It turns out, according to the assurances of Internet sites, almost every Russian can become a nobleman in our times. And to do this, you don’t need to recreate your family tree, looking for a noble descendant in it, or leaf through old albums with images of gentlemen trampling corner fireplaces in spacious halls to find at least some portrait resemblance. Everything is much simpler: you just need to pay a cash contribution to one of the noble societies or to a person authorized to distribute titles.
And, surprisingly, there are quite a few of them in Russia. At one time, thanks to them, our fatherland was replenished with huge ranks of nobles. Among them, the most famous are: Alexander Malinin - Russian pop singer, Bari Alibasov - producer, Ayatskov - governor, and even Arnold Schwarzenegger himself! There are also “simpler” people, for example, an ordinary stove maker from Saratov received the title of nobleman; now any fireplace lining he makes has its own noble stamp.
How much will this cost? honorary title? Rates vary from organization to organization. So, for a count you will have to pay from 18 thousand rubles, for a prince more - from 12 thousand euros. And no matter who you work, a doctor, a realtor, an accountant, or your main occupation is, for example, installing chimneys, if you have a certain amount of banknotes, welcome to the nobility.
However, in fact, in most cases, such proposals are just a way to “dust your brain.” No matter how beautiful and loud the names of the organizations are: “The New Elite of Russia” - the Russian noble society, “The New Elite of the World” - the international order chapter, they have no right to give, sell, or offer a title of nobility. But the laws of the Russian Federation do not punish for this...
In fact, there are only two legitimate noble organizations in Russia: the St. Petersburg Noble Assembly and the Russian Noble Assembly. The first unites real hereditary nobles on the basis of an appropriate certificate, the second is a corporate public organization, whose members also include actual (direct paternal) and associated nobles (maternal descendants). There is also the Union of Russian Nobles, but it operates and is located in Europe.
But none of the named Assemblies grant titles of nobility! It does not issue any certificates conferring a title! Only the Head of the Imperial House has the right to grant a title. At the moment the Head is Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna. True, you can become a nobleman (not hereditary) if the princess awards you the Order of St. Anne, the Order of Alexander Nevsky, the Order of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker for special services to the homeland and its citizens.
Therefore, you should not believe scammers, especially now, when most of the “nobles” are dreaming of a wonderful summer vacation!
And the darling was hit by a hut...
Ladder of titles
At the very top is the royal family (with its own hierarchy).
Next, in order of importance of titles, are:
Princes- Your Highness, Your Lordship
Dukes- Your Grace, Duke/Duchess
Awnings - My Lord/Milady, Marquis/Marquise (mention in conversation - Lord/Lady)
Eldest sons of dukes
Dukes' Daughters
Graphs - My Lord/Milady, Your Lordship (mention in conversation - Lord/Lady)
Eldest sons of the marquises
Daughters of the Marquises
Younger sons dukes
Viscounts - My Lord/Milady, Your Grace (mention in conversation - Lord/Lady)
Earls' eldest sons
Younger sons of the marquises
Barons - My Lord/Milady, Your Grace (mention in conversation - Lord/Lady)
Eldest sons of viscounts
Younger sons of counts
Eldest sons of the barons
Younger sons of viscounts
Younger sons of the barons
Baronets - Sir
Eldest sons of younger sons of peers
Eldest sons of baronets
Younger sons of baronets
sons
The eldest son of the title holder is his direct heir.
The eldest son of a duke, marquis or earl receives a "courtesy title" - the eldest from the list of titles belonging to the father (usually the road to the title passed through several lower titles, which then "remained in the family". Usually this is the next most senior title (for example , the heir of a duke is a marquess), but not necessarily. In the general hierarchy, the place of the sons of the title holder was determined by the title of their father, and not by their "courtesy title".
The eldest son of a duke, marquess, earl or viscount comes immediately after the holder of the title next in seniority to his father's title.
(see "Ladder of titles"
Thus, the heir of a duke always stands immediately behind the marquis, even if his “courtesy title” is only that of count.
The younger sons of dukes and marquises are lords.
In the vast majority of cases, the title holder was a man. In exceptional cases, a title could belong to a woman if the title allowed transmission through the female line. This was the exception to the rule. Mostly women's titles - all these countesses, marquises, etc. - are "courtesy title" and do not give the holder the right to the privileges due to the holder of the title. A woman became a countess by marrying a count; marquise, marrying a marquis; etc.
In the general hierarchy, the wife occupies a place determined by the title of her husband. You can say that she is standing on the same step of the stairs as her husband, right behind him.
Comment: You should pay attention to the following nuance: For example, there are marquises, wives of marquises and marquises, wives of the eldest sons of dukes (who have the “courtesy title” of marquis, see section Sons). So, the former always occupy a higher position than the latter (again, the position of the wife is determined by the position of the husband, and the marquis, the son of a duke, always ranks below the marquis as such).
Women are title holders "by right"
In some cases, the title could be inherited through the female line. There could be two options here.
1. The woman became, as it were, the custodian of the title, then passing it on to her eldest son. If there was no son, the title, under the same conditions, passed to the next female heir for transfer then to her son... At the birth of a male heir, the title passed to him.
2. A woman received the title “in her own right.” In this case, she became the owner of the title. However, unlike male title holders, the woman did not receive the right to sit in the House of Lords along with this title, and hold positions associated with this title.
If a woman got married, then her husband did not receive the title (both in the first and second cases).
Comment: Who ranks higher, Baroness "in her own right" or the baron's wife? After all, the title of the first belongs directly to her, and the second enjoys the “title of courtesy.”
According to Debrett, a woman's position is entirely determined by that of her father or husband, unless the woman has the title "in her own right." In this case, her position is determined by the title itself. Thus, of the two baronesses, the one whose barony is older is higher in position. (two title holders are compared).
Widows
In the literature, in relation to the widows of titled aristocrats, you can often find a kind of prefix to the title - Dowager, i.e. Dowager. Can every widow be called a "Widower"? No.
Example. The widow of the fifth Earl of Chatham may be called the Dowager Countess of Chatham if both following conditions:
1. The next Earl of Chatham became the direct heir of her late husband (i.e. his son, grandson, etc.)
2. If there is no other Dowager Countess of Chatham alive (for example, the widow of the fourth Earl, the father of her late husband).
In all other cases, she is Mary, Countess of Chatham, i.e. name + title of her late husband. For example, if she is the widow of a count, but the widow of her husband's father is still alive. Or if after the death of her husband his nephew became the count.
If the current holder of the title is not yet married, then the widow of the previous holder of the title continues to be called Countess of Chatham (for example), and becomes "Dowager" (if eligible) after the current holder of the title marries and a new Countess of Chatham is created.
How is the position of a widow in society determined? - By the title of her late husband. Thus, the widow of the 4th Earl of Chatham is higher in position than the wife of the 5th Earl of Chatham. Moreover, the age of women does not play any role here.
If a widow remarries, her position is determined by that of her new husband.
Daughters
Daughters of dukes, marquises and counts occupy the next step in the hierarchy after the eldest son in the family (if there is one) and his wife (if there is one). They stand above all other sons in the family.
The daughter of a Duke, Marquis or Earl receives the courtesy title "Lady". She retains this title even if she marries an untitled person. But when she marries a titled man, she receives the title of her husband.
Ruler titles
Inherited:
Prince
Tsar heir Tsarevich (not always)
King heir Dauphin, Prince or Infant
Emperor
Caliph
Maharajah
Khan
Shah
Elected:
Doge
Caliph of the Kharijites
Noble titles:
Boyarin
Marquis
Baron
Graph
Duke
Prince
Viscount
Chevalier
Kazoku - Japanese title system
Monarchs
Emperor(Latin imperator - ruler) - the title of the monarch, head of state (empire). Since the time of the Roman emperor Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) and his successors, the title of emperor acquired a monarchical character. Since the time of Emperor Diocletian (284-305), the Roman Empire has almost always been led by two emperors with the titles of Augusti (their co-rulers bore the title of Caesars).
It is also used to designate the rulers of a number of eastern monarchies (China, Korea, Mongolia, Ethiopia, Japan, pre-Columbian states of America), despite the fact that the name of the title in the official languages of these countries does not come from the Latin imperator.
Today, only the Emperor of Japan, Akihito, has this title in the world.
King(Latin rex, French roi, English king, German König) - the title of a monarch, usually hereditary, but sometimes elective, head of the kingdom.
Queen- the female ruler of a kingdom or the consort of a king.
Tsar(from tssar, tssar, lat. caesar, Greek kαῖσαρ - one of the Slavic titles of the monarch, usually associated with the highest dignity of the emperor. In an allegorical speech to denote primacy, dominance: “the lion is the king of beasts.”
The queen is the reigning person or the wife of the king.
Tsarevich - the son of a king or queen (in pre-Petrine times). In addition, the title of prince was given to some descendants of independent Tatar khans, for example, the descendants of Kuchum Khan of Siberia had the title of prince of Siberia.
Tsesarevich is a male heir, the full title is Heir Tsesarevich, informally shortened in Russia to Heir (with a capital letter) and rarely to Tsesarevich.
Tsesarevna is the wife of the Tsarevich.
A princess is the daughter of a king or queen.
Titled nobility
Prince(German Prinz, English and French prince, Spanish príncipe, from Latin princeps - first) - one of the highest titles of representatives of the aristocracy. The Russian word “prince” means direct descendants of monarchs, as well as, by special decree, other members royal family
Duke (Duc) - Duchess (Duchess)
Duke(German Herzog, French duc, English duke, Italian duca) among the ancient Germans - a military leader elected by the tribal nobility; in Western Europe, in the early Middle Ages, a tribal prince, and in the period feudal fragmentation- a major territorial ruler, occupying first place after the king in the military hierarchy.
Marquis (Marquess) - Marchioness
Marquis- (French marquis, Novolat. marchisus or marchio, from German Markgraf, in Italy marchese) - a Western European noble title, standing in the middle between count and duke; in England, besides M. in the proper sense, this title (Marquess) is given to the eldest sons of dukes.
Earl - Countess
Graph(from German Graf; Latin comes (lit.: “companion”), French comte, English earl or count) - a royal official in the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe. The title originated in the 4th century in the Roman Empire and was originally assigned to high dignitaries (for example, comes sacrarum largitionum - chief treasurer). In the Frankish state, from the second half of the 6th century, the count in his district-county had judicial, administrative and military power. According to the decree of Charles II the Bald (Cersian Capitulary, 877), the count's position and possessions became hereditary.
The English earl (OE eorl) originally denoted a senior official, but since the time of the Norman kings it has become an honorary title.
During the period of feudal fragmentation - the feudal ruler of the county, then (with the elimination of feudal fragmentation) the title of the highest nobility (female - countess). It continues to be formally retained as a title in most European countries with a monarchical form of government.
Viscount - Viscountess
Viscount- (French Vicornte, English Viscount, Italian Visconte, Spanish Vicecomte) - this was the name in the Middle Ages for a governor in some possession of a count (from vice comes). Subsequently, individual V. became so strong that they became independent and owned well-known destinies (Beaumont, Poitiers, etc.) and began to be associated with the title of V. Currently, this title in France and England occupies a middle place between count and baron. The eldest son of a count usually bears the title V.
Baron - Baroness
Baron(from Late Lat. baro - a word of Germanic origin with the original meaning - person, man), in Western Europe a direct vassal of the king, later a noble title (woman - baroness). The title of B. in England (where it remains to this day) is lower than the title of Viscount, occupying the last place in the hierarchy of titles of the highest nobility (more in a broad sense all the English high nobility, hereditary members of the House of Lords belong to B.); in France and Germany this title was lower than the count's. In the Russian Empire, the title B. was introduced by Peter I for the German nobility of the Baltic states.
Baronet - (no female version of the title)
Baronet(Baronet) - (there is no female version of the title) - although this is a hereditary title, baronets do not actually belong to the peerage (titled aristocracy) and do not have seats in the House of Lords.
All others fall under the definition of "commoner", i.e. untitled (including Knight, Esquire, Gentleman)
Comment: In the vast majority of cases, the title belongs to the man. In rare cases, a woman may hold the title herself. Thus, Duchess, Marchioness, Countess, Viscountess, Baroness - in the vast majority of cases these are "courtesy titles"
Within a title there is a hierarchy based on when the title was created and whether the title is English, Scottish or Irish.
English titles are higher than Scottish ones, and Scottish ones, in turn, are higher than Irish ones. With all this, the “older” titles are at a higher level.
Comment: about English, Scottish and Irish titles.
IN different time titles were created in England:
before 1707 - peers of England, Scotland and Ireland
1701-1801 - Peers of Great Britain and Ireland
after 1801 - peers of the United Kingdom (and Ireland).
Thus, an Irish earl with a title created before 1707 is lower in the hierarchy than an English earl with a title of the same time; but higher than Earl of Great Britain with a title created after 1707
Lord
Lord(English Lord - lord, master, ruler) - a title of nobility in Great Britain.
Initially, this title was used to designate everyone belonging to the class of feudal landowners. In this meaning, the lord (French seigneur (“senior”)) opposed the peasants who lived on his lands and owed him loyalty and feudal duties. Later, a narrower meaning appeared - the holder of lands directly from the king, in contrast to knights (gentry in England, lairds in Scotland), who owned lands belonging to other nobles. Thus, the title of lord became a collective title for the five ranks of the peerage (duke, marquis, earl, viscount and baron).
With the emergence of parliaments in England and Scotland in the 13th century, lords received the right to directly participate in parliament, and in England a separate, upper house of lords of parliament was formed. Nobles holding the title of lord sat in the House of Lords by birthright, while other feudal lords had to elect their representatives to the House of Commons by county.
In a narrower sense, the title of lord was usually used as equivalent to the title of baron, the lowest in the peerage system. This is especially true in Scotland, where the title of baron is not widespread. The granting of the title of lord by the Scottish kings to the nobles gave them the opportunity to directly participate in the country's parliament, and was often not associated with the appearance of land holdings in such persons by right of holding from the king. Thus the title of Lords of Parliament arose in Scotland.
Only the king had the right to assign the title of lord to a nobleman. This title was inherited through the male line and in accordance with the principle of primogeniture. However, the title of lord also began to be used by the children of nobles of the highest ranks (dukes, marquises, viscounts). In this sense, the wearing of this title did not require special sanction from the monarch.
Lord, this is not a title - this is an appeal to the nobility, eg Lord Stone.
Lord(lord, in the original meaning - owner, head of a house, family, from Anglo-Saxon hlaford, literally - keeper, protector of bread), 1) originally in medieval England in general meaning- feudal landowner (lord of the manor, landlord) and lord of his vassals, more special meaning- a major feudal lord, the direct holder of the king - a baron. Gradually, the title of L. became the collective title of the English high nobility (dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, barons), which was received (since the 14th century) by the peers of the kingdom, constituting the upper house of the British parliament - the House of Lords. The title of L. is transmitted through the male line and seniority, but can also be granted by the crown (on the recommendation of the Prime Minister). Since the 19th century complains (“for special merits”) not only to large landowners, as was previously customary, but also to representatives of big capital, as well as some scientists, cultural figures, etc. Until 1958, seats in the House of Lithuania were filled only by inheritance of this title. Since 1958, the appointment by the monarch of some of the members of the chamber of parliament has been introduced, and those appointed by parliament sit in the chamber for life; their title is not inherited. In 1963, hereditary L. received the right to resign their title. 2) An integral part of the official title of some senior and local officials of Great Britain, for example, Lord Chancellor, Lord Mayor and others. Lord Chancellor, Supreme Law of Great Britain, is one of the oldest government positions (established in the 11th century); in modern Great Britain, the L. Chancellor is a member of the government and a representative of the House of Lords. Mainly performs the functions of the Minister of Justice: appoints judges in the counties, heads the Supreme Court, is the custodian of the great state seal. Lord Mayor is a title preserved from the Middle Ages for the head of local authorities in London (in the City area) and a number of others major cities(Bristol, Liverpool, Manchester and others). 3) In the 15-17th centuries component title of L.-protector, which was awarded to some high-ranking statesmen England, for example, regents under a minor king. In 1653-58, the title of L. Protector was also held by O. Cromwell.
We all know that it is quite possible to go from rags to riches, and some even sometimes succeed. But seriously, is it possible, for example, from being a count to becoming a prince? And what is the difference between these high titles? Let's try to figure it out.
Graph– initially, in early Middle Ages, an official under the king in Western Europe, and later a title in Europe and some non-European countries.
Prince- the head of a feudal state or political entity among the Slavs, later - the highest noble title, in Europe equivalent to a duke or prince.
For several centuries, the meaning of the words “prince” and “count” in different countries has undergone significant changes. Let us dwell on the situation with these titles in our country. In Rus', the prince was a tribal leader, the elder of the clan. Later, the prince headed the state: his responsibilities included military, judicial and religious functions. For a long time, a high-profile title was the only one in our country; it was worn by both great and appanage princes. Initially, the princes were chosen, then the title began to be inherited. This order existed in Russia until the 18th century, and then the tsar began to complain about the title for special merits to the highest dignitaries (the first prince not by blood was A.D. Menshikov, an associate of Peter I).
Count Vorontsov
Under Peter, as is known, there were many reforms and innovations: it was his merit that, in addition to the princely title, the titles of count and baron appeared in the state. These three noble titles, by the way, they existed with us until the October Revolution. There were always quite a lot of princes, but the importance of many previously influential families gradually fell, their possessions fell into decay. For example, the Vyazemsky princes at one time worked in the service of middle-class landowners. After Peter the Great, the formerly enviable title was not granted to anyone for almost a hundred years: being considered a prince was extremely unprestigious, and besides, numerous Georgian and Tatar princes received such a title, to whom no one wanted to be like (by the way, perhaps this is where it originated and the proverb mentioned above).
In Russia to end of the 19th century century there were 310 count families. Moreover, until the revolution there were much fewer counts than princes. The title of count was awarded in the 19th century only to those who had the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (until 1917, the highest award of the Russian Empire).
The princes (depending on whether they received the title by inheritance or not) were addressed as “Your Grace” or “Your Excellency”; the counts were addressed only as “Your Excellency”.
We all know that it is quite possible to go from rags to riches, and some even sometimes succeed. But seriously, is it possible, for example, from being a count to becoming a prince? And what is the difference between these high titles? Let's try to figure it out.
Graph- originally, in the early Middle Ages, an official under the king in Western Europe, and later a title in Europe and some non-European countries.
Prince- the head of a feudal state or political entity among the Slavs, later - the highest noble title, in Europe equivalent to a duke or prince.
What is the difference between a count and a prince?
Over the course of several centuries, the meaning of the words “prince” and “count” in different countries has undergone significant changes. Let us dwell on the situation with these titles in our country. In Rus', the prince was a tribal leader, the elder of the clan. Later, the prince headed the state: his responsibilities included military, judicial and religious functions. For a long time, a high-profile title was the only one in our country; it was worn by both great and appanage princes. Initially, the princes were chosen, then the title began to be inherited. This order existed in Russia until the 18th century, and then the tsar began to complain about the title for special merits to the highest dignitaries (the first prince not by blood was A.D. Menshikov, an associate of Peter I).
Under Peter, as is known, there were many reforms and innovations: it was his merit that, in addition to the princely title, the titles of count and baron appeared in the state. These three noble titles, by the way, existed in our country until the October Revolution. There were always quite a lot of princes, but the importance of many previously influential families gradually fell, their possessions fell into decay. For example, the Vyazemsky princes at one time worked in the service of middle-class landowners. After Peter the Great, the formerly enviable title was not granted to anyone for almost a hundred years: being considered a prince was extremely unprestigious, and besides, numerous Georgian and Tatar princes received such a title, to whom no one wanted to be like (by the way, perhaps this is where it originated and the proverb mentioned above).
In Russia by the end of the 19th century there were 310 count families. Moreover, until the revolution there were much fewer counts than princes. The title of count was awarded in the 19th century only to those who had the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (until 1917, the highest award of the Russian Empire).
The princes (depending on whether they received the title by inheritance or not) were addressed as “Your Grace” or “Your Excellency”; the counts were addressed only as “Your Excellency”.
The title of prince is higher on the hierarchical ladder than the title of count.
The title of prince appeared in Russia earlier than the title of count. Moreover, for a long time (until Peter I) it was passed down only by inheritance. Then the title of prince, like the title of count, began to be granted.
There have always been more princes in Russia than counts.
The title of prince was not always considered prestigious: there was a time in the Russian Empire when calling a person a prince (and even more so a prince) meant insulting him and accusing him of dishonor. The title of count has always been extremely honorable.
Count or "Gaugraf" in the feudal district possession of "Gau" (from German Gau), had judicial, administrative and military powers, and - according to the "Quersian capitulary" of Charles II the Bald of 877, the count's office and possessions became hereditary.
The views of scholars regarding the origin of the position of count in the Frankish state, mentioned in the Salic law, differ significantly.
Germanists consider the institution of counts to be primordially German and see the counts appointed by the king as chiefs: the so-called German Gaue, where the counts, with the development of royal power, took the place of the former elected “people’s princes” - Tacitus’s “ principles”, and on Gallo-Roman territory - after its transition to the rule of the Franks - in place of the former representatives of the Roman administration, and Roman institutions did not remain without influence on the character of the German institution.
Romanists, on the contrary, see in the count's institute a Roman institution that developed and spread in the Frankish state. According to Fustel de Coulanges, during the era of the barbarian invasion, an administrative reform was carried out in the Roman Empire, which consisted of the emperor appointing special commanders for each urban district ( civitas); these bosses were called comites; the reform begun by the empire was completed by the Frankish kings; spread throughout the state comites, to which the German name for count sometimes began to be applied.
In the English version, this is - earl(from Old English : eorl), originally denoting a senior official, but since the time of the Norman kings it has become an honorary title.
During the period of feudal fragmentation and later, the feudal lord of the county inherits the title of the highest noble class, secured by early rights, “Count” for a male person, and “Countess” for a female person. As a title, it continues to be formally preserved in most European countries and in states with a monarchical form of government.
The count was given mainly police functions: he was turned to to carry out the sentence ( people's court hundreds), to which they do not obey voluntarily.
With the development of Merovingian royal power, this official appointed by the king soon became the chairman of the regional court, displacing the former chairman - the tungin, or centurion, elected by the people ( lat. thunginus aut centenarius). In addition, in the Merovingian era, the count had the task of collecting royal income, caring for defenseless orphans and widows, maintaining peace and tranquility, bringing the people to the oath of allegiance to the king, and finally, gathering troops in the district and leading this army.
The count's privileged position is characterized by the fact that the price paid for his murder is three times higher than for the murder of an ordinary free person. He often visited the court and was an ordinary participant in court life.
The reward for count service was
The count was appointed and replaced by the king, according to his own arbitrariness and desire. On the part of the Frankish nobility, there was, however, a desire to restrain this arbitrariness; in 614, King Clothar II decreed that the count should come from the region whose administration was entrusted to him, “so that it would be possible, in the event of any misconduct, to compensate for the damage from his property.” Such a resolution ( along with rewarding the counts with land) contributed to the realization of the desire to combine the property of a private landowner with the power of the king's representative and to the hereditary transfer of this power - a desire that was generally noticed in the Merovingian state and especially manifested itself in the troubled era last kings this dynasty, when the counts were often the sovereign masters of their regions. The first Carolingians tried to limit the power of the count, especially Charlemagne, under whom the institution of counts spread throughout his vast monarchy; but these attempts did not lead to lasting results, and the desire to inherit both the position of count and the land holdings associated with it ( acquired over time the character of benefices) found its completion in the decrees of Charles the Bald, which approved the hereditary transfer of the count's office and lands.
With the development of feudalism and the gradual transfer of supreme rights from sovereigns to their vassals, the institution of counts, gradually - in the states formed from the monarchy of Charlemagne, acquired the character of an office. The count became the feudal owner of the lands that one way or another passed to him and collectively were called the county ( Moreover, such a county had little in common with Gau, Comitatus of the Merovingian or Carolingian era). In connection with this change in the position of the count, over time, this title began to be received as an honorary title by some feudal owners who had never been agents state power, and even persons who did not have the position of feudal landowners. The name "count" gradually became an honorary title, existing in almost all European states.
An institution largely similar to the Frankish institution of counts developed in England under the name English shire-gerefa, or sheriff. Regarding the title English earl, then this name is close to the Anglo-Saxon English eorl (conv. "person of the highest class") and by the way English jarl, which designated one of the highest positions among the Danish Normans, was replaced in England under Danish influence by the older name of alderman. Originally denoting the highest official in the regional government, the title earl has acquired a slightly different meaning since the Norman Conquest. Retaining this title for some of the former Anglo-Saxon bearers of it and distributing it to Norman newcomers who bore the title of earl on the continent, the Norman kings reserved for the earls those honors and material benefits that had previously been associated with this title, but tried to remove them from performing functions local administration. So the title English earl became an honorary title very early on.
By the beginning of the 20th century, in England, counts constituted the third highest rank of secular peers; Above them are dukes and marquises, below them are viscounts and barons.
The custom of decorating a helmet with a crown appeared among knights in the 15th century. Helmets with crowns were worn during tournaments, especially in Germany, where a crowned helmet was considered a sign of nobility.
Often the crown is not a sign of royal or princely dignity, but serves a purely decorative function. This heraldic crown, or diadem, is placed on the helmet as a crest, supporting the crest itself instead of the burelet, or together with it, located on top.
In the coats of arms of counts and barons, crowns are placed not only on helmets, but also on the shields themselves - between the shield and the helmet. If there are several helmets, then each of them is crowned with a crown.
The count's crown is made up of a gold crown with nine points topped with pearls. It was no different from its German prototype, unlike the baronial one, which repeated a similar sign of dignity adopted in French heraldry - a high gold hoop expanding upward, entwined seven times with a pearl thread. And although one of the versions of the baronial crown was similar to the count's, it had only seven pearls, and not nine, like the counts.
| Case | answers to | units | pl. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | (who what?) | graph | graphs |
| Genitive | (who/what?) | count | counts |
| Dative | (to whom; to what?) | to the count | to the counts |
| Accusative | (who/what?) | count | counts |
| Instrumental | (by whom/what?) | count | graphs |
| Prepositional | (about whom/what?) | graph | graphs |
Lopatin's dictionary also indicates the colloquial version of the plural. numbers of this word.
| Case | answers to | units | pl. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | (who what?) | graph | Countess |
| Genitive | (who/what?) | count | Grafiev |
| Dative | (to whom; to what?) | to the count | Counts |
| Accusative | (who/what?) | count | Grafiev |
| Instrumental | (by whom/what?) | count | counts |
| Prepositional | (about whom/what?) | graph | Counts |
Traditional Chinese title whale. 伯 (bo) and its derivative Japanese Japanese 伯爵 (hakushaku) in the kazoku system are considered equivalent to a graph.
listen to the pronunciation of the word ()
