Syringe - medical instrument, intended for injections, diagnostic punctures, suction of pathological contents from cavities.
When the syringe piston is raised, if its needle is placed in a vessel with liquid, a vacuum is created between it and the surface. Liquid from the vessel rushes there because atmospheric pressure acts on it.
Reusable syringe, 5 ml with glass cylinder and other chromed metal parts.
Typically, a syringe is a hollow graduated cylinder with a cone on which a needle is mounted, and an open end through which a piston with a rod is inserted into the cylinder.
In the 1980s, single-use syringes (SHOP, colloquially known as: disposable syringes), almost entirely made of plastic, with the exception of the needle, which is still made of of stainless steel. The syringe also has a large number of slang names in the slang of drug addicts.
Syringe tubes are also used ( English) for single administration of drugs. But, as a rule, the syringe should be disposable - it is sterile
Since the syringe comes into contact with blood during use, attention should be paid to the sterility of the syringe:
To carry out the injection, the syringe needle is placed in the container with the drug, after which the required amount of the drug is drawn into the syringe barrel by moving the piston towards itself. Before performing the injection, you should make sure that there are no air bubbles in the drug drawn into the syringe. To do this, the syringe is directed upward with the needle and with a slight movement of the piston, air is expelled from the syringe along with part of the drug. The skin at the injection site must be wiped with alcohol. Subsequently, depending on the type of injection, the needle is injected into the patient’s vein, under the skin, either inside the skin or inside the muscle, after which the movement of the piston moves the medicine from the syringe into the patient’s body.
The origin of the syringes is almost impossible to trace. It is known that they were in Europe around the 13th century, but no one has yet been able to find out where and how they were used before. They were made from a translucent bovine bladder, to which a sharp fine tip made of wood or copper. An incision was made in the patient's muscle or vein with a knife, after which the tip was quickly inserted.
Despite the fact that intravenous injections have been carried out since the mid-17th century, the syringe, as we know it today, was invented only in 1853 by veterinarian Charles Gabriel Pravaz and Alexander Wood, independently from each other.
The first syringes were made from a rubber cylinder, inside of which was placed a well-fitted piston made of leather and asbestos with a metal pin sticking out. A hollow needle was fixed at the other end of the cylinder. Since the cylinder was opaque, notches for dosing the medicine were made not on it, but on the metal pin of the piston.
a plastic cylinder with a volume of 200 to 2000 cm3 (2 l) with a piston and an outlet, designed for placing and squeezing out various creams, mainly used for decorating pastries and cakes. The syringe has a set of cornets having different section and profile and mounted at the inlet through which the cream is squeezed out by a piston onto the surface of the confectionery product. The most convenient for work are liter syringes, which ensure continuity of work with one cake. Small syringes are extremely inconvenient, since they have to be filled frequently, not only interrupting the work, but also interrupting the uniform thickness (intensity) of the pattern applied through the cornets on the cake, which spoils appearance products
Technical syringe designed for introducing liquid or grease lubricants into machine components and mechanisms, as well as for applying to various surfaces glue, sealant and other viscous substances. The design of a technical syringe is similar to that of a medical syringe, but differs large sizes and (often) the presence of a lever mechanism to drive the piston. As a rule, units that are lubricated using a syringe have a special unit - a grease nipple with check valve preventing lubricant from leaking after disconnecting the syringe. There are disposable (factory filled with working fluid) and rechargeable (filled by the consumer) technical syringes.
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A syringe is a medical instrument intended for injections, diagnostic punctures, and suction of pathological contents from cavities.
When the syringe piston is raised, if its needle is placed in a vessel with liquid, a vacuum is created between it and the surface. Liquid from the vessel rushes there because atmospheric pressure acts on it.
Typically, a syringe is a hollow graduated cylinder with a cone on which a needle is mounted, and an open end through which a piston with a rod is inserted into the cylinder.
In the 1980s, single-use syringes (SOS, colloquially: disposable syringes), made almost entirely of plastic except for the needle, which is still made of stainless steel, became widespread. The syringe also has a large number of slang names in the slang of drug addicts.
Syringe tubes are also used for single administration of drugs.
The origin of the syringes is almost impossible to trace. They have been known in Europe since about the 13th century, but no one has yet been able to find out where and how they were used before. They were made from a translucent bovine bladder, to which was attached a sharp thin tip made of wood or copper. An incision was made in the patient's muscle or vein with a knife, after which the tip was quickly inserted.
Despite the fact that intravenous injections have been carried out since the mid-17th century, the syringe, as we know it today, was invented only in 1853 by veterinarian Charles Gabriel Pravaz and Alexander Wood independently of each other.
The first syringes were made from a rubber cylinder, inside of which was placed a well-fitted piston made of leather and asbestos with a metal pin sticking out. A hollow needle was fixed at the other end of the cylinder. Since the cylinder was opaque, notches for dosing the medicine were made not on it, but on the metal pin of the piston.
In 1949–1950, Arthur Smith received US patents for disposable syringes.
The first disposable syringes were mass produced by Becton, Dickinson and Company in 1954. These syringes were made of glass.
In 1956, Colin Murdoch, a pharmacist from New Zealand, invented and patented a plastic disposable syringe.
Let's start by classifying tools by their design. There are two-component and three-component syringes. Two-component ones consist only of a cylinder and a piston. In three-component ones, a third is added to these two parts - a plunger. A couple of decades ago, doctors noticed that the pain of an injection depends not only on how sharp the needle is in the syringe, but also on the smooth movement of the piston in it. The thing is that the nurse, when giving an injection, makes a noticeable effort to “push” the piston inside the cylinder. Because of this, the entire syringe moves, and so does the needle located in the human tissue. Actually, this is the cause of pain. The plunger is a rubber seal that is attached to the piston to move it smoother down the syringe barrel. Thus, the person giving the injection presses on the syringe with less force and the painful sensations almost disappear.
Currently, both types are used in medicine. Let's also consider the classification of syringes by number of uses. On this basis, they are divided into disposable and reusable.
They became widespread in the early 80s. They are almost entirely made of plastic, with the exception of the needle - it is made of stainless steel. For a single administration of drugs, a syringe tube (or syrette) is sometimes also used. Most often, medical disposable syringes are types of injection syringes. Let's take a closer look at them.
Regular disposable syringe
Regular disposable syringes (types whose sizes we'll look at later) are commonly used to administer a variety of injections. Its operating principle and structure have already been described above. There are types of disposable syringes with the following volumes: 2 ml, 3 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml, 20 ml and 50 ml. There are also some non-standard types, for example, a small insulin syringe or a Janet syringe with a volume of 150 ml.
Insulin syringes
These are types of syringes used to inject insulin into the patient's body. The volume of such a syringe is 1 ml. It has a thin and fairly short needle, which makes the administration of the medicine painless. Due to the fact that this medicine is almost always self-administered by patients, this fact is very important.
All types of insulin syringes are marked not only in milliliters, but also in units (units by which insulin is dosed). In all drugs existing today, 1 ml contains 100 units - no more, no less.
These syringes also have special form piston, which provides maximum accuracy when administering the medicine. A standard insulin syringe is marked in increments of 1 unit, a children's syringe is marked in 0.5 or 0.25 unit increments. Previously, 40-unit syringes were also used, but at the moment they are practically out of use.
To administer insulin, a syringe pen is also often used, since it is easier to do with it.
Even though the insulin syringe is considered disposable, it can be used several times until the needle wears out.
Syringe Janet
Of all types of medical syringes, this is the largest. Its capacity is 150 ml. The Janet syringe is most often used for washing the cavities of the human body or sucking out liquids, but it can also be used for other purposes. For example, it is sometimes used when administering enemas. Can be used for intra-abdominal, intravenous or intratracheal infusions for which a conventional syringe would be too small.
Self-locking syringes
Types of disposable syringes that were designed specifically for regular large-scale population immunization programs or for any other injections in large volumes. Their peculiarity is that reuse such a syringe is impossible and is excluded mechanically. They are designed in such a way that after the first use the piston is blocked and the syringe can only be thrown away. This is their main advantage over all other disposable types, which can actually be used more than once.
Syringe tube
Medical syringes intended for one-time administration of any drug. Such varieties are usually found in every paramedic's first aid kit. They are completely sterile and already contain the required dose of medication in a sealed container. The types of syringes, photos of which you will find under the description, do not end with disposable syringes.
It seemed that in modern world There's simply no room for something as unreliable as reusable syringes. But no, some types are often used and are completely safe. Modern reusable syringes include the following types.
Syringe pen
With its help, people with diabetes introduce insulin into the body. This syringe got its name because of its apparent resemblance to a fountain pen.
It consists of several parts: the body itself, a cartridge (or sleeve, cartridge) with a dose of insulin, a removable needle that fits onto the tip of the cartridge, a piston trigger mechanism, a case and a cap. Just like an insulin syringe, a pen syringe has a very thin needle to make the procedure less painful. With this device, the procedures become almost invisible, which means a lot for people who inject several times a day. The difference between this device and an insulin syringe is that the operation is less labor intensive and more convenient.
The dosing mechanism of the pen syringe allows you to accurately administer the required dose of medication. It is advisable to recharge the cartridge once every few days. It only takes a few seconds to change the insulin cartridge. Some pen syringe models have a removable needle, in which case it must be changed at least once a week. In models where the needle cannot be replaced, it must be sterilized.
The pen syringe is widely used all over the world.
Carpule syringes
Despite the fact that in modern medicine disposable carpule syringes are increasingly used, they are still classified as reusable. The carpule syringe is an injection syringe and is mainly used in dentistry. Using this metal device with an ampoule and very fine needle Anesthesia is administered during dental treatment. Sometimes it is also used to introduce other medicines. In 2010, the AERS-MED company patented the first disposable carpule syringes. Every year they are only gaining popularity, gradually displacing their predecessors.
Syringe gun
A device for those who are afraid of injections. The entire mechanism is designed for quick and painless administration of the drug and is designed for independent use. Everything is very simple: a 5 ml syringe (pre-filled with medicine) is installed in the design, it is brought to the skin and the trigger is pressed. It is very important that the volume of the syringe used is exactly 5 ml, then it will hold tightly and will not fall out during the process. The inventor indicates that his mechanism makes the procedure painless and absolutely safe, that is, the needle will hit the target exactly and will not damage anything.
Syringe dart
Types of syringes that are most often used in veterinary medicine. With their help, sick animals are injected with anesthetics or any medications. Also, this type of syringe is used when hunting wild animals, or when a large animal needs to be euthanized for a while. There are special veterinary guns, instead of cartridges they shoot darts with sleeping pills.
Today, sterile medical products are widely represented on the domestic pharmaceutical market. Manufacturers are constantly improving and expanding their range. Special place Among them are disposable injection syringes. First of all, this is determined by their use both by medical specialists to help patients with severe pathological processes, and by people far from medicine to help themselves or their loved ones and acquaintances.
According to their structure, syringes are divided into two large groups:
Depending on the volume they are:
Based on the type of connection of the needle to the cylinder cone, they are distinguished:
It should be noted that today the domestic pharmaceutical market offers a wide range of disposable injection syringes of both domestic and foreign production.
The universal design of a conventional OP syringe is shown in Fig. 1. The syringe consists of a cylinder and a piston rod (collapsible or non-collapsible). The cylinder has a cone tip of the “Luer” type (Record syringes can be produced upon request, they are practically not produced), a finger rest (a) and a graduated scale (b). The rod-piston assembly consists of a rod (c) with a stop (d), a piston (e) with a seal (e) and a reference line (g).
Depending on the structure of the piston rod, the designs of OP syringes are divided (Fig. 2) into 2-component (a) and 3-component (b). In 2-component syringes, the rod and piston are a single unit; in 3-component syringes, the rod and piston are separate. The main functional difference between the named designs is the characteristics of lightness and smooth movement of the piston.
OP syringes can be coaxial (a) and eccentric (b), which is determined by the position of the cone tip (Fig. 3).
The capacity of syringes is determined by their purpose and ranges (GOST) from 1 to 50 ml (reduction and increase are allowed); ISO --< 2 -- ? 50 мл (диапазон объемов не устанавливается). Практически диапазон объемов ИШ ОП колеблется от 0,3 до 60 мл. Шприцы объемом 0,3; 0,5 и 1,0 мл используют для точного введения лекарственных препаратов (туберкулина, инсулина, стандартных экстрактов аллергенов) в малых объемах -- от 0,01 мл (рис. 4).
The materials from which OP syringes are made depend on their design, purpose and sterilization method. Materials must be compatible with injectable drugs. Determining compatibility with specific drug is the task of pharmaceutical manufacturers. For this purpose, the materials most commonly used for the production of OP syringes are tested for compatibility. The compatibility of products with injection solutions and solvents included in the list of pharmacopoeial drugs recommended for testing is determined by health authorities. In case of revealed incompatibility of the syringe materials with any injectable substance, the consumer packaging must contain an appropriate warning, for example: “do not use with paraldehyde.” Methods for determining compatibility are constantly being improved and remain a relevant area of quality control for injection tools, which is what the ISO technical committee draws attention to “ Medical supplies for injection."
For the manufacture of cylinders, mainly certain types of polypropylene, polystyrene and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer that meet pharmacopoeial requirements are recommended. Pistons are made from high-quality natural (natural rubber) and artificial (silicone rubber) rubber. High-density polyethylene is used for rods and seals of non-separable piston rods.
For better sliding, the rubber piston is coated with polydimethylsiloxane lubricant. The force that ensures the movement of the syringe piston? 2 ml, in in this case below 10 N specified by ISO. The venous pressure created when a tourniquet is applied can practically move the rod of a high-quality syringe with a rubber piston. The piston of a high-quality syringe with a 3-component design slides without jerking. These qualities have great importance if necessary, slow jet infusions, precise dosing of drugs in anesthesiology, intensive care. The stated advantages of 3-component syringes are determined by the manufacturer.
It should be noted that currently, high-quality 2-component syringes, thanks to amide additives and sterilization with ethylene oxide, are not much inferior to 3-component syringes in terms of smoothness of piston movement.
The achieved smoothness and relative ease of movement of the piston gives 2-component syringes some advantage due to the absence of natural rubber (usually black) containing latex, which, according to some data, can cause allergic reactions. The last statement in relation to standard IS is not indisputable. Nevertheless, most reputable manufacturers have in their assortment syringes with latex-free (milky white) and sometimes silicone-free pistons.
sterile medicinal injection syringe
A disposable syringe consists, just like a glass one, of a cylinder and a piston rod (collapsible or non-dismountable). The cylinder has a Luer-type cone tip (Record syringes can be produced upon request, they are practically not produced), a finger rest and a graduated scale. The rod-piston assembly consists of a rod with a stop, a piston with a seal and a reference line.
Depending on the structure of the piston rod, the design of disposable syringes
are divided into 2-component (Fig.) and 3-component (Fig.). In 2-component syringes, the rod and piston are a single unit; in 3-component syringes, the rod and piston are separated. The main functional difference between these designs is the characteristics of lightness and smooth movement of the piston. Disposable syringes can also be coaxial and eccentric (Fig. 18), which is determined by the position of the cone tip.
Rice. 18. Disposable syringes, coaxial (1) and eccentric (2)
Fig. 19. Disposable eccentric syringes.
The capacity of syringes is determined by their purpose and ranges (GOST) from 1 to 50 ml. In practice, the volume range of disposable syringes ranges from 0.3 to 60 ml. Syringes volume 0.3; 0.5 and 1.0 ml are used for precise administration of medications (tuberculin, insulin, standard allergen extracts) in small volumes - from 0.01 ml.
The industry produced sterilizing cases for storing and sterilizing syringes. They were sometimes called syringe packs. They were very widespread in various field conditions. Today they have been replaced by disposable syringes, but you can still encounter them in your practice.
Fig.20. Sterilizer cases for storing and sterilizing glass syringes.
Medical needles
Piercing or piercing-cutting instruments in the form of a thin rod or tube with a pointed end. In addition, they produce special ligature needles .
Depending on the purpose, medical needles are divided into:
ü injection,
ü puncture biopsy,
ü surgical.
injection needles
Injection needles are intended for administering drug solutions, drawing blood from a vein or artery, and blood transfusion. They are used together with syringes, as well as systems for transfusion of liquids or blood. An injection needle is a narrow metal tube made of certain types of steel, one end of which is cut and sharpened, and the other is tightly attached to a short metal coupling for connection to a syringe or elastic tube (the internal diameter of the head opening for Record syringes is 2.75 mm, for Luer type syringes - 4 mm). Sterile disposable injection needles are becoming increasingly common. Their use dramatically reduces the risk of infectious complications, they are convenient and do not require prior sterilization. The main significant parameters of the needle are length, outer diameter, sharpening angle and puncture force. Needles have different lengths (from 16 to 90 mm) and diameters (from 0.4 to 2 mm):
ü for intradermal injection, a needle with a length of 16 mm and a diameter of 0.4 mm is used,
ü for subcutaneous injection, a needle with a length of 25 mm and a diameter of 0.6 mm is used,
ü for intravenous injection, a needle with a length of 40 mm and a diameter of 0.8 mm is used,
ü For intramuscular injection, a needle 60 mm long and 0.8-1 mm in diameter is used.
Practically a needle maximum length 38 (40) mm provides intramuscular injection of the drug into the area of the superolateral quadrant of the buttock in 15% of men and 5% of women. (rice.)
Rice. 21. Needles for injections, infusions, transfusions: a - injection needle (1 - needle tube, 2 - needle head, 3 - mandrin, 4 - dagger sharpening, 5 - spear sharpening, b - needle cut angle); b - needle with stop for intradermal injections; c - needle with safety bead; d - needle with side holes for air release; d - attachment to an injection needle for connection to blood transfusion systems, etc.; e - transition cannula for injection needles; g - Dufault needle for blood transfusion; h - needle for drawing blood.
The cutting angle of injection needles ranges from 15 to 45° depending on the task of execution:
ü 15-18° for injection needles,
ü 30° at needles for inserting catheters into a vein, for spinal puncture,
ü 30 and 45° for needles with a short bevel for introducing radiopaque agents
The needles have a spear- or dagger-shaped sharpening. Outside diameter needles range from 0.4 to 2 mm, length - from 16 to 150 mm. The needle number corresponds to its size (for example, No. 0840 means that the needle diameter is 0.8 mm, length is 40 mm).
Fig.22. A - disposable needles with
various designs cannulas with a case.
IN - various options needle sharpening,
produced by industry.
The IV needle is cut at an angle of 45°, while the hypodermic needle has a more sharp corner cut. The needles should be very sharp, without jagged edges. (Fig. 21). The needle point is sharpened in 3 planes (spear-shaped sharpening), which ensures that the piercing effect prevails over the cutting effect when piercing tissue. The protective cap protects the needle from external damage and ensures safety when handling it. On the packaging, the type of needle cut is indicated by a special symbol ©. In this case, the needle has average length cut and is intended for intradermal administration of drugs.
The characteristics of the injection needle are important. The ease of tissue penetration (penetrating force), the accuracy of hitting certain anatomical structures, the stability of the needle position in the vessels, the degree of tissue trauma, and therefore the pain of the injection, depend on them. The listed characteristics of the needle in certain cases, along with the cost, determine the choice of the entire set (syringe + needle).
A good injection needle has the following requirements:
ü minimum force for puncture,
ü longitudinal resistance to bending (elasticity),
ü strength, stability of connections with the syringe,
ü minimal roughness of the outer surface and sharpening area.
Puncture force
The force required for puncture is determined by various factors, including design and manufacturing. This indicator depends on the shape and quality of the needle tip and cut, as well as on its diameter and special surface coating. A poor-quality cut can capture microfragments of the skin. With an increase in needle diameter from 0.5 mm (insulin syringe needle - orange cannula) to 0.8 mm (standard needle - green cannula), the puncture force increases by 1.5 times. Better glide of the needle at the moment of puncture is achieved by applying a silicone coating to the surface of the needle, which is used by most manufacturers, including large domestic ones.
Packaging of needles
The packaging of needles must provide:
ü maintaining the sterility of the contents when stored in dry, clean, properly ventilated areas;
ü minimal risk of contamination of the contents at the time of opening;
ü adequate protection of the contents under normal conditions of storage and transportation;
ü creating conditions under which opened packaging cannot be re-closed without special effort, and the fact of the autopsy is obvious.
In addition to the primary packaging, there must be a secondary rigid one that protects the contents. On the packaging of needles, in addition to information about the manufacturer and supplier (name and trademark) and contents, they indicate: “best before..” (English - exp. date), and then the day, month and year of manufacture. Full details of the manufacturer or supplier are included on the secondary packaging. The packaging must remain intact during transportation (temperature from -50 to +50°C) in vehicles protected from precipitation and storage at temperatures from -5 to 40°C in heated and ventilated rooms. The packaging is sensitive to moisture. The susceptibility of domestic syringe packages to getting wet during short contact with water can be determined by paper density, print quality, and the presence of voluminous accompanying information. Domestic analogues of packaging are more resistant to moisture. Foreign-made syringe packages are more prone to getting wet.
When choosing injection devices, you should give preference to syringes in a package consisting of two parts, since when the paper part of the package is torn, fibers of the packaging paper are found on the syringe parts and the needle. If the package consists of two parts, you must follow the opening method indicated on it.
Injection (translated from Latin as “injection”) is the parenteral administration of drugs (the entry of drugs into the body, bypassing the digestive tract). To perform an injection, a syringe and an injection needle are required.
A syringe is an instrument in the form of a hollow graduated cylinder with a piston for pumping or suctioning liquids, introduced into the tissues and cavities of the body.
The injection needle is intended for administering drug solutions, drawing blood from a vein or artery, and blood transfusion. It is used together with a syringe, as well as with a system for transfusion of liquids or blood.
Single-use syringes and needles must be disposed of after a single use. Single use of an injection syringe and needle is regulated by written instructions and a special symbol International organization standardization (ISO), indicating non-reuse.
The volume (capacity) of syringes is determined by their purpose and ranges according to GOST from 1 to 50 ml. Syringes volume 0.3; 0.5 and 1.0 ml are used for precise administration of medications (tuberculin, insulin, standard allergen extracts) in small volumes - from 0.01 ml.
Components of a reusable syringe:
Cylinder (glass);
Needle cone (metal);
A piston that has a lock and a handle (made of metal).
Components of a single-use syringe:
Cylinder with finger rest;
Needle cone;
Piston with handle (all parts are made of polymer materials).
An injection needle is a narrow metal tube made of certain types of steel, one end of which is cut off and pointed - needle cut , and the other is tightly attached to the short coupling (cannula) for connection to a syringe or elastic tube. Reusable injection needles are made entirely of metal. Single-use injection needles have a plastic sleeve (cannula).
Basic parameters of the needle: length, diameter, sharpening angle. Needles come in various lengths (from 16 to 90 mm) and diameters (from 0.4 to 2 mm). The cutting angle of injection needles ranges from 15 to 45 degrees.
