Government and industry standards are designed to protect people from purchasing low-quality products. Manufacturers are obliged to produce products that comply with all established standards so that serious problems do not arise. Each consumer should pay close attention to these data, as they all have important quality implications. You need to be able to distinguish these data, just like specifications, as well as the areas in which they operate.
The state standard (GOST) is created for products of inter-industry significance. This normative act aims to ensure the quality of raw materials, services and other products. All market participants are required to comply with these rules. IN Lately GOSTs no longer have such a colossal influence on manufacturers of goods as they did before, and are being replaced by technical regulations. However, state standards are still important and are used in all CIS countries. Standards are adopted by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (IGS).
An industry standard (OST) is created for products of industry importance. As a rule, it is created in those industries where state standards need serious improvement or are completely absent. If a manufacturing company operates in an area where there are industry standards, then compliance with them is mandatory. Based on the emerging industry standard, a future state standard is already being developed. Approval of an industry standard must be made by the government agency or ministry that is responsible for the industry. This structure is also responsible for ensuring that manufacturers comply with this standard.
Technical specifications are drawn up directly by manufacturers, after which they are certified by the ministry responsible for the industry, which may make minor amendments. Similar situations arise when government or industry standards are too demanding or, conversely, do not sufficiently describe the requirements. Manufacturing companies often resort to creating their own technical specifications in order to certify their products. This method is faster and less expensive than trying to bring products into compliance with standards that have long been outdated. Usually, technical specifications represent clarifications to state standards for those data that are not sufficiently described. Manufacturers create conditions based on their own ideas about production methods and methods.
The main difference between OST and GOST is their scope of application. If state standards are mandatory for all market segments and for each manufacturing company, then industry standards are important only for a specific industry, and in others they simply will not be valid. The difference also lies in the body that develops one or another standard. If GOST is under the control of the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification, then the department or ministry responsible for this or that industry is responsible for OST.
Industry standards do not replace GOST standards in some areas specific situations. They are created in cases where the state standard requires clarification or when in a particular industry there is no clear indication regarding a particular situation. When developing a state standard, some points are not taken into account, while OST requires full compliance with GOST. Another difference is that products that must pass state certification must comply with state standards. For those goods that do not require certification, compliance with industry standards will be sufficient.
Similar differences can be found between state standards and technical specifications. In terms of their characteristics, the technical conditions are much closer to industry standards than to GOSTs. So, unlike GOST, technical conditions are created by entrepreneurs-manufacturers. Technical conditions are much less significant and are often not taken into account at all. The thing is that many manufacturers create technical specifications based on their own ideas about product quality, and people competent for certification may have too superficial an understanding of this topic to take into account all the points. As a result, other manufacturing companies from the same industry do not strive to comply with these technical conditions, but choose exclusively state standards, since it is their compliance that will help them pass state certification. Only state standards undergo strict testing before publication. They are examined by competent people in special laboratories. Involved in the creation and approval of GOST a large number of experts, which is why they are considered mandatory to comply with all quality standards.
GOSTs were mandatory, that is, everyone had to comply with them. Violation of the requirements of the standard entailed the withdrawal of goods from stores and a ban on the production of non-standard products.
GOST is a state standard, used not only in the Russian Federation, but also in the CIS countries
GOST R - state standard of Russia
In European countries and the United States, voluntary application of standards is the norm. All enterprises try to strictly follow the requirements of the standards, otherwise their goods simply will not be bought.
In Russia it’s a completely different matter: the mentality is much different... And manufacturers, even conscientious ones, began to produce food products according to specifications, without complying with the requirements of GOST and GOST R. What is not prohibited by law is permitted...
GOSTs strictly regulate the raw materials that should be used to produce a particular product, the additives used, and the approved recipe. Producing food products according to GOST standards is not always beneficial for manufacturers. The cost can be high. And accordingly their competitiveness decreases.
Food enterprises took an easier path, began to change the recipe, and use substitutes for both main and additional raw materials. And these goods began to be produced according to specifications.
Let's understand this situation using specific examples.
For example, only raw meat is used to produce Doctor’s sausage. premium(it completely lacks connective tissue).
Many of you remember that taste of a real Doctorate. From 1 kg of meat you can make only 700 g of sausage. The cost is high, the profitability is low. It is much easier to replace some of the raw meat with soy protein.
It is many times cheaper. And its moisture-holding capacity is higher, that is, you can add more water, and accordingly produce more sausage. Previously, such sausage was called using the brand name: Doctorskaya Extra, Doctorskaya New, Doctorskaya in Country Style, and the like.
But then manufacturers were prohibited from using the brand name and confusingly similar words. But they got out of the situation - they called Doctor.
Now we can produce meat, meat-containing products and analogues of meat products.
According to standards:
Meat products must contain at least 60% meat (previously 100%).Basically, only meat products are produced in accordance with GOST and GOST R, the rest according to TU.
There are meat-containing types: meat-vegetable (30-60%) and vegetable-meat (5-30%).
Meat analogues contain no more than 5%.
So when choosing meat products, pay attention to what technical documentation it was produced, what is included in its composition, and in what quantity!
The picture is similar in the dairy industry. They produce dairy, milk compound and milk-containing products. Non-dairy raw materials are added to dairy products, but not to replace them, but to expand the range.
For example, yogurt with pieces of fruit or jam, curd mass with raisins.
Various non-dairy components are added to milk-containing products to replace raw milk. They must contain at least 20% milk, and milk fat- at least 50%. Soy protein, milk fat substitutes - palm oil, modified fats can be used here. You understand that it is much more profitable to produce milk-containing products.
The recommendations for choosing dairy products are the same. Read the labeling, especially the ingredients. Don't be confused by the usual packaging. Sometimes unscrupulous manufacturers use famous brands to label their counterfeit products.
As an example, the well-known blue packaging for whole condensed milk with sugar can be used for packaging canned milk containing milk, and even called “Condensed milk”. You and I are accustomed to simply calling it that way. This is the habit they use.
Now about oil and fat products. Margarine has been produced since the last century. We are already used to it. It was specially developed to replace butter. The trouble is that it is produced from modified vegetable oils- hydrogenated and transesterified. Frying with margarine is good, but using modified oils leads to adverse consequences.
Recently a new product appeared on our market with the “purely Russian” name SPREAD. Translated from English - a product for spreading. The spread can be creamy-vegetable, vegetable-creamy and vegetable-fat.
And these products belong to different groups of food products. Creamy vegetable to dairy, it contains 50-95% milk fat.
Vegetable-cream (milk fat 15-49%) and vegetable-fat (maybe without milk fat) spread are already classified as fat and oil products. In my opinion, this is consumer deception with the permission of the state. These spreads can be classified as cream or regular margarines, and their price is several times higher...
A few words about tea. Although we have GOST for tea, many tea-packing factories produce their products according to specifications.
Of course, in our Krasnodar region There are tea plantations, but their raw materials are not enough. Factory-made tea is purchased from tropical countries, and blending (mixing) is carried out at our factories. different varieties tea, packaged and sent to the market.
It is profitable for manufacturers to buy cheap teas, or old tea, then mix it with more valuable varieties to give a more or less “decent” taste.
Finding quality tea in our market is quite problematic. The quality of the tea leaves much to be desired.
Some signs of low-quality tea:
After brewing black tea, open the teapot and smell the tea leaves. If there is a smell of hay or grass, then the tea is old.
Look at the tea in the white cup. If the edges of the cup's rim are the color of tea with a greenish tint, then the tea is also old.
So, I gave you some examples the right choice food products. Of course, I would like to say that GOST products are much better and safer than TU products.
But there are pitfalls here too. Some unscrupulous manufacturers take advantage of increased consumer demands for product quality.
They may indicate GOST on their counterfeit product, but not the one that regulates the quality of the product itself, but according to which, for example, packaging is produced.
In this case, I can recommend checking what standard is indicated on the product packaging. Just go to the Internet and enter the specified GOST in a search engine. And everything will be clear right away. If a specific name of the product is written, for example, boiled sausage, and the phrase “technical conditions”, “general technical conditions”, then this product is produced according to the standard.
GOSTs were mandatory, that is, everyone had to comply with them. Violation of the requirements of the standard entailed the withdrawal of goods from stores and a ban on the production of non-standard products.
GOST is a state standard, used not only in the Russian Federation, but also in the CIS countries
GOST R - state standard of Russia
In European countries and the United States, voluntary application of standards is the norm. All enterprises try to strictly follow the requirements of the standards, otherwise their goods simply will not be bought.
In Russia it’s a completely different matter: the mentality is much different... And manufacturers, even conscientious ones, began to produce food products according to specifications, without complying with the requirements of GOST and GOST R. What is not prohibited by law is permitted...
GOSTs strictly regulate the raw materials that should be used to produce a particular product, the additives used, and the approved recipe. Producing food products according to GOST standards is not always beneficial for manufacturers. The cost can be high. And accordingly their competitiveness decreases.
Food enterprises took an easier path, began to change the recipe, and use substitutes for both main and additional raw materials. And these goods began to be produced according to specifications.
Let's understand this situation using specific examples.
For example, to produce Doctor’s sausage, only premium meat raw materials are used (it completely lacks connective tissue).
Many of you remember that taste of a real Doctorate. From 1 kg of meat you can make only 700 g of sausage. The cost is high, the profitability is low. It is much easier to replace some of the raw meat with soy protein.
It is many times cheaper. And its moisture-holding capacity is higher, that is, you can add more water and, accordingly, produce more sausage. Previously, such sausage was called using the brand name: Doctorskaya Extra, Doctorskaya New, Doctorskaya in Country Style, and the like.
But then manufacturers were prohibited from using the brand name and confusingly similar words. But they got out of the situation - they called Doctor.
Now we can produce meat, meat-containing products and analogues of meat products.
According to standards:
Meat products must contain at least 60% meat (previously 100%).Basically, only meat products are produced in accordance with GOST and GOST R, the rest according to TU.
There are meat-containing types: meat-vegetable (30-60%) and vegetable-meat (5-30%).
Meat analogues contain no more than 5%.
So when choosing meat products, pay attention to what technical documentation was used to produce it, what is included in its composition, and in what quantity!
The picture is similar in the dairy industry. They produce dairy, milk compound and milk-containing products. Non-dairy raw materials are added to dairy products, but not to replace them, but to expand the range.
For example, yogurt with pieces of fruit or jam, curd mass with raisins.
Various non-dairy components are added to milk-containing products to replace raw milk. They must contain at least 20% milk and at least 50% milk fat. Soy protein, milk fat substitutes - palm oil, modified fats can be used here. You understand that it is much more profitable to produce milk-containing products.
The recommendations for choosing dairy products are the same. Read the labeling, especially the ingredients. Don't be confused by the usual packaging. Sometimes unscrupulous manufacturers use well-known brands to label their counterfeit products.
As an example, the well-known blue packaging for whole condensed milk with sugar can be used for packaging canned milk containing milk, and even called “Condensed milk”. You and I are accustomed to simply calling it that way. This is the habit they use.
Now about oil and fat products. Margarine has been produced since the last century. We are already used to it. It was specially developed to replace butter. The trouble is that it is produced from modified vegetable oils - hydrogenated and interesterified. Frying with margarine is good, but using modified oils leads to adverse consequences.
Recently a new product appeared on our market with the “purely Russian” name SPREAD. Translated from English - a product for spreading. The spread can be creamy-vegetable, vegetable-creamy and vegetable-fat.
And these products belong to different groups of food products. Creamy vegetable to dairy, it contains 50-95% milk fat.
Vegetable-cream (milk fat 15-49%) and vegetable-fat (maybe without milk fat) spread are already classified as fat and oil products. In my opinion, this is consumer deception with the permission of the state. These spreads can be classified as cream or regular margarines, and their price is several times higher...
A few words about tea. Although we have GOST for tea, many tea-packing factories produce their products according to specifications.
Of course, we have tea plantations in the Krasnodar region, but their raw materials are not enough. Factory-made tea is purchased from tropical countries, and at our factories, different types of tea are blended, packaged and sent to the market.
It is profitable for manufacturers to buy cheap teas, or old tea, then mix it with more valuable varieties to give a more or less “decent” taste.
Finding quality tea in our market is quite problematic. The quality of the tea leaves much to be desired.
Some signs of low-quality tea:
After brewing black tea, open the teapot and smell the tea leaves. If there is a smell of hay or grass, then the tea is old.
Look at the tea in the white cup. If the edges of the cup's rim are the color of tea with a greenish tint, then the tea is also old.
So, I have given you some examples of correct food choices. Of course, I would like to say that GOST products are much better and safer than TU products.
But there are pitfalls here too. Some unscrupulous manufacturers take advantage of increased consumer demands for product quality.
They may indicate GOST on their counterfeit product, but not the one that regulates the quality of the product itself, but according to which, for example, packaging is produced.
In this case, I can recommend checking what standard is indicated on the product packaging. Just go to the Internet and enter the specified GOST in a search engine. And everything will be clear right away. If a specific name of the product is written, for example, boiled sausage, and the phrase “technical conditions”, “general technical conditions”, then this product is produced according to the standard.
Electrical products are presented today on the market and in stores in a wide range. The number of types and brands of cable and wire products is very large. This allows you to quite successfully and quickly solve problems related to electrical installation work.
When carrying out such work, the quality of cables and wires plays a significant role. The production conditions of the goods must comply with GOST. Then we can talk about high quality. By deviating from GOST and independently developing technical specifications (TU), enterprises want to save money and receive excess profits. Due to the manufacture of cable products according to specifications, the market is overflowing with low-quality and cheap wires and cables.
To avoid accidents and unpleasant situations, trust cable products that are manufactured in accordance with GOST. It is better to avoid cables made according to specifications. For wiring, the use of such a product is fraught with consequences. According to statistics, more than half of fires in everyday life occur due to low-quality wires and cables.
This article is a kind of addition to the topic of reduced cable cross-section. And in this topic I would like to tell you what you should pay attention to when choosing a cable and what cable made according to GOST differs from the cable made according to specifications.
For those who are not in the know, I will tell you about the situation that is happening today in the cable and wire products market. Cable selection is difficult task. After all, finding a quality product is very difficult or almost impossible, despite the huge number of electrical wires on the counter.
In a specialized or hardware store You can find electrical products of any cross-section and for every taste. The whole point is that 99 percent of the products offered are not worth buying. After all, wires of this quality are dangerous.
I wonder if everyone knows the difference GOST cable and a cable produced according to technical specifications. Many of us have not even heard that cable products must be produced according to any regulatory standards.
In the USSR, the production of wires and cables was carried out in accordance with GOST - a state standard mandatory for use in areas determined by the preamble of the standard itself. Certain requirements were imposed on the quality of the conductive material, the thickness and quality of the insulating covers. It was impossible to violate established standards. In Soviet times, if you bought a wire with a cross section of 2.5 sq. mm., then we could be 100% sure that the cross-section in it is equal to 2.5 square meters. mm.
Later, the state and some “interested parties” decided that it was too boring to follow GOSTs, and there was no room for freedom and maneuvers. Without thinking twice, these individuals came up with technical specifications (TS). Installed in the technical specifications technical requirements. They must be satisfied by a specific substance, material, product or group of them. The technical specifications also specify procedures to determine whether these requirements have been met.
It seems that there is no differences between GOST and TU. After all, this too technical document, which lists specific requirements. True, they relate only to a specific product for which this specification is issued. But this is only at first glance. TU is far from similar to GOST. You can write specifications for a specific product (cable, in our case). Therefore, manufacturers have the opportunity to indicate anything they want in the technical specifications.
Thanks to the advent of specifications, the conductor products on the market began to be very inferior in quality. The manufacturer went to reduce the thickness of the insulating covers, both the general sheath of the wire and the sheath of the current-carrying conductors, and underestimated the cross-section of the current-carrying conductor by 10-40 percent. The manufacturer simply indicates all these changes in the technical specifications, so it is considered that he does not violate any standards.
Unscrupulous manufacturers have developed techniques that allow them to underestimate the cross-section of current-carrying conductors. One of these methods is a reference to paragraph 2.2 in GOST 22483-2012 (previously it was GOST 22483-77 P 1.4. a). Paragraph 2.2 states that, provided that the electrical resistance complies (with the requirements of this standard) nominal and actual cross-section may differ.
That is, if the manufacturer complies with resistance standards, then he can reduce the cross-section. It is sad that in practice these norms are not observed. Manufacturers have long been setting the main goal of reducing production costs. By reducing costs for conductive wire material, the manufacturer perfectly achieves this goal.
There is another important drawback: the wires are produced according to technical specifications, and not according to GOST. The manufacturer reduces the thickness of the core insulation and the “general” sheath. Because of this, the quality of insulation decreases, and sometimes very significantly. The electrical insulating material has the same composition. That is, the material has the same characteristics, but its amount in insulation is reduced.
The answer to this question is very simple. The manufacturer wants to charge competitive prices and get big profit. It saves on the materials used, thereby reducing the cost of manufacturing products.
Sellers in electrical stores do not hide the fact that it is more profitable for them to sell wires manufactured according to specifications. After all, the price of products manufactured according to GOST is higher. Buyers most often do not pay attention to such a “trifle” as compliance with GOST. They will go to the store where the wire is cheaper, despite the fact that it is made according to specifications.
It turns out that both sellers and manufacturers are not busy providing our customers with quality goods, albeit more expensive ones. Their main goal is not to lose customers. After all, if they sell expensive high-quality wire, the buyer will make a purchase from a competitor who sells cheaper.
The policy with technical conditions is aimed at a person who does not understand all the technical aspects of manufacturing cable and wire products and selects cable based only on the price indicator. The common man naively believes that he is buying a quality product. And there are about one hundred percent of such buyers.
And what’s especially bad is that it can rarely be found wire issued according to GOST at a regular electrical store. They are simply not on sale. Buy this wire from modern realities it is possible only through the organization (if possible).
This can be done by ordering a large batch from the manufacturer. Factories still produce cables and wires in accordance with GOST, but mainly for industrial use. For domestic needs they produce wires according to specifications.
The need to select cable products that have the required properties is faced by specialists from design organizations, employees of energy services of enterprises servicing industrial electrical installations, as well as owners of private houses and apartments when installing electrical wiring. To make a preliminary assessment of product quality, you first need to familiarize yourself with the certificates confirming the compliance of the cable characteristics with certain standards, and also understand what the difference is between them. Such information should be available on the manufacturer's website. Next, we will tell you what GOST and TU cables are, as well as which option is better to choose for home wiring.
A regulatory document containing a list of technical requirements for any product (in particular, for conductor and cable products) can be GOST (state standard) or TU (technical conditions). What is the difference between these documents and which is better to choose?
State standard (GOST) is being developed government agencies and is currently approved by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification. The subject of state standardization is usually intersectoral products. Technical conditions (TS) are created by the manufacturer of the product and approved by the ministry of the relevant industry.
The heyday of production standardization occurred in the Soviet period, when all enterprises were state-owned. Any product had to meet the standard. There was a hierarchy, at the head of which were state standards (GOST), industry standards (OST) were located a lower rank, and technical specifications (TU) were the most junior in this structure. With the collapse of the USSR and the emergence of a large number of cable manufacturers with private form property, the old quality control system has collapsed.
Certification of any product (including conductor) for compliance with GOST is a costly undertaking and requires compliance with a number of bureaucratic procedures. Of course, all costs incurred are included in the cost of the cable. The difference between the certification procedure according to specifications is that it is much simpler and cheaper, which is better for the manufacturer. On the one hand, it can be assumed that a cable certified according to TU should be cheaper than a cable according to GOST. But the difference is that the specifications are drawn up by the manufacturer himself, which most often leads to a decrease in product quality. From this point of view, it seems that it is better to choose a cable that is certified according to GOST, since in the development of this document, unlike technical specifications, uninterested government bodies took part, although in the current conditions the presence of a state certificate, unfortunately, does not guarantee high quality product.
Standardization received a new impetus after the creation of the Customs Union, with the creation of which the technical regulation “On the safety of low-voltage equipment” appeared. In accordance with this document, currently all manufactured cable products are subject to certification for compliance with GOST. This applies to manufacturers of all forms of ownership of the EAEU member countries.
From a practical point of view, if you want, it is completely insufficient to focus only on which regulatory document (standard or specifications) it corresponds to technical specifications. Let's highlight the most important points this process:
Using these simple steps, you can easily distinguish a GOST cable from a TU cable. If it is not possible to determine when and by whom a given conductor was released, it is better to refrain from purchasing. As a last resort, you can do the following:
How does TU differ from GOST?
In the early 90s, manufacturers found themselves in a bit of slack. The state gave them the opportunity to develop and approve product recipes themselves. The purpose of this innovation was good - to improve the quality of products and diversify the range. The second goal was achieved, but the same cannot be said about the first. The quality of manufactured products still leaves much to be desired.
Look at the shelves of modern supermarkets. Next to regular sour cream you can find “Smetana Smetanovna”, “Smetanishka”, etc. It seems that manufacturers go to great lengths, whatever names they come up with, in order to attract as many buyers as possible to their product. The fact is that these products do not have the right to be called sour cream, since they do not comply with GOST. GOST determines what products should be included in sour cream, how much natural meat should be added to sausage, and what ingredients are acceptable in mayonnaise. IN Soviet times GOST requirements could not be circumvented; this was regarded as a violation of the law. But it’s quite possible now. For this purpose, the company approves the so-called technical specifications (technical conditions). For example, a certain meat processing plant suggests adding sausages soybeans, the state determines that this additive cannot harm health, gives the go-ahead and the product goes on sale. That is, in products manufactured according to specifications, natural ingredients can be replaced with their artificial substitutes - soy, dyes, preservatives. Therefore, products manufactured according to specifications cannot boast of quality.
To prepare kvass, you need to infuse the wort and wait until the yeast ferments - the process is quite long. On the other hand, you can add a sweetener, carbon dioxide, and chemical additives with the taste of kvass to the water and you will get a “Kvass drink”, which has a low cost.
On the shelves of modern supermarkets, products produced in accordance with GOST and TU, as a rule, lie side by side and even sellers often do not know the difference between them (or do not want to know), especially since store employees are not obliged to tell customers where natural product, and where is its artificial substitute. And only an experienced buyer can distinguish one product from another by carefully studying the packaging.
Any buyer knows such names of boiled sausages as “Molochnaya”, “Doctorskaya”. However, the sausage department sells a huge number of “doctor’s” and “milk” sausages, the name of which is added to the name of the manufacturer or the area where the sausage was produced. It should be remembered that only boiled sausage produced in accordance with GOST has the right to be called “Milk” or “Doctorskaya”. If the name of the sausage contains the additions “Milk from...”, “Doctor’s by...”, or manufacturers add the words “delicacy”, “extra”, etc. to them, then this product is manufactured in accordance with the specifications, and accordingly, the quality of this product is not as high as that of a product manufactured according to GOST.
GOST - state standard - is being developed for products of inter-industry significance.
Unlike technical specifications, GOST requirements are developed not by the manufacturer, but by government industry structures, approved at top level Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification.
Each GOST undergoes serious tests and inspections in certified laboratories, is evaluated by industry scientists, undergoes interdepartmental approvals, and only after that is allowed for publication.
Many institutes, enterprises, and experts are involved in the creation and approval of GOST. GOSTs are approved by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology (abbreviated name in 2004-2010 - Rostekhregulirovanie; since June 2010 - Rosstandart) - a federal executive body that carries out the functions of providing public services, managing state property in the field of technical regulation and metrology. Administered by the Ministry of Industry and Trade Russian Federation. In other countries (CIS) - similarly.
Examples:
GOST 17375-2001 “Seamless welded pipeline parts made of carbon and low-alloy steel. Steeply curved bends, type 3D (R ≈ 1.5 DN). Design"
GOST 30753-2001 “Seamless welded pipeline parts made of carbon and low-alloy steel. Steeply curved bends, type 2D (R = DN). Design"
GOST 24950-81 “Bent bends and curved inserts at turns of the linear part of steel main pipelines. Technical conditions".
GOST 17378-2001 “Seamless welded pipeline parts made of carbon and low-alloy steel. Transitions. Design"
GOST 22826-83 “Assembly units and parts of pipelines. Transitions to Ru St. 10 to 100 MPa (over 100 to 1000 kgf/cm²). Design and dimensions"
GOST 17376-2001 “Seamless welded pipeline parts made of carbon and low-alloy steel. Tees. Design"
GOST 22822-83 “Assembly units and parts of pipelines. Transition tees to Ru St. 10 to 100 MPa (over 100 to 1000 kgf/cm²). Design and dimensions"
GOST 17379-2001 “Seamless welded pipeline parts made of carbon and low-alloy steel. Elliptical plugs. Design".
GOST 6533-78 “Elliptical flanged steel bottoms for vessels, apparatus and boilers. Basic dimensions."
TU - technical specifications - developed by the manufacturing enterprise and is approved by the line ministry with minimal formalities. Therefore, specifications can be softer compared to GOST, or they can be more stringent when the standard is outdated and does not meet the requirements of a particular production, for example, in terms of manufacturing accuracy, the amount of impurities, etc. Businesses to avoid extra costs, often develop their own specifications to certify their products.
GOST establishes technical requirements for products, safety requirements, methods of analysis, scope and methods of application. GOST requirements are mandatory for compliance by all government bodies and entities economic activity. If GOST is at the very top of the pyramid of standards, then TU is at the very bottom: technical conditions are for the most part developed by manufacturers independently, based on their own ideas about how this or that product should be made and what properties it should have.
Examples:
TU 1469-001-34929762-2004 “Pipeline connecting parts. Technical conditions".
TU 1469-013-13799654-2008 “Connecting parts for field and process gas and oil pipelines on operating pressure up to 31.4 MPa (320 kgf/cm²). Technical conditions".
TU 3647-001-37941826-2012 “Welded steel connecting parts of steel grades 20 and 09G2S for operation on pipelines with a nominal pressure of up to 100 MPa. Technical conditions".
TU 3647-095-00148139-2000 “Connection parts for pipelines. Technical conditions".
TU 1469-006-00153229-2009 “Connection parts for main pipelines for operating pressure up to 11.8 MPa and field pipelines for operating pressure up to 16 MPa.”
OST - industry standard - is developed for products of industry significance.
Industry standard (OST) - established for those types of products, norms, rules, requirements, concepts and designations, the regulation of which is necessary to ensure the quality of products in a given industry.
The objects of industry standardization, in particular, can be certain types of products of limited use, technological equipment and tools intended for use in a given area, raw materials, materials, semi-finished products for intra-industry use, certain types of consumer goods. Also, the objects can be technical standards and standard technological processes industry-specific norms, requirements and methods in the field of design organization; production and operation of industrial products and consumer goods.
Industry standards are approved by the ministry (department), which is the head (leading) in the production of this type of product. The degree of mandatory compliance with the requirements of an industry standard is determined by the enterprise that applies it, or by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer. Implementation control mandatory requirements organized by the agency that has adopted this standard.
Designation of the industry standard in accordance with GOST R 1.5-92 “State standardization system of the Russian Federation. General requirements to the construction, presentation, design and content of standards” contains the OST index; symbol the ministry (department) that issued the standard; registration number assigned in the manner established by the ministry (department) in agreement with the State Standard of Russia; and also through an en dash after the registration number, two (for OST adopted before 2000) or four (for OST adopted after 2000) the last digits of the year of adoption of the standard. OST 34-10-764-97 “Parts and assembly units pipelines of thermal power plants at Prab up to 2.2 MPa, t 425 °C. Transitional tees."
OST 36-24-77 “Parts of pipelines DN 500-1400 mm, welded from carbon steel to Ru up to 2.45 MPa. Welded tees."
GTU - general technical conditions - establish requirements for a group of homogeneous products.
SNiP - building codes and regulations
When buying a pack of “Krestyansky” in a store, not everyone knows that they are not buying oil at all, but something similar to it in color and smell. And the manufacturer does not hide this, you just have to take a closer look at the packaging. Read on to learn how to distinguish real products, what kind of specifications they are and how they differ from GOST.
Surely each of you paid attention to the mysterious abbreviation TU with a long number located on the packaging of certain products. Many do not attach importance to this, and in vain. Also on some products you can find GOST indicating the number. Why does the manufacturer provide this information?
All products sold in stores must comply with either GOST or TU.
GOST
GOST is a state industry standard developed for most types of food products. This is a standard approved by the state, in the development of which many different institutes, experts, and departments took part. Thus, if the product complies with this GOST, we can say that this product is safe, its composition is known in advance and it is also known that it does not contain any harmful or prohibited substances. Most GOST standards were developed in distant Soviet times, when it was not customary to replace meat with soy, use chemical additives and genetically modified products. Therefore, even today, if a manufacturer declares that its product is produced in accordance with GOST, then one can hope that the stew is exactly stewed meat, and condensed milk is exactly milk, and not an incomprehensible liquid.
For example, let's take stew. It has GOST 5284-84, according to which canned beef stew must be prepared according to the following recipe:
| name of raw materials | Mass fraction of components, %, by grade | |
| higher | first | |
| I category beef, trimmed, with a fat content of no more than 6% | 87,0 | - |
| Beef of category II, trimmed, with a fat content of no more than 6% | - | 87,0 |
| Raw beef fat | 10,5 | 10,5 |
| Peeled chopped onion | 1,33 | 1,33 |
| Table salt | 1,14 | 1,14 |
| Ground black pepper | 0,01 | 0,01 |
| Bay leaf | 0,02 | 0,02 |
The same applies to other products - sausage, condensed milk, sour cream, butter, etc. If GOST is written on the package, you can take it and be sure that the jar contains exactly what is written on the package and you can eat it.
THAT
But not all cans of the same stew indicate GOST. On many copies there is a TU - technical condition.
Many small and large manufacturers are developing their own standards for their products. And they produce it precisely according to these technical conditions created by themselves. Tomorrow you can organize the production of any of your products, develop and register specifications for them and calmly produce goods according to this specifications.
As you might guess, these technical conditions can include almost anything - soy, dyes, and preservatives. Therefore, products according to specifications do not always differ in quality and safety.
For some products, GOST standards become outdated, and new specifications are developed for them that meet new trends in the production of a particular product. And a product according to technical specifications may be better and of higher quality than a product according to GOST, but this is not always the case. Let's return to our favorite stew - why develop a new specification for it if there is an excellent GOST? It’s right to put soy in a jar instead of meat, fill it all with preservatives and dyes. Formally, there is no fault with the manufacturer - he produced the canned food according to his specifications. But the product, to put it mildly, did not quite turn out like stew...
Therefore, if you have a choice of what to take - a product in accordance with GOST or TU, take it in accordance with GOST, you won’t go wrong. Yes, there may be cases where the manufacturer does not comply with the recipe according to GOST, but this is already a violation and you can complain about it.
Play on words
Pay attention to the counter with butter in the shop. The choice is huge: “Krestyanskoe”, “Slivochnoe”, “Smolenskoe”. Now take a closer look - which of the packs has the word OIL written on it?
Everything is very simple, there is a play on words here - seeing the name “Peasant” on the packaging, which is shaped like a stick of butter, you think that this is butter and buy it. But no, turn the pack over and you will see that this is a vegetable-fat spread produced according to specifications. This is usually written in small letters on the back. There is no smell of oil here, as they say. It’s just that the name is “Peasant”. No matter how it sounds (vegetable-fat spread “Smolenskoe”, for example), it will not become oil.
The same tricks apply to mayonnaise. “Salad” says the package, which is shaped like mayonnaise. Sorry, what is this? The word "mayonnaise" is not on the packaging. Well, it’s not mayonnaise at all - s reverse side all the same TU. And the composition is completely chemical... GOST does not allow chemicals, that’s why they don’t write the words “mayonnaise” - because then you need to meet the requirements of GOST.
There are many more examples that can be given:
“Homemade stew” - turn the jar over - canned food according to specifications, and not necessarily with meat.
“Condensed milk milk” - turn the can upside down - is produced according to specifications from powdered milk with an admixture of dyes and preservatives.
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