Types of hydraulic structures are distinguished, first of all, according to their functional purpose.
Distinguish the following types:
− water-retaining structures;
− spillways;
− drainage and water outlet structures;
− water supply facilities;
− energy facilities;
− shipping facilities;
− bank protection and bank protection structures, etc.
Water retaining structures create and maintain a level difference between the upstream and downstream pools (head).
Drainage facilities should provide:
− omission of high water and rain floods and other unused water flows in order to avoid exceeding the design water levels in the upstream;
− passage of ice, sludge, debris and other floating objects from the upstream to the downstream, if this is required by the operating conditions of the hydroelectric complex.
These functions of spillways can be carried out both during the operation of the hydroelectric complex and during its construction. In the first case, spillway structures are called operational, in the second case - construction or structures for passing construction costs.
Drainage structures are necessary for the implementation of water releases from the reservoir, in particular, to maintain certain sanitary and environmental conditions in the downstream (the so-called sanitary water flow rates established by sanitary rules and norms - SanPiN 3907-85).
Water supply structures are designed to transfer water over some distances.
Energy facilities are used to use the energy of water - these are the structures of hydraulic (HPP), nuclear (NPP), thermal (TPP) power plants, as well as the construction of pumping stations (PS).
Shipping facilities provide navigation and timber rafting.
Bank protection and bank protection structures are designed to protect or strengthen the banks of rivers, canals, reservoirs from destruction by waves, water flow, ice.
In the conditions of cities are widely used:
- water-retaining structures;
− spillways;
− drainage and water outlet structures;
− water supply facilities;
– reservoirs (ponds);
− bank protection and bank protection structures;
- structures for the protection of territories from landslides;
- structures to protect territories from flooding and flooding.
Dams are the most widely used water-retaining structures. Depending on the purpose of the hydroelectric complex, retaining structures can be buildings of hydroelectric power stations and pumping stations, abutments, retaining walls, etc.
Dams are built from various materials: soil (stone), concrete and reinforced concrete, wood, synthetic materials. In accordance with SNiP 2.06.05-84 * they are divided into types (Table 2.1).
Table 2.2
Typification of dams from soil materials
|
Dam type |
Features |
|
Earthen bulk |
Soils from clay to gravel-pebble; pour dry with a seal or into water |
|
Earthen alluvial |
Soils from clay to gravel-pebble; washed by means of hydromechanization |
|
Stone and earth |
The soils of the body are coarse-grained; impervious devices - from clay to fine sand |
|
Rockfill |
The soils of the body are coarse-grained; impervious devices - from non-soil materials |
According to the design of the body and impervious devices in the body and base, earthfill dams are subdivided (SNiP 2.06.05-84 *) into main types (Fig. 2.3 and Table 2.3).
Table 2.3
Types of earth embankment dams
|
Dam elements |
Type of dam |
|
Dam body |
Homogeneous (Fig. 2.3, A). Heterogeneous (Fig. 2.3, b, V). With a screen made of non-ground materials (Fig. 2.3, G). With a soil core - vertical or inclined (Fig. 2.3, d). With a non-ground diaphragm (Fig. 2.3, e). With ground screen (Fig. 2.3, and). |
|
An impervious device at the base of the dam |
With a tooth (Fig. 2.3, G). With an injection curtain (Fig. 2.3, d). With a wall, tongue (Fig. 2.3, e). With a downcast (Fig. 2.3, and). |
Rice. 2.3. Types of earth embankment dams:
1 – dam body; 2 – depression surface; 3 - drainage; 4 - fastening slopes; 5 – top soil impervious prism; 6 - diaphragm; 7 - riding prism; 8 - grassroots prism; 9 - transition layer; 10 - screen made of non-ground materials; 11 - soil core; 12 – central soil impervious prism; 13 - sheet pile or wall; 14 - downcast; 15 - injection (cementation) curtain (hanging); 16 - tooth; 17 - soil screen; h is the height of the dam; b is the bottom width of the dam; b um is the bottom width of the impervious device; b up is the width of the dam along the crest; m h is the coefficient of the upper slope; m t – coefficient of down slope
Alluvial dams, depending on the soils of the dam body and construction methods, are divided (SNiP 2.06.05-84 *) into main types (Fig. 2.4 and Table 2.4).
Table 2.4
Types of earth fill dams
|
Type of dam |
Dam body soils |
Dam construction method |
|
Uniform: with forcedly formed slopes (Fig. 2.4, A) with freely formed slopes (Fig. 2.4, b) |
Sands, sandy loam, loams Sands, gravel |
One-sided alluvium with embankment dams on the downstream slope and central alluvium without embankment dams |
|
Heterogeneous:: with a core (Fig. 2.4, V) with a central zone (Fig. 2.4, G) |
Gravel, pebble with the content of sand and clay fractions Gravel, pebbly or sandy inequigranular |
Double-sided alluvium with embankment dams on slopes |
|
Combined: with a bulk core of clay soil and alluvial side zones (Fig. 2.4, d) with bulk banquets and alluvial central zone (Fig. 2.4, e) |
Gravel, pebble or sand |
Double-sided alluvium without settling pond |
To organize the drainage of water filtering through the body and base of the dam, to prevent the filtration flow from reaching the downstream slope, to reduce the depression surface, and for other purposes, drainage can be arranged in the body of earthen dams (Fig. 2.7).
Rock-and-earth and rock-fill dams are subdivided (SNiP 2.06.05-84 *) into main types according to the design of impervious devices and the method of work (SNiP 2.06.05-84 *) (Fig. 2.5 and 2.6, Table 2.5).
Rice. 2.4. Types of alluvial dams:
1 - fastening of the upper slope; 2 - drainage; 3 – alluvial core; 4 - alluvial intermediate zones; 5 – alluvial side zones; 6 - alluvial central weakly permeable zone; 7 - side bulk prisms (banquets); 8 – seismic slope fastening; 9 - bulk clay core
Table 2.5
Types of stone dams
In addition to dams made of soil materials, concrete and reinforced concrete dams are sometimes used as water-retaining structures for hydroelectric facilities on small rivers. Depending on the design and technological purpose, these dams are divided (SNiP 2.06.06-85) into the main types (Table 2.6).
Table 2.6
Types of dams made of concrete (reinforced concrete)
GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
RESOLUTION
On the classification of hydraulic structures
In accordance with Article 4 of the Federal Law "On the Safety of Hydraulic Structures", the Government Russian Federation
decides:
1. Establish that hydraulic structures are divided into the following classes:
I class - hydraulic structures of extremely high danger;
Class II - high-risk hydraulic structures;
III class - hydraulic structures of medium danger;
Class IV - hydraulic structures of low danger.
2. Approve the attached criteria for the classification of hydraulic structures.
3. Establish that if a hydraulic structure, in accordance with the criteria approved by this resolution, can be classified as different classes, such a hydraulic structure belongs to the highest of them.
Prime Minister
Russian Federation
D.Medvedev
APPROVED
Government Decree
Russian Federation
dated November 2, 2013 N 986
1. Classes of hydraulic structures depending on their height and type of foundation soil:
Hydraulic structure | Soil type base- | Height of the hydraulic structure (meters) |
|||
1. Dams made of earth materials | |||||
2. Concrete, reinforced concrete dams; | from 60 to 100 | ||||
underwater building structures | |||||
hydro stations; shipping locks; ship lifts and other structures involved in the creation of a pressure front | |||||
3. Retaining walls | |||||
4. Marine | |||||
5. Marine | 15 or less | ||||
6. Fencing structures of liquid waste storage facilities | |||||
7. Protective structures; ice protection structures | |||||
8. Dry and liquid docks; | 15 or less | ||||
bulk dock chambers | 10 or less | ||||
Notes: 1. Soils are divided into: A - rock; B - sandy, coarse-grained and clayey in solid and semi-solid state; B - clay water-saturated in a plastic state.
2. The height of a hydraulic structure and the assessment of its foundation are determined according to the design documentation.
3. In positions 4 and 7, instead of the height of the hydraulic structure, the depth of the base of the hydraulic structure is taken.
2. Classes of hydraulic structures depending on their purpose and operating conditions:
Hydraulic structure | Class |
1. Retaining hydraulic structures of reclamation hydroelectric facilities with the volume of the reservoir, million cubic meters: | |
over 1000 | |
from 200 to 1000 | |
from 50 to 200 | |
50 or less | |
2. Hydraulic structures hydraulic, pumped storage, tidal and thermal power plants with installed capacity, MW: | |
over 1000 | |
from 300 to 1000 | |
from 10 to 300 | |
10 or less | |
3. Hydraulic structures nuclear power plants regardless of power | |
4. Hydraulic structures and navigable channels on inland waterways (except for hydraulic structures of river ports): | |
superhighway | |
main and local importance | |
5. Hydraulic structures of reclamation systems with an area of irrigation and drainage serviced by facilities, thousand hectares: | |
over 300 | |
from 100 to 300 | |
from 50 to 100 | |
50 or less | |
6. Canals of complex water management purpose and hydraulic structures on them with a total annual volume of water supply, million cubic meters: | |
over 200 | |
from 100 to 200 | |
from 20 to 100 | |
less than 20 | |
7. Marine protective hydraulic structures and hydraulic structures of sea channels, seaports with the volume of cargo turnover and the number of ship calls to navigation: | |
over 6 million tons of dry cargo (over 12 million tons of liquid cargo) and over 800 ship calls | |
from 1.5 to 6 million tons of dry cargo (from 6 to 12 million tons of liquid cargo) and from 600 to 800 ship calls | |
less than 1.5 million tons of dry cargo (less than 6 million tons of liquid cargo) and less than 600 ship calls | |
8. Marine protective hydraulic structures and hydraulic structures of marine shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises and bases, depending on the class of enterprise | |
9. Fencing hydraulic structures of river ports, shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises | |
10. Hydraulic structures of river ports with an average daily cargo turnover (conv. tons) and passenger turnover (conv. passengers): | |
over 15000 conv. tons and more | |
3501-15000 arb. tons and 501-2000 conv. passengers (port category 2) | |
751-3500 arb. tons and 201-500 conv. passengers (port category 3) | |
750 and less conventional. tons and 200 and less conventional units. passengers (port category 4) | |
11. Offshore berthing hydraulic structures, hydraulic structures of railway crossings, lighter-carrying system with cargo turnover, million tons: | |
over 0.5 | |
0.5 or less | |
12. Berthing hydraulic structures for sludge, inter-voyage repairs and supply of ships | |
13. Berthing hydraulic structures of shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises for ships with an empty displacement, thousand tons: | |
over 3.5 | |
3.5 or less | |
14. Construction and lifting-launching hydraulic structures for ships with a launching weight, thousand tons: | |
over 30 | |
from 3.5 to 30 | |
3.5 or less | |
15. Stationary hydraulic structures of aids to navigation | |
16. Temporary hydraulic structures used at the stages of construction, reconstruction and overhaul permanent hydraulic structures | |
17. Bank protection hydraulic structures |
Notes: 1. The class of hydraulic structures of hydraulic and thermal power plants with an installed capacity of less than 1000 MW, indicated in position 2, is increased by one if the power plants are isolated from energy systems.
2. The class of hydraulic structures indicated in position 6 is increased by one for canals transporting water to arid regions in conditions of difficult mountainous terrain.
3. The class of hydraulic structures of the canal section from the head water intake to the first regulating reservoir, as well as the canal sections between the regulating reservoirs, provided for in position 6, is reduced by one if the water supply to the main water consumer during the period of liquidation of the consequences of an accident on the canal can be provided at the expense of the regulating reservoirs or other sources.
4. The class of hydraulic structures of river ports indicated in position 10 is increased by one if damage to the hydraulic structures of river ports can lead to emergencies of a federal, interregional and regional nature.
5. The class of hydraulic structures indicated in positions 13 and 14 is increased by one, depending on the complexity of ships under construction or repair.
6. The class of hydraulic structures specified in position 16 is increased by one if damage to such hydraulic structures can lead to emergency.
7. The class of hydraulic structures indicated in position 17 is increased by one if damage to bank-protecting hydraulic structures can lead to emergencies of a federal, interregional and regional nature.
3. Classes of protective hydraulic structures, depending on the maximum pressure on the water-retaining structure:
protected areas | Maximum design head (meters) |
|||
and objects | ||||
1. Residential areas | ||||
over 2500 | ||||
from 2100 to 2500 | ||||
from 1800 to 2100 | ||||
10 to 15 | ||||
2. Objects of health-improving | ||||
3. Objects with a total annual production volume and (or) the cost of a one-time stored product, billion rubles: | ||||
over 5 | ||||
1 to 5 | ||||
less than 1 | ||||
4. Monuments of culture and nature | ||||
4. Classes of hydraulic structures depending on the consequences of possible hydrodynamic accidents:
Hydrotechnical class | Number | Number of people, living conditions | Size | Characteristics of the territory of distribution of the emergency situation that arose as a result of the accident |
over 20000 | within the territory of two or more subjects of the Russian Federation |
|||
from 500 to 3000 | within |
|||
territory of one |
||||
from 100 to 1000 | within the territory of one municipality |
|||
within the territory of one business entity |
Electronic text of the document
prepared by CJSC "Kodeks" and checked against:
Collection of legislation
Russian Federation,
No. 45, 11.11.2013, article 5820
HYDROTECHNICAL STRUCTURES, engineering structures intended for the implementation of various water management activities. Depending on the location, hydraulic structures can be sea, river, lake, pond.
There are general hydraulic structures, meeting the needs of almost all sectors of the water economy, and special, built for any one industry. Depending on the nature of the impact on the river flow, general hydraulic structures are divided into water-retaining, regulatory, water supply, culvert and water intake.
Water-retaining structures significantly affect the hydrological regime of the water flow (changing depths, flow rates, water discharges, sediment content, etc.). These include dams and dams (shafts). The dam (the most important and most common type of hydraulic structures) blocks the river channel and creates a pressure or difference in water levels in the upstream and downstream, which allows you to receive hydraulic energy, facilitates the removal of water for irrigation of fields and water supply, redistributes the river flow in time (regulates it) . The height of the dams in the 1970s exceeded 300 m (the dam of the Nurek hydroelectric complex), the length along the crest is several kilometers. According to the material of manufacture, dams can be earth (the most common type of dam), concrete and reinforced concrete. Previously, dams were also built from masonry, woven and wooden (now they are extremely rare). Dams (swells) differ from dams in that they are built not for the purpose of generating pressure, but to protect land areas (from flooding) or territories and water areas in ports (from the effects of tides, wind surges of water). With the help of dams, artificial basins are built (for example, at pumped-storage and tidal power plants, the so-called tailings, etc.) and canal beds.
The functions of a water-retaining structure at low pressures can also be performed by special hydraulic structures - hydroelectric power station buildings, locks, fish passages.
Regulatory (channel-regulating) structures change the local (within the channel) flow regime. They are designed to provide the necessary depth, flow rate and channel shape for navigation and rafting (forest) on rivers; changes in the direction and shape of the channel in the interests of, for example, navigation (the creation of so-called channel channels or ship passages); regulation of the erosive activity of the watercourse; protection of the channel and banks from erosion, sedimentation, ice impact, etc. Regulatory structures are dams and channels erected in the channels; jet guides (bunas, shields, etc.); coast protection structures, etc.
Water supply facilities create artificial water flows; serve to transfer water to specified points. These include canals, flumes, free-flow pipelines, aqueducts, hydrotechnical tunnels. These structures, ranging in length from several meters to tens and hundreds of kilometers, create waterways for navigable, rafting and other purposes, supply water to water supply and irrigation systems, as well as to turbines of hydroelectric power stations, and the like.
Culverts ensure the removal of excess water from a water body (reservoir, canal, pressure basin, etc.), mainly during spring or rain floods, in order to ensure safe operation hydroelectric complex. Culverts (spillways, fast currents, stepped drops, etc.) are made of concrete, reinforced concrete, metal, less often of wood. On the operational basis, they are divided into regulated and unregulated (automatic action); according to the hydraulic regime - to non-pressure (with an open water surface) and pressure ones.
Water intake facilities provide for the selection of water from a water source and its direction to water supply or spillway facilities. Along with ensuring an uninterrupted supply of water to consumers in the right amount and in the required time, water intake facilities protect the water supply tract from litter, sediment, ice, and prevent fish from entering it. In the water intake, it is provided (by installing valves or gates) the possibility of stopping the access of water from the water body.
Special hydraulic structures - hydroelectric power station buildings, locks, ship lifts, mooring walls, piers, supports of offshore drilling rigs, treatment facilities municipal, industrial and surface drains, etc. - are diverse and are characterized by many individual features.
Hydraulic structures for various purposes are combined as part of a single hydraulic unit (hydraulic unit), the composition of which is determined by its purpose. Often, hydroelectric facilities are built to meet the needs of several industries at the same time. National economy; then they are usually called complex.
A complex of hydraulic structures covering a significant area and including a number of hydroelectric facilities is called a water management (or hydraulic) system (hydropower, irrigation, drainage, navigable, etc.). Many water management systems, as well as individual hydroelectric facilities, have a complex purpose.
Hydraulic structures differ from other engineering structures in a number of features associated with the constant impact of water flow on them. This impact can be mechanical (static and hydrodynamic loads, soil suffusion, etc.), physical and chemical (surface abrasion, metal corrosion, concrete leaching), biological (rotting wooden structures, wear of wood by living organisms, etc.). The conditions for the construction of hydraulic structures are complicated by the need to pass through the structures during the period of their construction (usually for several years) the so-called construction costs of the river, ice, rafted timber, ships, etc. For the construction of hydraulic structures, extensive mechanization is necessary construction works. Predominantly monolithic and precast-monolithic structures are used, less often prefabricated and standard, which is due to various non-repeating combinations natural conditions- topographic, geological, hydrological and hydrogeological. The influence of hydraulic structures, especially water-retaining structures, extends over a vast territory, within which certain areas are flooded. land areas, level rise ground water, bank collapse and the like. Therefore, the construction of such structures requires High Quality work and ensure high reliability of structures, since accidents in hydraulic structures cause serious consequences - human casualties and loss of material values (for example, accidents at the Malpasse dam in France in 1959 and the Vayont reservoir in Italy in 1963 led to loss of life, destruction of cities, bridges and industrial buildings).
Lit. see at st. Hydraulic engineering.
Hydraulic structures (HTS) include pressure front structures and natural dams (dams, locks, dams, irrigation systems, cofferdams, dams, canals, storm sewer etc.), creating a difference in water levels before and after them, designed to use water resources, as well as to combat the harmful effects of water.
Dam - an artificial water-retaining structure or a natural (natural) obstacle in the way of a watercourse, creating a difference in levels in its upstream and downstream along the riverbed; is important type a common hydraulic structure with culverts and other devices created with it.
Artificial dams are created by man for his own needs; these are dams of hydroelectric power stations, water intakes in irrigation systems, dams, dams, dams that create a reservoir in their upper pool. Natural dams are the result of the actions of natural forces: landslides, mudflows, avalanches, collapses, earthquakes.
Pool - a section of a river between two adjacent dams on a river or a section of a canal between two locks.
The upstream of the dam is the part of the river above the retaining structure (dam, sluice).
Downstream - part of the river below the retaining structure.
Risberma - a fortified section of the riverbed in the downstream of a spillway hydraulic structure, protecting the channel from erosion, leveling the flow rate.
Reservoirs can be long-term or short-term. A long-term artificial reservoir is, for example, the reservoir of the headwater of the Iriklinskaya GRES. A long-term natural reservoir is formed due to the blocking of rivers by a collapse of hard rock (Tian Shan, Pamir, etc.).
Short-term artificial dams are built to temporarily change the direction of the river bed during the construction of a hydroelectric power station or other hydraulic structures. They arise as a result of the blocking of the river loose soil, snow or ice (congestion, constipation).
As a rule, artificial and natural dams have drains: for artificial dams - directed, for natural - randomly formed (spontaneous). There are several classifications of hydraulic structures. According to the location of the GTS, they are divided into:
According to the nature and purpose of use, the following types of GTS are distinguished:
By functional purpose GTS are classified as follows:
In a special group, special hydraulic structures are distinguished:
Types and classification of which speak of a wide range their use. Any of these structures are built on water resources- from rivers and lakes to seas or groundwater - and are necessary in order to combat the destructive power of the water element. Each of the systems has its own characteristics of construction and operation.
Hydraulic structures are understood as systems that allow the beneficial use or prevention of harmful effect excess water for environment. All modern watersheds, land reclamation) are called "hydraulic structures". Their types and classification, depending on the features of installation and operation, are as follows:
Modern hydraulic structures are dams, and dams, and spillways, and water intakes, and canals. In general, any systems that are installed on
Water-retaining hydraulic structures are structures with which you can create pressure or provide a difference in front of and behind the dam. Experts say that water regime in the backwater zone varies depending on the natural and climatic conditions of the region. Water retaining hydraulic structures are the most important structures for creating dams, since they bear a large load due to water pressure. If suddenly the water-retaining structure fails, the pressure front of the water will be difficult to control, and this can lead to sad consequences.
Water supply structures consist of water intakes, spillways, spillways and canals. These are hydraulic structures that serve to transfer water to specified points. Water intake systems that take water from a reservoir and supply it to hydropower, water supply or irrigation facilities deserve special attention. Their task is to ensure the passage of water into the conduit in the prescribed volume, quantity and quality in accordance with the water consumption schedule. Depending on the location, it may be:
Most often, water intake hydraulic structures are mounted on rivers. The photo shows that such structures can be high and low.
Depending on the type of source, water intakes can be river, lake, sea, reservoir. Among the river structures, the most popular are coastal, floating, channel, which can be combined with pumping stations or mount them individually:
Regulatory hydraulic structures - what is it? In another way, they are called straightening structures, as they allow you to regulate the flow of rivers. This can be achieved through the construction of jet guides and limiting structures in the channel itself and along the banks of the reservoir. Thanks to such systems, the river flow is formed so that it moves at a relatively low speed and thereby maintains a fairway with predetermined minimum values of width, depth and curvature. These hydraulic structures are popular, the types and classification of which are as follows:
The first structures consist of dams, ramparts, dams and ideally cope with the undermining and destructive action of water. Light control structures are veils, wicker fences that simply direct or deflect the flow of the device.
Types and classification suggest a division according to the presence of dams - damless or dammed. The first systems involve the creation of an artificial channel that departs from the river at a certain angle and takes part of the flow of the watercourse. To prevent sediment from the bottom from falling into the irrigation canal, such structures are located on concave sections of the coast. If the water flow is significant, then the construction of dam structures is required, which, in turn, can be surface or deep.
Culvert hydraulic structures are weirs and spillways. These systems are referred to as controlled or automatic action. With the help of the spillway, excess water is discharged from the reservoir, and the spillway is a system in which water overflows freely over the crest of the water-retaining structure. Depending on the characteristics of the movement of water, such systems can be without pressure or pressure.
Among the hydraulic structures special purpose can be distinguished: hydropower, irrigation, drainage structures, melioration systems and water transport facilities. Let's take a closer look at these structures:
In some cases, general and special structures are combined, for example, a spillway system is placed in a power plant building. Similar complex systems are called nodes of hydraulic structures.
There is also a division of hydraulic structures according to their degree of danger: they can be of low, medium, high or extremely high degree of danger. Most often, the main factors affecting the hazard of hydraulic structures are natural loads and impacts, non-compliance design solution regulatory requirements, violation of the conditions of operation of structures or the consequences and damage due to an accident. Any shortcomings and unpredictable impacts can lead to the destruction of structures, a breakthrough of the pressure front.
