anthracnose. The disease is no less harmful. All ground organs of beans suffer, starting from germination and throughout the growing season.
Dark spots and streaks cover the emerging stems of the seedlings and the opening cotyledons almost completely.
They cannot gain strength and function, grow. They die just trying to climb.
Adult specimens infected with anthracnose also transform. The stems become streaked - they have dark, recessed strokes.
The same thing happens with petioles. The strokes expand, deepen, become brown ulcers, bordered with black. This thins and weakens the stems. They break.
The leaves become reticulated: their veins turn brown and their appearance changes. As the disease progresses, the leaves also turn brown and become covered with brown spots.
The beans are also stained with cankers. If the weather is damp, the ulcers become slimy and the beans rot, at the same time shrinking.
Even if some of the beans have survived outwardly, such a plant will not produce normal seeds. They will be light, puny, and of poor quality.
The harvest is lost by half or more.
Black leg (root rot). If bean plants, especially young ones, begin to wilt and droop, you need to inspect them.
There are no pests, and the yellowed leaves dry out. Take a closer look at the stems and petioles.
You will need to cut the stem. If the vessels are visible and they are reddish and not green, as the plant is supposed to be, the bean is probably sick.
This is a black leg. Sections of petioles, roots - everything will show that the vascular system is damaged (by color change).
When you pull such a plant lightly, you will find that it is not held by the root and is pulled out immediately.
At the junction of the root and the stem - the root collar - there will be a narrowing. A damp, cool spring encourages the spread of the disease.
The beans either die or do not receive normal development and harvest.
With the early onset of the disease, the seedlings die before they have time to form a plant.
Downy mildew. Another powdery mildew, this time downy mildew. All above-ground parts of growing beans suffer from downy mildew.
While in powdery mildew the plaque forms on the top, in downy mildew it forms on the bottom of the leaf. The disease can develop according to different scenarios.
There are two of them. Either it is a local lesion, or it is generalized (diffuse).
With a localized course of peronosporosis, the picture is as follows: spots on the leaves are visible from above, they are indistinct, blurred at the edges.
The spots are chlorotic (devoid of chlorophyll), whitish or light yellow. But there is no attack on them from above.
The plaque is on the bottom of the bean leaf, right on these spots. Dark gray with a purple tint.
Diffuse downy mildew disease deforms the bean plant. The tops of the leaves and stems are next to each other, almost right next to each other.
The bean bush looks like cauliflower and is completely covered with a coating of the same color as with local downy mildew.
These are different forms of one harmful disease. The harvest losses are high, and the resulting crop is of poor quality.
Rust. In wet years, beans most often get this trouble from their neighbor, milkweed.
It is he who is the “host” or, officially: the intermediate host of the rust fungus.
If there is a weed on the site, in a rainy year it becomes infected with an overwintered fungus even before sowing the beans.
Euphorbia is a perennial, it retains the infection and then spreads it - constantly.
From milkweed to beans, rust passes through spores. Especially when it's warm and humid. Spores easily scatter around the area with the wind, or are carried by raindrops - depending on the weather of the day.
Leaves, stems, beans are the parts of beans affected by rust. Brown voids form on them under the skin of the epidermis that is raised in places.
Later, these voids (pustules) darken, sometimes almost to blackness.
Photosynthesis and chlorophyll formation are inevitably disrupted. The plant becomes “bloodless”.
All metabolic processes go astray, the yield of beans is in question. If you manage to harvest a harvest, it is small.
And the quality is rather weak. If there was overfeeding of nitrogen, or the soil contains it in excess, the disease is more pronounced.
Gray rot. The vegetating plant, already setting beans, is first covered with spots of irregular, as if smeared, shape.
The spots quickly become overgrown with a brush of gray plaque. Rains, abundant watering and warmth contribute to the rapid development of gray rot on beans.
If there is a drought, the spots dry out and turn brown. But the pathogen persists and the yield is greatly reduced.
If the mycelium has sprouted inside the seed, it loses its viability.
Fusarium. The disease does not spare either seedlings or fruit-bearing bushes and bean vines.
Having settled on the seedlings, the fungus causes deformation of the seedlings. The cotyledons become ulcerated on both sides and become covered with a pink coating if it is humid.
Young immature plants cannot survive. The fungus makes its way through the soil and to the seed. Then the beans do not sprout at all.
When you take a seed out of the soil, you can see the same coating on it. Or, without waiting for the shoots to sprout, you discover in the ground that there were seedlings and roots. But they couldn’t get up and died.
To understand that there is fusarium on crops, the appearance of a plant that has begun to vegetate will help. The brown color of the subcotyledon and the rudimentary root, bent in a semiring, is a characteristic sign of this fungal disease.
The second attack of fusarium on beans coincides with its flowering. Suddenly, yellowed leaves begin to curl, dry out, and fall off.
The root collar darkens and turns brown. If it is humid, pinkish-orange swellings - pads - are noticeable on the stem.
The time for the final filling of the beans approaches, and suddenly the beans lose their characteristic color. Discolored.
Wet weather helps to form an orange coating on them. If it’s dry, there’s no plaque.
The grain is formed unfulfilled, wrinkled, puny. And also - with a touch. Its color is white-pink.
Beans become infected with the fusarium fungus either from soil plant residues, or the infection lurks in the seed itself.
Septoria. Based on the second name: rust spot, it is clear that the disease manifests itself as rust-colored spots.
Septoria spreads from bottom to top and from the edges to the inside:
The spots are small (2 mm), there are many of them. The shape is angular, the color changes with the progression of the disease.
At first these are rusty spots. Then they increase and darken to black.
In some places the spots merge. The leaves turn yellow and fall off. Fruits (beans) stop developing.
If septoria blight affects beans a month before the expected harvest, then the losses are extremely high.
Sclerotinia. The fungus causes white rot of plants; it has no clear specialization: it is not picky. You also get beans from it.
If the apical shoots droop for no apparent reason, it is worth checking the stem and leaves below.
With sclerotinia, the leaves below lose color and acquire a watery structure.
Even at the beginning of the lesion, they may become covered with a white coating. Diagnostic technique: cutting the stem.
There will be black sclerotia inside it. In some places they can reach the outside of the stem.
The infectious agent is in the soil. This mushroom loves coolness - up to 15°, humidity - like all mushrooms.
Beans suffer the most. The stems are also affected. The bean leaves turn white and become a soft, almost jelly-like mass.
White mycelium grows on them in flakes, penetrating the beans and stem with mycelium.
This white rot is later covered with large black marks called sclerotia.
They contain newly formed pathogenic fungal microflora: after wintering, it will continue the dirty work of infecting crops.
The infection also persists in bean seeds.
Cladosporiosis (olive mold). Most often, this fungus appears during the wet period, if it coincides with the time of grain filling in the beans.
Covers the entire plant with an olive or black coating that shimmers like velvet.
The beans change their appearance, the beans, leaves, stems are dotted with this destructive outfit.
The plant loses its ability to function normally. Strength and nutrition are needed to form seeds, but strength is not enough.
The grain that can be poured into the beans does not germinate initially.
Cercospora blight. In other words, it is gray spotting of legumes.
Spots form on the leaves, but not only gray ones. The gray ones have a border, a dark purple frame.
There are other red-brown spots, they have a concentric pattern. The middle of spots of the second type is lighter than the edges.
Based on these signs, it is determined what disease has affected the plant.
Diseased leaves do not live long: they die and fall off.
This has a negative impact on the harvest: quantitatively and qualitatively.
These beans are much less common. But this does not diminish their harmfulness in any way.
Damage to a culture by bacteria is called bacteriosis. There can be quite a few of them, but usually there are several that harm beans in summer cottages.
Bacterial spot. If we are talking about brown bacterial spot or bacterial spot of bean leaves, this is all one disease, one type of bacteriosis.
The ground part becomes covered with spots, quite large - this is a distinctive feature from fungal spots; at first the spots are small.
Brown spot spots are brown and round. They are bordered by an oily stripe. Over time they can merge.
Through the stomata of leaves, pathogenic bacteria enter the intercellular fluid.
They can also enter through injured areas - directly into the vascular system.
From the conductive system, bacteria easily penetrate into the bean with a flow of liquid. There the seeds themselves are affected, forming spots on them with a recessed surface.
Diseased seeds sometimes remain viable, serving as a breeding ground for the disease. Beans can also become infected from plant debris rotting in the soil.
Pathogens often overwinter on them. The bacterium that causes brown spot too.
This path is possible on plots whose owners neglect crop rotation.
If the beans are not returned to their place for three years, and other legumes are not sown there, the bacterium will not withstand prolonged starvation, and the soil will be cleared of this infection. But seeds can store it.
Externally, spotting with the progression of the disease is very pronounced. All above-ground parts of the beans are damaged by the bacterium.
The bottom of the leaves visually changes depending on the weather. When wet it becomes slimy, when dry it becomes covered with a translucent film: the mucus dries out.
The damage to the crop is great; it may not produce a harvest at all.
It is interesting that next to the bean roots, in the adjacent soil area - the rhizosphere - a hostile pathogenic microflora settles.
It can protect beans from bacteriosis. A culture of these microbes has been isolated; they can be used to treat seeds, stems, or injected with liquid at the root.
But this does not save the beans: its cotyledons contain substances that protect the pathogenic bacterium. This is the turn.
In the bean rhizosphere there is a struggle between soil organisms for its fate, and its internal composition works against itself.
The beans unwittingly support the enemy.
The brown spot bacterium (scientifically called Xanthomonas phaseoli) is also an adsorbent for other pathogens.
She loves to absorb viruses, and then brings “gifts” - beans.
There are other bacterioses:
1. There is a type of bacterium, the clarification is added to the name - v. fuscans. It is also a provocateur of bacteriosis, which differs only in appearance.
The sites of damage increase slightly in response to the invasion of the pathogen and hypertrophy. Other symptoms are similar.
2. Likes to settle on beans Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens is a bacterium that causes a special bacteriosis. It does not pass through the stomata, but plant injuries are also common.
Wind and bad weather can break the stems, and insects can damage the integrity of the epidermis. People injure plants when caring for them.
All it takes is one entrance gate, one bacterium, and the disease has penetrated inside.
All bacterial diseases of beans are usually called bacterioses, although they control the plant, each in its own way.
The beans die in the sprouting phase, the remaining beans have wrinkled leaves, they are characterized by dwarfism, brittle stems, and shedding of leaves.
The bacterium Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens is extremely tenacious - a long-liver of the microcosm.
Even in the year of the end of the Great Patriotic War, an amazing fact was established. This bacterium was perfectly preserved in room conditions for 24 years. She lived in bean seeds.
You can recognize bacteriosis even if it overtakes the plant at the end of the growing season. The beans are almost ready to be picked and suddenly become covered with brown spots, shiny like varnish.
The virus itself is often unstable in the external environment. Therefore, it circulates from victim to next.
Or it can make friends with a bacterium and be paired with it. The spotting bacterium is the keeper of the virus.
In almost 80% of cases, the mosaic virus “parks” with this bacterium and is transmitted with it.
Another common route of transmission is insects. The virus itself is volatile, but insects transmit it more successfully.
Various types of mosaic patterns are most common in beans.
Ordinary mosaic. The disease virus lives on legumes and vegetable legumes.
For relocation it uses aphids. Can be transmitted through plant debris.
Even if the plot with herbs is far from the beans, the winged aphid disperser can easily overcome the distance in any area.
It was not for nothing that this disease was called mosaic. The primary brightening of the veins is still an incomplete picture.
And then the leaf fragments between the veins begin to turn yellow. Selectively. The virus manifests itself as a mosaic.
Discolored areas no longer synthesize chlorophyll, the plant slows down and is inhibited.
The yield decreases, but the pathogen does not penetrate the seeds and does not live there.
Therefore, ordinary mosaic seeds cannot be transferred further.
Deforming mosaic. This virus greatly changes the appearance of bean leaves and bracts.
Vegetative organs shrink, become curly, and become mottled.
Discolored, chlorotic spots appear on the leaves. They gradually become thinner and turn white.
Later they become transparent.
If a bean plant is infected with a virus during adolescence, its proper formation is disrupted.
The beans do not grow upward, but throw out a rosette of crushed, deformed leaves.
On mature plants, in addition to the leaves, the beans are deformed. The valves thicken, the process of uneven growth disfigures them.
These beans produce yellow seeds. But they do not tolerate infection. The carrier is also an aphid.
Yellow mosaic. Infection with the virus causes the leaf veins to lighten to yellow.
This mosaic manifests itself like this. Photosynthesis slows down, biological processes are disrupted.
The carrier is aphids from legumes. The seeds are not contagious.
Some of the bean diseases of fungal etiology can be stopped by preserving the plants.
One condition: the disease must be detected at its initial stage. Noticed, identified and put into circulation without delay.
Bordeaux mixture in a concentration of only 1% is not harmful to beans or to humans.
And the mushroom, until it comes into force, is dead. There are also modern fungicides adapted for specific diseases: the market is replete with offers.
The main thing is to correctly diagnose the plant based on its signs and symptoms.
There are universal drugs aimed at fungus in general, and there are specialized ones.
Any fungus identified in time can succumb to the pressure of pollination with sulfur or spraying with copper-containing preparations.
Forms that have gone far are a death sentence for a diseased bush or bushes. In order to save the rest, we have to get rid of the infected.
Agricultural technology is a universal healer. It is this that will protect not only from fungus, but also will not give free rein to bacteria and will disarm viruses.
If you leave it to chance, the whole company of diseases of any etiology will definitely appear.
Therefore, we remember:
That’s probably all about bean diseases in a nutshell. We'll get to know you in the next article. When I started writing this article, I had no idea that beans had so many diseases and pests.
Fortunately, I didn’t have to deal with so many problems at my summer cottage.
See you soon, dear readers!
We have already met quite a few and found out how to deal with them.
Now it's time to learn more about bean pests. Bean pests number many individuals in their ranks, and we (amateur gardeners) simply need to know them so as not to lose the harvest.
There are no plants that we would like, but would be ignored by insects. These numerous competitors are usually called pests.
They are doubly pests: they do not give the plant a normal life, and the owners of the site do not get much joy from them.
Before you start fighting, you need to know:
Both of this knowledge will help you take appropriate and effective measures. A mistake will lead to actions at random, you can miss.
It’s a waste of time and effort, but you still end up losing the harvest. Knowledge of biology will tell you when and how to carry out a counterattack and destructive measures.
There are times when the pest is inaccessible and protected. And sometimes he is extremely vulnerable.
This is what you need to figure out - when it’s easiest to deal with an uninvited guest.
The most annoying insects on beans at different times are:
“Name” bean pest. The small, harmful beetle is capable of destroying a crop completely.
Moreover, it works more – during storage. People will collect the harvest, dry it as it should be, package it in jars and on tables, where it is dark, for storage.
They take it out in the winter, deciding to try borscht with beans or some other dish. And in the jar there is no longer whole grain, each seed is a through sieve.
It was she who worked - the bean weevil. Although the beetle of the caryopsis family is polyphagous (it can also feed on other crops), it will definitely not pass by beans.
The black, small (up to half a centimeter) bug is close to beans in its demands on conditions.
It can develop at 13°, or better yet, higher. Therefore, he is active when his favorite crop begins to grow.
Even the egg-laying of the grain is extended for a long time: beans ripen unevenly. And the female is looking for beans and lays eggs on them.
The weevil needs beans - ripening so that the larvae can feed on ripe grain.
The bean weevil tries to lay eggs in the cracks of cracking beans. If he doesn’t find any, he gnaws out a hole in the back seam connecting the flaps.
One miniature female will leave fifty eggs there. Record-breakers have been spotted saving four times as much.
It is not difficult to imagine the degree of harmfulness of the beetle. More than fifty larvae sometimes feed on one grain at once.
In three weeks they eat up the entire seed. They pupate there, and a week later the beetles emerge, leaving a holey shell of the seed.
The insect is nimble: it runs and flies quickly. It also spreads quickly.
If it is warmer than 10°C, then it breeds – constantly, as long as there is food. Can destroy all bean supplies.
If it is colder, it does not develop. But it doesn’t always die.
The larvae in the seeds can withstand zero temperatures for a month. Even minus four can be tolerated for half a month.
At this, or slightly lower, temperature, the adult beetles that have already emerged from the grains will die in the same amount of time.
Also small, only an oblong bug - less than half a centimeter.
Distributed everywhere, only the tundra zone did not attract its climate. Setae on the elytra, hence the name.
Protruding “surprised” eyes. The female is extremely fertile (more than 800 eggs); she lays eggs, roughly speaking, “anywhere.”
She simply scatters them wherever she has to: on the ground, on plants, wherever.
Uncovered, the eggs quickly dry out and become mobile at the slightest breeze. They fall to the ground and wait for the rains.
Rain mixes them with the soil. This is their habitat, the feeding place for future larvae.
The larvae hatch during the rainy season. If the drought drags on, some of them die without leaving the eggs.
The weevil has a curved, legless and eyeless larva, but it has a head.
The dining room of the larvae is the rhizosphere of the roots, menu: nodules on the roots of beans. While the larva is small, it rules inside the nodules; as it grows, it comes out.
The larva already has few nodules; along with feeding on them, it gnaws the surface of the roots.
For a month to a month and a half, the larva torments the root system of the bean, destroys the nodules and the roots themselves, then pupates in the ground.
Maybe close to the surface, or maybe thirty centimeters deep.
After another week and a half, hungry beetles emerge from the pupae. They go looking for young, succulent foliage.
They can find it in the upper tiers of beans if they are climbing, or they attack young bush leaves.
Some migrate to younger related legumes. The most far-sighted ones find alfalfa or clover.
There you can eat until it gets cold, and then overwinter in the soil under perennials.
If the weevil settles on beans, it harms it and subsequent crops in the crop rotation.
Losing nodules, the plant itself suffers and poorly enriches the soil with nitrogen. The voracious larvae thoroughly select this nitrogen along with the nodules.
The harvest drops significantly, and its quality also decreases: with damaged roots, the plant cannot function normally.
Control measures. If sown as early as possible, the beans will partially survive.
She will have time to rise and get stronger a little before the beetle wakes up. If there is alfalfa on the plot, it is worth thinking about what to choose.
The presence of a weevil on it will inevitably lead to it on the beans. When beans are more important, it is better to plow up the alfalfa and remove it from the garden.
Otherwise, the harmful beetle will be indestructible.
Agrotechnical measures:
This curbs the weevil infestation. If it was already present, then the seeds are treated with available insecticides before sowing.
A white, moth-like, almost microscopic (1 mm) insect. It is visible only because whiteflies are numerous.
The pest prefers greenhouses, but in warm weather it also goes into open ground.
It is classified into a separate family - whiteflies. Polyphage, polyphagous insect. The flat, pale green larva does not reach a millimeter even before pupation.
It only harms beans if they are grown in seedlings and the seedlings are grown in a greenhouse. There it attaches to the leaves from below and feeds, oppressing young plants.
The whitefly does not tolerate open ground well. If beans are sown in the ground, this is the most reliable protection against the pest.
If the seedling method is necessary, simply freeze the greenhouse in winter. The whitefly will not survive.
The pest is polyphagous, its harmfulness is great - it “mows down everything.”
Flattened, slippery, light gray. Despite its “softness”, it has hard teeth - a grater with tens of thousands of teeth.
It takes a long time for a slug to develop and grow: a year to a year and a half. The life of slugs ends with the laying of eggs.
An interesting fact from the “who would have thought” category: slugs have a mandatory element - mating games and dancing.
Newborn slugs eat egg shells and frozen eggs with embryos. They grow very quickly. After switching to vegetarianism, they grow more slowly.
They feed on greens and fruits during all stages of growth. Even if he doesn’t eat everything, he “takes a bite,” and damaged plants or their fruits are quickly colonized by pathogenic microflora, rot, and become sick.
In the fight against slugs, their need for high humidity is taken into account. Up to one hundred percent. Minimum – 90%.
If you remove all kinds of pest shelters from the site - boards, pieces of film or fabric, and dry the soil until the plants slightly wilt, there will be a massive death of slugs.
The beans will withstand temporary drought, the main thing is to choose the phase.
If it is not yet filling or blooming, it will not harm the culture at all. And the slug is just active in delicate greenery.
Without enough moisture, it is doomed. You can leave the listed shelters for the pest; it will gather under them.
Use it as a trap and remove it later.
Gray with a yellow tint, striped, small, no larger than a grain, a fly.
Small, but you wouldn’t say daring, but rather malicious. The pest is polyphagous, from a family with a beautiful name: flower girls.
Contrary to this name, it has nothing to do with flowers. Harmful to seedlings and seedlings. The sprout plant chooses the sprouts.
The eggs are laid in the surface layer of the earth; if there is no rain or watering, they die by drying out.
But when it is humid, almost imperceptible 1 mm larvae hatch. Transparent, jelly-like.
They turn white after a few days. From birth they are able to crawl and move far to find seedlings.
Along the way they eat plant remains. Having found a bean, they penetrate directly into the seed at the base of the sprout.
While the larva feeds, it increases in size sevenfold, becomes thick and dirty white.
The pest is polyphagous and feeds on almost all garden crops. Therefore, three generations give easily - they find food.
Crops are thinned out, surviving seedlings are weakened. Those who are damaged, if not killed, become ill: the gates of infection are open.
Agricultural technology can help in the following ways:
Sometimes during the summer flies, if the infestation is high, the crops are sprayed with insecticides, more often with phosphorus compounds.
But - before flowering and fruiting.
There are many varieties of aphids. It’s bad for crops that aphids are not picky.
They called her a melon grower, she will not strictly specialize in melons, and along the way she will find a lot of tasty things for herself nearby.
The melon bean aphid loves melon no less than melon. Just because an aphid sticks while feeding does not mean that it is clumsy.
Aphids are not tied to their feeding place; they are very mobile. Even in the larval stage.
And the adult flies; the female settlers (that’s what they are called) grow wings.
They look for new feeding areas and lay eggs there. A bean plantation can quickly become overrun by such harmful travelers.
And the development cycle of aphids is short, leaving behind several generations.
The aphid is only soft in appearance; it has a hard piercing-sucking apparatus, a kind of “syringe”. Pierces tissues and sucks out nutritional contents.
There are always a lot of aphids, they quickly oppress the beans: the leaves curl and wither. Shoots and buds are deformed.
The plant may die. If it survives, it will not grow, the fruits will be frail or will not ripen at all.
Aphids also spread diseases.
They fight with agricultural technology - fragrant umbellifers are sown nearby. Aphids are not afraid of smell, but the scent attracts the natural enemies of aphids that feed on them: hoverflies.
Just less poisons so as not to kill beneficial insects (entomophages).
Good care is additional insurance against aphids for beans. Strong plants are resistant not only to diseases.
Pests also attack the weak.
An ash-soap solution is effective against any aphids. No special dosage, a handful - two ash per bucket.
Place in a small container of soap (laundry soap), dilute with warm water. It’s easier this way – dissolve the soap in a small volume and in almost hot water.
Combine the solutions and mix. Let it sit overnight, and if it’s urgent, you can do it right away: strain and spray on the “invader.”
Sprayers with adjustable spray direction are good: the aphids sit on the bottom plate, from there you need to treat the leaf to be sure.
An emulsion of green soap, diluted according to the instructions, will also help.
There is also such an attack on garden and any other plants, even weeds. But legumes are her special passion; she never passes them by.
It seems difficult to classify dodder as a disease; it is closer to pests, but it cannot be called a pest either.
And it can stretch - the stems are thin, quickly growing, braiding in a spiral around the attacked plant.
These threads are less than half a millimeter thick. There are so many of them that they can braid the entire plant with their webs and spread even on the soil around them.
Dodder especially likes young, juicy, uncoarsened stems and leaves of garden crops.
The weed is quarantine, but it crosses quarantine posts with ease, it is very common.
Dodder on almost orange thin stems has many suckers. These are root substitutes.
By sucking, the dodder does not work to obtain food, like other plants. She simply “drinks” it, obtained by others, from their stems, where the suckers stick.
The plant on which the dodder has settled is depleted, not receiving the nutrition stolen by the uninvited lodger. Sick, withers, dies.
The dodder grows quickly, its leaves are not visible, they are so small, almost microscopic scales on the branches of the stem and inflorescences.
Dodder flowers are small – 2 mm, but numerous. They are located tightly, like balls.
In these balls (pods) a huge number of almost dust-like seeds ripen. When they are ripe, the dodder no longer draws juice if the bean plant is still alive.
She has enough reserves accumulated in the stem.
Dodder formerly had its own family: Cuseutaceae. This means dodder.
Now scientists have decided that it is closer to the bindweed (it climbs). When the beans curl along the support, we rejoice.
And the seeds can germinate even after 10 years.
If you notice a dodder in your garden, try to get rid of it immediately. An affected bean plant is doomed.
Either it will die from the dodder and become its breeding ground, or the owner needs to remove it. Uprooted and burned.
It is useless to pick the dodder; an unnoticeable fragment will remain somewhere and will bring the fight to naught.
And the area of the soil where the dodder was on the plants is subjected to chemical treatment. We need herbicides.
You can treat the soil without poisons, ammonium nitrate, or a strong solution (20%), but you also need to cover the adjacent land.
In production, they “burn out” with saltpeter or pesticides plus a one and a half meter radius around the hearth. At the dacha it is more difficult.
Agrotechnical measures – distance of legumes in crop rotation. Beans especially need to be protected from alfalfa.
Dodder is a frequent guest there; its seeds are mixed with alfalfa, and it is not easy to separate them.
– the plant itself is not particularly whimsical.
And it will grow wherever you want (though with different returns), and will tolerate a short delay in watering. It can do without fertilizing.
But the plant cannot do without your help, protection from aggressively besieging problems in the form of macro and microorganisms.
Timely assistance will be as useful as a spoon for dinner. Then the beans will come in handy for dinner in due time - for you.
Pay attention to her and make each other happy all year round.
See you soon, dear readers!
There are many types of aphids, very different from each other. Green and black aphids are especially common and well-known. Aphids lead a very active lifestyle. Their eggs overwinter on certain plants and in cracks in tree bark. In the spring, the eggs hatch into females, which produce live larvae until the end of summer.
An adult aphid is a small insect, 1 to 5 mm in size, green or black in color. In mid-summer, some individuals grow wings. These aphids travel long distances to find new food sources.
Aphids live on stems and the underside of leaves, on the tops of young shoots, giving preference to fattening branches (tops). Garden ants play an important role in the life of aphids. They settle larvae and adults along plant branches, protect them from predatory insects, literally graze them, receiving in return the sweet sugary secretions of aphids.
The damage caused to plants by aphids is underestimated by many, but in vain. Aphids suck plant sap from stems and leaves, buds and buds. The leaves of the affected plant curl, the buds and shoots are deformed, growth slows down, and the fruits do not ripen. The affected, weakened plant may not survive the winter. In addition to direct damage, aphids transmit viral diseases; black sooty fungus (black sooty mildew) settles on the sugary secretions of aphids.
Control measures. Vegetable beans are often damaged by black aphids. It is combated by spraying with a 2–4% emulsion of green soap. The signal for spraying will be the appearance of pests on the plants.
You can plant umbrella plants - carrots, dill, fennel, parsley and others - and thereby attract aphid eaters - hoverflies - to the garden. You can also place flower pots with wood shavings in the garden - earwigs, who are also big fans of aphids, can live in them.
Thyme (savory), sown next to legumes, will protect them from black aphids.
You should not abuse chemicals unless absolutely necessary - together with the pests, you destroy their enemies: hoverflies, earwigs, ladybugs, lacewings, ichneumon wasps, ground beetles and predatory bugs.
Balanced feeding of plants is very important - aphids prefer plants that are overfed or weak from a lack of nutrients. In addition, it is important to loosen the soil under the plants, or better yet, mulch.
Abundant watering with liquid nettle fertilizer can sometimes drive out aphids in a few days. Plants quickly absorb this nutritious, strengthening mixture and therefore, after a short time, become more resistant to pests.
Blackleg
The wilting of legumes is the result of damage to the vascular-conducting system of the plant, which disrupts the water supply. The plant loses turgor, the top of its stem droops, the leaves turn yellow, wither, and the plant quickly dries out. The vessels of the roots, stem, leaf petioles, and peduncles acquire a red-brown color with various shades (visible in the section). The plant is easily pulled out of the soil.
In vegetable beans, the cause of wilting is the black leg: the root collar of the plant turns brown, becomes thinner, and sometimes becomes covered with a dirty white coating consisting of mycelium. Plants wither, droop, and are easily pulled out. Infection occurs mainly through the soil, where the fungus overwinters.
Root rot and wilt can become widespread in wet spring conditions. Planting pea and bean seeds too deeply into waterlogged soil also increases the number of diseased plants. Seeds on diseased plants either do not set at all, or are formed underdeveloped, puny, with discoloration, and often carry infectious diseases.
Rust
Rust is characterized by the appearance in wet weather of smearing, first red and then black pads on the underside of leaves. Leaves affected by rust dry out prematurely. With severe damage, the disease spreads to the leaves and seeds, which sharply reduces the yield.
The fungus primarily affects beans and peas, transferring to them from milkweed. If the milkweed becomes covered with bright yellow pads, it means it is becoming a breeding ground for disease. Even with a light wind, the spores fly to the pea crops and massive infection of the crops occurs. The same pads form on peas as on milkweed. By autumn they turn black. Leaves with pads gradually dry out. In beans, the disease manifests itself in the form of small brown pads on the leaves and ripening beans. Growing spots lead to the death of the entire plant. The fungus overwinters in the root system of milkweed. If there is no milkweed nearby, the fungus is content with the plant remains of beans.
Early pea varieties are less affected by rust than late ones.
Measure of struggle. Young plants affected by rust can be saved by spraying with a 1% suspension solution of Bordeaux mixture before flowering occurs. The first spraying is carried out when signs of disease appear, and the second after 10–15 days.
It is also necessary to destroy the intermediate host of the milkweed disease. This must be done as milkweed appears on crops or next to legumes.
Plant remains of diseased crops are destroyed immediately after harvesting. Peas and beans should not be allowed to be sown in the same place earlier than after 3-4 years.
Ascochyta blight
Ascochyta blight is the most dangerous pea disease in years with humid, warm weather. It is characterized by the appearance on leaves, stems and pods of round or elongated spots with a brown border, a light gray center and black dots.
The disease is transmitted through seeds that become infected from diseased bean leaves. When beans are damaged in the scapula phase, the seeds do not develop at all. Infected seeds lose their viability or produce weak seedlings and plants. In young diseased plants, the root collar rots.
Sugar pea varieties are more affected by ascochyta blight. Of the shelling varieties, the brain varieties with large-grained round seeds suffer more, and the varieties with medium-small seeds suffer less. Increased infection of peas with ascochyta blight in humid climates is facilitated by excess nitrogen nutrition.
With ascochyta blight of beans, all above-ground parts of the plant are affected and the first signs of the disease are detected already on the seedlings. Round light brown spots with a dark brown rim form on the leaves. The stems have the same spots, but are elongated.
Damage to beans is typical: they have spots, deep in the form of ulcers. From the bean valves, the infection penetrates into the seeds and they turn brown. The disease manifests itself strongly at the end of the growing season, during the period of formation and ripening of seeds.
Necessary control measures with ascochyta blight are sowing healthy seeds and placing supports for tall sugar pea varieties. (If there are supports, the crops are better ventilated.)
A good means of disinfecting pea seeds is to treat them with granosan (3–5 g per 1 kg of seeds) or TMTD (4–5 g per 1 kg of seeds). Treating is best done 2-3 weeks before sowing. The pickled seeds should be kept in a bag covered with oilcloth (tarpaulin).
In addition, careful and timely harvesting and immediate drying of seeds can help; clearing fields of residues followed by deep fall plowing.
Fusarium
Fusarium is also a very dangerous disease. Fusarium diseases are diseases of many cultivated and wild plants caused by imperfect fungi of the genus Fusarium.
Pathogens persist for a long time in the soil and on plant debris in the form of mycelium, chlamydospores or perithecia; enter plants through the root system and the lower part of the stem. The source of infection can also be contaminated seeds and seedlings.
The rapid development of the disease is facilitated by unfavorable abiotic factors (sharp fluctuations in temperature and humidity of air and soil, lack of soil nutrition, etc.), weakening the plant, damage by insects, etc. With fusarium wilts, damage and death of plants occur due to a sharp disruption of vital functions due to blockage vessels by the mycelium of the fungus and the release of toxic substances by it.
In leguminous grasses, when fusarium blight occurs, the roots turn brown and rot, and the base of the root collar is destroyed. The fungus develops from the root collar up the stem, affecting the vascular system of the plant. It causes complete death of young plants, and causes leaf wilting in older plants. A coating in the form of pink or reddish pads appears on the leaves; the leaves wither and dry out quickly. The disease manifests itself in warm weather with high humidity. Large-seeded varieties of vegetable beans are especially affected.
Control measures: compliance with crop rotation, growing disease-resistant varieties, removing and burning plant residues, treating seeds with granosan, mercuran, etc., treating crops with pesticides, using healthy seeds and seedlings, applying increased doses of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, liming and draining soils.
Nodule weevils
Nodule weevils are a genus of beetles in the weevil family. These weevils are widespread wherever legumes are cultivated, because they most often damage leguminous crops and perennial leguminous grasses. Beetles eat leaves. The larvae damage nitrogen-fixing nodules and roots of legumes in the soil.
For annual legumes, two widespread types are most dangerous. The striped nodule weevil is a gray beetle with a body length of 3.5–5.6 mm. The gray bristle weevil has a body length of 2.8–4.5 mm, elytra have black spots and long white setae. Both species belong to the order of beetles, the family of weevils. The first breeds mainly in humid areas, the second - in dry areas.
Beetles overwinter in the surface layer of soil and under plant debris, mainly in areas with perennial leguminous grasses. In spring, the awakening of beetles begins very early, in the first half of April.
Initially, the beetles feed on the leaves of perennial leguminous plants, and with the emergence of shoots of annual plants, they move to them. In the second half of summer, a new generation of beetles emerges, which after feeding for some time fly to their wintering areas.
Control measures With by this pest: early sowing of annual legumes; use of early and mid-ripening varieties; liming of acidic soils and the addition of nitragine to enhance the development of nodules; early harvesting and immediate plowing of the field; treatment of seeds and crops with insecticides.
As preventive measures and control, it is proposed: treating seeds with complex disinfectants, spraying crops, especially seedlings, with insecticides (40% e. of metaphos - 0.4 l/ha).
When cultivating the soil, some of the overwintering stock dies, which leads to a decrease in the number of overwintering root nodule weevils. However, under favorable conditions, focal weevil damage is possible. Chemical treatments may be required on pulse crops.
Pea weevil (bruchus)
This is a beetle only 0.5 cm long, with a spot on the elytra that looks like a white cross. It is especially common in the Non-Black Earth Region, where it causes irreparable damage to legumes.
The female pest is often called pea weevil. They lay eggs on young shoots of legumes. Beetles feed on pollen from various plants, but they always damage legumes.
After 2 weeks, the eggs located on the pea flaps hatch into larvae that gnaw through the bean flaps and penetrate the unripe grain. Small chambers are formed in the peas, where only one larva is located, and pupation occurs there. The pupation process takes several weeks.
Damaged grain can be easily detected by a round dark spot on the shell. If the beetle leaves the pea, it leaves a noticeable round hole.
In the southern regions of Russia, beetles emerge from peas to overwinter under various plant remains on the soil surface or indoors. In the Non-Black Earth Region, however, the beetles remain in peas for the winter.
Bruchus can be detected and distinguished from other pests by its oviposition. The eggs in them are amber-yellow in color and 1 mm long.
Control measures. Agrotechnical and chemical control methods should be used. Reducing the area under peas, carrying out preventive treatments against the pest lead to a decrease in the number of the pest, and remove crops from wintering areas of the bruchus.
Early sowing of peas, deep loosening of the soil and autumn plowing are quite effective in combating bruchus.
If some of the peas are lost during harvesting, deep digging of the soil is required in the fall. It’s even better to treat the area with Mantis or Honda walk-behind tractors so that the grains on the soil surface remain in the ground. In this case, the bruchus will not be able to get out of the deep layers of the soil to the surface. But it is better to avoid loss of harvest, not to be late in harvesting and not to wait for the time when the fruits begin to crack.
If the grains still turn out to be infected with bruchus, you should make a concentrated solution of table salt and pour the peas intended for sowing into it. The bruchus peas will rise to the surface and can thus be easily removed from the seed.
Among the chemical control measures, it is worth noting the treatment of pea beds during flowering with karbofos (60 g of the drug per 10 liters of water). This treatment is carried out only three times at intervals of about a week.
Pea aphid
Among other numerous species of aphids, the pea aphid stands out for its large size: its length reaches 5 mm. The color of the insect is green, the limbs are long. You should never spray with chlorophos: it has recently been banned due to its toxicity.
In Russia, it is difficult to find regions where these types of pea aphids do not cause enormous damage to pea crops and other plants from the legume family, both on large farms and on individual plots.
The eggs of the pea aphid are black, elongated-oval in shape. They are found in clutches on the root parts of the stems of legumes - clover, alfalfa, etc. They overwinter there. In the spring, larvae emerge from them, which suck the juices from the plants in May. Foundress females emerge from the larvae and develop without fertilization. The female dispersers, which also form from larvae, fly to legumes.
Wingless females are especially dangerous for peas, producing up to 170 larvae. After 2 weeks, the pest development cycle ends.
Aphids greatly harm peas during flowering. At the ends of the growths, accumulations of aphids inhibit the growth and development of plants, sharply reducing the yield. When the peas begin to ripen and their stems become coarser, the winged aphids that appear during this period fly to the succulent shoots of perennial legumes. There the development of sexual individuals occurs by mid-autumn, which is accompanied by the creation of new ovipositions, after which the aphids go to winter.
Control measures. To destroy pea aphid eggs, it is necessary to mow the perennial grasses near the pea beds as low as possible in the spring. You should not choose late-ripening pea varieties for sowing: the earlier the grains ripen, the less likely there are large crop losses on the site. In spring, it is better not to be late in sowing peas.
If these measures do not bring the desired results, no later than three weeks before harvesting, only the seed shoots can be treated with karbofos (60 g per 10 liters of water).
Pea moth
Leaf aphids and codling moths cause significant damage to fields, sometimes threatening the cultivation of field peas.
The pea codling moth is a small butterfly with a wingspan of only 1.5 cm. It causes irreparable damage to crops of peas, vetch and other legumes. In appearance, she is elegant, dark brown, chooses places for laying eggs during the flowering of peas and lays up to 300 eggs. From 2 to 4 seeds in a damaged bean are eaten or devastated, contaminated with grains of insect excrement - this is the harmful result of the activity of the tiny moth caterpillar.
The pea moth is sometimes called leaf roller, since, in addition to damaged fruits, the most injured leaf blades on plants curl up.
From the end of May to July, codling moths fly out “to hunt.” After a few days, females lay up to 100 eggs. Sepals, stipules and the leaves themselves and young beans are the main places for laying eggs. The eggs of the moth are light at first, then darken, becoming yellow. At this time, they become increasingly difficult to detect on leaves and beans.
After 6-14 days, caterpillars appear and, through the holes they gnaw in the seams of the beans, make their way inside to the pea, gnawing at it and feeding on it for three weeks. Then they climb out and begin to pupate in the top layer of soil and fall asleep until the next season. After overwintering, the resulting moths fly out and easily find pea crops. In search of a new habitat, moths easily cover 2–3 km per day.
Thus, the main damage to the crop is caused by caterpillars. They can and should be exterminated in a very short period from birth to their introduction into the bean.
Damaged seeds cannot be used for food, and they do not sprout.
Control measures. The fight against the pea codling moth is made easier by the fact that during the growing season only one generation of the pest is born, but it is quite numerous, and therefore everything possible must be done to prevent it from appearing.
Damage can be reduced using indirect methods. After harvesting, deep plowing is carried out on the pea plot, which entails additional costs.
When drying peas after threshing, you need to loosen the soil deeper in this area. Before loosening, it is necessary to carefully remove from the area the plant remains of peas, vetch and other legumes on which the codling moth was found.
In addition, early sowing of early ripening pea varieties can be carried out. On these crops, it is difficult for the codling moth to lay eggs, or it does not have time to do so at all. Peas should be grown in well-ventilated fields, which prevents the flight of moths.
Chemicals. Insecticides do not have the desired effect due to the limited period of their use. And repeated use of drugs is not permissible.
Therefore, it is necessary to have time to chemically treat the crops before the caterpillar penetrates the bean. After implementation, processing of results does not produce results. The most effective and well-known means of chemical control are drugs based on lambda - cyhalothrin. They have the necessary properties against the pea codling moth.
If eggs and larvae do appear, you can spray the crops of peas and other leguminous plants twice with solutions or infusions of dandelion leaves or onion peels.
White rot (sclerotinia)
This is a fungal disease that can affect many types of plants. White rot is also dangerous for peas and beans. Beans are not affected as often as other plants, but the symptoms are just as severe.
As a rule, mushrooms develop on stems near the surface of the earth. Then the stems and beans are affected. Characteristic signs of the disease are softening and whitening of the affected tissues, the formation of abundant white mycelium on the surface and inside the stem and beans. Later, rather large black sclerotia of the fungus form on it.
The infection can accumulate from year to year in the soil in the form of sclerotia, especially when crops affected by white rot are frequently cultivated in the same area. The causative agent of white rot is transmitted with the seeds of peas and beans.
White rot is especially dangerous, as it can simultaneously infect umbelliferous plants (parsley, carrots and others), as well as lettuce, cucumbers and sunflowers. The mycelium has enormous destructive power, growing especially actively in regions with high soil and air humidity. This is also facilitated by cold springs with prolonged precipitation. In such areas, pea varieties with lodging stems in contact with contaminated soil, which transmit the infection primarily to tissues close to the sources of white rot infection, should not be cultivated.
Control measures. The main measures to reduce the harmfulness of white rot for peas and beans are compliance with crop rotation, removal of diseased plants from the field, especially in seed plots, and optimal sowing times.
Good results are obtained by applying large doses of potassium and phosphorus mineral fertilizers, timely sowing and frequent, but not too abundant watering, fertilizing with phosphorus and potassium. Regular inspection of crops makes it possible to timely identify and remove infected plants and prevent the massive spread of the disease.
For sowing, only treated legume seeds should be used.
For peas and beans, areas with previously cultivated crops that are not affected by white rot should be selected. After removing the pods and beans, all plant debris must be removed and burned after threshing.
Bacteriosis of beans
Bacterial plant diseases are diseases caused by bacteria. They cause great harm to many plant species. The lesions can be general, causing the death of the entire plant or its individual parts, appear on the roots (root rot), in the vascular system (vascular diseases); local, limited to disease of individual parts or organs of the plant, and also manifests itself on parenchymal tissues (parenchymal diseases - rot, spotting, burns); may be of a mixed nature.
The occurrence and development of bacteriosis depends on the presence of an infectious onset and the degree of susceptibility of the plant, as well as on environmental factors, by changing which the course of the infectious process can be controlled.
There are several bean bacterioses.
But they are all persistent and long-lasting diseases. The infection can remain viable in seeds for many years. In plant debris, bacteriosis is active until the aboveground and root systems are completely rotted, as well as in the soil where diseased specimens grew.
Control measures. Sick plants should be sprayed with a solution of Bordeaux mixture at 1% concentration. When light yellow spots appear on the cotyledons, turning brown as bacteriosis develops, spraying with Bordeaux mixture must be carried out as quickly as possible, otherwise the infection can spread to the growth points and completely destroy the bean seedlings.
Fertilizing with mineral phosphorus and potassium fertilizers increases resistance to bacteriosis. Re-sowing beans in the same place is possible only after 3-4 years.
The seeds are heated at a temperature of 50 °C for 6–8 hours or 90 minutes at a temperature of 58–60 °C with hot air. The usual bean sowing dates for a particular region should be observed.
Since the infection is transmitted through various cracks and mechanical damage, traditional pests should not be allowed to develop on bean crops. It is necessary to discard puny seeds that are affected at an early stage, and brown ones that are affected later in the development of the plant, when the spots of bacteriosis become shiny and as if varnished.
Anthracnose
Beans are the most affected by anthracnose. On diseased seedlings (cotyledons, stems), round or irregularly shaped, depressed, brown spots appear. On the leaves, the fungus first causes the veins to turn brown, and small brown or indefinitely shaped spots appear along them. The leaf flesh turns yellow and dies, and the leaf becomes perforated.
The spots on the beans are initially small, brown, red or reddish. Then they are pressed in, the center becomes dark, but a yellow-brown or reddish border is formed at the edges. At the bottom of the ulcer, whitish-orange, pinkish pads later appear, which, when dry, look like brown crusts.
If the infection is severe, the entire bean valve may become ulcerated; the fungus infects it through, perforates and infects the seeds. Gray-brown spots appear on diseased seeds. In wet weather, the seeds rot, shrink, and become lighter in weight. The development of the disease is favored by damp, cool (15–19 °C) weather.
Basic control measures with disease - destruction of plant residues after harvesting; cutting out and burning parts of the plant most severely damaged by anthracnose; spraying with 1% Bordeaux mixture.
Mosaic of legumes
Mosaic plant diseases are a group of viral diseases characterized by mosaic (variegated) colors of the affected organs (mainly leaves and fruits), alternating spots of various sizes and shapes, having a green or white color of varying intensity. The shape of the leaf blade changes, the plant lags behind in growth. Mosaic is transmitted through seeds, with the sap of diseased plants during picking seedlings, during pinching, contact of diseased and healthy plants and slight mutual injury, for example, by wind.
Viruses spread through the sap of diseased plants, contaminated seeds, sucking insects (aphids), herbivorous mites, and when using tools without intermediate disinfection.
Mechanical carriers of the virus are aphids, bedbugs, mites, soil nematodes.
Control measures with a mosaic of beans, peas, beans: you need to keep in mind that viral diseases are practically untreatable. Losses are especially high when seedlings are damaged in the early stages.
Diseased plants with mosaic symptoms should be removed immediately.
It is necessary to remove all weeds, even between rows, and fight aphids in a timely manner (spray with insecticides).
Seeds should be taken only from healthy plants or subjected to appropriate processing.
To prevent the virus from being introduced into leaf tissue, aphids and leaf-eating pests should not be allowed to multiply in the garden bed. Weeds from the cruciferous family must be removed not only between the rows, but also outside the garden. Before planting in the garden, you should carefully inspect the upper part of the leaves of the plants. It is not recommended to plant plants in the same place where a mosaic infection was discovered in previous years.
Pea thrips
In the central zone of the Russian Federation it damages the tops of shoots, buds and beans of peas, beans, and vetch. Affected shoots grow slowly and show thrips excrement in the form of black spots. The buds do not open, the beans acquire a silver color, become deformed and remain empty.
Adult thrips and larvae are harmful. Females are dark brown or black, 1.4–1.8 mm long with two pairs of very narrow, fringed wings. The fore wings are darker than the hind wings, their base and apex are light. The antennae are eight-segmented, their third and fourth segments are yellow. The tibiae of the front legs and all the tarsi are also yellow. On the front legs there is a tooth-shaped outgrowth. Males are smaller than females and have horn-like outgrowths on the eighth abdominal segment. Their antennae are lighter than their body. Adult thrips fly from late May to mid-July.
Control measures. Spatial isolation of pea areas affected by thrips is necessary. In the fall, after harvesting, the soil undergoes deep cultivation.
Treatment with karbofos is carried out in areas with peas intended for seed purposes. Concentration of the drug for spraying: 60 g per 10 liters of water.
In addition, crop rotation and spatial isolation of legume crops will be useful. You can also spray crops with insecticides during the growing season.
Root rot
Root rot is especially harmful to seedlings and young plants and can cause their complete death. In humid weather, a white, pinkish or purple coating of mycelium with denser pads or abundant bacterial mucus forms on the affected areas of the roots and stem.
In peas, root rot begins with damage to the basal part of the seedling stem, at the site of attachment of the cotyledons. The infection then spreads up the stem and down to the roots. Leaves on diseased plants turn yellow, curl, dry out and fall off.
Characteristic signs of bean root rot disease at the beginning of the growing season are the formation of constrictions near the root collar (where the stem borders the soil surface), as a result of which the base of the stem becomes thinner than the upper part (above the constriction).
In vegetable beans, signs of root rot appear on the roots, root collar and base of the stem. Diseased tissues turn black, as if charred. Blackening with a partial red tint sometimes appears along the edges of the leaves. Then the leaves quickly droop, dry out, as if scorched by fire, and die.
Control measures. Correct crop rotation should be observed and peas should be planted in the same place no earlier than after 6 years. For sowing, only carefully treated seeds should be used. The main methods in the fight against fungal infection are agrotechnical methods. Before sowing, the soil must be cultivated deeply and the correct sowing time must be observed.
In autumn it is necessary to carry out deep fall plowing. After harvesting, it is imperative to destroy all plant debris, especially the diseased root system of legumes, which is a source of active spread of fungal infection in the area.
Whitefly
Whitefly is a dangerous and very common pest. It is capable of producing up to 15 generations per year in greenhouse conditions. In the open ground it feeds on various plants, including beans.
The body length is 2–2.65 mm, and four white wings are attached to the yellowish body. The larvae are pale green with red eyes.
The whitefly easily adapts to any soil and climatic conditions and is found everywhere in Russia. By sucking the juice from young plants, the whitefly helps weaken them. Whitefly provokes the appearance of sooty fungus on depleted plants; its black coating is easy to notice closer to autumn on many vegetable plants. Despite their low mobility, the 3 mm larvae, when attached to the leaves, greatly deplete them, leading to weakening of the plants and the fall of damaged leaves in the area of mass accumulation of larvae.
Control measures. Considering the active fertility of whiteflies, plants should not be left alone with this extremely dangerous insect, either in a greenhouse or in the open air. Do not leave plant debris in greenhouses, hotbeds and open ground beds. After removing debris and various plant debris, sprinkle them with a layer of soil.
Powdery mildew
This disease does not affect seedlings. Its symptoms appear already during the flowering period. A white powdery coating covers the leaves and stems, leads to the death of the leaf apparatus, and can last until the end of the growing season, until it completely suppresses the growth and development of beans and peas. The first signs are easier to detect on the stems. It looks like they are lightly floured. The hotter the summer and the drier the air, the smaller the harvest and the worse its quality. After harvesting, the disease persists in plant debris.
Control measures. We must try to identify signs of the disease as early as possible in order to spray with a 1% suspension of colloidal sulfur (50–60 g of liquid per hundred square meters). Instead, you can pollinate diseased plants with ground sulfur (250–300 g of sulfur powder is required per hundred square meters). Post-harvest residues are destroyed immediately. On the day of harvesting, sulfur treatment is prohibited. You cannot plant beans and peas in the same place for several years in a row. Crop rotation should be observed.
Sprout fly
This is an insect of the true fly family; pest of various agricultural plants. Body length 3–5 mm; gray, wings transparent.
Distributed in Europe, Asia, North America, and everywhere in Russia.
The damage is mainly caused by the larvae, damaging the swollen seeds and shoots of peas, beans, and beans.
Pupae overwinter mainly in false cocoons in the soil and on crops. Flies fly out in the spring when the birch tree is flowering.
Control measures. Autumn plowing and careful application of organic fertilizers; pre-sowing treatment of seeds with insecticides; sowing at optimal times; watering the soil with insecticides during the period of larval hatching; destruction of post-harvest residues.
Experienced gardeners recommend not planting vegetable seeds too close to the soil surface and not leaving fresh manure on the ground intended for spreading under vegetables - flies will accumulate there. For sowing, you need to purchase seeds treated with a 1.5% suspension of the drug tigam.
In addition, it is necessary to create all the most important conditions for the rapid germination of seeds and the active development of seedlings and seedlings. Timely loosening of the soil, application of organomineral composts, fertilizing with fast-acting mineral fertilizers, and abundant watering during dry periods are useful. After harvesting in the fall, all weeds are destroyed.
melon aphid
This type of insect damages about 50 different plant species. The melon aphid is a sucking insect.
1.2–2 mm long, color from yellow to dark green, almost black. The larvae are yellow or green. Aphids or larvae overwinter in weeds. In the spring, at an air temperature of 12 °C, they begin to reproduce, feeding first on weeds and then moving on to cultivated plants.
Colonies of aphids settle on the underside of leaves, shoots, flowers and ovaries, causing them to curl, wrinkle and dry out. Sometimes fungi develop on the surface of the leaves, on the sweet secretions of aphids, forming a white coating.
Control measures. To deprive aphids of normal conditions for wintering, it is necessary to remove all weeds from the summer cottage in the autumn.
Collecting overwintering ladybugs under fallen leaves and releasing them into the greenhouse; spraying with a soap solution (100–200 g) or lye (200 g of ash and 50 g of soap).
From folk remedies, the fight is carried out by spraying with infusion of fresh red hot peppers: take 30 g of chopped fresh capsicum and 200 g of tobacco dust per 10 liters of hot (60 ° C) water, leave for 24 hours, then stir well and filter. Add 1 tbsp to the strained infusion. a spoonful of liquid soap and 2-3 tbsp. spoons of wood ash. Spend 1–2 liters per 1 m2, depending on the number of aphids. Spraying is repeated after 6–7 days.
Infusions and decoctions of tobacco (tobacco dust or tobacco tops) help destroy aphids almost completely, but if this does not help, you need to use pesticides.
You can also sprinkle the plants with a solution of ash and soap: 2 cups of wood ash pour 10 liters. hot water, add 1 tbsp. a spoonful of liquid soap and leave for a day, then filter and spray the plants in warm, calm weather. A good effect is achieved by a solution of "Karbofos" (60 g per 10 liters of warm - 30 ° C - water), which is sprayed inside the greenhouse, the roof, paths, ground and only lightly the plants. Spraying is carried out in sunny weather; the windows and doors in the greenhouse should be closed at this time. The air becomes suffocating and the aphids die. If plants are sprayed with Karbofos, then take 40 g of Karbofos per 10 liters of water. Spray the entire plant, but more on the underside of the leaves. 1 hour after treatment, the surface of the bed must be loosened to a depth of 2–3 cm, but one must try not to damage the upper roots of the plants.
To combat aphids, the newest drug “Iskra DE” is used. In addition, the drug "Iskra DE" contains potassium fertilizer. Take 1 tablet (10 g) per 10 liters of water, dilute and spray. Before spraying, be sure to remove the fruits. The second newest drug against aphids is “Commander”, take 1 ml per 10 liters of water, solution consumption per 100 m 2.
