Hello, dear readers! Yuri Okunev is with you.

We have already raised the topic of worldview more than once, because it depends on it from what angle we look at everything that happens around us, what goals we set for ourselves and how we achieve them. Today I propose to talk again about the worldview, its types and forms, as this will help you adjust own line views and beliefs, choosing the most productive path.

At the very beginning, let's remember what a worldview is. Without going into deep philosophical discussions about human nature, the term can be described simply as a system of views on the world and oneself in it. It is the “view of the world” that determines how we understand good and evil, what principles we put into relationships with other people, what goals and values ​​we bring to the fore in life.

Worldview, on the one hand, is formed taking into account those traditions that already exist in society. On the other hand, it also depends on our own assessment of what is happening. That is, we can talk about two levels of the system of views on the world - practical and theoretical. In the first case we're talking about about a worldview that is spontaneously formed in the process of accumulating everyday experience. In the second, it’s about the knowledge that is acquired through learning and thoughtful analysis of the world.

I have already talked about the structure of the worldview in one of the blog articles.

By looking into it, you can understand how our willingness to act in one way or another is born.

In this same article I want to focus on another point - the varieties of worldview. Ready? Then go ahead!

Classification of “views of the world”

I’ll say right away that there are a huge number of types of worldviews that can be distinguished. But such a detailed analysis is absolutely useless to us, because our goal is to understand how we form certain preferences, life guidelines, values, etc. Therefore, we will only talk about the seven most significant forms.

Mythological

At the dawn of his formation, a person, who does not yet have a sufficient level of knowledge, asks questions about various aspects of the existence of the world, the Universe. He is not yet able to give objective, scientific answers to them, so he has no choice but to connect own feelings, feelings and beliefs.

Man directly depends on nature, and this is expressed in how he sees and understands it. Thus, being much weaker, practically unprotected, he perceives nature as a kind of Living being. As a result, vivid mythological images appear that correspond to certain processes occurring in the environment.

It is important to note that the mythological worldview is characteristic not only of the primitive, but also to modern man. Some of us successfully overcome this stage, moving on to a more competent, accurate, scientific analysis reality. And some people linger at the stage of the simplest explanatory mechanisms for a much longer period.

Religious

Religion can be considered a natural continuation of the mythological stage. Here, to his feelings and beliefs, a person adds a philosophical background, knowledge, logic and even ideology, which forms an idea of ​​how one can/should behave. A set of rules and ethical standards appears that must be observed by adherents of a particular religious system.

Ordinary

This worldview is created precisely on the basis of experience and our sensory-emotional perception of the surrounding reality. This is actually ours with you " common sense” and, so to speak, the everyday logic that we follow when making ordinary everyday decisions.

The influence of external factors is of enormous importance in building this system of views. First of all, traditions, stereotypes and even superstitions characteristic of a particular culture or society.

Secondly, funds mass media in all their diversity - Internet, TV, radio, printed materials. The latter have the most powerful “gift” of persuasion, and therefore I strongly recommend learning to filter this inexhaustible flow of information.

Philosophical

On the border between the everyday and scientific worldview there is a philosophical system of views based on knowledge. The sensual factor here goes far into the background, making room for systematicity and logic.

Taking as theoretical basis factual data about the world, the Universe, man, philosophy analyzes and reinterprets them, building interesting cause-and-effect relationships and forming its own conclusions.

In its development, the philosophical worldview also passed through certain stages characteristic of a particular time.

In addition, in the principles of assessing what is happening, two contradictory approaches are distinguished - materialistic (a thing, an object is the basis of everything) and idealistic (at the center of the universe is spirit, thought).

Scientific

No matter how important and valuable everything spiritual and emotional-psychological is, but without objective scientific facts there's no way around it. Therefore, guesses, faith, and stereotypes are gradually being replaced by the need and desire to look at the world through the prism of numbers, formulas, hypotheses, and theories.

The scientific worldview is designed to sort out the officially confirmed information that it has about the world. Wherein personal attitude this information is not taken into account. Science only states those facts that it has been able to discover based on the current cognitive capabilities of humanity. Everything else doesn't matter.

Artistic

This type of worldview is not always mentioned, but I still believe that it is worth highlighting as a separate type. Indeed, in contrast to all the systems of views listed above, only the artistic worldview brings to the fore the ideas of beauty and harmony, sensual creativity, as well as empathy as the ability to empathize with what you see and what you create.

Historical

Over time, people's perceptions and understanding of the world change. As a result, we can talk about historical eras, the socio-cultural characteristics of which left their mark on all aspects of human life.

For example, during Antiquity, people sought to understand and approach the aesthetic ideal. Beauty, harmony, nature, philosophy were of paramount importance. The principles and evaluation methods laid down in those times (for example, in architecture) are still used today.

The dark and difficult Middle Ages that replaced them brought religion to the fore, the weight of which in some regions acquired truly frightening forms.

But, thank God, time does not stand still, and the turn of a beautiful and rich era in every sense of the word called “Renaissance” is coming.

The values ​​and canons of antiquity are gradually beginning to return. Once again, the person, his needs, and characteristics are put at the forefront. Following this, as a logical continuation, comes the New Age, in which His Majesty science acquires key importance.

At the same time, the modern world can be described as “multi-worldview”, and this, perhaps, is one of its main advantages. Man finally gained freedom of choice. Like a juggler in a circus, he can sort through existing belief systems, combine them and transform them at will. What can I say - beauty!

At the end of this section, I would like to emphasize that, despite the traceable timing, it is impossible to give a clear time frame to each form of worldviews. Yes, this is not required, because, as already noted, our goal is to understand what such a phenomenon as a worldview can give us in the context of time management.

Pivot table

Let us summarize the above in a compact form.

In order to achieve personal harmony, to become a person whose life is full of goals and accomplishments, and also to achieve success in time management, we must understand what worldview we are guided by and what components it consists of. Otherwise, you can rush from one extreme to another, each time deviating from the desired path.

You will find even more information on the topic of the article in the article. Well, practical help, as always, awaits you on my author’s page. Now is the time to sign up for the program!

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Until next time. Yours, Yuri Okunev.

Philosophy is the science of the most general laws of development of nature, society and human thinking. This is a doctrine about the world as a whole and about man’s place in it.

Subject of philosophy– examines the most important connections in the “world-person” system.

The question of defining the subject of philosophy presents great difficulties. This problem, having arisen at the dawn of the existence of philosophy, still causes controversy today. Some authors viewed philosophy as the love of wisdom, as the science of wisdom, while others viewed it as “the desire to comprehend many things” (Heraclitus). Historically, the subject of philosophy has changed, which was determined by social transformations, spiritual life, and the level of scientific, including philosophical knowledge.

Purpose of philosophy- the search for man’s destiny, ensuring his existence in a bizarre world, and ultimately in the rise of man, in ensuring his improvement. The general structure of philosophical knowledge consists of four main sections: ontology (the doctrine of being), epistemology (the doctrine of knowledge), man, society.

Throughout its history, philosophy considers and resolves the following Problems:

the problem of the object and subject of philosophy. The object of philosophy is the world as a single whole, which gives general view to the world. The subject of philosophy is the laws, properties and forms of being that operate in all areas of material and spiritual world.

2. The problem of the fundamental principle of the world. This is a problem of the material or spiritual, ideal fundamental principle of the world. 3. The problem of world development. This problem is the formation of methods of understanding the world, which have different approaches to the question of its development. 4. Problems of the cognizability of the world. This is the definition of the object and subject of knowledge and the disclosure of their complex dialectical nature. 5. The problem of man and his place in the world. This is the study of man as the universe as a whole. The development of human culture in this case appears as a single, holistic process associated with the formation, functioning, storage, transition of cultural and historical values ​​from one era to another, with the critical overcoming of outdated forms of cultural development and the formation of new forms. Philosophy, therefore, acts as the self-awareness of the culture of a particular historical era.

2. Prerequisites for the emergence of philosophy: With the achievement of a certain time stage, the need for a theoretical understanding of reality comes, which is facilitated by the separation of mental labor from physical labor (division of labor; the inherent creativity of the spirit (Edmknd Hussel believed that the reason for the emergence of philosophy is “a person’s passion for knowledge and contemplation of the world, free from any practical interest"); economic development of society. Philosophy arose during the period of the decomposition of the primitive communal system and the formation of class society. Its prerequisites were mythology and religion. Its emergence was due to the fact that as a person realized his relationship to the world and to himself, mythological and religious ideas about the world and about man, formed on the basis of imagination, were not enough to comprehend the essence of the world, the essence of man. There was a need for the formation of ideological guidelines based on the study of reality, with the help of which a person could determine his attitude to the surrounding reality and to to yourself. This need was also due to the fact that rational consciousness, expressed in a logical conceptual form, was associated with a person’s penetration into the knowledge of the essence of objects and phenomena, which made it possible to move from knowledge of phenomena to knowledge of the essence.

4. Worldview- this is a person’s system of views on the world and on his place in this world. The concept of “worldview” is wider in scope than the concept of “philosophy”, since it is only the core, the typical basis of a worldview. Worldview is formed not only thanks to philosophy, but also through knowledge of ancient sciences and everyday practice. Any person’s worldview is formed in a complex way. First, a person accumulates knowledge about objects and phenomena of the surrounding world. Knowledge is the initial link - the “cell” of a worldview. Then the acquired knowledge is tested in real life, in practice, and if they are true, they turn into a person’s conviction. Beliefs denote a person’s firm belief in the truth of his knowledge. Next, a person is guided by established beliefs in his actions and activities.

Types of worldview:

1. Mythological (it is based on fantasy, fiction) 2. Religious (basic sign - faith into supernatural power) 3. Scientific (this is, first of all, a conceptual worldview that strives for deep and accurate knowledge of the world) 4. Ordinary (formed on the basis of the simplest knowledge and human ideas about the world around us).

5 . Philosophy as a type of worldview

Philosophy refers to a reflexive type of worldview, i.e. one that contains reflections on one’s own ideas about the world and man’s place in this world. Looking at your thinking, your consciousness from the outside is one of the features of philosophical consciousness. By its nature, philosophy requires reflection, doubt, allows for criticism of ideas, rejection of faith in those dogmas and postulates that are affirmed by the mass practice of believers. Philosophy questions the ultimate foundations of existence, including the very existence of the world, including the question - how is peace possible? Philosophy was formed in the struggle against religious and mythological consciousness; it rationally explained the world. The original types of worldview are preserved throughout history. “Pure” types of worldview are practically never found; in any case, they are rare and in real life they form complex and contradictory combinations.

6 . The following types of worldview are distinguished: myth, religion, philosophy. Historically, the first was the mythological view of the world.

The myth is:

1.social consciousness, the way of self-expression of ancient society.

2. the earliest form of spiritual culture of humanity, which combines the rudiments of knowledge, elements of beliefs, political views, various types art, philosophy itself.

3. a single, syncretic form of consciousness, expressing the worldview and worldview of the then era.

The mythological worldview is characterized by the following features:

1.emotionally figurative form,

2.humanization of nature,

3.lack of reflection,

4.utilitarian orientation.

The humanization of nature in myths was manifested in the transfer of human traits to the world, in the personification and animation of space, natural forces. Mythology is characterized by non-rigid distinctions between the natural and human worlds, thoughts and emotions, artistic images and scientific knowledge. In mythology, a system of values ​​​​accepted in a given society was practically created, a search was carried out for common foundations of nature and man, nature and society.

Religion- (from Latin religio - piety, holiness) is a form of worldview, the foundation of which is the belief in the presence of certain supernatural forces that play a leading role in the world around a person and specifically in the fate of each of us. Myth and religion are interconnected. Religion is based on a figurative-emotional, sensory-visual form of perception. A believer is a subject of religious consciousness. Such a person experiences in real emotions his vision of God, various pictures associated with the characteristics of a particular religious movement. The most important attributes of religion are faith and cult. Religion is not a reflective type of worldview.

Faith- this is a way of understanding the world with religious consciousness, special states of the religious consciousness of the subject.

Within the framework of religious systems, religious consciousness great importance acquire ethical ideas, norms, and ideals. In religious consciousness, feelings of love between man and man, tolerance, compassion, conscience, and mercy are cultivated. Religion shapes the spiritual world of a person. Despite the closeness of religion and philosophy, they are different - philosophical idealism is the theoretical basis of religion.

Philosophy refers to the reflexive type of worldview i.e. one that contains reflections on one’s own ideas about the world and man’s place in this world. Looking at your thinking, your consciousness from the outside is one of the features of philosophical consciousness. By its nature, philosophy requires reflection, doubt, allows for criticism of ideas, rejection of faith in those dogmas and postulates that are affirmed by the mass practice of believers. Philosophy questions the ultimate foundations of existence, including the very existence of the world, including the question - how is peace possible? Philosophy was formed in the struggle against religious and mythological consciousness; it rationally explained the world.

7. Materialism - one of the two main philosophical directions, which solves the main question of philosophy in favor of the primacy of matter, nature, being, physical, objective and considers consciousness, thinking as a property of matter, as opposed to idealism, which takes spirit, idea, consciousness, thinking, mental, subjective as the original . Recognition of the primacy of matter means that it was not created by anyone, but exists forever, that space and time are objectively existing forms of existence of matter, that thinking is inseparable from matter, which thinks, that the unity of the world lies in its materiality. A materialistic solution to the second side of the main question of philosophy - about the knowability of the world - means a conviction in the adequacy of the reflection of reality in human consciousness, in the knowability of the world and its laws. Idealism- a general designation for philosophical teachings that assert that spirit, consciousness, thinking, and the mental are primary, and matter, nature, and the physical are secondary. The main forms of idealism are objective and subjective. The first asserts the existence of a spiritual principle independently of human consciousness, the second either denies the existence of any reality outside the consciousness of the subject, or considers it as something completely determined by his activity.

Historical forms of materialism: atomistic, mechanistic, anthropological, dialectical.

Atomistic materialism. The atomic theory of Leucippus - Democritus was a natural result of the development of previous philosophical thought. In the atomistic system of Democritus one can find parts of the basic materialistic systems of ancient Greece and the ancient East. Even essential principles- the principle of preservation of being, the principle of attraction of like to like, the very understanding of the physical world as arising from a combination of principles, the beginnings of ethical teaching - all this was already laid down in the philosophical systems that preceded atomism. Mechanistic materialism. Mechanistic materialism is one of the stages and forms of development of materialist philosophy. Mechanistic materialism tries to explain all natural phenomena using the laws of mechanics and reduce all qualitatively diverse processes and natural phenomena (chemical, biological, mental, etc.) to mechanical. Anthropological materialism. Anthropological materialism - materialism: - seeing in man the main ideological category; and - asserting that only on its basis can a system of ideas about nature, society and thinking be developed. Dialectical materialism. Dialectical materialism is a direction in philosophy in which the main attention is paid to the relationship between being and thinking and the most general laws of development of being and thinking. According to the main provisions of Marxist-Leninist philosophy, dialectical materialism asserts the ontological primacy of matter relative to consciousness and the constant development of matter over time.

Historical forms of idealism: objective, subjective.

Objective idealism.

Objective idealism is a collective definition of philosophical schools that imply the existence of a reality of immaterial modality independent of the will and mind of the subject. Objective idealism denies the existence of the world in the form of a set of results of cognitive activity of the senses and judgments. At the same time, it recognizes their existence, but also adds to them the objectively determined element of human existence. In objective idealism, the universal super-individual spiritual principle (“idea”, “world mind”, etc.) is usually considered as the fundamental basis of the world. As a rule, objective idealism underlies many religious teachings (Abrahamic religions, Buddhism)

Subjective idealism

Subjective idealism is a group of trends in philosophy, whose representatives deny the existence of a reality independent of the will and consciousness of the subject. Philosophers of these directions either believe that the world in which a subject lives and acts is a collection of sensations, experiences, moods, and actions of this subject, or, at a minimum, believe that this collection is an integral part of the world. A radical form of subjective idealism is solipsism, in which only the thinking subject is recognized as real, and everything else is declared to exist only in his consciousness.

8. Cumulative problems of ancient philosophy can be thematically defined as follows:

 cosmology (natural philosophers) - in its context, the totality of the real was seen as “physis” (nature) and as cosmos (order), the main question being: “How did the cosmos arise?”;

 morality (sophists) was the defining theme in the knowledge of man and his specific abilities;

 metaphysics (Plato) declares the existence of intelligible reality, claims that reality and existence are heterogeneous, and the world of ideas is higher than the sensory;

 methodology (Plato, Aristotle) ​​develops the problems of the genesis and nature of knowledge, while the method of rational search is understood as an expression of the rules of adequate thinking;

 aesthetics is being developed as a sphere of solving the problem of art and beauty in itself; the problematics of proto-Aristotelian philosophy can be grouped as a hierarchy of generalizing problems: physics (ontology-theology-physics-cosmology), logic (epistemology), ethics;

 and at the end of the era of ancient philosophy, mystical-religious problems are formed; they are characteristic of the Christian period of Greek philosophy.

9. Ontological function associated with the consideration of the basic issues of existence, the creation in the human mind big picture peace as a universal unity. The epistemological function deals with questions of the knowability of the world and the objectivity of knowledge.

Praxeological function is associated with material, sensory-objective, goal-setting human activity, which has as its content the development and transformation of nature and society.

10. Worldview functionphilosophy is considered one of the most important. It reveals the ability of philosophy to act as the basis of a worldview, which is an integral, stable system of views about the world and the laws of its existence, about the phenomena and processes of nature and society that are important for maintaining the life of society and man. The worldview of an individual appears in the form of a set of feelings, knowledge and beliefs.

Axiological function philosophy is to evaluate things, phenomena of the surrounding world from the point of view of various values ​​- moral, ethical, social, ideological, etc. The purpose of the axiological function is to be a “sieve” through which to pass everything necessary, valuable and useful and to discard what is inhibitory and outdated .

11. Epistemological- one of the fundamental functions of philosophy - has the goal of correct and reliable knowledge of the surrounding reality (that is, the mechanism of knowledge).

12 . Methodological function lies in the fact that philosophy develops the basic methods of understanding the surrounding reality.

Explanatory function aimed at identifying cause-and-effect relationships and dependencies.

13. Medieval philosophy - historical stage development of Western philosophy, covering the period from the 5th to the 14th centuries. Characterized by theocentric views and commitment to the ideas of creationism.

The Middle Ages are domination religious worldview, which is reflected in theology. Philosophy becomes the handmaiden of theology. Its main function is the interpretation of Holy Scripture, the formulation of the dogmas of the Church and the proof of the existence of God. Along the way, logic was developed, the concept of personality was developed (a dispute about the difference between hypostasis and essence) and a dispute about the priority of the individual or the general (realists and nominalists).

Features of the style of philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages:

1. If the ancient worldview was cosmocentric, then the medieval one was theocentric. For Christianity, the reality that determines everything in the world is not nature, the cosmos, but God. God is a person who exists above this world.

2. The originality of the philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages lay in its close connection with religion. Church dogma was the starting point and basis of philosophical thinking. The content of philosophical thought acquired a religious form.

3. The idea of ​​the real existence of a supernatural principle (God) forces us to look at the world, the meaning of history, human goals and values ​​from a special angle. The medieval worldview is based on the idea of ​​creation (the doctrine of the creation of the world by God out of nothing - creationism).

4. The philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages was retrospective, looking to the past. For the medieval consciousness, “the more ancient, the more authentic, the more authentic, the truer.”

5. The style of philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages was distinguished by traditionalism. For the medieval philosopher, any form of innovation was considered a sign of pride, therefore, excluding subjectivity as much as possible from the creative process, he had to adhere to the established pattern, canon, tradition. What was valued was not creativity and originality of thought, but erudition and adherence to tradition.

6. The philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages was authoritarian and relied on authorities. The most authoritative source is the Bible. The medieval philosopher turns to biblical authority for confirmation of his opinion.

7. The style of philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages is distinguished by the desire for impersonality. Many works of this era have reached us anonymously. The medieval philosopher does not speak from own name, he argues in the name of “Christian philosophy.”

10. Philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages was characterized by didacticism (teaching, edification). Almost all the famous thinkers of that time were either preachers or teachers of theological schools. Hence, as a rule, the “teacher”, edifying character of philosophical systems.

medieval philosophy main problems

1. The problem of the existence of God and knowledge of his essence. The roots of the philosophy of the Middle Ages lie in the religion of monotheism (monotheism). Such religions include Judaism, Christianity and Islam, and it is with them that the development of both European and Arab philosophy of the Middle Ages is associated. Medieval thinking is theocentric: God is reality, determining all things. 2. The problem of the relationship between knowledge and faith. The first Christian philosophers believed that to know God and the world he created, truths obtained on the basis of faith were quite sufficient. Scientific research and rational evidence, in their opinion, became unnecessary when the Bible and other sacred texts appeared: you only need to believe in their truths. Reason can only lead to doubt, delusion and mortal sin.

3. The relationship between the individual and the general in the debate between realism and nominalism. One of the important philosophical questions of the Middle Ages was the question of the relationship between the general and the individual. The dispute about this is known as the dispute about universals, i.e. about the nature of general genders and concepts. There were two main solutions to this issue. Realism. According to him, general childbirth(universals) exist in reality, independently of man. It is not individual things that have true reality, but only general concepts - universals that exist outside consciousness, independently of it and the material world.

The opposite direction was associated with emphasizing the priority of will over reason and was called nominalism. According to nominalists, general concepts are only names; they do not have any independent existence and are formed by our mind by abstracting certain features common to a number of things. Thus, according to the teaching of nominalists, universals exist not before things, but after things. Some nominalists even argued that general concepts are nothing more than the sounds of the human voice.

14. Humanism is a worldview centered on the idea of ​​man as the highest value.

The growth of city-republics led to an increase in the influence of classes that did not participate in feudal relations: artisans and craftsmen, merchants, bankers. The hierarchical system of values ​​created by the medieval, largely ecclesiastical culture and its ascetic, humble spirit were alien to all of them. This led to the emergence of humanism - a socio-philosophical movement that considered a person, his personality, his freedom, his active, creative activity as the highest value and criterion for evaluating public institutions.

Pantheism- a philosophical doctrine that identifies God and the world.

Has 4 main forms:

1. theomonistic - endows only God with existence, depriving the world of independent existence.

2. physiomonistic - there is only the world, nature, which supporters of this direction call God, thereby depriving God of independent existence.

3. transcendental (mystical)

4. immanent - transcendental - according to which God is realized in things.

15 . The prerequisites for the formation of modern philosophy are associated with

the transfer of the interest of thinkers from the problems of scholasticism and theology to the problems

natural philosophy. In the 17th century, the interest of philosophers was directed towards questions

knowledge - F. Bacon developed the doctrine of induction, R. Descartes - the concept of method in

philosophy.

The problems of epistemology come first. Two main directions:

empiricism- a direction in the theory of knowledge that recognizes sensory experience

as the only source of knowledge; and rationalism, which pushes to

the first plan is the logical basis of science, recognizes reason as the source of knowledge

and the criterion of its truth.

16 . European philosophy of modern times of the 17th-19th centuries is usually called classical. At this time, original philosophical teachings were created, distinguished by the novelty of the proposed solutions, rational clarity of argumentation, and the desire to acquire scientific status.

The experimental study of nature and the mathematical understanding of its results, which originated in the previous era, became in modern times a powerful spiritual force that had a decisive influence on advanced philosophical thought.

Another factor that determined the direction of the philosophical teachings of this period was the process of intensification of social life in European countries, caused by the intensifying struggle against the estate-feudal statehood and the church. This process was accompanied by the secularization of public life, and advanced philosophy, interested in the independence of scientific creativity from religious and church pressure and control, developed its own attitude towards religion. The philosophy of modern times, which expressed essential features of this era, changed not only value orientations, but also the way of philosophizing.

17. German classical philosophy

A certain period in the development of German philosophical thought - from the mid-18th to the mid-19th century, represented by the teachings of Kant, Fichte, Hegel, and Schelling. At the same time N.K.F. - this is a special line, the highest, final link in the development of new European philosophical rationalism. With all the diversity of ideas and concepts, N.K.F. represents a successive series of systems of philosophical idealism, organically connected with each other: each of the thinkers of this direction, starting to develop his own concept, relied entirely on the ideas of his predecessor. Moreover, the commitment of N.K.F. throughout the entire stage of its own development, a number of essential principles allow us to speak of it as a relatively holistic, unified spiritual formation. N.K.F. is also a critical philosophy, clearly aware of the range of cognitive powers and subjecting everything and everyone to the judgment of reason.

We already live in the 21st century and see how the dynamics of social life have increased, surprising us with global changes in all structures of politics, culture, and economics. People have lost faith in better life: eliminating poverty, hunger, crime. Every year crime increases, there are more and more beggars. The goal of turning our Earth into a universal home, where everyone will be given a worthy place, has become unrealistic, into the category of utopias and fantasies. Uncertainty forced a person to make a choice, forcing him to look around and think about what was happening in the world to people. In this situation, the problems of worldview are revealed.

At any stage, a person (society) has a very specific worldview, i.e. a system of knowledge, ideas about the world and man’s place in it, about man’s relationship to the surrounding reality and to himself. In addition, the worldview includes the basic life positions people, their beliefs and ideals. By worldview we should understand not all of a person’s knowledge about the world, but only fundamental knowledge—extremely general knowledge.

How does the world work?

What is man's place in the world?

What is consciousness?

What is truth?

What is philosophy?

What is a person's happiness?

These are ideological issues and basic problems.

Worldview - this is part of a person’s consciousness, an idea of ​​the world and a person’s place in it. Worldview is a more or less holistic system of people’s assessments and views on: the world around them; purpose and meaning of life; means of achieving life goals; the essence of human relationships.

There are three forms of Worldview:

1. Attitude: - emotional and psychological side, at the level of moods and feelings.

2. Worldview: - formation of cognitive images of the world using visual representations.

3. Worldview: - the cognitive and intellectual side of the worldview.

There are two levels of worldview: everyday and theoretical. The first develops spontaneously, in the process of everyday life, while the second arises when a person approaches the world from the standpoint of reason and logic.

There are three historical types of worldview - mythological, religious, ordinary, philosophical, but we will talk about this in more detail in the next chapter.

Historical types of worldview

Everyday worldview

The worldview of people has always existed, and this is manifested in mythology, religion, philosophy, and science. The ordinary worldview is the simplest type of worldview. It is formed through observation of nature, work activity, participation in the life of groups and society, under the influence of living conditions, forms of leisure, existing material and spiritual culture. Everyone has their own everyday worldview, which differs in varying degrees depth, completeness from the influence of other types of worldviews. For this reason, ordinary worldviews different people may even be opposite in content and therefore incompatible. On this basis, people can be divided into believers and non-believers, egoists and altruists, people of good will and people of evil will. The ordinary worldview has many shortcomings. The most important of them are the incompleteness, lack of system, and untestedness of much knowledge that is part of the everyday worldview. The everyday worldview is the basis for the formation of more complex types of worldview.

The integrity of the everyday worldview is achieved through the predominance of associativity in thinking and the establishment of an arbitrary connection of knowledge about different spheres of existence; through random (disordered) mixing of the results of the worldview and the results of the worldview into a single whole. The main feature of the everyday worldview is its fragmentation, eclecticism and unsystematic nature.

Based on the everyday worldview, myth is historically the first to be spontaneously born - i.e. creative reflection of the world by consciousness, the main distinctive feature of which is logical generalizations that violate the logical law of sufficient reason. There are logical premises for the mythologized perception of reality; they lie at the basis of human practical experience, but conclusions about the structure and laws of existence of reality in myth, which, as a rule, are quite consistent with the observed facts from the life of nature, society and man, correspond to these facts only in an arbitrary manner. selectable number of relationships.

Mythologicalworldview

Mythology is historically considered the first form of worldview.

Mythology - (from Greek - tradition, legend, word, teaching), is a way of understanding the world, characteristic of the early stages of social development, in the form public consciousness.

Myths - ancient tales different nations about fantastic creatures, about the affairs of gods and heroes.

Mythological worldview - regardless of whether it relates to the distant past or today, we will call such a worldview that is not based on theoretical arguments and reasoning, or on the artistic and emotional experience of the world, or on social illusions born of inadequate perception by large groups of people ( classes, nations) social processes and their role in them. One of the features of myth, which unmistakably distinguishes it from science, is that myth explains “everything,” since for it there is no unknown and unknown. It is the earliest, and for modern consciousness - archaic, form of worldview.

It appeared at the earliest stage of social development. When humanity, in the form of myths, legends, legends, tried to give an answer to such global questions as how the world as a whole came about and is structured, to explain various phenomena nature, society in those distant times, when people were just beginning to peer into the world around them, just beginning to explore it.

Main themes of myths:

· cosmic - an attempt to answer the question about the beginning of the structure of the world, the emergence of natural phenomena;

· about the origin of people - birth, death, trials;

· about the cultural achievements of people - making fire, invention of crafts, customs, rituals.

Thus, myths contained the beginnings of knowledge, religious beliefs, political views, different types arts

The main functions of myth were considered to be that with their help the past was connected with the future and ensured the connection of generations; concepts of values ​​were reinforced and certain forms of behavior were encouraged; ways were sought to resolve contradictions, ways to unite nature and society. During the period of dominance of mythological thinking, the need for acquiring special knowledge had not yet arisen.

Thus, myth is not the original form of knowledge, but a special type of worldview, a specific figurative syncretic idea of ​​natural phenomena and collective life. Myth is considered to be the earliest form of human culture, which united the rudiments of knowledge, religious beliefs, moral, aesthetic and emotional assessment of the situation.

For primitive man it was both impossible to record his knowledge and to be convinced of his ignorance. For him, knowledge did not exist as something objective, independent of his inner world. In primitive consciousness, what is thought must coincide with what is experienced, what acts - with what acts. In mythology, man dissolves in nature, merges with it as its inseparable particle. The main principle for solving ideological issues in mythology was genetic.

Mythological culture, supplanted in a later period by philosophy, concrete sciences and works of art, retains its significance throughout world history to the present day. No philosophy or science or life at all has the power to destroy myths: they are invulnerable and immortal. They cannot be disputed, because they cannot be substantiated and perceived by the dry power of rational thought. And yet you need to know them - they constitute a significant fact of culture.

Religiousworldview

Religion- This is a form of worldview, the basis of which is the belief in the existence of supernatural forces. This is a specific form of reflection of reality and to this day it remains a significant organized and organizing force in the world.

The religious worldview is represented by the forms of three world religions:

1. Buddhism - 6-5 centuries. BC. First appeared in Ancient India, founder - Buddha. In the center is the doctrine of noble truths (Nirvana). In Buddhism there is no soul, there is no God as a creator and supreme being, there is no spirit and history;

2. Christianity - 1st century AD, first appeared in Palestine, the common sign is faith in Jesus Christ as the God-man, the savior of the world. The main source of doctrine is the Bible (Holy Scripture). Three branches of Christianity: Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Protestantism;

3. Islam - 7th century AD, formed in Arabia, founder - Muhammad, the main principles of Islam are set out in the Koran. The main dogma: worship of one god Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. The main branches of Islam are Sunnism and Shinnism.

Religion performs important historical functions: it forms the consciousness of the unity of the human race, develops universal human norms; acts as a bearer of cultural values, ordering and preserving morals, traditions and customs. Religious ideas are contained not only in philosophy, but also in poetry, painting, architectural art, politics, and everyday consciousness.

Worldview constructs, being included in the cult system, acquire the character of a creed. And this gives the worldview a special spiritual and practical character. Worldview constructs become the basis for formal regulation and regulation, streamlining and preservation of morals, customs, and traditions. Through ritual, religion cultivates human feelings love, kindness, tolerance, compassion, mercy, duty, justice, etc., giving them special value, connecting their presence with the sacred, supernatural.

Mythological consciousness historically precedes religious consciousness. The religious worldview is more perfect than the mythological one in logical terms. Systematicity of religious consciousness presupposes its logical ordering, and continuity with mythological consciousness is ensured through the use of an image as the main lexical unit. The religious worldview “works” on two levels: on the theoretical-ideological level (in the form of theology, philosophy, ethics, social doctrine of the church), i.e. at the level of worldview, and socio-psychological, i.e. level of attitude. At both levels, religiosity is characterized by belief in the supernatural - belief in miracles. A miracle is against the law. The law is called immutability in change, the indispensable uniformity of the action of all homogeneous things. A miracle contradicts the very essence of the law: Christ walked on water, just like on dry land, and this is a miracle. Mythological ideas have no idea of ​​a miracle: for them the most unnatural is natural. The religious worldview already distinguishes between the natural and the unnatural, and already has limitations. The religious picture of the world is much more contrasting than the mythological one, richer in colors.

It is much more critical than the mythological one, and less arrogant. However, everything revealed by the worldview that is incomprehensible, contrary to reason, the religious worldview explains by a universal force capable of disrupting the natural course of things and harmonizing any chaos.

Belief in this external superpower is the basis of religiosity. Religious philosophy, thus, like theology, proceeds from the thesis that there is some ideal superpower in the world, capable of manipulating both nature and the destinies of people at will. At the same time religious philosophy, and theology, justify and prove by theoretical means both the necessity of Faith and the presence of an ideal superpower - God.

Religious worldview and religious philosophy are a type of idealism, i.e. such a direction in the development of social consciousness in which the original substance, i.e. The basis of the world is the Spirit, the idea. Varieties of idealism are subjectivism, mysticism, etc. The opposite of a religious worldview is an atheistic worldview.

In our time, religion plays no small role, more religious educational institutions have begun to open, in pedagogical university and school practice the direction of culturological representation of religions is actively developing within the framework of a civilizational approach, at the same time atheistic educational stereotypes are preserved and religious-sectarian apologetics is found under the slogan of absolute equality of all religions. The Church and the State are currently on an equal footing, there is no hostility between them, they are loyal to each other and compromise. Religion gives meaning and knowledge, and therefore stability, to human existence and helps him overcome everyday difficulties.

The most important features of religion are sacrifice, belief in heaven, and cult of God.

German theologian G. Küng believes that religion has a future, because:

1) the modern world with its spontaneity is not in proper order, it arouses longing for the Other;

2) the difficulties of life raise ethical questions that develop into religious ones;

3) religion means the development of relationships to the absolute meaning of existence, and this applies to every person.

As a result of studying materials on this topic “Worldview and its historical types,” the following conclusions can be drawn:

Worldview- this is not only the content, but also a way of understanding reality, as well as the principles of life that determine the nature of activity. The nature of ideas about the world contributes to the setting of certain goals, from the generalization of which a general life plan is formed, ideals are formed that give the worldview effective force. The content of consciousness turns into a worldview when it acquires the character of convictions, a person’s complete and unshakable confidence in the correctness of his ideas. The worldview changes synchronously with the world around us, but the basic principles remain unchanged.

What is the relationship between philosophy and worldview?

Worldview is a broader concept than philosophy. Philosophy is an understanding of the world and man from the position of reason and knowledge.

Plato wrote: “Philosophy is the science of existence as such.” According to Plato, the desire to understand existence as a whole gave us philosophy, and “there has never been and never will be a greater gift to people like this gift of God” (G. Hegel).

The term "philosophy" comes from the Greek words "philia" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom). According to legend, this word was first introduced into use by the Greek philosopher Pythagoras, who lived in the 6th century BC.

This understanding of philosophy as the love of wisdom has a deep meaning. The ideal of a sage (as opposed to a scientist or intellectual) is the image of a morally perfect person who not only responsibly builds his own life, but also helps people around him solve their problems and overcome everyday adversity. But what helps a wise man to live with dignity and reason, sometimes despite the cruelty and madness of his historical time? What does he know, unlike other people?

This is where the philosophical sphere itself begins: the sage-philosopher knows about the eternal problems of human existence (significant for every person in all historical eras) and strives to find reasonable answers to them.

There are two areas of activity in philosophy:

· the sphere of materiality, objective reality, that is, objects and phenomena exist in reality, outside of human consciousness (matter);

· the sphere of the ideal, spiritual, subjective reality is a reflection of objective reality in the human mind (thinking, consciousness).

The main philosophical questions are

1. what comes first: matter or consciousness; matter determines consciousness or vice versa;

2. the question of the relationship of consciousness to matter, subjective to objective;

3. Is the world cognizable and, if so, to what extent?

Depending on the solution of the first two questions, two opposing directions have long been formed in philosophical teachings:

· Materialism - primary and determining is matter, secondary and determining is consciousness;

· Idealism - spirit is primary, matter is secondary, in turn subdivided:

1. Subjective idealism - the world is created by the subjective consciousness of each individual person (the world is only a complex of human sensations);

2. Objective idealism - The world “creates” a certain objective consciousness, a certain eternal “World Spirit”, absolute idea.

Consistent subjective idealism inevitably leads to its extreme manifestation - solipsism.

Solipsism is the denial of the objective existence of not only the surrounding inanimate objects, but also other people except oneself (only I exist, the rest of my sensation).

Thales was the first to Ancient Greece rose to an understanding of the material unity of the world and expressed a progressive idea about the transformation of matter, united in its essence, from one state to another. Thales had associates, students and continuers of his views. Unlike Thales, who considered water to be the material basis of all things, they found other material foundations: Anaximenes - air, Heraclitus - fire.

When answering the question whether the World is knowable or not, the following areas of philosophy can be distinguished:

1. knowable optimism, which in turn can be divided into:

· Materialism - the objective world is knowable and this knowledge is limitless;

· Idealism - the world is knowable, but a person does not know objective reality, but his own thoughts and experiences or “the absolute idea, the world spirit.”

2. cognizable pessimism, from which follow:

· agnosticism - the world is completely or partially unknowable;

· skepticism - the possibility of knowing objective reality is doubtful.

Philosophical thought is the thought of the eternal. Like any theoretical knowledge, philosophical knowledge develops and is enriched with more and more new content, new discoveries. At the same time, the continuity of what is known is preserved. However, the philosophical spirit, philosophical consciousness is not only a theory, especially an abstract, dispassionately speculative theory. Scientific theoretical knowledge constitutes only one side of the ideological content of philosophy. The other, undoubtedly dominant, leading side of it is formed by a completely different component of consciousness - the spiritual-practical one. It is he who expresses the meaning-of-life, value-oriented, that is, worldview, type of philosophical consciousness as a whole. There was a time when no science had ever existed, but philosophy was at the highest level of its creative development. Philosophy is the general methodology for all special sciences, natural and general, in other words, it is the queen (mother) of all sciences. Philosophy has a particularly great influence on the formation of worldviews.

Quote from Epicurus, from a letter to Menoeceus: “...Let no one in his youth put off pursuing philosophy...”

Man's relationship to the world is an eternal subject of philosophy. At the same time, the subject of philosophy is historically mobile, concrete, the “Human” dimension of the world changes with the change in the essential forces of man himself.

The secret goal of philosophy is to take a person out of the sphere of everyday life, captivate him with the highest ideals, give his life true meaning, and open the way to the most perfect values.

The main functions of philosophy are the development of general ideas of people about existence, the natural and social reality of man and his activities, about proving the possibility of knowing the world.

Despite its maximum criticality and scientific nature, philosophy is extremely close to the everyday, religious and even mythological worldview, for, like them, it chooses the direction of its activity very arbitrarily.

All types of worldview reveal some unity, covering a certain range of issues, for example, how spirit relates to matter, what a person is, and what is his place in the universal interconnection of world phenomena, how a person knows reality, what good and evil are, according to what laws human development society. Worldview has enormous practical life meaning. It influences norms of behavior, a person’s attitude towards work, towards other people, the nature of life’s aspirations, his way of life, tastes and interests. This is a kind of spiritual prism through which everything around us is perceived and experienced.

Test (choose the correct answer)

Philosophy as a theoretical form of worldview first appeared in...

B. Greece.

What is not characteristic of the mythological worldview?

B. Scientism

The French philosopher O. Comte identified three consistent forms of worldview:

B. Theological, metaphysical, positive (or scientific)

The “heart” phenomenon refers to...

B. Scientific worldview

What is not a characteristic of a philosophical worldview?

Sources of knowledge.

Who has ever wondered where people’s knowledge comes from and how people’s worldview and consciousness are formed and how all this affects the development of our society? Meanwhile, this is the main reason for our life today, good or not so good. Whoever has a decisive influence on the minds of people rules the World. More precisely: the one who controls the flows of information that shape people’s worldviews rules the World. Consequently, the consciousness and worldview of people depends on the purity of information sources, that is, the state of our society - our life, with you... So let's look into this issue.

The concept of worldview is one of the key concepts in philosophy and in the educational system. It is impossible to do without this concept when studying history, philosophy and such subjects as “Man and Society”, “The Spiritual World of Man”, “ Modern society", "Science and Religion", etc.

Worldview is a necessary component of human consciousness and cognition. This is not just one of its elements among many others, but their complex interaction. Heterogeneous blocks of knowledge, beliefs, thoughts, feelings, moods, aspirations, hopes, united in a worldview, appear as a more or less holistic understanding of the world and themselves by people.

The life of people in society is historical in nature. Now slowly, now accelerated, all the components of the socio-historical process change intensively over time: technical means and the nature of work, relationships between people and the people themselves, their thoughts, feelings, interests. The worldview of human communities, social groups, and individuals is subject to historical changes. It actively captures and refracts large and small, obvious and hidden processes of social change. When talking about a worldview on a large socio-historical scale, we mean the extremely general beliefs, principles of knowledge, ideals and norms of life that prevail at a particular stage of history, that is, they highlight the common features of the intellectual, emotional, spiritual mood of a particular era.

In reality, a worldview is formed in the minds of specific people and is used by individuals and social groups as general views that determine life. This means that, in addition to typical, summary features, the worldview of each era lives and operates in many group and individual variants.

The worldview of education is integral. What is fundamentally important in it is the connection of its components, their alloy, and how in the alloy various combinations elements, their proportions give different results, so something similar happens with the worldview.

The worldview includes and plays an important role in generalized everyday, or life-practical, professional, and scientific knowledge. The more solid the stock of knowledge in a particular era, among a particular people or individual, the more serious support the corresponding worldview can receive. A naive, unenlightened consciousness does not have sufficient means for a clear, consistent, rational substantiation of its views, often turning to fantastic fictions, beliefs, and customs.

The degree of cognitive richness, validity, thoughtfulness, and internal consistency of a particular worldview varies. But knowledge never fills the entire field of a worldview. In addition to knowledge about the world (including the human world), the worldview also comprehends the entire way of life human life, certain value systems are expressed (ideas about good and evil, etc.), images of the past and projects for the future are built, certain ways of life and behavior receive approval (condemnation).

Worldview complex form consciousness, which embraces the most diverse layers of human experience, is capable of expanding the narrow boundaries of everyday life, a specific place and time, and relating a given person to other people, including those who lived before and will live later. In the worldview, experience is accumulating in understanding the semantic basis of human life, all new generations of people are joining the spiritual world of their great-grandfathers, grandfathers, fathers, contemporaries, carefully preserving something, resolutely abandoning something. So, a worldview is a set of views, assessments, principles that determine the most general vision and understanding of the world.

The essential role of beliefs in the composition of a worldview does not exclude positions that are accepted with less confidence or even distrust. Doubt is an obligatory moment of an independent, meaningful position in the field of worldview. Fanatical, unconditional acceptance of one or another system of orientations, merging with it without internal criticism or one’s own analysis is called dogmatism.

Life shows that such a position is blind and flawed, does not correspond to the complex, developing reality; moreover, religious, political and other dogmas have often turned out to be the cause of grave troubles in history, including the history of Soviet society. That is why, in establishing new thinking today, it is so important to form a clear, unbiased, courageous, creative, flexible understanding of real life in all its complexity. Healthy doubt, thoughtfulness, and criticality play an important role in shaking dogmas. But if the measure is violated, they can give rise to the other extreme - skepticism, disbelief in anything, loss of ideals, refusal to serve high goals.

Thus, from all of the above, as well as from the history course, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. The worldview of humanity is not permanent; it develops along with the development of humanity and human society.

2. A person’s worldview is greatly influenced by the achievements of science, religion, as well as the existing structure of society. The state (state machine) influences a person’s worldview in all ways, restrains his development, trying to subordinate him to the interests of the ruling class.

3. In turn, the worldview, as it develops, influences the development of society. Having accumulated qualitatively (i.e., having changed radically) and quantitatively (when a new worldview takes hold of a sufficiently large mass of people), the worldview leads to a change in the social structure (to revolutions, for example). By developing the worldview of people, society ensures its development; by inhibiting the development of the worldview, society dooms itself to decay and death.

Thus, by influencing the development of people’s worldview, one can influence the development of human society. People have always been dissatisfied with the existing system. But can people with an old worldview build a new society? Obviously not.In order to build a new society, it is necessary to form a new worldview in people, and the role of educators, teachers and lecturers in this matter cannot be overestimated. But in order for a teacher to be able to form a new worldview, he himself must possess it. Therefore, the most important condition for building a new society is the formation of a new worldview among educators and teachers.

But maybe we don't need to change current state society, maybe it suits everyone? It seems to me that this issue does not require discussion.

We all live in a very complex and contradictory world, in which it is easy to lose our bearings. Now everyone agrees that society is going through a crisis. However, you can often hear the opinion that this crisis has affected only our country, while in Western countries everything is in order. Is it really? This opinion is true only if we consider the purely material side of life. If we take its spiritual side, then it is not difficult to see that the crisis in the spiritual sphere of human existence has gripped the whole world, all of humanity.

In all countries of the world, regardless of social order, phenomena such as alcoholism, drug addiction, crime, and moral degradation are on the rise; The number of suicides associated with disappointment with life is growing, especially among young people. All these phenomena became widespread earlier in Western countries and in America, that is, in those countries where the material standard of living was and remains many times higher than ours.

In the last two or three decades, these phenomena have become widespread in our country. Material wealth does not provide a solution to the problem and does not eliminate the crisis, because... its reason lies in people’s loss of understanding of the meaning of their existence. Figuratively speaking, in Lately humanity is reminiscent of train passengers, whose only concern is to get comfortable, to get comfortable inside the carriage, but who have completely forgotten where and why they are going. That is, humanity has lost more distant – spiritual guidelines for its life.What is the reason? The reason is only in the imperfection of a person’s inner world. Man destroys not only himself, but the entire planet. Our planet is seriously ill, and we ourselves are to blame for this. Man is destroying his planet not only with his technocratic activities, but also with his perverted thinking.

“Our modern world is a sinking ship. The only difference between a sinking ship and the modern world is that on a sinking ship everyone is already aware of the inevitability of death, whereas in modern world Many people still don't want to admit it...

The very people who caused its illness are trying to heal the sick world. The same ones, not personally, but according to their worldview, and the means offered for cure are the same ones that marked the beginning of the disease." (A. Klizovsky "Fundamentals of the worldview of a new era")

The reasons that brought down such a colossus as the Roman Empire still exist. The main reason it is necessary to recognize the fall of morals, the demoralization of society and the demoralization of the main pillar of statehood - the family, for with the fall of morals and the demoralization of the family, the destruction of any moribund world begins.

When any moribund world is replaced by a new one, the most important thing is not the political or social changes that occur at the same time, but in the need for a change in worldview and all outdated views and views on new ones, in the need to change one’s beliefs and, in general, the entire way of life to new ones, for what is truly new, what replaces the old world, is new in all respects and is never like the old.

The difficulty is further aggravated by the fact that political or social person forced to accept by the very course of events, often after the fact, while the acceptance or non-acceptance of a new worldview, or a new belief and a new way of life seems to depend on each person personally. In reality, a person has only two options: either wisely go with the flow of evolution, or wait until developing life throws him overboard as unnecessary ballast.

"When Supreme Mind And By Higher Powers a push and impulse is given for a new phase of life, for a new stage of evolution, then no human forces can stop this movement. The struggle against the flow of new life is obvious nonsense, promising nothing but inglorious death, for when the law of replacing outlived energies with new ones comes into force and begins to operate, then everything that is not progressing is subject to destruction." (A. Klizovsky "Fundamentals of the worldview of a new era").

Any new construction begins with the destruction of the old, it cannot be otherwise. It is this moment that is most difficult for people, from a psychological point of view. They do not know that the time has come for humanity to rise to the highest level of knowledge; they do not know either about the Builder, or how the Builder of a new life plans to carry out his reforms. They see destruction, and the first solution that comes to mind for most is protest and opposition. In reality, they oppose evolution, dooming themselves to all the blows and vicissitudes of fate that come with opposing cosmic laws.

Ignorance – main enemy man and the source of much of his suffering. Unfortunately, people are lazy and don't like to learn. Many people live their whole lives with the knowledge they acquired in childhood, in primary school.

In the coming era, such knowledge is needed that should illuminate that area of ​​​​our existence, about which most people have very vague or very misleading ideas, in which many are interested in entertainment or amusement, and others for deception and profit.

The coming era requires knowledge of the cosmic laws of both the visible and invisible world. It requires recognition of the invisible world. But the recognition of the invisible world, which, thanks to its invisibility, has hitherto been recognized as non-existent, must radically change all the foundations of the existing materialistic worldview, all existing concepts and beliefs.

The situation cannot continue foreverthe crown of creation, man, lives without knowing the purpose and meaning of his existence. He must finally cognize the foundations of Existence, must cognize the laws of the higher spiritual world, cosmic laws.

Knowledge of laws is a necessary condition life in all human organizations and groups. Most legislative codes of various states begin with the formula: “No one can excuse themselves by ignorance of the law. Violating the law out of ignorance does not exempt a person from punishment.”

Meanwhile, most people live in Space in complete ignorance of cosmic laws, violating them at every step of their lives, with every action, word and thought, and are surprised that their life is full of vicissitudes and shocks.

Throughout the observable history of mankind, one can trace the desire of people to build in their consciousness a fairly harmonious system of the universe, to determine their place in it and to further live, focusing on these ideas. Much has been created for this different religions and exercises. All these religions and teachings have a lot in common. For example, they all claim that a person has a soul that does not die, but persists after death physical body and after some time again incarnates on Earth. Meanwhile, historians have long noticed that all these religions and teachings arose on Earth almost simultaneously (by historical standards) in different parts of the Earth: in Europe, India, China, when there was no communication between these parts of the world. The conclusion suggests itself that all these religions and teachings were given to people by someone.

There are several facts that cannot be refuted. So, for example, everyone famous science Astrology has existed for many hundreds of years. Astrologers have long been calculating the movements of such planets as Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, but modern science discovered Uranus and Neptune only in the 19th century, and even then on the basis of calculated data from Astrology, and Pluto was discovered in 1930! Where do astrologers get this cosmic knowledge? But modern science cannot explain astrology! But the predictions of astrologers about the destinies of people come true! Unless, of course, these are real astrologers.

Scientists have discovered the Dogon tribe in Africa, which is at a very low level of development (according to our concepts), but they have long known that Sirius is a double star and the orbital period of this double star is known. While modern science established this only a few years ago.

Well, how to evaluate the legacy left by the Miami civilization, which disappeared without a trace 600 years before the coming of Christ? Scientists are still puzzling over the mysteries of their cultures and are amazed at their high knowledge of space. Miamians knew something we still don't know. What about the Egyptian pyramids?

Anyone who is interested in these things begins to understand well that all this rich knowledge was given to people by aliens from outer space. What, they were given before, but now they are not? They are given, and practically without hiding from people! But do people want to receive this knowledge, or are they more interested in the prices of vodka? Or maybe people think that the processes occurring in Space will not affect them? Maybe it’s not necessary to know the Laws of Space? What is a person, where did he come from and why does he live on Earth? This is the worldview of modern man.

Worldview - 1) a set of views, ideas, assessments, norms that determine a person’s attitude to the world around him and act as regulators of behavior. 2) this general idea, a belief about the world as a whole and about a person’s place in this world. 3) a system of views on the world and a person’s place in it, on a person’s attitude to the reality around him and to himself, as well as the basic life positions of people determined by these views, their ideals, beliefs, principles of knowledge of their activities, value orientations.

Subjects of worldview: - an individual person; - groups of people (social, national, professional, religious); - society as a whole.

Worldview solves three main issues: - a person’s attitude to the world as a whole - knowledge and transformation of the world - society as a whole.

The structure of the worldview: knowledge, spiritual values, principles, ideals, beliefs, attitudes, ideas.

Worldview includes components (forms of worldview):

• 1. Attitude - the emotional experience of people; the emotional and psychological side of the worldview at the level of moods and feelings;
• 2. Worldview (the emotional-sensual component of the worldview) - the world of images that give clarity to our worldview;
• 3. Worldview (the intellectual component of the worldview, at the rational-theoretical level represented by scientific ideas) - the cognitive-intellectual side of the worldview;
• 4. Attitude (formed on the basis of attitude and worldview) - a set of a person’s value systems on certain life issues.
• 5. Mentality - 1) a specific psychological makeup that arose on the basis of culture, social and personal experience, which is projected onto practical activities; 2) the totality of all the results of knowledge, their assessment on the basis of previous culture and practical activities, national consciousness, and personal life experience. Mentality is the result of the development of culture and traditions; To a greater extent than worldview, it is associated with thinking.

How does worldview differ from other elements of the human spiritual world?

Worldview is a person’s view not of a particular side of the world, but of the whole world as a whole.

Worldview reflects a person’s attitude towards the world.

What role does worldview play in people's activities?

Worldview provides guidelines and goals for human activity.

Worldview allows you to understand how best to achieve your goals and objectives.

A person gets the opportunity to determine the true values ​​of life and culture, to distinguish the important from the illusory.

The emergence of a worldview is associated with the process of formation of the first stable form of human community - the tribal community. Its appearance was a kind of revolution in spiritual development person. Worldview distinguished man from the animal world.

Types of worldview:

Ordinary.

Mythological.

Religious.

Philosophical.

Ordinary (spontaneous):

Source: personal experience or public opinion related to daily activities.

The simplest type of worldview, the basis for the formation of more complex species worldview

It is specific, accessible, simple, gives clear and understandable answers to everyday questions; (+)

formed in the process of personal practice (+)

develops spontaneously, based on life experience (+)

widespread (+)

has little contact with the experience of other people, achievements of science and culture, religion (-)

incompleteness, unsystematicity, untestedness of much knowledge (-)

generated by the immediate living conditions and transmitted experiences of people

the carrier is an average person who has a standard school education and is content with this and does not develop further. Often this is a man of the crowd.

This worldview should serve as a starting point.

Everyone has their own everyday worldview, which differs in varying degrees of depth and completeness from the influence of other types of worldview.

For this reason, the everyday worldviews of different people may even be opposite in content and therefore incompatible.

On this basis, people can be divided into believers and non-believers, egoists and altruists, people of good will and people of evil will.

Based on the everyday worldview, myth is historically the first to be spontaneously born.

Mythological:

A mythological worldview is a system of views on the world and man’s place in it, which is based not on theoretical arguments and reasoning, but on the artistic experience of the world or on social illusions.

Reasons for its occurrence: 1) primitive man had not yet distinguished himself from environment-- natural and social; 2) primitive thinking has not yet clearly separated from the emotional sphere. The consequence of these premises was a naive humanization of the environment. Man transferred his personal properties to natural objects, attributing to them life and human feelings. In myth it is impossible to separate the real from the fantastic, the existing from the desired, the spiritual from the material, evil from good, etc.

A mythological worldview is a fantastic idea of ​​the world around us, expressed in the form of fairy tales, tales, legends and myths that were passed on from mouth to mouth for many years, mainly before the advent of writing. (Descriptivism is the desire to explain events and phenomena in the form of a descriptive story, legend, legend; among the acting figures are heroes and gods in the form of special people.)

It determined moral position primitive people, acted as the primary regulator of behavior, a form of socialization, and prepared the ground for the emergence of the next type of worldview.

A characteristic feature is anthropomorphism, which is manifested in the spiritualization of natural phenomena, the transference of spiritual and even bodily properties of a person to them, and also in the fact that the method of their activity is identified with human activity. Such personification of various natural and social phenomena and forces makes them closer and more understandable for people of the tribal society, and at the same time more “accessible” to the influence that they tried to implement with the help of threats, requests, magical actions, etc.

The most important feature is the absence of a boundary between the sensory image of reality and reality itself, between the deity (as a spiritual principle and essence) and the natural phenomenon with which it was associated. (Syncretism (unity, indivisibility) of the objective and subjective worlds, which is largely explained by anthropomorphism.)

Genetism, the essence of which was to clarify the nature of the world, the origin of the species, various natural and social phenomena. Any human community is explained through descent from a common ancestor, and understanding the nature of things comes down to ideas about their genetic origin.

An equally important role was played by ideas about universal type family connection. All of nature is presented in mythology as a huge tribal community inhabited by creatures of the human type who are in one or another related relationship.

The connection with magic is characteristic of more mature primitive communal consciousness and is expressed in the actions of sorcerers, shamans and other people, armed with the rudiments of scientific knowledge about the human body, animals and plants.

Anti-historicity. Time is not understood as a process of progressive development. At best, it is allowed to be reversed: a movement from the golden age to the silver and copper, which in itself expresses the desire to see the world as static, constantly reproducing in the same form.

The essence of the mythological worldview is to create a picture of the world in which man and the world are fused together with imagery, emotionality, uncritical character, thinking by analogy, symbolism, and stereotyping.

The mythological worldview is a form of collective consciousness in which the individual dissolves in collective ideas, gaining strength not in independent thinking or in independent actions, not in independence from authorities, but in participation in them.

Functions of the mythological worldview: the transformation of chaos into space, or the establishment of an arbitrary, symbolic, illusory order in the world; creating an illusion of safety; uniting people around an idea or image.

Causes:

• * lack of knowledge, desire to explain ongoing phenomena and processes;
• * development of a person’s ability for abstract thinking;
• * complications of social life associated with the emergence of the state and social inequality.

Great danger, especially in modern conditions, represents fundamentalism - religious extremism, fanaticism, sometimes characterized by insufficient attention to the achievements of science, and sometimes ignoring them (-)

Religion is based on a figurative-emotional, sensory-visual form of perception.

The most important attributes of religion are faith and cult. Faith is a way of understanding the world with religious consciousness, special states of the religious consciousness of the subject.

The religious worldview does not offer a logically clear definition of God; Religious ideologists often say that a logically strict definition of God is impossible, that it can be understood metaphorically. The apophatic theology states that God can be said to be what he is not, but not what he is.

Religious worldview presented forms of three world religions: 1. Buddhism - 6-5 centuries. BC. First appeared in Ancient India, the founder was Buddha. In the center is the doctrine of noble truths (Nirvana). In Buddhism there is no soul, there is no God as a creator and supreme being, there is no spirit and history; 2. Christianity - 1st century AD, first appeared in Palestine, common feature: faith in Jesus Christ as the God-man, the savior of the world. The main source of doctrine is the Bible (Holy Scripture). Three branches of Christianity: Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Protestantism; 3. Islam - 7th century AD, formed in Arabia, founder - Muhammad, the main principles of Islam are set out in the Koran. The main dogma: worship of one god Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. The main branches of Islam are Sunnism and Shinnism.

The religious worldview already distinguishes between the natural and the unnatural, and already has limitations.

Religious worldview and religious philosophy are a type of idealism, i.e. such a direction in the development of social consciousness in which the original substance, i.e. The basis of the world is the Spirit, idea, consciousness.

The opposite of a religious worldview is an atheistic worldview.

Philosophy and religion are close for a number of reasons: - They are close in the subject of reflection. Both are aimed at searching for the meaning of life and express the need for harmonization of relationships. - They are close in the form of reflection. They are both the spiritual attitude of man to reality, expressed in the most general form, for both God and philosophy are certain absolutes. - They are also close in that they are value-based forms of spiritual activity (not the scientific truth of specific knowledge is their goal, but the formation of a spiritual life concept in accordance with guidelines that are important for a person).

Basis: rationally processed experience; based on modern achievements scientific knowledge peace.

Reasons for its emergence: the scientific worldview matures gradually as a result of the complication of work, the solution of practical problems: measurements, calculations, calculations associated with the need to build complex structures (irrigation, palaces, temples, pyramids), engage in trade and exchange, create calendars, engage in navigation, etc. d.

It is demonstrative, clear and rigorous, but does not solve human life problems; it strives for complete objectivity; it represents a theoretical understanding of the results of people’s scientific activity, the generalized results of human knowledge:

relies on scientific achievements (+);

includes scientific picture peace (+);

generalizes the results of human knowledge (+);

closely related to the practical activities of people (+);

the reality of the goals and ideals contained, the organic connection with production and social activities people (+);

the study of the spiritual world of man has not yet taken its rightful place in science (-).

Science is not a worldview, in the strict sense of the word, because:

• 1. it studies objective reality itself, and not a person’s attitude towards it (namely, this problem is the main issue of any worldview)
• 2. any worldview is a value-based type of consciousness, while science is the implementation of the cognitive sphere of consciousness, the purpose of which is to obtain knowledge about the properties and relationships of various objects in themselves.

Particularly important for scientific worldview It is based on knowledge obtained in historical, social and behavioral sciences, since it is in them that knowledge about the real forms and mechanisms of a person’s relationship to reality in all its spheres is accumulated.

The scientific worldview is systematized knowledge that has industry differentiation. Philosophy as a worldview is a prerequisite for the emergence of science.

Philosophical:

Basis: mind turned inward.

It is evidence-based, reasonable, holistic, but difficult to access.

The philosophical worldview theoretically generalizes the experience of spiritual and practical exploration of the world by man. In it philosophy fulfills the most important function, in fact, being the rational core of the worldview, because it is based on the achievements of the sciences about nature and society.

Philosophy solves a person’s life-meaning problems using a theoretical method; it responds to his need for the meaning of life, tries to find it, relying mainly on thinking and logic.

Philosophy and the worldview based on it: 1. are incompatible with superstitions: it frees a person from the ghosts of consciousness, myths and illusions, 2. strives to know the truth of existence, 3. thanks to it, a person can cultivate inner spiritual freedom, take an independent position, develop courage and ability independent thinking.

Philosophy emerges from mythology and religion and opposes them. If in myth and religion everything must be taken on faith, then in philosophy the principle of evidence is necessary.

In general, the philosophical worldview is built on concepts and categories that are derived by rational thinking and with the help of which the picture of the world is described. And even if the philosophical picture of the world is irrational, it still needs to be rationally justified.

The main features of the philosophical worldview are: logicality, rationality, theoreticalness, scientificity, reflexivity, i.e. the focus of thought on itself.

Key problems: the world and man, being and consciousness.

Reflection of the world in the system of concepts

Each philosophical concept is purely individual. Philosophy always directs a person to independently analyze certain problems.

The philosophical method of cognition is the mental construction, based on existing knowledge and ideas, of an extremely generalized model that surpasses the objects mastered by scientific disciplines in terms of the level of systemic relations.

In studying the Universe and the world around us, humanity relies on philosophical and scientific methods of cognition. In addition to philosophy and science, religions and esotericism have a great influence on the worldview of civilization. But neither religious movements nor esoteric directions have clear definitions, methods of cognition, much less practical confirmation of the possibilities of studying the world around us.

worldview philosophy religion faith