Stairs. Entry group. Materials. Doors. Locks. Design

6.7.1 Fire resistance degree, constructive class fire danger, the permissible height of buildings and floor area within the fire compartment of public buildings should be taken according to table 6.9, enterprise buildings consumer services(F3.5) - according to table 6.10, trade enterprises (F3.1) - according to table 6.11.

It is necessary to take into account Additional requirements, provided for in this section for buildings of corresponding functional fire hazard classes.

Table 6.10

Table 6.11

6.7.2 In buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance, structural fire hazard class C0, if available automatic fire extinguishing the floor area within the fire compartment can be increased by no more than twice as compared to those established in tables 6.9 - 6.11.

6.7.3 The floor area within the fire compartment of one-story buildings with a two-story part occupying less than 15% of the building area should be taken as for one-story buildings in accordance with tables 6.9 - 6.11.

6.7.4 In station buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance class C0, instead of fire walls, it is allowed to install water deluge curtains in two threads, located at a distance of 0.5 m and providing an irrigation intensity of at least 1 l/s per 1 m of curtain length during operation at least 1 hour, and fire curtains, screens and other devices with a fire resistance limit of at least E 60. In this case specified species fire barriers must be placed in an area free from fire loads with a width of at least 4 m on both sides of the barrier.

6.7.5 In air terminal buildings of fire resistance class I, the floor area between fire walls can be increased to 10,000 m², if the basement (basement) floors do not contain warehouses, storerooms and other premises with the presence of flammable materials (except for storage rooms, staff dressing rooms and premises categories B4 and D). Storage rooms (except those equipped with automatic lockers) and dressing rooms should be separated from the rest of the basement by type 1 fire partitions and equipped with automatic fire extinguishing installations, and control rooms should be equipped with type 1 fire partitions (including translucent ones).

6.7.6 In the buildings of stations and air terminals of the first degree of fire resistance class C0, equipped with automatic fire extinguishing installations, the floor area between fire walls is not standardized.

6.7.7 The degree of fire resistance of canopies, terraces and galleries attached to the building may be taken one value lower than the degree of fire resistance of the building. In this case, the class of structural fire hazard of canopies, terraces and galleries must be equal to the class of structural fire hazard of the building.

In this case, the degree of fire resistance of a building with a canopy, terrace and gallery is determined by the degree of fire resistance of the building, and the floor area within the fire compartment is determined by taking into account the area of ​​the canopies, terraces and galleries.

6.7.8 In sports halls, halls of indoor skating rinks and bathtub halls of swimming pools (with or without seats for spectators), as well as in halls for preparatory classes swimming pools and firing areas of indoor shooting ranges (including those located under stands or built into other public buildings) if their area exceeds that established in Table 6.9, fire walls should be provided between the halls (in shooting ranges - a fire zone with a shooting gallery) and other rooms. In lobbies and foyers, if their area exceeds that established in Table 6.9, type 2 translucent fire partitions can be installed instead of fire walls.

6.7.9 Buildings of classes F1.2 and F4.2 - F4.3 of fire resistance degrees I, II and III, with a height of no more than 28 m, may be built on with one attic floor with load-bearing elements having a fire resistance limit of at least R 45 and fire hazard class K0 , when separated from the lower floors by a fireproof ceiling of at least type 2. The enclosing structures of this floor must meet the requirements for the structures of the building being built on.

Wherein attic floor must be additionally separated by type 2 fire walls. The area between these fire walls should be: for buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance - no more than 2000 m², for buildings of III degree of fire resistance - no more than 1400 m². If there are automatic fire extinguishing installations on the attic floor, this area can be increased by no more than 1.2 times.

When using wooden attic structures, it is necessary, as a rule, to provide structural fire protection that ensures the specified requirements.

6.7.10 Degree of fire resistance, structural fire hazard class and greatest height children's buildings preschool institutions general type(F1.1) should be taken depending on the largest number of seats in the building according to Table 6.12.

Table 6.12

6.7.11 Walls with inside, partitions and ceilings of preschool buildings educational institutions, children's health institutions and medical buildings with a hospital (class F1.1), outpatient clinics (class F3.4) and clubs (class F2.1) in buildings of structural fire hazard class C1 - C3, including those using wooden structures, must have a fire hazard class of at least K0 (15).

6.7.12 Three-story buildings of preschool institutions may be designed in large and largest cities, except for those located in seismic areas, provided they are equipped with an automatic fire alarm with additional automatic transmission of a fire signal directly to fire departments via telecommunication lines.

6.7.13 Buildings of specialized preschool institutions, as well as for children with visual impairments, regardless of the number of seats, should be designed with a structural fire hazard class C0 of at least II degree of fire resistance and a height of no more than two floors.

6.7.14 Attached walking verandas of preschool institutions should be designed with the same degree of fire resistance and the same class of structural fire hazard as the main buildings.

6.7.15 The degree of fire resistance, the class of structural fire hazard and the highest height of school buildings (general education and additional education for children), educational buildings of boarding schools, primary education institutions (F 4.1), as well as dormitory buildings of boarding schools and boarding schools at schools (F 1.1) should be taken depending on the number of students or seats in the building according to table 6.13. The maximum floor area of ​​the building is determined according to table 6.9.

The construction of school buildings, educational buildings of boarding schools, primary vocational education institutions, as well as dormitory buildings of boarding schools and boarding schools at schools with a height of more than 9 m is permitted provided they are equipped with an automatic fire alarm with additional automatic transmission of a fire signal directly to the control center via wired or wireless telecommunication lines communications. The placement of these buildings should be determined based on the condition that the time of arrival of the first unit to the place of call in urban settlements and urban districts should not exceed 10 minutes, and in rural settlements - 20 minutes. Driveways and entrances to these buildings should be designed based on the need to provide fire departments with access from ladders or car lifts directly to each room that has window openings on the facade.

For designed four-story, as well as reconstructed five-story school buildings, at least 50% stairwells should be provided smoke-free. If it is impossible to install smoke-free staircases, in addition to the estimated number of staircases, the installation of external open staircases should be provided. The number of external open stairs should be taken:

One staircase with an estimated number of students and staff on the floor above the second up to 100 people;

At least one staircase for every 100 people if the estimated number of students and staff on the floor above the second is more than 100 people.

Table 6.13

On the fourth floor of school buildings and educational buildings of boarding schools it is not allowed to place premises for primary classes, and the rest of the educational premises - more than 25%.

The addition of an attic floor to these buildings during reconstruction is permitted within the limits of the standardized number of storeys. However, it is not allowed to place sleeping quarters on the attic floor.

Buildings of educational buildings for secondary vocational (F 4.1) and higher vocational education (F 4.2) may be designed with a height of no more than 28 m.

6.7.16 Buildings of specialized schools and boarding schools (for children with physical and mental disabilities) should be no higher than 9 m.

6.7.17 The height of placement of auditoriums, assembly halls, conference halls and halls of sports facilities without spectator seats should be taken according to table 6.14, taking into account the degree of fire resistance, the structural fire hazard class of the building and the capacity of the hall.

Table 6.14

6.7.18 The degree of fire resistance, the class of structural fire hazard and the highest height of buildings of entertainment and cultural and educational institutions of the functional fire hazard class F2.1 and F2.2 should be taken depending on their capacity according to Table 6.15.

Table 6.15

When determining the capacity of the halls, the permanent and temporary seats for spectators provided for by the hall transformation project should be summed up.

When placing several halls in a cinema, their total capacity should not exceed that indicated in the table.

Load-bearing structures of coverings above the stage and hall (trusses, beams) in theaters, clubs and sports facilities should be designed in accordance with the requirements for the load-bearing elements of the building.

For one-story buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance, it is allowed to use load-bearing structures of hall coverings with a fire resistance limit of at least R 60. These structures may be made of wood treated with fire retardant compounds of group I of fire retardant efficiency according to GOST R 53292. In this case, the capacity of the hall can be no more 4 thousand seats for sports facilities with stands and no more than 800 seats in other cases, and the remaining structures must meet the requirements for class C0 buildings.

6.7.19 Medical institutions, including those included in buildings of other functional purpose(schools, preschool institutions, sanatoriums, etc.) should be designed in accordance with the following requirements.

Hospital buildings (F1.1), outpatient clinics (F3.4) should be designed no higher than 28 m. The fire resistance level of these buildings should be no lower than II, the structural fire hazard class should be no lower than C0.

Hospitals

Hospital buildings with a height of up to three floors inclusive must be divided into fire sections with an area of ​​no more than 1000 m², and those above three floors - into sections with an area of ​​no more than 800 m² using fire partitions of the 1st type.

Medical buildings of psychiatric hospitals and dispensaries must be no more than 9 m high, not lower than II degree of fire resistance class of structural fire hazard C0.

Rural buildings medical institutions for 60 or fewer beds and outpatient clinics for 90 visits per shift may be provided with chopped or cobblestone walls.

Operating units, resuscitation and intensive care units must be located in independent fire compartments. These blocks of two floors or more must have elevators for transporting fire departments, adapted for transporting immobile patients.

Ward departments of children's hospitals and buildings (including wards for children with adults) should be located no higher than the fifth floor of the building, wards for children under the age of seven years and children's psychiatric departments (wards), neurological departments for patients with spinal cord injury, etc. d., no higher than the second floor.

It is allowed to place wards for children under seven years of age no higher than the fifth floor, provided they are located in the building (building) smoke protection and automatic fire extinguishing.

In perinatal centers, the placement of wards is allowed no higher than the fourth floor, and antenatal wards – no higher than the third floor.

Homes for the elderly and disabled should be designed in accordance with the requirements for hospitals in medical institutions.

Clinics

Medical institutions without hospitals are allowed to be located in one-story buildings of III degree of fire resistance, structural fire hazard class C0.

Outpatient buildings for children's services may be designed no higher than:

6 floors (18 m) - in large and major cities;

5 floors (15 m) - in other cases. At the same time, only administrative premises for the institution’s personnel are allowed to be located on the top floor.

6.7.20 Buildings of summer recreation institutions operating with fire resistance class V, as well as buildings of children's health institutions and sanatoriums with fire resistance classes IV and V should be designed only as one-story buildings.

Summer children's buildings health camps and tourist huts should be designed with a height of no more than two floors, buildings for children's health camps for year-round use - no more than three floors, regardless of the degree of fire resistance and the class of structural fire hazard.

In health camps, sleeping quarters should be combined into separate groups of 40 beds. These premises must have independent emergency exits. One of the exits can be combined with a staircase. Sleeping quarters of health camps in separate buildings or separate parts buildings should have no more than 160 seats.

6.7.21 Tribunes of any capacity of structures of class F2.3 using the space under the stands when placing auxiliary premises in it on two or more floors must be designed at least I degree of fire resistance class of structural fire hazard C0.

The ceilings under the stands must be type 2 fireproof.

When auxiliary premises are located in the space under the stands on one floor or when the number of rows for spectators in the stands is more than 20, the load-bearing structures of the stands must have a fire resistance rating of at least R 45, fire hazard class K0, and the floors under the stands must be fire-resistant type 3.

Load-bearing structures of stands of sports facilities (F2.3) without the use of under-stand space and with a number of rows of more than 5 must be made of non-combustible materials with a fire resistance rating of at least R 15. In this case, placement of flammable substances and materials under the stands is not allowed.

6.7.22 In indoor sports facilities, the load-bearing structures of stationary stands (under which premises are not provided) with a capacity of more than 600 spectators should be constructed with a fire resistance rating of at least R 60, fire hazard class K0; from 300 to 600 spectators - R 45 and K0; and less than 300 spectators - R 15 and K0, K1.

The fire resistance limit of load-bearing structures of transformable stands (retractable, etc.), regardless of capacity, must be at least R 15.

The above requirements do not apply to temporary spectator seats installed on the floor of the arena during its transformation.

6.7.23 Library and archive buildings should be designed no higher than 28 m.

6.7.24 Buildings of sanatoriums, recreation and tourism institutions (with the exception of hotels) should be designed no higher than 28 m.

The degree of fire resistance of dormitory buildings of sanatoriums with a height of more than two floors must be at least II, the structural fire hazard class is C0.

Two-story dormitory buildings of sanatoriums can be designed with III degree of fire resistance, structural fire hazard class C0.

The number of places in residential buildings of sanatoriums and recreation and tourism institutions of I and II degrees of fire resistance of fire hazard class C0 should not exceed 1000; III degree of fire resistance, fire hazard class C0 – 150; other degrees of fire resistance – 50.

Sleeping quarters intended to accommodate families with children should be located in separate buildings or separate parts of buildings, separated by type 1 fire partitions, no more than six floors high, with emergency exits isolated from other parts of the buildings. In this case, sleeping quarters must have an emergency exit that meets one of the following requirements:

6.7.25 The degree of fire resistance of hotels, general holiday homes, campsites, motels and boarding houses with a height of more than two floors must be at least III, structural fire hazard class C0.

Sleeping quarters intended to accommodate families with children in general holiday homes, campsites, motels and boarding houses should be located in separate buildings or separate parts of buildings, separated by type 1 fire partitions, no more than six floors high, with emergency exits isolated from other parts of the buildings. . In this case, sleeping quarters must have an emergency exit that meets one of the following requirements:

The exit must lead to a balcony or loggia with a blank partition of at least 1.2 meters from the end of the balcony (loggia) to the window opening (glazed door) or at least 1.6 meters between the glazed openings facing the balcony (loggia);

The exit must lead to a passage at least 0.6 meters wide, leading to the adjacent part of the building;

The exit should lead to a balcony or loggia, equipped with an external staircase connecting the balconies or loggias floor by floor.

The degree of fire resistance of buildings, the required fire resistance limits PTR of building structures. Fire hazard of building materials

DEGREE OF FIRE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS, REQUIRED LIMITS OF FIRE RESISTANCE OF PTR BUILDING STRUCTURES.
FIRE HAZARD OF BUILDING MATERIALS.

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table6

Fires caused by humans have become quite common and widespread. Thousands of fires occur annually, causing a number of unpleasant consequences. Therefore, during the construction of structures great importance has a fire resistance rating for the building. Each constructed object is assigned a specific fire resistance number, according to the existing classification. Next, we will consider the classification in more detail and describe the parameters of each class.

What is the degree of fire resistance?

SNiP 31-01-03

This definition is understood as the ability of structures to restrain the expansion of the flammable area without the building losing its ability to further operate. The list of these properties consists of enclosing and load-bearing abilities.

If the structure loses bearing capacity- it will certainly collapse. It is by destruction that this definition is meant. As for the barrier ability, its loss is considered to be the level of heating of materials to the formation of cracks or holes through which combustion products can spread into adjacent rooms, or heating to the temperature at which the combustion process of the material begins.

The indicator of the maximum degree of fire resistance of structures is the time interval from the moment of fire formation to the appearance of signs of such losses (measured in hours). To test the performance of materials under fire conditions, a prototype is taken and placed in equipment for such experiments - a special furnace. In a kiln environment, the test item is subjected to high-temperature fire, which places stress on the material that is specific to the specific project.

The degree of fire resistance, when determining its limit, also depends on the ability to increase the temperature at individual points or the average value of the increase in temperature indicators over the surface, which is compared with the original one. The structural elements of the structure made of metal have the minimum resistance to fire, and the maximum resistance is reinforced concrete, in the manufacture of which cement with high fire resistance characteristics was used. The maximum fire resistance level can reach 2.5 hours.

Also, when determining the ability of a structure to withstand fire, the limit of fire spread is taken into account. It is equivalent to the extent of damage in areas that were outside the combustion zone. This figure can be 0-40 cm.

We can safely say that the degree of fire resistance of structures directly depends on the ability of the materials used in its construction to withstand high temperatures am, affecting the surface in a fire environment.

According to the degree of combustion, materials are divided into 3 groups:

• Fireproof (reinforced concrete structures, brick, stone elements).
• Refractory (materials from the combustible group, the fire resistance of which is increased by treatment with special means).
• Combustible (quickly ignites and burns well).

To classify materials, a special set of documents is used - SNIP.

How is it determined?

The degree of fire resistance is a representative of the most significant parameters of a structure, not inferior in importance to the design features in terms of fire safety and functional characteristics. But what should you pay attention to in order to determine it with utmost accuracy? To do this, you need to consider the following construction parameters:

• Number of storeys.
• Actual area of ​​the structure.
• Nature of the building's purpose: industrial, residential, commercial, etc.

To determine the degree of fire resistance (I, II, etc.) it is necessary to determine solely on regulations and given in SNIP. Also for such purposes and the design of high-rise buildings, DBN 1.1-7-2002 is used, to determine the fire safety of multi-storey buildings, 4 DBN V.2.2-15-2005 are used, and to become familiar with the fire safety requirements for structures with big amount floors apply 9 DBN V.2.2-24:2009. Only the use of special documentation will allow you to obtain the most full information about the degrees of fire resistance of buildings with different design features.

1.22.* The degree of fire resistance, class of structural fire hazard, permissible height (according to SNiP 21-01-97) and floor area within the fire compartment of detached buildings, extensions 1) and inserts should be taken according to table. 4 .

1 An extension is a part of a building intended to accommodate administrative and utility premises, separated from industrial buildings and premises by fire barriers. It is allowed to place (partial) engineering equipment in extensions.

In buildings of IV degree of fire resistance with a height of two floors or more, elements of load-bearing structures must have a fire resistance limit of at least R 45.

In buildings of III and IV degrees of fire resistance, to ensure the required fire resistance limit of load-bearing structures, only structural fire protection should be used.

In buildings of I, II, III degrees of fire resistance for the attic floor, it is allowed to take the fire resistance limit of load-bearing building structures R 45, ensuring their fire hazard class K0, when separated from the lower floors by a fire-resistant ceiling of the 2nd type. In this case, the attic floor should be divided by type 1 fire partitions into compartments with an area of: for buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance no more than 2000 sq. m, for buildings of III degree of fire resistance - no more than 1400 sq. m. In this case, the fire partition should rise above the roof in the same way as a fire wall.

In the attics of buildings up to 10 floors inclusive, the use of wooden structures with fire protection providing fire hazard class K0 is allowed.

Table 4

1.23.* When designing buildings with a height of 10-16 floors (more than 28 m according to SNiP 21-01-97), additional requirements for these buildings should be taken into account in accordance with SNiP 2.08.02-89 * and SNiP 21-01-97.

1.24.* Extensions of I and II degrees of fire resistance should be separated from industrial buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance by fire partitions of the 1st type.

Extensions below the II degree of fire resistance, as well as extensions to industrial buildings below the II degree of fire resistance and extensions to premises and buildings of categories A and B should be separated by fire walls of the 1st type. Extensions of the IV degree of fire resistance class C0 may be separated from industrial buildings of the IV degree of fire resistance classes C0 and C1 by fire walls of the 2nd type.

1.25.* Inserts should be separated from production premises fire walls of the 1st type.

Inserts in buildings of I, II degrees of fire resistance of classes C0 and C1, III degree of fire resistance of class C0 are allowed to be separated from industrial premises of categories B, D and E by fire partitions of the 1st type, in buildings of III degree of fire resistance of class C1 and IV degree of fire resistance of classes C0 and C1 - fire walls of the 2nd type.

Buildings should be accepted with a number of floors of no more than two and separated from industrial premises of categories B, D, E by fire partitions with a fire resistance limit of EJ 90 and fire resistant floors of the 3rd type.

The total area of ​​inserts allocated by fire partitions of the 1st type and fire walls of the 2nd type, as well as built-ins and production premises, should not exceed the area of ​​the fire compartment established by SNiP 31-03-01.

1.26. Corridors should be divided by type 2 fire partitions into compartments no more than 60 m long.

1.27. From those located in aboveground and ground floors and corridors without natural light, regardless of their area, and dressing rooms with an area of ​​more than 200 m2 should be provided exhaust ventilation for smoke removal in accordance with SNiP 2.04.05-91 *.

1.28.* In buildings, extensions, inserts and additions, ordinary staircases of the 1st type should be provided, except for the cases specified in clause 1.23.

In buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance with the number of floors no more than three, 50% of the staircases may be of type 2 with an upper natural light; in this case, the distance between flights of stairs must be at least 1.5 m. In these buildings, the main stairs can be designed open to the entire height of the building, provided that the remaining (at least two) stairs are placed in ordinary stairwells of the 1st type. At the same time, the lobbies and floor halls in which the open stairs, must be separated from adjacent rooms and corridors by fire partitions of the 1st type.

1.29. Glazed doors and transoms above them in internal walls staircases can be used in buildings of all degrees of fire resistance; At the same time, in buildings with a height of more than four floors, glazing should be made of reinforced glass.

1.30.* The cladding and finishing of the surfaces of walls, partitions and ceilings of halls with more than 75 seats (except for halls in buildings of fire resistance class V) should be made from materials of flammability groups not lower than G2.

1.31. Automatic fire alarm should be in separate buildings and extensions with more than four floors, in inserts and extensions - regardless of the number of floors in all rooms, except for rooms with wet processes.

Similar questions have arisen repeatedly. I keep an extract from the Soviet norms
IIIa from SNiP 2.01.02-85* APPENDIX 2 Reference
SAMPLE CONSTRUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILDINGS
DEPENDING ON THEIR DEGREE OF FIRE RESISTANCE
1. Fire resistance level
2. Design characteristics

I
Buildings with load-bearing and enclosing structures made of natural or artificial stone materials, concrete or reinforced concrete using sheet and slab non-combustible materials

II
Same. It is allowed to use unprotected steel structures in building coverings

III
Buildings with load-bearing and enclosing structures made of natural or artificial stone materials, concrete or reinforced concrete. For floors, it is allowed to use wooden structures protected by plaster or fire-resistant sheets, as well as slab materials. There are no requirements for fire resistance limits and fire spread limits for coating elements, while attic wood roofing elements are subject to fire retardant treatment

IIIa
Buildings predominantly have a frame structural design. The frame elements are made of unprotected steel structures. Enclosing structures - made of profiled steel sheets or other non-combustible sheet materials with low-flammability insulation

IIIb
The buildings are predominantly one-story with a frame structural design. Frame elements are made of solid or laminated wood, subjected to fire retardant treatment, ensuring the required limit of fire spread. Enclosing structures - from panels or element-by-element assembly made using wood or wood-based materials. Wood and other combustible materials of enclosing structures must be subjected to fire retardant treatment or protected from exposure to fire and high temperatures in such a way as to ensure the required limit of fire spread.

IV
Buildings with load-bearing and enclosing structures made of solid or laminated wood and other combustible or low-flammability materials, protected from fire and high temperatures by plaster or other sheet or slab materials. There are no requirements for fire resistance limits and fire spread limits for coating elements, while attic wood roofing elements are subject to fire retardant treatment

IVа
The buildings are predominantly one-story with a frame structural design. The frame elements are made of unprotected steel structures. Enclosing structures - made of profiled steel sheets or other non-combustible materials with combustible insulation

V
Buildings, the load-bearing and enclosing structures of which are not subject to requirements for fire resistance limits and fire spread limits

Note. Building construction buildings listed in this appendix must meet the requirements of table. 1 and other standards of this SNiP.

The highest degree of fire resistance is I (mausoleum).