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Prepositions are divided into non-derivatives and derivatives.
Non-derivative prepositions: without, in, to, for, for, from, to, on, over, about, about, from, on, under, before, with, about, with, at, through.
Derivative prepositions formed from independent parts speech by losing their meaning and morphological characteristics.
It is necessary to distinguish derived prepositions from homonymous independent parts of speech.
Prepositions:
against Houses, ahead squad, near rivers, inside tents, all around garden, along roads, close shores, according to instructions;
around axles, in view of bad weather, about work, due to rain, during days, in continuation nights, say Finally, by virtue of circumstances;
thanks to rain, despite disease.
Independent parts of speech:
Adverb:
I live against, go ahead, stand near, wash inside, examined all around, stick along, did not have close, live according to, looked back around, have in mind
Noun:
put to the account jar, because of in this case, during rivers, in continuation novel, in custody on the book, believe by virtue of.
Participle:
thanks to the hostess despite on both sides.
Derivative prepositions are usually used with one case. Many non-derivative prepositions can be used with different cases.
Note.
Prepositions consisting of one word are called simple (in, on, to, from, before, from, despite, after and etc.). Prepositions consisting of two or more words are called composite (despite, in conclusion and etc.).
Morphological analysis pretext
I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological character:
Immutability
III. Syntactic role.
A conjunction is an auxiliary part of speech that connects homogeneous members in a simple sentence and simple sentences as part of complex sentence. Conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.
Essays conjunctions connect homogeneous members and equal simple sentences as part of a complex sentence.
Subordinates conjunctions connect simple sentences in a complex (complex) sentence, one of which is subordinate in meaning to the other, i.e. from one sentence to another you can pose a question.
Conjunctions consisting of one word are called simple: a, and, but, or, either, how, what, when, barely, as if etc., and conjunctions consisting of several words compound: due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, while, due to the fact that, despite the fact that and etc.
Coordinating conjunctions are divided into three groups:
Connecting: And; yes (meaning and); not only but; both... and;
Nasty: A; But; yes (meaning but); though; but;
Separating: or; or or; or; then... then; not that... not that.
Parts of some unions ( both... so and, not only... but also, not that... not that etc.) are at different homogeneous members or in different parts complex sentence.
Subordinating conjunctions are divided into the following groups:
Causal: because; because of; because; due to the fact that; thanks to; due to the fact that; due to the fact that, etc.;
Target: to (to); in order to; so that etc.;
Temporary: When; only; just; Bye; barely, etc.;
Conditional: If; if; once; whether; how soon, etc.;
Comparative: How; as if; as if; as if; exactly, etc.;
Explanatory: What; to; like others;
Concessive: although; Although; no matter what, etc.
Morphological analysis of the union
I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics:
1)
Coordinating or subordinating;
2)
An unchangeable word.
III. Syntactic role.
Particle- a auxiliary part of speech that introduces into a sentence various shades meanings or serves to form the forms of words.
Particles do not change and are not members of a sentence.
According to their meaning and role in a sentence, particles are divided into three categories: formative, negative and modal.
Shaping particles
Formative particles include particles that serve to form conditional and imperative mood verb.
Particle would (b) may appear before the verb it refers to, after the verb, or may be separated from the verb by other words.
Negative particles
Negative particles include Not And neither.
Particle Not can give sentences or individual words not only negative, but also positive meaning in case of double negative.
Lesson objectives:
Lesson equipment: cards with tasks for students, presentation
During the classes
1. Mobilizing stage. Greeting, writing the number in a notebook
2. Repetition
Teacher. We begin our lesson by reviewing what we have learned about prepositions. Annex 1
Read the groups of phrases and determine the relationships expressed by prepositions.
Drive past the house, run along the river (spatial, place); miss your mother, think about a friend (objective); return in the evening, meet after school (temporary); due to bad weather, did not come due to illness (causal); bought for treatment, come with a check (target).
Teacher: Now let’s remember the correct use of prepositional and non-prepositional combinations.
How to say correctly: Comrades! Pay your fare. or Pay the fare. (pay (what?) for travel; pay (for what?) for travel)
What prepositions B or NA can these words be combined with:
Teacher: answer the questions:
3. The teacher writes the topic of the lesson on the board. (slide) Students formulate the purpose of the lesson
Teacher. Considering the topic of the lesson, set a goal for the lesson.
Target:
The purpose of the lesson: get acquainted with derivative and non-derivative prepositions; learn to distinguish between derivative and non-derivative prepositions, use them correctly in oral and written speech
4. Studying new material. Practical work on the text. Appendix 2
What are the origins of prepositions?
Make a reference diagram (table) for the material.
Tell us about the features of derived prepositions.
Practical work with the text: read the text, talk about the features of non-derivative and derived prepositions.
By origin, prepositions are non-derivative and derivative.
Non-derivatives prepositions were not formed from any other words(parts) of speech and since ancient times used only as prepositions. Most non-derivative prepositions are homonyms with respect to prefixes. For example: at the house - to come.
Derivative prepositions are formed from different significant parts of speech. On this basis, adverbial, denominal and verbal prepositions are distinguished among them.
Adverbial prepositions are formed from adverbs, are most widespread and form word combinations with adverbial and object relations. For example: stopped near the house (place), rested after work (time).
Denominate prepositions are formed from nouns. With their help, word combinations are formed that express various adverbial and objective relationships. For example: did not come due to collapse (reason), was formed through decay (mode of action), worked throughout life (time), responded to the statement (object).
Verbal prepositions are derived from gerunds and are used in phrases expressing causal, concessional and temporary relationships. For example: achieved, despite difficulties (concession), thanks to worries (reason), remembered a week later (time). ( From the book “Russian Language” by A.V. Dudnikov, A.I. Arbuzov)
4. Consolidation of the lesson learned on the topic
1) Selective dictation: Write down phrases with non-derivative prepositions (1 var) and derived prepositions (2 vars).
Crosses the street, delayed due to repairs, signs on an envelope, deviates from the topic, divide by five, house near the river, run ahead of everyone, arrive a week later, talk about vacation, think about the meaning, add to two, walks in a column, read in during the day, runs away from the mountain, pays according to the agreement, gets tired from unaccustomment, weakness due to illness.
Examination:
| Transitions through street, | delay in view of repairs |
| signs on envelope, | house close rivers |
| retreats from Topics, | run ahead everyone |
| divide on five, | come later a week |
| think about it V meaning, | talk about vacations |
| will add To two, | read during day |
| walks V column, | to pay off according to agreement |
| runs away With mountains, | weakness due to illness |
| gets tired With unaccustomed. |
2) Creative task: Match these non-derivative prepositions with synonymous derivatives.
Because of bad weather (as a result), after graduation (at graduation), about the timing (about), for self-defense (for purposes), for an absent person (instead), through negotiations (by), across (across) the road, at (near ) fire.
5. Problematic question: How to distinguish derived prepositions from homonymous parts of speech?
The guys walked (where?) ahead The guys walked ahead (ahead of what?) of the squad. (in front of the squad)
The rule is a helper!
The preposition will be included in the case question. A derived preposition can be replaced by a non-derivative or another derived preposition.
3) Explanatory dictation: indicate derived prepositions and parts of speech homonymous to them.
I know this forest inside and out. “The path ran along the cliff, meandering in the shade of the trees.
A small log lay across the river.
A forest was visible nearby. “There was a river flowing near the village.
Go ahead. - The ship runs merrily past Buyan Island.
Petya hoped to meet with his comrades. - The comrades walked towards each other.
4) Run the test
1. The word OVER is:
A) pretext;
B) prefix;
B) can be a preposition and a prefix.
2. Find a phrase with a preposition that has a causal meaning:
A) visible from behind the mountain;
B) be late due to rain;
C) is clear from the story;
D) about his actions.
3. Find a preposition formed from a gerund:
A) thanks;
B) according to;
B) contrary to;
D) like.
4. Find phrases with derived prepositions:
A) live at the station;
B) thanks to heavy rains;
B) grows along the fence;
D) go ahead of the squad.
5. Indicate sentences in which the highlighted words are prepositions:
A) The herd reached out by Houses.
B) Don't pass by .
IN) Across the roads were laid with logs.
G) Ahead the most persistent ones went.
6. Indicate the group of non-derivative prepositions:
A) thanks, to, for, before, around;
B) according to, through, towards, to, at, by;
B) through, with, without, for, over;
D) s, y, about, along, at.
5) Design workshop: Insert prepositions that make sense.
1. The older sister studies at the university at the Faculty of Economics.
2. I miss my father, mother, sister.
3. Everything must be done ACCORDING to the instructions.
4. The hike took place THANKS to good weather.
5. The boy stayed in class DESPITE his friend’s request.
6. The shoots were friendly, DESPITE the drought.
For strong students, editing for exercise 343 page 141 of the textbook.
11. Lesson summary, reflection
12. Homework: Paragraph 54, page 139. (entries in the directory) Ex. No. 337.
Lecture PREPOSITION AS PART OF SPEECH. SPELLING OF DERIVATIVE PREPOSITIONS.
Plan
1. Classification of prepositions
2. Spelling of derived prepositions
3. Solve exercises
Pretext - an auxiliary part of speech that expresses the relationship between words in a phrase.
1. CLASSIFICATION OF PREPOSITIONS
Fromstructure there are prepositions:
Simple (consist of one word -from, to, for) ;
Complex (consist of two or more words -depending on, based on and etc.).
In my own wayorigin prepositions are divided into
Non-derivatives:in, on, about, without, before and etc.
Derivatives formed by moving into the category of prepositions of words various parts speeches:during, due to etc. (from nouns);near, along, towards etc. (from adverbs), etc.
In my own waymeaning there are prepositions:
Spatial:to, around, between, from, from, for, to, over, at and etc.
Example: walk home; fly around the Earth;
Temporary:from, to, to, in, for, through and etc.
Example: leave in the morning, meet in a month;
Causal:from, as a result of, thanks to, in view of and etc.
Example: jumping for joy, absent due to illness;
Goals:on, for, for and etc.
Example: money for a ticket, go shopping.
2. SPELLING OF DERIVATIVE PREPOSITIONS
It is necessary to distinguish between derived prepositions and nouns in oblique cases used with non-derivative prepositions.
The derivative preposition DURING is written in two words with the ending E, has the meaning of temporal length, answers the questions HOW LONG? WHEN? Coming behind him noun. It hastime value :(HOW LONG?) I studied hard throughout the year.
(WHEN?) I read a lot of books during the summer.
DURING BETWEEN non-derivative preposition You can insert an adjective into a noun and CURRENT.
There are many turns in the (lower) RIVER .
Derivative preposition
IN CONTINUATION is written in two words with a final E, has the meaning of temporal length, answers the questions HOW LONG? WHEN? Coming behind him noun. It hastime value :
(HOW LONG?) The house was being repaired for a month.
(WHEN?) It was unbearably hot for several days.
CONTINUED Between the non-derivative preposition B and noun. in the prepositional case CONTINUATION you can insert an adjective:
New characters appeared in the (long-awaited) sequel to the novel.
TOWARD (=TO, =TOWARD)
The derivative preposition TOWARDS is written in one word; it can be replaced with the preposition TO or TO MY SIDE:
The school principal was walking towards me (= towards me, in my direction). I decided to go out to meet the guests (= to the guests).
TO MEET WITH
Between the non-derivative preposition NA and noun. MEETING, you can insert an adjective, while with the noun. MEETING there must be a preposition C
: Still, I decided to go to an (unexpected) meeting with friends.
ABOUT (=O;OB)
The derivative preposition ABOUT is written together and = O, ABOUT:
We talked about (= about) a trip to the forest.
ON THE ACCOUNT
Between the non-derivative preposition NA and noun. ACCOUNT, you can insert an adjective:
The money has arrived in a (known) account.
AS A CONSEQUENCE(=DUE TO)
The derivative preposition RESULTATION is written in one word with the final E, and = BECAUSE, indicatesreason , answers the question WHY?:(WHY?) Due to illness, he stayed at home.
NOTE: Do not confuse the spelling of the derived preposition AFTER (= BECAUSE of) and the adverb SUBSEQUENTLY (= THEN):Subsequently, he remembered school more than once. Due to a broken arm, he was unable to attend school.
BECAUSE OF
Between the non-derivative preposition B and noun. CONSEQUENCES used in one of the cases, you can insert an adjective:
During the (high-profile) investigation into the theft case, many facts were revealed.
IN VIEW (= BECAUSE OF; BY REASON) The derivative preposition IN VIEW is written in one word, and = BECAUSE OF, = BY REASON:
Due to rain, the excursion did not take place.
KEEP IN MIND A stable combination is written with three words.
LIKE(=LIKE)
The derivative preposition LIKE is written in one word and = LIKE:
We built something like (=like) a hut.
LIKE
In geometry class we solved problems involving similar triangles (= similar triangles).
NOTE
1. Derivative preposition IN CONNECTION WITHwritten separately, in three words : due to departure .
2. The derivative preposition IN CONCLUSION is writtentwo words with an E at the end and has the meaning “FINISHING”, “IN THE RESULT”, “AT THE END”:At the end of my report, I would like to summarize what has been said.
3. Derivative preposition IN DIFFERENCE from someone, somethingwritten as two words with an E at the end : Unlike me, my sister gets straight A's.
4. REMEMBER the spelling of the following prepositions, which are written together:In the middle of the room); NEAR (the monument); INSTEAD (brother).
DISTINCTION:
DESPITEThe derivative preposition DESPITE NOT is written with NOT together and consists of two words, and = ALTHOUGH, CONSPITE:We went to the city, despite (= although there was) rain.
NOT LOOKING AT (= Without looking at) The gerund DESPITE refers to a verb and answers questionsHOW? WHAT TO DO?: Walked (how?) without looking (= without looking) at passers-by
3. SOLVE EXERCISES
Exercise 1.
Explain the difference in the spelling of the highlighted words ingiven in pairs of sentences.
1. During The weather will not change in the next 24 hours. During the disease improved. 2. In continuation The audience was very attentive throughout the lecture. ABOUT future fate the author is going to tell the heroes in continuation stories. 3. Finally The meeting adopted a resolution. In custody doctors indicate the method of further treatment. 4. Due to Bad weather did not allow the excursion to take place. Because of Medical examination data were used in the criminal case. 5. In view of With the upcoming imminent departure, you need to hurry up and get ready. Should have in mind possible changes in working conditions. 6. Something happened like homemade bicycle. Sort of Tolstoy was a lot of gifted people.
Exercise 2.
With what cases are derivative prepositions used? Write by filling in the missing letters and opening the brackets.
Option 1.
According to (calculation), contrary to (opinion) of experts, contrary to (prediction), due to (inattention), thanks to (knowledge), despite (blizzard), due to (the onset of) cold weather, towards (wind), according to (assignment) of the commander, according to (expiration) of an hour, upon (return) from a business trip, upon (arrival) in the city, work at (night).
Option 2.
According to (rule), contrary to (prohibition) doctors, contrary to ( public opinion), due to (illness), thanks to (support of) friends, despite (failure), in view of (upcoming events), towards (adventures), by (order of) the coach, by (arrival) at the station, by (return) from vacation, on (arrival) in the city, study on (evenings).
Exercise 3.
Pretext? Adverb or noun with preposition? Open the brackets and determine whether the words with brackets should be written together or separately. Identify parts of speech.
(To) a meeting with graduates;
(B) in view of the upcoming departure;
Situate (in) sight of the city;
Inquire about the voucher;
Transfer money (to) the company’s account;
(B)due to lack of time;
Arrive (at) destination;
Place (in) the place of the preface;
Hurry (to) meet with the writer;
Go out (to) meet guests;
Put on (in) the place of a hat;
Ask (about) health;
To be (in) sight of the enemy;
Keep in mind;
(B) due to lack of transport;
Brooch (like) a butterfly;
Make arrangements for the wounded;
Keep a good offing;
Agree words (in) gender and number;
An object (in) a kind of ball.
Exercise 4.
Together or separately? Open the brackets and determine whether you need to write the letter B together or separately with the words. Explain the choice of the final vowel E or I.
Demobilization (as a) consequence of... injuries.
(Due to... bad weather, the flight is delayed.
(In) the flow... of the river there was a sharp turn.
We will learn about the further life of the heroes (in) the continuation of the film.
(In) the investigation... started by the prosecutor, there is a lot of uncertainty.
Peter (in)subsequently... praised himself for his foresight.
Continue..all day;
Participate (in) the investigation..;
Get hurt (as) a result of... negligence;
Wait (for) one and a half days.
I regretted (in) later... the words spoken.
I was idle during... the lesson,
Take a closer look (in) the flow... of a stream.
Resigned as a result of... shell shock.
Lose (as a) consequence of... inattention.
Insist (in) the continuation of ... negotiations on your point of view.
(B) conclusion... of an expert.
Take a bow (at) the conclusion of the concert.
(B) conclusion... of speech to dwell on something.
Participate (in) concluding a truce.
(B) consequences... communication session delays
>>Russian language grade 7 >>Russian language: Derivative and non-derivative prepositions
Derivative prepositions
In the Russian language there are prepositions derived and non-derivative. But now we will get acquainted with derivative prepositions. We will get acquainted with the definition of derived prepositions and find out what prepositions they are.
Derived prepositions are prepositions formed from independent parts of speech when they lose their meaning and morphological characteristics.
Or we can also say about derivative prepositions that such prepositions were formed by the method of transition from independent parts of speech to auxiliary ones. With this transition of independent parts of speech into auxiliary parts, the former lose their lexical meaning and morphological features.
Also, it is very important to be able to distinguish between a derived preposition and the independent parts of speech homonymous to it.
Eg: In the first sentence, the word “thanks to” will be a gerund, but in the second it will act as a derivative preposition.
Misha, leaving home, thanked his grandmother for the delicious breakfast. Thanks to her good knowledge of the subject, Olya received a good grade in the exams.
Or take, for example, these sentences:
Due to snow drifts it was impossible to travel. During the investigation into the theft case, new evidence was discovered.
If we consider these sentences, then the first sentence contains an arbitrary preposition, and the second contains a noun.
Let's take a closer look at the question of how to distinguish a derivative preposition from another part of speech?
Firstly, it is impossible to pose a question to a preposition;
Secondly, the preposition does not have a role that it could fulfill on its own;
Third, distinctive feature prepositions, it may be that a synonym can be found for it.
Derivative prepositions can be divided into the following three groups:
1. These are prepositions formed from nouns. They can be called denominative prepositions;
For example: Due to lack of time, I had to give up classes in the section. Mom wanted to talk about her son's progress.
2. Prepositions that are formed from adverbs. They are also called adverbial prepositions;
For example: A birch tree grew opposite the window. There was a fence around the house.
3. And prepositions formed from gerunds. They are also called verbal prepositions.
For example: Thanks to Taras, I now have an interesting book.
And although a derivative preposition tends to consist of several parts, in the end it always consists of one word.
Exercise 1.
Read the sentences carefully and determine where in these sentences the derived prepositions are and which are the other parts of speech:
Due to the upcoming departure, the meeting had to be postponed. Due to heavy rain, all paths were washed out. Due to illness, Vanya missed many lessons. The money was not transferred to the account. I came to talk about extra lessons. Instead of lessons, Denis went for a walk with friends. I will certainly do everything that is asked of me. The request should arrive within a week.
Exercise 2.
Look carefully at the offers. Instead of periods, what prepositions would you insert?
… on Bad mood I managed to learn the verse.
... for forty-five minutes the teacher explained a new topic.
The asthma attack was relieved...with the help of doctors.
Finally I was able to talk...work.
4. Remember the definition of which part of speech is called a preposition?
5. What types of prepositions have you already studied?
6. What prepositions are called non-derivative?
7. How are they different from derivatives?
8. Give examples of non-derivative prepositions?
9. Is a preposition a part of a sentence?
10. Is it possible to replace a preposition with a synonym?
Prepositions- function words expressing different relationships between words and used as a means of syntactic subordination of nouns or pronouns to other words in a sentence and phrase.
Prepositions take a position before a noun (pronoun) or before an adjective relating to this noun (pronoun). Only a few prepositions can follow a noun: for the sake of, in spite of, in spite of, towards. For example, for the sake of God or for God's sake.
Preposition along with case ending of a noun forms a prepositional-case construction and is a grammatical means of connecting words in a sentence: return from school, tell fortunes on coffee grounds, etc. Some prepositions are always used with the same case: for example, the preposition to - with the dative (to go to the house), pro - with the accusative (to tell about the exhibition), etc. Other prepositions in different sentences can be used with different cases and express different relationships of nouns to other words in the sentence. For example, the preposition po can be combined with the dative case (talk on the phone), with accusative case(get bogged down) and prepositional (at the end of the session).
In modern Russian, the class of prepositions is constantly replenished due to the transition of other parts of speech to it.
Based on their origin, prepositions are divided into two groups: non-derivative and derived prepositions.
Non-derivatives (antiderivatives) prepositions are not related in origin to other parts of speech: in, to, from, for, on, etc.
Derivatives (non-derivatives) Prepositions by origin are related to other parts of speech. So, the prepositions around, on the contrary, along, next to came from adverbs, and the prepositions during, in continuation, about, etc. came from nouns, the prepositions thanks to, including, starting with, etc. came from verbs.
Derived prepositions are often homonymous to the words from which they are derived. For example: Thanks to (preposition) you, I was able to solve the problem. I wrote to him, thanking (gerund) for his help. Prepositions differ from the producing word in compatibility: the preposition thanks to is combined with the form dative case noun (thanks to a friend), and the gerund thanks - with the accusative case of the noun (thanks to a friend). Material from the site
In addition, the prepositions during, in continuation, in conclusion must be distinguished from nouns. Nouns (flow, continuation, conclusion) have a lexical meaning; a noun can change the form of number and case. Prepositions express only temporary relations and do not change.
According to their composition, prepositions are divided into simple and compound prepositions.
Simple prepositions consist of one word: about, on, in, as a result, etc.
Compound prepositions include two or three words: regardless of, during, judging by, in contrast to, towards, etc.
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