The Russian term "common noun" is derived from the Old Church Slavonic word name- "to call". In the first grammar of the 17th century, Meletius Smotritsky used it to designate “nominal, ordinary, ordinary” nouns. The word “naritsati”, in turn, comes from “ritsati” - to speak, and this word was formed from the ancient Slavic word “speech”. Very often in old scrolls the phrase “I am a river” appears, i.e. "I speak". Common nouns are generalized names of homogeneous objects. For example: student, teacher, ghost, entity, flower, tree and so on.
The word "own" comes from Old Church Slavonic property, which means “one’s own”, “personal”, “belonging to oneself”, as well as “peculiarity, person”. A proper name is the second name that is used to name an object in order to distinguish it from another similar object.
1. August- the eighth month of the Gregorian calendar. It received its real name in honor of the Roman emperor Octavian Augustus (63 BC - 14 AD), after whom the Roman Senate named a month that was especially happy in the life of the emperor (Cleopatra died in this month).
2. Accordion- music The instrument received its name from the Slavic storyteller Bayan (Boyan).
3. Boycott- on behalf of the governor of an Irish principality, Charles Boycott, who was particularly harsh; for this everyone turned away from him.
4. Bolivar- wide-brimmed hat from the 19th century. Named in honor of Simon Bolivar (1783-1830), leader of the struggle for independence of the Spanish colonies in the South. America. Liberated Venezuela from Spanish rule, New. Granada. “Wearing a wide bolivar, Onegin goes to the boulevard...”(A.S. Pushkin, “Eugene Onegin”).
5. Whatman- the type of paper is named after the English industrialist of the 18th century. J. Whatman.
6. Watt- a unit of measurement of power, named after the Scottish-Irish mechanical inventor James Watt (Watt), creator of the universal steam engine.
7. Breeches- trousers of a special cut were named after the French cavalry general Breeches.
8. Guillotine- On January 21, 1790, the French doctor J. Guillotin presented his main invention - the guillotine - a weapon for carrying out executions (beheading convicts), introduced during the French Revolution.
25. Pullman - (Pullman), George, inventor of sleeping cars, 1831-1897, founder of the Chicago Carriage Society. Pullman built carriages that were featured in Westerns and were considered palaces on wheels. Thanks to this, the word “Pullman” itself acquired its meaning - the car is extremely comfortable.
26.X-ray - a common spelling variant in Russian for the name of the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who discovered X-ray radiation.
27. Saxophone- the Belgian master Sax gave the name to the popular wind instrument.
28. French- military jacket at the waist, with four large pockets on the chest and sides and a tab at the back. This jacket was worn by John Denton French, who commanded the first world war British expeditionary forces in France.
29. Celsius- degree Celsius is named after the Swedish scientist Anders Celsius, who proposed a new scale for measuring temperature in 1742.
There are words that we use in our speech automatically, without thinking that some of them owe their origin to specific people. Of course, everyone knows that months July And August named after emperors, salad Olivie bears the name of its creator. Some units of measurement can also be included in this category of words, for example: volt, ampere etc.
There are many such words. For example, a shirt sweatshirt has the most direct relation to the great writer - in many photographs Lev Nikolaevich is depicted in a thick shirt untucked. Many followers, who called themselves students of the writer and were called Tolstoyans, wanting to emphasize their closeness to him, often appeared in shirts similar to those worn by Leo Tolstoy. This is how the untucked shirt came to be called sweatshirt.
Word hooligan - English origin. It is believed that the surname Houlihan once worn by a famous London brawler who caused a lot of trouble for city residents and the police. The Oxford Dictionary dates the frequent appearance of this Mr.'s name in police reports to 1898. The surname has become a common noun, and the word is international, characterizing a person who grossly violates public order.
But what, according to some sources, is the history of the origin of the word academy. The philosopher Plato often expounded his teachings in a shady grove near Athens. According to legend, the Attic hero Academus was buried in this grove. That's why the grove was called Academy. First the word academy became the name of Plato's school, and later - of a certain type educational institution and communities of scientists.
Interesting origin of the word boycott. In the 19th century, an English earl hired a manager named Charles Cunningham Boycott for his estate in Ireland. Boycott was a harsh man, often punishing peasants and farmers, which aroused hatred on their part. People, having heard about his cruelty, refused to have anything to do with him and avoided communicating with him. Since then, punishing a person with complete isolation has come to be called boycott.
Word mausoleum also has its own history. In 352 BC. King Mausolus died in the city of Halicarnassus (Asia Minor). According to the custom of those times, the king's corpse was burned and the ashes were placed in a funeral urn. According to one of the legends that has reached us, his widow Artemisia decided to build a huge tomb and thereby perpetuate the memory of her husband, whom she loved very much. Famous craftsmen were involved in the construction and decoration of the structure, including the court sculptor of Alexander the Great, Leocharus. The tomb was the height of a ten-story building. At the top stood a giant statue of the Mausoleum. The Halicarnassus tomb was named mausoleum and is ranked among the seven ancient wonders of the world. ( From various etymological dictionaries and reference books).
Sometimes objects get their names from the place from which they were taken: coffee(from the name of the country Kaffa, located in Africa), peach(from the name Persia - modern Iran), orange(the Dutch word appelsien literally translates to " Chinese apple"). Word trousers comes from the name of the Dutch city of Bruges.
One of the ancient legends tells about a handsome young man Narcissus, who was so in love with himself that he did not notice anyone or anything around him, but all the time looked at his reflection in the water. The gods, angry, turned him into a plant. White flower narcissus leans to one side and seems to look down at his reflection with his yellow eye. WITH ancient mythology Plant names such as cypress And hyacinth.
One day, the son of King Keos and friend of Apollo, Cypress, accidentally killed a deer while hunting - his favorite and the favorite of all the inhabitants. The inconsolable young man asked Apollo to give him eternal sadness, and God turned him into slender tree cypress(since then, the Greeks began to hang a cypress branch at the door of the house where there was a deceased person). A beautiful (usually bright red) flower hyacinth named after the son of the king of Sparta, Hyacinth, who died during a discus throwing competition. Flower of Sorrow hyacinth grew from the blood of Hyacinth.
One of the Slavic alphabets is called Cyrillic(named after one of its creators, Kirill); many names literary trends go back to proper names: Byron - Byronism, Karamzin - Karamzinism, Petrarch - Petrarchism... We call adventure-rich journeys or sorrowful wanderings odyssey(Odysseus is the mythical king of Ithaca, hero Trojan War), the adventures of a heroic traveler deprived of human society - Robinsonade(Robinson is the hero of Defoe's novel Robinson Crusoe).
Quite often, common nouns go back to the names of famous scientists and inventors. Here are some: ampere(named after the French physicist Ampere), watt(named after the English physicist Watt), volt(named after the Italian physicist Volta) ... The French cavalry general Galliffet invented trousers of a special cut - riding breeches, Scottish chemist Mackintosh - waterproof raincoat mac. Colt, Maxim, Mauser, Nagant- famous inventors of weapons. The Belgian master Sax gave the name to the popular wind instrument - saxophone.
Quite often, students ask: “What is a common noun and a proper name?” Despite the simplicity of the question, not everyone knows the definition of these terms and the rules for writing such words. Let's figure it out. After all, in fact, everything is extremely simple and clear.
The most significant layer of nouns consists of They denote the names of a class of objects or phenomena that have a number of characteristics by which they can be attributed to the specified class. For example, common nouns are: cat, table, corner, river, girl. They do not name a specific object or person or animal, but designate a whole class. Using these words, we mean any cat or dog, any table. Such nouns are written with a small letter.
In linguistics, common nouns are also called appellatives.
Unlike common nouns, they constitute an insignificant layer of nouns. These words or phrases denote a specific and specific object that exists in a single copy. Proper names include names of people, names of animals, names of cities, rivers, streets, and countries. For example: Volga, Olga, Russia, Danube. They are always written with capital letter and point to a specific person or single object.
The science of onomastics deals with the study of proper names.
So, we have figured out what a common noun and a proper name are. Now let's talk about onomastics - the science that deals with the study of proper names. At the same time, not only names are considered, but also the history of their origin, how they changed over time.
Onomastologists identify several directions in this science. Thus, anthroponymy studies the names of people, and ethnonymy studies the names of peoples. Cosmonymics and astronomy study the names of stars and planets. Zoonymics studies animal names. Theonymics deals with the names of gods.
This is one of the most promising areas in linguistics. Research on onomastics is still being conducted, articles are being published, and conferences are being held.
A common noun and a proper noun can move from one group to another. Quite often it happens that a common noun becomes a proper one.
For example, if a person is called by a name that was previously part of the class of common nouns, it becomes a proper name. A striking example of such a transformation is the names Vera, Lyubov, Nadezhda. They used to be household names.
Surnames formed from common nouns also become anthroponyms. Thus, we can highlight the surnames Cat, Cabbage and many others.
As for proper names, they quite often move into another category. This often concerns people's last names. Many inventions bear the names of their authors; sometimes the names of scientists are assigned to the quantities or phenomena they discovered. So, we know the units of measurement ampere and newton.
The names of the heroes of the works can become household names. Thus, the names Don Quixote, Oblomov, Uncle Styopa came to designate certain traits of appearance or character characteristic of people. First and last names historical figures and celebrities can also be used as household names, for example Schumacher and Napoleon.
In such cases, it is necessary to clarify what exactly the addresser means in order to avoid mistakes when writing the word. But often it is possible from the context. We think you understand what a common and proper name is. The examples we have given show this quite clearly.
As you know, all parts of speech are subject to spelling rules. Nouns - common and proper - were also no exception. Remember a few simple rules that will help you avoid making annoying mistakes in the future.
As you can see, quite simple rules. Many of them have been known to us since childhood.
All nouns are divided into two large classes - proper nouns and common nouns. There are much fewer of the former than the latter. Words can move from one class to another, acquiring a new meaning. Proper names are always written with a capital letter. Common nouns - with a small one.
History has preserved a lot of information about murderers. Among them there are villains whose names have become household names as the personification of absolute evil. Of course, many of them committed a lot of evil, but whether they are guilty of what they have been accused of for centuries, we will try to figure it out further in the review.
The ruler of Wallachia, Vlad III Tepes, became the real embodiment of otherworldly evil not in the 15th century, when he ruled, but in 1897 after the release of Bam Stoker’s novel “Dracula”. The novelist described him as a ruthless blood-drinking vampire. If we look at history, everything was somewhat different.
Translated from Romanian, “Dracula” means “dragon”. And this nickname has nothing to do with mysticism. Vlad's father was a member of the Order of St. George, which was otherwise called the Order of the Dragon. The ruler of Wallachia received another nickname Tepes for executions by impalement. But considering that in those days such a method of taking life was quite common, in the eyes of his subjects Dracula was not such a cruel ruler.
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Perhaps everyone has heard at least once about the child-killer King Herod. The Gospel of Matthew details the episode in which Herod is informed of the birth of a child (Jesus) who will overthrow the king from his throne. Then the ruler gives the order to kill all boys in the city under the age of two.
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When they say “Glory to Herostat,” they mean shameful and insignificant fame. This expression has its roots in Ancient Greece. In 356 BC. e. In the city of Ephesus, the temple of Artemis of Ephesus burned down. The culprit was someone named Herostat. During interrogation, he admitted that he set fire to the temple in order to glorify himself in history, because he had no other merits.
Gerostat was executed, and the authorities were forbidden to mention his shameful name. But today it is still known, because the ancient Greek historian Theopompus described this incident, thereby glorifying Herostat for centuries.
We could put an end to this, but there is one “but”. In ancient times, in temples they not only invoked the gods and performed rituals, but also collected parishioners’ savings for safekeeping. After the fire, the gold stored in the Temple of Artemis suddenly disappeared. Most likely, Gerostat was simply a performer, diverting attention from another crime.
IN Russian history There are also many real murderers. These, without hesitation, include
The patron was essentially the minister of culture, although such a position did not exist in those days
A trusting relationship with Octavian Augustus allowed him to express his special opinion on many issues, which might not coincide with the position of the emperor. The patron was essentially the minister of culture, although such a position did not exist in those days.
In the reception room of the Maecenas. Painting by Stepan Bakalovich
He paid a lot of attention to supporting talents, scientists, artists, primarily poets. He helped Virgil return the taken away estate, and gave Horace his own. The death of Maecenas became a real tragedy for the Romans.
The patron introduces the liberal arts to Emperor Augustus. Painting by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
Sir Robert Lovelace (Lovelace) is a treacherous seducer from the Enlightenment novel Clarissa by Samuel Richardson. The main character is a 16-year-old aristocrat who wants to marry her to a hated but rich groom.
Sir Robert Lovelace - the treacherous seducer from the novel "Clarissa" by Samuel Richardson
Lovelace kidnaps Clarissa, settles with her in a brothel, where women of easy virtue, hired by him, portray his noble relatives. The girl does not reciprocate his advances, then Lovelace takes possession of her by giving her sleeping pills. Clarissa refuses to marry him and dies. Lovelace will die in a duel.
The name for this form of protest was given by a retired British Army officer.
Charles Cunningham Boycott
Charles Cunningham Boycott was a steward of lands in Ireland that belonged to an English lord. A series of crop failures led to widespread famine and even displacement from the region. The trade union organization demanded a reform that would allow free acquisition of plots and the establishment of fair rents. Boycott began to reduce the number of workers. Then the Land League of Ireland made it so that the manager could no longer hire new workers.
Captain Boycott harvests with his family
In addition, Boycott and his family began to be subjected to bullying and persecution. The neighbors ignored them, the postmen did not return letters and parcels, and the shops refused to serve him. At the end of 1880, Boycott had to leave Ireland, and then he left the country altogether.
IN Greek myths Megaera is one of the goddesses of vengeance. Translated, her name means “hostile.” Together with two sisters - the Erinyes (for the Romans - the Furies) she was born from the blood of castrated Uranus.
Erinyes tormenting Orestes. Painting by William Bouguereau
Lives in the underground kingdom, where he punishes people for crimes, especially murder and adultery.
A man named Hooligan lived near London in late XIX century. Police reports describe him as a rowdy and thief.
There is a version that not only Patrick Hooligan had a bad character, but his entire family. They supposedly owned an inn. The Hooligans robbed and killed their guests. According to other sources, the same family owned private school, whose students were brutally dealt with.
Maecenas
Gaius Cilnius Maecenas - Roman statesman.
The patron was essentially the minister of culture, although such a position did not exist in those days
A trusting relationship with Octavian Augustus allowed him to express his special opinion on many issues, which might not coincide with the position of the emperor. The patron was essentially the minister of culture, although such a position did not exist in those days.
In the reception room of the Maecenas. Painting by Stepan Bakalovich
He paid a lot of attention to supporting talents, scientists, artists, primarily poets. He helped Virgil return the taken away estate, and gave Horace his own. The death of Maecenas became a real tragedy for the Romans.
The patron introduces the liberal arts to Emperor Augustus. Painting by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
Lovelace
Sir Robert Lovelace (Lovelace) is a treacherous seducer from the Enlightenment novel Clarissa by Samuel Richardson. The main character is a 16-year-old aristocrat who wants to marry her to a hated but rich groom. 
Sir Robert Lovelace - the treacherous seducer from the novel "Clarissa" by Samuel Richardson
Lovelace kidnaps Clarissa, settles with her in a brothel, where women of easy virtue, hired by him, portray his noble relatives. The girl does not reciprocate his advances, then Lovelace takes possession of her by giving her sleeping pills. Clarissa refuses to marry him and dies. Lovelace will die in a duel.
Boycott
The name for this form of protest was given by a retired British Army officer.
Charles Cunningham Boycott
Charles Cunningham Boycott was a steward of lands in Ireland that belonged to an English lord. A series of crop failures led to widespread famine and even displacement from the region. The trade union organization demanded a reform that would allow free acquisition of plots and the establishment of fair rents. Boycott began to reduce the number of workers. Then the Land League of Ireland made it so that the manager could no longer hire new workers.
Captain Boycott harvests with his family
In addition, Boycott and his family began to be subjected to bullying and persecution. The neighbors ignored them, the postmen did not return letters and parcels, and the shops refused to serve him. At the end of 1880, Boycott had to leave Ireland, and then he left the country altogether.
Hooligan
A man named Hooligan lived in the outskirts of London at the end of the 19th century. Police reports describe him as a rowdy and thief.
There is a version that not only Patrick Hooligan had a bad character, but his entire family. They supposedly owned an inn. The Hooligans robbed and killed their guests. According to other sources, the same family owned a private school, whose students were brutally dealt with.
Jockey
The word "jockey" is nothing more than a diminutive form of the name Jock, common among the Scots. Either many Scots in England became grooms or riders, or for some other reason, but it was the jockey in English language is called a groom, a coachman, and a professional equestrian athlete. Already in the first half of the 19th century, this word was widespread in Russia; it is believed that it came to us through the French
James Whatman
The English manufacturer James Whatman lived in the 18th century; Whatman's factory produced paper. In 1773 James proposed using new uniform for the production of paper sheets - one that made it possible to obtain white dense sheets without traces of mesh. This paper, which was highly resistant to abrasion, immediately began to be actively used by artists and draftsmen. They are still used today, and have been called “Whatman” for more than two hundred years in honor of the inventor. In the Russian language - relatively recently, from the second half of the 20th century. and first the expression “Whatman paper” appeared, and from it whatman paper itself came to be.
James Thomas Brudnell, 7th Earl of Cardigan
Warm knitted sweater without a collar, with buttons and with patch pockets, which is known as a “cardigan”, appeared thanks to the English general Earl Cardigan. The invention appeared during Crimean War, in which Cardigan participated - his soldiers really liked the idea of their commander to wear such a warm jacket under their uniform. The nights in Crimea were cold, and the cardigan helped the soldiers not to freeze. In English, the emphasis is on the first syllable, just like in the similar word “hooligan.” But when “imported” into the Russian language, the emphasis was on the latter, as in familiar words such as ram, boar, ram, dope.
Fitzroy Raglan
The raglan sleeve style was invented exclusively thanks to the English Field Marshal Fitzroy Raglan. During the famous Battle of Waterloo (Raglan was then not a field marshal, but the secretary of the commander-in-chief of the English troops, the Duke of Wellington), Lord Raglan was seriously wounded in the arm. The hand subsequently had to be amputated. For fencing or shooting, Raglan had enough of one hand, and so that the absence of the second would not be conspicuous (Raglan did not want to look disabled in the eyes of others), he ordered a tailor to sew a special overcoat - with a free armhole, a one-piece sleeve and a cape. This style unexpectedly came into fashion and came to Russia at the same time as fashion.
John Denton Pinkston French
“French”, a military jacket at the waist with four patch pockets and a tab, got its name in honor of the British Field Marshal John Denton Pinkston French, a participant in the Anglo-Boer and First World Wars, who loved this style. It took root with the commissars of the Red Army and was worn by command and control personnel in 1924-1943. The Russians, as always, chose a diminutive and began to call French - frenchik, and even horseradish.
