Fundamentals of life safety in transport
LIFE SAFETY FUNDAMENTALS. Fundamentals of life safety. Safety in the city and public transport.
The bus system is the most developed transport connection in our country. Not a single locality can live without this species.
transport. Buses are constantly used both within settlements and between them.
Inexperience of drivers, poor condition of roads, deliberate violation of traffic rules become the causes of unforeseen emergency situations in which people die or are injured.
Avoid deserted stops at night;
do not stand in the front row of the crowd when a car, electric train, etc. arrives - you may be pushed under the wheels;
do not fall asleep in transport - you can sleep through a stop or get injured during sudden braking;
do not ride on steps or steps;
avoid empty vehicles, and if you fail, sit closer to the driver, but not by the window, but closer to the aisle;
do not come into contact with suspicious or aggressive passengers, do not make eye contact with them.
1. Try to remain calm and reasonable, under no circumstances give in to panic, and, if possible, prevent it from starting.
2. Using the main or emergency exits, leave the bus and help the injured passengers evacuate. The emergency exit is opened as follows: you need to pull out the cord from the rubber seal of the window and squeeze out the glass. If it is impossible to open the side exits, evacuate through the upper ventilation hatches.
3. Using a first aid kit and available supplies, provide first aid to the victims.
4. Notify the police and ambulance about the incident through cars passing along the road.
When the bus overturns or suddenly brakes, try to firmly hold on to the handrails and fix your body in a rigid position so that you are not thrown around the cabin.
In the event of a bus flooding, for example when it falls into a river, it is necessary to open the top hatches and leave the cabin while the bus is still afloat. If the cabin is already filled with water, open all exits and get out to the surface of the water.
Don't panic;
notify the driver;
protect your respiratory system with a scarf, a scarf, a hollow jacket, etc.;
open the doors using the emergency door release button or break the side windows with your feet while holding the handrails;
If possible, extinguish the fire with the fire extinguisher available in the cabin;
After getting out of the burning cabin, help others evacuate.
Safety in the metro. The metro occupies an important place in the urban transport system. The location of stations with the necessary equipment and the movement of trains underground create a number of difficulties for metro workers and passengers.
In addition to fire safety measures and measures to prevent electric shock, the metro must take measures to evacuate passengers in case of flooding of underground stations and tunnels.
On the escalator, stand on the right side (facing in the direction of travel), and pass on the left;
when moving on an escalator, hold on to the handrail and do not touch the stationary parts of the escalator;
hold things that you put on the steps of the escalator;
When getting off the escalator, do not linger, lift the long tails of your clothes, hold the child by the hand or in your arms;
if the escalator begins to accelerate and the brakes do not work, the only correct solution is to jump over the balustrade to the adjacent staircase;
on the platform while waiting for the train, position yourself evenly along the length of the train;
if in front of your eyes someone fell between the cars of a stationary train, immediately signal to the driver with circular movements of your hand, then call any metro employee;
if you find yourself on the path, do not try to climb onto the platform yourself: it is under it that the 825-volt contact rail is located;
if you find yourself on the track and the train has not yet entered the station, run to the “head” of the platform - to the clock;
if the train has already appeared, lie down between the rails;
If you notice a suitcase, box, or bag left on a platform or in a carriage, inform a metro worker about this, and move away from the found object as far as possible - the possibility that it contains a bomb is not excluded;
leaving your things in the carriage, tell the attendant the route number of the outgoing train (it is written on the windshield of the last carriage) and the number of the carriage in which you were traveling;
if the carriage stands in the tunnel for a long time and passengers begin to choke or faint, open or break the windows (for example, with a fire extinguisher).
Go beyond the limit line at the edge of the platform and approach the car until the train stops completely;
sit on the steps of the escalator, lean your elbows and put things on the handrails, run along the escalator and platform;
go down the paths and walk along the paths;
open carriage doors while moving, delay the closing and opening of carriage doors at stops;
enter the station and travel on trains while intoxicated;
smoking at stations and in carriages;
transport flammable, explosive, toxic, poisonous substances and objects, household and gas cylinders;
walk on a non-working escalator unless absolutely necessary - it may start to move.
Under unfavorable circumstances, a modern city becomes unsafe for humans. The health and life of citizens may be threatened
represent public transport, cinema visits, late-night entertainment. Large crowds of people, dulling a person's attention, also make it easier for attackers to carry out their criminal intentions.
In the city, with a large crowd of people and rather dense buildings, natural bad weather and natural disasters are much more dangerous than in rural areas. If the timeliness of medical care, uninterrupted supply of water, electricity and gas, or reliable operation of transport are disrupted, the city dweller experiences a feeling of discomfort and often becomes helpless.
Avoid poorly lit and sparsely populated places;
keep money or jewelry in your inner pocket, do not show it to strangers;
do not open your wallet in front of strangers;
if you need to travel around the city at night, use a taxi, do not agree to be driven by strangers;
when searching for the required address, contact different people, since the only answer may be incorrect;
avoid large crowds of people;
do not approach out of curiosity the place where any meeting is taking place or something has happened;
Be careful on the road, regardless of whether you are a pedestrian or a driver.
Remember that if a rally is prohibited, it turns into an extreme situation even before it starts. Please follow the following safety rules at the rally:
leave the children at home;
do not take piercing or cutting objects with you, as well as a bag;
do not wear a tie or scarf;
unless absolutely necessary, do not take posters on poles or sticks;
remove various signs and symbols from your clothes;
if you are not a correspondent, do not take your camera or camera with you;
take your ID with you;
stay away from the police;
do not approach aggressive groups;
do not try to get closer to the podium or microphone;
if a conflict arises with the police, do not lose your composure, do not make sudden movements, do not scream, do not run;
if you are detained, do not try to argue on the spot and prove that you are here by accident;
if tear gas is used to disperse a demonstration, protect your mouth and nose with a handkerchief dipped in any liquid and blink your eyes frequently;
never move against the crowd, avoid its center, as well as the edge, which is dangerous in the vicinity of shop windows, bars, etc.;’
dodge everything stationary on the way, otherwise you may simply be crushed;
do not cling to anything with your hands - they can be broken;
do not try to pick up fallen things;
if you fall, quickly pull your legs towards you, protect your head, group yourself and try to get up with a jerk;
get out of the dense but motionless crowd by pretending to be sick, drunk, crazy, or pretending to be sick.
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….3
Chapter 1. High danger zones…………………………………... 4
1.1 Street………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
1.2 Modern housing……………………………………………………... 4
1.3 Places where people gather………………………………………………………………... 5
1.4 Transport…………………………………………………………………….. 6
Chapter 2. Negative impact of the urban environment…………………. 7
2.1 Technogenic hazards……………………………………………...... 7
2.2 Environmental hazards…………………………………………………. 8
2.3 Social dangers………………………………………………………………...... 12
Chapter 3. Security system………………………… 14
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………........16
Bibliography ………………………………………………………...17
Introduction.
At the present stage of development, humanity faces acute problems of large cities.
The city, as an artificial habitat created by man, differs significantly from the natural environment. If in nature a person is faced with the influence of external natural conditions, then in society, the most complex phenomenon of which is the city, external influences come primarily from people or from circumstances caused by them.
The city includes components, which include natural components (terrain, climate, water, flora and fauna), an artificially created component - the technosphere (industrial enterprises, transport, residential buildings) and an essential part of the urban environment - the population.
Over the course of long historical development in cities, humans have developed a special habitat. In the process of life, a person is inextricably linked with the urban environment, forming an interacting system with it. This interaction gives both positive (comfort of life) and negative results. The negative result of human interaction with the city is determined by dangers - negative impacts that suddenly arise, periodically or constantly act in the “human - urban environment” system.
A positive result is determined by the fact that the city, as an artificial habitat created by man, allows people to depend less on extreme natural factors than before. The city provides ample opportunities to improve the comfort of living conditions and to develop the spiritual and creative activity of each person.
In connection with the special role of cities in the development of mankind, the question arises of how to maximize the positive and minimize the negative impacts of the city on people. Resolving this issue will be the goal of this work. To solve this issue, it is necessary to identify high-risk zones in the city, talk about the negative impacts of the urban environment on humans, their consequences and ways to combat them. And also indicate the services included in the city’s security system.
Chapter 1. High danger zones.
Knowing and taking into account high-risk areas allows you to predict the development of a possible extreme situation, provide appropriate rules of behavior and thereby ensure your safety.
1.1. Street
This danger zone includes non-residential buildings, courtyard nooks and crannies, deserted streets, vacant lots, and alleys.
Late at night, it is better to avoid such dangerous places: let the path lengthen, but the degree of danger will decrease. But if you had to walk down an alley, you need to stay close to the edge of the sidewalk and away from dark entrances where a suddenly appearing intruder could drag you. You should walk with confidence, holding an umbrella or lantern in your hands just in case.
When walking along the highway, you need to stay on the side where traffic is moving towards you - this way they won’t be able to drag you into a car that’s approaching from behind.
If possible, you should try to avoid contact with anyone. If there is a threat of attack, it is best to flee. If you are unable to escape, you must fight back using available means of self-defense. Having become a victim of a robber or rapist, you should try to remember his face, clothes and other signs and immediately report to the police.
Also, on the street, you should carefully look not only to the sides, but also to your feet. City roads and sidewalks can become slippery for a number of reasons and, as a result, a large number of injured people appear, especially the elderly.
1.2.Modern housing.
In the city, even the houses themselves are potentially dangerous, especially multi-storey ones, from the roofs of which icicles fall off in winter and spring, and various objects can fall out of windows and balconies.
The entrances and elevators of apartment buildings, where attacks most often occur, are also dangerous. To avoid becoming their victim, certain precautions should be taken:
You should not enter the entrance or elevator with strangers or suspicious people;
If you find yourself alone with a stranger in an elevator, you should immediately get out;
When attacked, you need to call for help, ring someone’s doorbell.
Modern home– the center of various networks of communal and individual household services. A modern, comfortable apartment has enclosed, branched electrical wiring throughout the premises, as well as networks of water supply, heating and sewerage pipes. for the disposal of various household wastes. Many kitchens are equipped with gas stoves, which are supplied with gas through pipelines. Under these conditions, a variety of extreme situations are possible. All pipelines in which, as a result of long-term operation and exposure to the environment, are susceptible to corrosion and wear out. Sometimes it is not at all necessary to be a specialist in order to deal with a particular situation and try to prevent serious consequences.
Flooding.
Each section of the pipeline has a central, intermediate and terminal valves (valves). If there is a water leak from the tap, it is necessary to turn off the intermediate tap, and in the event of a serious accident, close the central valve, which is usually located in the basement of the entrance, and the end and intermediate taps - in the apartment. The same should be done in the event of a heating system failure. All emergencies must be reported to the building management, specialists must be called and an attempt must be made to prevent severe flooding of the apartment, since flooding can lead to a short circuit in the electrical wiring, and this, in turn, can lead to electric shock to people and a fire in the house.
Fire.
It is easier to prevent this situation than to cope with its consequences. If a fire occurs, it is necessary to localize the source of the fire by preventing air from reaching the fire. If a fire occurs due to a short circuit in the electrical wiring, you should turn off the electrical distribution switch located on the landing of each floor, then, if possible, turn off the central switch of the entrance. Next, you need to call the fire brigade and begin to extinguish the fire using available means (water, sand, etc.). The main thing in this situation is to notify neighbors about the fire and save people caught in the fire.
Building destruction.
This extreme situation can occur as a result of an explosion or due to the destruction of building structures. In this situation, it is necessary to show determination, courage, and most importantly endurance, to properly organize the rescue of people, to prevent panic (people in a state of panic often throw themselves from the windows of the upper floors). When buildings are destroyed, flooding, fire, and electrical short circuits can occur. In any case, the most important thing in this situation is to organize the rescue of people, especially from the upper floors.
1.3. Crowded places.
Places where people gather, where it is easy for criminals to commit crimes and escape, are areas of increased danger. It can be train stations, parks, cinemas, places of various celebrations, underground passages, etc. .
At train stations, a criminal can hide, getting lost among people, taking any train. With their large crowds, train stations attract mainly thieves and scammers, “homeless people,” since among a large number of people there will always be simpletons who are easy to deceive. While at the station, you should follow the following rules of safe behavior:
Do not leave things unattended;
Do not trust your belongings and luggage to strangers;
Do not exchange large bills for smaller ones unless absolutely necessary;
To avoid becoming a victim of deception, you should not play various lotteries, “thimbles”, or take part in draws and sweepstakes. After standing for a few minutes and taking a closer look at who is constantly playing and winning, you can personally verify that they are the same people.
Parks- favorite gathering places for young people, teenagers, various companies, places for drinking alcohol, and a person in a state of intoxication loses control over himself, attracts robbers and criminals of all stripes. It is easy for a criminal to hide in the park, so you should not go into secluded, remote places, you should stay close to people.
City markets They are also high-risk areas. These are possible places where thieves, robbers, and scammers gather. Here it is also easy for a criminal to hide, getting lost in the crowd.
At night, it is better to avoid dangerous places: the path will be longer, but the degree of danger will be reduced. If possible, you should try to avoid contact with anyone. If there is a threat of attack, it is best to flee. If this is not possible, then you must use all available means of self-defense. Having become a victim of a robber or rapist, you should try to remember his faces, clothes and other signs and immediately report to the police.
1.4.Transport.
All people, regardless of age and status, use different types of vehicles. But not everyone thinks about the fact that modern transport is a high-risk zone. A feature of modern transport is its high energy saturation. The most energy-intensive types of vehicles are trams, trolleybuses, metro and railway transport.
Automobile transport firmly entered the category of the most dangerous. A car accident (disaster) is one of the main causes of death in a modern city. In most cases, a car accident occurs due to non-compliance with basic safety measures and traffic rules, as well as due to insufficient awareness of the consequences of a particular violation of road safety rules. For example, few people know that colliding with a stationary obstacle at a speed of 50 km/h without a seat belt is equivalent to jumping face down from the 4th floor.
About 75% of all accidents in road transport occur due to drivers violating traffic rules. The most dangerous types of violations continue to be speeding, ignoring road signs, driving into oncoming traffic and driving while intoxicated.
Accidents often result from bad roads (mainly slippery ones) and vehicle malfunction (in the first place are the brakes, in the second place are the steering, in the third place are the wheels and tires). The peculiarity of car accidents is that 80% of the wounded die in the first 3 hours due to excessive blood loss.
Many road accidents occur due to the fault of pedestrians. One of the reasons for the occurrence of accidents involving pedestrians is the incorrect behavior of pedestrians on the roadway and incorrect prediction of the nature of their behavior by the driver. The following main violations of the rules of conduct by pedestrians and driver errors that led to an accident can be identified:
Unexpected exit of a pedestrian onto the roadway;
Crossing the roadway outside a pedestrian crossing;
A collision with a pedestrian “rushing” along the roadway in traffic. This is due to the fact that a pedestrian located between streams of moving cars is very frightened, and his behavior is chaotic and defies reasonable logic;
Distracting the driver's attention when performing a maneuver.
Human. Those traveling in transport should also take certain precautions that can reduce the risk of injury in the event of an accident:
In the event of an accident, safety is guaranteed by a stable, fixed position of the body - sitting in a chair, lean forward and place your crossed arms on the chair in front, press it against your hands, move your legs forward, but do not push it under the chair, as a broken chair can damage your legs;
When falling, group yourself and cover your head with your hands. Do not try to stop your fall by grabbing a handrail or anything else. This leads to dislocations and fractures;
Do not fall asleep while driving - there is a danger of injury during maneuver or sudden braking;
If there is a fire in the cabin, immediately notify the driver;
In case of an accident, open the doors using the emergency door release button. If this fails, break the side windows;
If possible, extinguish the fire yourself using a fire extinguisher located in the cabin;
Once you get out of the burning cabin, immediately start helping others.
Metro– this is a huge artificial system, a harmoniously working mechanism.
extreme situations in the metro can arise:
On the escalator;
On the platform;
In a train carriage.
The most dangerous thing to do is to violate the rules of using the subway on an escalator:
While the escalator is moving, hold on to the handrail;
Do not place luggage on the rail, but hold it in your hands;
Don't run on the escalator;
Do not sit on the steps of the escalator;
Use the emergency brake handle if a passenger spills luggage, hesitates when getting off an escalator, or gets stuck in a gap between steps.
Extreme situations on the platform happen less frequently, but it is still better not to go close to the edge of the platform. Someone may accidentally push you while running, you
You yourself may slip; when boarding, the crowd may push a person into the opening between the cars.
If, due to a breakdown or technical problem on the line, your train is stopped in a tunnel, first of all, remain calm and follow all orders of the metro workers.
Chapter 2. Negative impacts of the urban environment.
A person, solving the problems of achieving comfortable and material security, continuously influences the urban environment with his activities and products of activity, generating man-made, environmental and social hazards in the city.
2.1. Technogenic hazards.
Technogenic hazards are created by elements of the technosphere - machines, structures, substances, etc. as a result of erroneous or unauthorized actions of a person or groups of people.
In large, and especially in the largest cities, the historically formed functional zones of industrial, communal, and residential are still preserved through the floorboards. The number of victims from accidents (disasters) in transport, industrial and other facilities is growing. Transport accidents (disasters) were written in detail in the previous chapter, so below we will consider industrial accidents.
Industrial accidents(disasters) arise as a result of the sudden failure of parts, mechanisms, machines and units or due to human negligence and can be accompanied by serious disruptions in the production process, explosions, catastrophic flooding, the formation of fires, radioactive, chemical contamination of the area, injury and death. Accidents (disasters) at potentially hazardous production facilities are especially dangerous: fire hazardous, explosive, hydrodynamically hazardous, chemically hazardous, radiation hazardous. At industrial facilities, emissions or spills of highly toxic substances are possible. There are no guarantees against radiation damage to people associated with possible accidents at nuclear power plants or military facilities with nuclear weapons. It is at these facilities that accidents (disasters) most often occur, accompanied by significant material losses, disruption of living conditions, injury and death.
A person is exposed to significant man-made hazards when entering the area of operation of technical systems, which include transport highways, radiation zones of radio and television transmission systems, and industrial zones. The levels of hazardous exposure to humans in this case are determined by the characteristics of technical systems and the duration of a person’s stay in the hazardous area.
Technogenic activity of cities and associated modifications of the human environment have entailed the need for a closer study of the environmental problem. As a result of environmental problems in industrial cities, the health of the population is deteriorating, the level of morbidity and mortality is increasing, and life expectancy is decreasing.
There are measures for the rational organization of territories taken in order to improve the environmental situation:
Technological (transition to more advanced, “clean” technologies);
Technical (improving devices for purifying discharges into water bodies and emissions into the atmosphere);
Structural (closing and moving polluting industries out of the city and, conversely, developing industries that are environmentally relevant for it);
Architectural and planning (organization of industrial zones, creation of sanitary and protective gaps).
2.2.Environmental hazards.
Cities are increasingly becoming places unsuitable for the healthy life of people, and all living things in general.
Environmental problems of cities, mainly the largest of them, are associated with excessive concentration of population, transport, and industrial enterprises in relatively small areas, with the formation of anthropogenic landscapes that are very far from a state of ecological balance.
The vegetation cover of cities is usually almost entirely represented by “cultural plantings” - parks, squares, lawns, flower beds, alleys. It happens that vegetation also plays a negative role - in the pursuit of fast-growing and beautiful plants that tolerate the conditions of the urban environment, ornamental plants are imported in large quantities, which can cause various allergic reactions in city residents.
Birds, rodents, insects and microorganisms, which are carriers and sources of diseases, also cause a lot of trouble, breeding in large numbers in city landfills and settling basins.
And yet, the greatest danger lies in poor-quality drinking water, polluted air, poor-quality food, increased levels of radioactivity, and strong exposure to electromagnetic waves.
Today, three-quarters of the population of developed countries and almost half of the population of developing countries live in industrial centers. If in 1950 there were only 5 cities in the world with a population of more than 5 million people (with a total population of 48 million people), then in 1890 there were 36 such cities with a total population of 252 million. In 2000, there were already about 60 cities with a population of over 5 million with a total population of 650 million people. The growth rate of the world's population is 1.5 - 2.0 times lower than the growth of the urban population, which today includes 40% of the world's people.
The millionaire city receives about 29 million a year (excluding water and air) of various substances, which, during transportation and processing, produce a significant amount of waste, some of which enters the atmosphere, the other part, along with wastewater, into reservoirs and underground aquifers horizons, another part in the form of solid waste into the soil.
Atmospheric air.
Scientists believe that every year thousands of deaths in cities around the world are linked to air pollution. Atmospheric pollution is responsible for up to 30% of common diseases in the population of industrial centers. Over large cities, the atmosphere contains 10 times more aerosols and 25 times more gases, among which the most widespread are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. When there is a high content of gases and dust (soot) in the air and air stagnation over industrial areas of cities, smog is formed. Smog is especially dangerous when the air is polluted with sulfur dioxide. It affects the human respiratory system and reduces resistance to other harmful impurities in the air (smoke, soil, asphalt and asbestos dust). At the same time, 60-70% of gas pollution comes from road transport. The car has become one of the main culprits of urban pollution. Every year, each car releases up to 10 kg of rubber muzzle into the air from tire abrasion. And how many toxic substances are emitted from the exhaust pipe, how much oxygen is absorbed by the car engine and carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are released. Lead in car exhaust emissions can cause brain disorders and mental retardation in children.
District heating pipelines release up to 1/5 of the heat passing through them to the outside. Heat transfer from factories and factories, furnaces and boiler houses, various mechanisms and devices also contributes to heating the air basin of cities; from these industries 2/5 of the energy of all burned fuel comes into the air. With low air mobility, thermal anomalies over the city cover layers of the atmosphere of 250 - 400 m, and temperature contrasts can reach 5 - 6 ° C. It is not surprising that smoke domes with low air humidity and high air humidity and increased temperature are formed over large cities. The number of condensation centers (10 times) and fogs (2 times) increases. Every fourth disease among city residents is associated with urban air pollution, and its saturation with carbon dioxide is such that inhaling it for several hours can disrupt brain activity. Home air poses an equally serious danger to human health. According to scientists who compared the air in apartments with polluted city air, it turned out that the air in rooms is 4-6 times dirtier and 8-10 times more toxic. This is caused by exposure to lead white, linoleum, plastic, synthetic carpets, washing powders, furniture that contains a lot of synthetic adhesive, polymers, paints, varnish, etc.
The main sources of indoor air pollution can be divided into four groups:
1. Substances entering the room with polluted air.
2. Products of destruction of polymeric materials.
3. Anthropotoxins (human waste products).
4. Products of combustion of domestic gas and household activities.
Drinking water. Cities consume 10 or more times more water per person than rural areas, and water pollution reaches catastrophic proportions. Wastewater volumes reach 1 m3 per day per person. Therefore, almost all large cities experience a shortage of water resources and many of them receive water from remote sources.
Despite the fact that a person cannot live more than 9 days without water, water is an important cause of cardiovascular diseases and malignant neoplasms. Or rather, not the water itself, but the toxic substances dissolved in it.
A particular problem is water pollution with detergents - complex chemical compounds that are part of synthetic detergents. Detergents are difficult to clean, and up to 50-60% of their initial amount usually ends up in water bodies.
Among industrial wastes discharged into water, in addition to organic compounds, the most dangerous to the body are salts of many heavy metals (cadmium, lead, aluminum, nickel, manganese, zinc, etc.). Even in low concentrations they cause disruption of various functions of the human body. High concentrations of heavy metal salts cause acute poisoning.
The unsatisfactory sanitary and technical condition of water supply structures and networks in cities is the cause of secondary microbial contamination of drinking water during transportation through the distribution system. The reasons for this are wear and tear of water distribution networks (50 percent or more), untimely elimination of accidents and leaks, and lack of preventive disinfection of water pipelines.
Do not drink chlorinated water;
Use only water that has been purified using highly effective purifiers or freezing;
Drink only boiled water!
Radioactivity. In recent years, the issue of the impact of radiation on humans and the environment has attracted the most attention. Speaking about background radiation stokers in residential premises, it is advisable to dwell in more detail on the significance of such a gas as radon. Radiation hazards are created primarily by inhaling alpha-emitting aerosols from the decay products of radon and sodium. People come into contact with radon and thorium everywhere, but mainly in stone and brick houses, when using gas for cooking and heating, and with water. A great danger is the ingress of water vapor with a high content of radon into the lungs along with inhaled air, which most often occurs in the bathroom, where, as studies have shown, the concentration of radon is 3 times higher than in the kitchen and 40 times higher than in residential areas. rooms. Measures to preserve heat in winter can lead to a significant increase in radon concentrations inside residential premises.
The danger of radon, in addition to the functional disorders it causes (difficulty breathing, migraines, dizziness, nausea, depression, early aging, etc.), also lies in the fact that due to internal irradiation of lung tissue, it can cause lung cancer.
In order to reduce the risk of radon exposure, it is necessary to take protective measures:
Ventilate the premises thoroughly;
Use special coatings for floors;
Replace gas stoves in apartments with electric ones;
Use proven materials for the construction of new houses.
Electromagnetic fields as an unfavorable environmental factor in residential and public premises. As a result of many years of observations, it turned out that electromagnetic fields (EMF) pose a huge danger to health, since with prolonged exposure to humans they can cause cancer, leukemia, brain tumors, multiple sclerosis and other serious diseases. EMFs created by various devices that generate, transmit and use electrical energy are a widespread and constantly increasing negative factor in the urban environment.
Currently, there are a huge number of EMF sources located both outside residential and public buildings (power lines, satellite communication stations, radio relay installations, television transmission centers, open switchgear, electric vehicles, etc.) and indoors (TVs, VCRs , computers, cellular radiotelephones, household microwave ovens, etc.)
In cities, there is a significant change in the level of EMF intensity during the day: during the day, during the operation of industrial and municipal enterprises, it increases, and in the evening it decreases. Daily fluctuations in artificial EMF dramatically change the electromagnetic environment of the city as a whole. Naturally, this does not go unnoticed for city residents, many of whom are exposed to EMFs at their workplaces. The main way to protect the population from the effects of external EMFs in a residential area is protection by distance, that is, there must be an appropriate sanitary protection zone between the EMF source and residential buildings. Another reliable way to protect the body from the harmful effects of EMF, the sources of which are household appliances and personal computers, is time protection. That is, the time spent working near such devices should be limited.
Noise in a residential environment. Austrian experts have found that human life expectancy is reduced by 10-12 years due to the noise of large cities. According to sanitary standards, noise in a residential area should be no more than 60 dB, and at night - no more than 40 dB. The limit value of noise that does not cause harmful consequences is 100 dB. However, on busy streets the noise often reaches 120-125 dB. But over the last decade alone, noise in large Russian cities has increased 10-15 times.
The noise “symphony” of a city is made up of many factors: the rumble of railways and the rumble of airplanes, the roar of construction equipment, etc. The most powerful chords in it are the movement of vehicles, which, against the general background, produces up to 80% of the noise.
Noise seriously affects people's well-being and health. Thus, for many young people who listen to loud rock music, their hearing can be permanently damaged. However, noise harms more than just your hearing. A number of studies show that noise can increase blood pressure and cause damage to the cardiovascular system. Excessive noise makes it difficult for students to learn the material, causing irritability, fatigue, and decreased productivity.
High noise levels from televisions and radios in the home have been shown to impede the development of sensorimotor skills in children during the first two years of life. Constant exposure to loud sounds also impedes speech development and suppresses the exploratory instinct.
Statistics show that workers who are constantly in a noisy atmosphere are more likely to develop cardiac arrhythmia, vestibular disorders and other diseases. They more often complain of fatigue and increased irritability.
Against a background noise of approximately 70 dB, a person performing moderately complex operations makes twice as many errors as in the absence of this background. It has also been established that noticeable noise reduces the performance of people engaged in mental work by more than one and a half times, and in physical work by almost a third.
Of course, much in the fight against noise depends on us. For example, if you work in noisy industries, then it is advisable to wear sound-absorbing headphones. If there is a strong source of noise inside the building, the walls and ceiling can be lined with sound-absorbing material, such as polystyrene foam. If you live in a house located on a street with heavy traffic, then during rush hours you should close the windows facing the street and open the windows facing the courtyard. And, of course, do not turn on television and radio equipment at full power, especially in the evening and at night.
To reduce noise in a residential area, the following principles must be observed:
Place low-rise buildings near noise sources;
Noise protection facilities should be built parallel to the transport highway;
Group residential properties into closed or semi-closed neighborhoods;
Buildings that do not require noise control (warehouses, garages, etc.) should be used as barriers to limit the spread of noise.
Vibration in living conditions.
Vibration as a factor in the human environment, along with noise, is one of the types of physical pollution that contributes to the deterioration of the living conditions of the urban population.
Fluctuations in buildings can be generated by external sources (underground and surface transport, industrial enterprises), in-house equipment of built-in trade and public services enterprises. Vibration in an apartment is often caused by the operation of the elevator. In some cases, noticeable vibration is observed during construction work carried out near residential buildings. Vibrations of the floor, shaking of walls, furniture, etc., regularly repeated after 1.5-2 minutes. disrupt residents’ rest, interfere with household chores, and prevent them from concentrating on mental work. People living in such houses experience increased irritability and sleep disturbances. Those most susceptible to the negative effects of vibration are those aged 31 to 40 years and those with diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous system.
The most important direction in solving the problem of limiting the adverse effects of vibration in residential conditions is the hygienic regulation of its permissible effects.
Currently, we can speak with confidence about the complex impact of a number of unfavorable factors that have led to a decrease in the defenses of the body of a city resident and increased susceptibility to various diseases. There is a connection between the geochemical structure of urban pollution and the state of public health, which can be traced at all stages - from the accumulation of pollutants and the occurrence of immunobiological changes in the body to an increase in morbidity. Being a function of many variables, the health of the urban population is an integral indicator of environmental quality.
2.3. Social dangers.
An unfavorable social situation arises as a result of epidemics, the resolution of social, interethnic and religious conflicts by non-parliamentary methods, the actions of gangs and groups, which leads to disruption of the normal functioning of the population, loss of life, destruction and destruction of material and cultural values.
The consequences of an unfavorable social situation in cities can be very different: from the emergence of hazardous living conditions during an epidemic to destruction, fires, the emergence of extensive foci of chemical, biological, radiation contamination, mass deaths during combat operations, during public unrest, terrorist attack
Crowds of people in cities are fertile ground for the emergence of interpersonal and group conflicts, worsening the criminal situation, and increasing the danger to human life and health. The number of crimes, terrorist acts, and riots is growing year by year. The growth rate of crime in cities is 4 times faster than the growth rate of their population
Radical and sometimes painful reforms in almost all spheres of life have given rise to a number of phenomena in cities that are becoming serious criminogenic factors. Among them:
Economic instability;
Increase in unemployment rate;
Increasing stratification of the population by income level;
Changes at the level of state policy in ideological attitudes in
regarding property, means of production and psychological
the unwillingness of many people to accept these changes;
Power deficit;
The manifestation of bureaucracy and the spread of corruption in the state
apparatus.
This obviously explains the high growth rates crime in recent years and, in particular, increasing cases of mass antisocial manifestations, often accompanied by grave consequences (murder, bodily harm, arson, pogroms, destruction of property, disobedience to authorities).
A serious social irritant and criminogenic factor are refugees, which are mainly concentrated in cities. Many of them, unable to cope with difficulties, begin to earn a living through illegal means, engaging in theft, robbery, robbery, and often organizing criminal communities for these purposes.
It is in large cities that various informal youth associations– metalheads, punks, fans, rockers, skinheads. Under certain conditions, the listed groups of young people can pose a real danger to people around them, and this should be taken into account in everyday life. Informal associations are the main participants in the violation of public order in public places, that is, in mass riots. One type of mass disorder is mass pogroms involving violence, arson, destruction of property, the use of firearms, explosives or explosive devices with armed resistance to government officials.
Another kind - mass spectacles, also always carries an explosive danger. This applies to the greatest extent to rock music concerts, when the ecstasy of listeners, often pumped up on drugs, leads to sad consequences. Quite a large number of fans die in stadiums, despite the safety measures taken. Religious holidays are also often accompanied by human sacrifices. Potentially dangerous events also include demonstrations, political demonstrations, and national holidays.
The high degree of public danger for participants in mass spectacles is due to the fact of the existence of a large crowd of people that is difficult to control, facts of damage to property and harm to the health of citizens (and sometimes death), and disorganization of the activities of government and administrative bodies.
From the above we can conclude that any mass riots cause material and physical harm and disorganize the life of society.
The real threat to security in modern society has become terrorism. Terrorism in all its forms has become one of the most dangerous socio-political and moral problems in terms of scale, unpredictability and consequences. Basically, any form of terrorism threatens the safety of large cities and their population, entails huge political, economic and moral losses, exerting strong psychological pressure on people and claiming more and more lives of innocent citizens.
Chapter 3. Security system.
Having considered the sources of danger in a modern city, it is necessary to name the services that help people cope with emergency situations. Speaking about the city's security system, it is necessary to emphasize that there are city and regional services.
Security services in the city:
Fire protection service (fire protection)
Law enforcement service (police)
Health service (ambulance)
Gas service
the main task fire service– having discovered a fire, localize it, save people in trouble and, of course, put out the fire. Firefighters use fire engines for different purposes: main, special and auxiliary. Each fire truck is assigned a combat crew consisting of a commander, driver and firefighters. Combat crews on main and special vehicles are called a squad. A squad constructed by a tanker truck, pumper truck, or pumper truck is the primary tactical unit of the fire department. The latter is capable of independently performing tasks of extinguishing fires, rescuing people, protecting and evacuating material assets.
The police are called upon to ensure the protection of public order, personal and other property, rights and legitimate interests of citizens, enterprises, organizations and institutions from criminal attacks and other antisocial actions. The most important tasks of the police are the prevention and suppression of crimes and other antisocial actions, the rapid and complete detection of crimes, and all possible assistance in eliminating the causes that give rise to crimes and other offenses.
Ensuring the safety of vehicles and pedestrians on streets and roads. entrusted to the road patrol service (DPS). The activities of the traffic police are aimed at carrying out measures to prevent and reduce the severity of road injuries, suppression of offenses in the field of road safety and are built in accordance with the principles of legality, humanism, respect for human rights and transparency.
Among the main tasks of the traffic police:
Supervision of compliance with traffic rules;
Traffic regulation;
Participation in maintaining public order and fighting crime;
Carrying out emergency actions at the scene of a road traffic accident
incidents, providing assistance to victims and evacuating them to
medical institutions;
Transportation of damaged vehicles from the scene of an accident.
Emergency has a team of doctors of various specialties, well-trained support staff, and a fleet of maneuverable cars. The main task of this service is to provide medical assistance to the victim and, if necessary, transport him to the nearest medical facility. Modern medical equipment makes it possible to competently assess the condition of the injured person (patient) and help him in a timely manner.
The main task of the emergency gas service is to detect and eliminate gas leaks resulting from an emergency or associated with improper operation of gas equipment.
It is very important, in the event of an accident or dangerous situation, to correctly remember the procedure for calling the appropriate service:
1. Pick up the phone and dial the desired number.
2. Provide the reason for the call.
3. State your first and last name.
4. Inform where to arrive and phone number.
District utilities include: water supply, electricity supply, gasification system, road service. In addition, each district is divided into microdistricts, where the operational departments operate elevator services, services for electrical networks, heating networks and sewer networks. Ensuring life safety is a fairly broad concept; this system should also include the sanitary and epidemiological service, the water rescue service, and the regional headquarters for civil defense and emergency situations. The courts and the prosecutor's office stand guard over the honor and dignity of citizens, their property and housing inviolability.
Conclusion.
Thus, analyzing the role of the city in human life, we see that human life in a modern city is potentially dangerous. Even without being born, while in the womb, a person is exposed to constantly existing and active dangers of various types. And from the moment of birth, dangers threaten the life and health of city dwellers much more than those of rural residents. This is due to the fact that human activity aimed at transforming nature and creating a comfortable artificial habitat, such as a city, often causes unforeseen consequences. All human actions and all components of the urban environment (primarily technical means and technologies) have the ability to generate, along with positive properties and results, dangerous and harmful factors. In this case, a new positive result is usually accompanied by a new potential danger.
Therefore, ensuring safety in the conditions of a modern city is the main task for city residents, enterprises, organizations and institutions. The solution to the problem of ensuring life safety is to ensure normal (comfortable) conditions for people’s activities, to protect people and their environment (urban, residential, industrial) from the effects of harmful factors exceeding regulatory acceptable levels. We can say that the task of ensuring the safety of human life in the city as a living environment is not to eliminate existing dangers, but to reduce the potential level of dangers and reduce the consequences of their actions. Realized in space and time, the dangers of the city threaten not only the individual, but also one or another social group.
How to achieve safety? The first and most important way is to increase the awareness of the people. From childhood, parents are obliged to teach their child to behave correctly in dangerous situations on the street, in city transport, when communicating with strangers, interacting with dangerous objects and poisonous objects and toxic substances. Actively contribute to the formation of the foundations of environmental culture and a healthy lifestyle.
In secondary educational institutions, teachers should pay special attention to the formation in the minds of children and adolescents of a heightened sense of personal and collective safety, instilling skills in recognizing and assessing dangers, as well as safe behavior in emergency situations at home, at school, and on the street.
To prevent dangers and protect against them, to develop the appropriate worldview and behavior of people, the science of “Life Safety” is used. Its goal is to develop knowledge and skills to protect life and health in dangerous and emergency situations, to eliminate consequences and provide self- and mutual assistance in the event of danger; a conscious and responsible attitude towards issues of personal safety and the safety of others; the ability to recognize and evaluate dangerous and harmful factors in the human environment, and find ways to protect against them.
“Life Safety” provides general literacy in the field of safety, being an integral part of the preparation of a comprehensively developed individual.
Bibliography:
1. Life safety: Textbook for universities / L.A. Mikhailov, V.P. Solomin, A.L. Mikhailov, A.V. Starostenko et al. – St. Petersburg: Miter, ts007.
2. Life safety: Textbook. manual for universities / Ed. prof. L.A. Ant. – 2nd ed., revised. and additional – M.: UNITY – DANA, 2003.
3. Denisov V.V., Denisova I.A., Gutenev V.V., Montvila O.I. Life safety. Protection of the population and territories in emergency situations: Textbook. allowance. – Moscow: ICC “MarT”, Rostov n/a: Publishing Center “MarT”, 2003.
4. Mikryukov V.Yu. Life safety: Textbook / V.Yu. Mikryukov. Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2006.
5. Novikov Yu.V. Ecology, environment and people: Proc. manual for universities, secondary schools and colleges. – 2nd ed., rev. and additional /Yu.V Novikov. – M.: FAIR PRESS, 2002.
Introduction………………………………………………………………………….3
Chapter 1. High danger zones…………………………………... 4
Street……………………………………………………………………….. 4
Modern home……………………………………………………... 4
Places where people gather………………………………………………………………... 5
Transport………………………………………………………………….. 6
Chapter 2. Negative impact of the urban environment…………………. 7
2.1 Technogenic hazards……………………………………………...... 7
2.2 Environmental hazards…………………………………………………. 8
2.3 Social dangers………………………………………………………………...... 12
Chapter 3. Security system………………………… 14
Conclusion………………………………………………………………........16
Bibliography………………………………………………………...17
Introduction.
At the present stage of development, humanity faces acute problems of large cities.
The city, as an artificial habitat created by man, differs significantly from the natural environment. If in nature a person is faced with the influence of external natural conditions, then in society, the most complex phenomenon of which is the city, external influences come primarily from people or from circumstances caused by them.
The city includes components, which include natural components (terrain, climate, water, flora and fauna), an artificially created component - the technosphere (industrial enterprises, transport, residential buildings) and an essential part of the urban environment - the population.
Over the course of long historical development in cities, humans have developed a special habitat. In the process of life, a person is inextricably linked with the urban environment, forming an interacting system with it. This interaction gives both positive (comfort of life) and negative results. The negative result of human interaction with the city is determined by dangers - negative impacts that suddenly arise, periodically or constantly act in the “human - urban environment” system.
A positive result is determined by the fact that the city, as an artificial habitat created by man, allows people to depend less on extreme natural factors than before. The city provides ample opportunities to improve the comfort of living conditions and to develop the spiritual and creative activity of each person.
In connection with the special role of cities in the development of mankind, the question arises of how to maximize the positive and minimize the negative impacts of the city on people. Resolving this issue will be the goal of this work. To solve this issue, it is necessary to identify high-risk zones in the city, talk about the negative impacts of the urban environment on humans, their consequences and ways to combat them. And also indicate the services included in the city’s security system.
Chapter 1. High danger zones.
Knowing and taking into account high-risk areas allows you to predict the development of a possible extreme situation, provide appropriate rules of behavior and thereby ensure your safety.
1.1. Street
This danger zone includes non-residential buildings, courtyard nooks and crannies, deserted streets, vacant lots, and alleys.
Late at night, it is better to avoid such dangerous places: let the path lengthen, but the degree of danger will decrease. But if you had to walk down an alley, you need to stay close to the edge of the sidewalk and away from dark entrances where a suddenly appearing intruder could drag you. You should walk with confidence, holding an umbrella or lantern in your hands just in case.
When walking along the highway, you need to stay on the side where traffic is moving towards you - this way they won’t be able to drag you into a car that’s approaching from behind.
If possible, you should try to avoid contact with anyone. If there is a threat of attack, it is best to flee. If you are unable to escape, you must fight back using available means of self-defense. Having become a victim of a robber or rapist, you should try to remember his face, clothes and other signs and immediately report to the police.
Also, on the street, you should carefully look not only to the sides, but also to your feet. City roads and sidewalks can become slippery for a number of reasons and, as a result, a large number of injured people appear, especially the elderly.
1.2.Modern housing.
In the city, even the houses themselves are potentially dangerous, especially multi-storey ones, from the roofs of which icicles fall off in winter and spring, and various objects can fall out of windows and balconies.
The entrances and elevators of apartment buildings, where attacks most often occur, are also dangerous. To avoid becoming their victim, certain precautions should be taken:
You should not enter the entrance or elevator with strangers or suspicious people;
If you find yourself alone with a stranger in an elevator, you should immediately get out;
When attacked, you need to call for help, ring someone’s doorbell.
Modern home– the center of various networks of communal and individual household services. A modern, comfortable apartment has enclosed, branched electrical wiring throughout the premises, as well as networks of water supply, heating and sewerage pipes. for the disposal of various household wastes. Many kitchens are equipped with gas stoves, which are supplied with gas through pipelines. Under these conditions, a variety of extreme situations are possible. All pipelines in which, as a result of long-term operation and exposure to the environment, are susceptible to corrosion and wear out. Sometimes it is not at all necessary to be a specialist in order to deal with a particular situation and try to prevent serious consequences.
Flooding.
Each section of the pipeline has a central, intermediate and terminal valves (valves). If there is a water leak from the tap, it is necessary to turn off the intermediate tap, and in the event of a serious accident, close the central valve, which is usually located in the basement of the entrance, and the end and intermediate taps - in the apartment. The same should be done in the event of a heating system failure. All emergencies must be reported to the building management, specialists must be called and an attempt must be made to prevent severe flooding of the apartment, since flooding can lead to a short circuit in the electrical wiring, and this, in turn, can lead to electric shock to people and a fire in the house.
Fire.
It is easier to prevent this situation than to cope with its consequences. If a fire occurs, it is necessary to localize the source of the fire by preventing air from reaching the fire. If a fire occurs due to a short circuit in the electrical wiring, you should turn off the electrical distribution switch located on the landing of each floor, then, if possible, turn off the central switch of the entrance. Next, you need to call the fire brigade and begin to extinguish the fire using available means (water, sand, etc.). The main thing in this situation is to notify neighbors about the fire and save people caught in the fire.
Building destruction.
This extreme situation can occur as a result of an explosion or due to the destruction of building structures. In this situation, it is necessary to show determination, courage, and most importantly endurance, to properly organize the rescue of people, to prevent panic (people in a state of panic often throw themselves from the windows of the upper floors). When buildings are destroyed, flooding, fire, and electrical short circuits can occur. In any case, the most important thing in this situation is to organize the rescue of people, especially from the upper floors.
1.3. Crowded places.
Places where people gather, where it is easy for criminals to commit crimes and escape, are areas of increased danger. It can be train stations, parks, cinemas, places of various celebrations, underground passages, etc..
At train stations, a criminal can hide, getting lost among people, taking any train. With their large crowds, train stations attract mainly thieves and scammers, “homeless people,” since among a large number of people there will always be simpletons who are easy to deceive. While at the station, you should follow the following rules of safe behavior:
Do not leave things unattended;
Do not trust your belongings and luggage to strangers;
Do not exchange large bills for smaller ones unless absolutely necessary;
To avoid becoming a victim of deception, you should not play various lotteries, “thimbles”, or take part in draws and sweepstakes. After standing for a few minutes and taking a closer look at who is constantly playing and winning, you can personally verify that they are the same people.
Parks- favorite gathering places for young people, teenagers, various companies, places for drinking alcohol, and a person in a state of intoxication loses control over himself, attracts robbers and criminals of all stripes. It is easy for a criminal to hide in the park, so you should not go into secluded, remote places, you should stay close to people.
City markets They are also high-risk areas. These are possible places where thieves, robbers, and scammers gather. Here it is also easy for a criminal to hide, getting lost in the crowd.
At night, it is better to avoid dangerous places: the path will be longer, but the degree of danger will be reduced. If possible, you should try to avoid contact with anyone. If there is a threat of attack, it is best to flee. If this is not possible, then you must use all available means of self-defense. Having become a victim of a robber or rapist, you should try to remember his faces, clothes and other signs and immediately report to the police.
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Lesson topic: “Dangerous places”
Purpose of the lesson: To learn the rules of safe behavior in the apartment and on the street in the absence of adults
Dangerous actions
When there is boiling water in the pan, Don't touch it, my friend, And be very careful: It's so easy to wrap it! Believe me: boiling water has always been dangerous
Do not play with sharp forks or knives. After all, with such a “toy” it’s easy to hurt something. It will hurt, it will be sad, Mom will scold you... Are you really missing toys in the house?
Friend, it’s dangerous to ride on the railings! You might sway and not be able to hold on, Or your pants might get caught on a bolt... It hurts to fall on your back on the steps! Or you fall into overdrive - what then? This is already a worse problem! So don’t risk yourself, don’t ride, and calmly go down the steps!
Pills and tablets must not be swallowed secretly! Our children must learn about this. If you get sick, they will call you a doctor, then the adults will bring you the pill themselves. But if you are not sick, you can’t eat pills: Swallowing them for no reason is dangerous for you, friends. After all, you can get poisoned: These pills are harmful!!! So be careful - Live many years!!!
If you don’t know how to light gas, don’t come near, or you’ll regret it later... It’s very dangerous to approach the stove: It might catch fire, explode... Mom herself will warm and cook everything, prepare the soup and put on the kettle. You, baby, don’t rush: when you grow up, you’ll set the burner on fire with a match!
There are many tubes and jars in our mothers' closets. They store various products, Unfortunately, they are dangerous... Creams, pastes and tablets Do not take them into your hands, children: These household chemicals are very strong like poison!
Do not put small objects into your ears or nose. They might get stuck there - remember that! And you will have to be taken to the doctors to the hospital! It's stupid to act like this, it just won't do
The entrance door must be closed carefully; Otherwise, my friend, you can press your fingers there... It will hurt - and Tears will flow into two streams; And all your friends will come running to pity you...
Physical exercise The lumberjack chopped wood: One-two, one-two. He stood straight for a little while and jumped on his right leg. And he rode on the left. He stood straight again. And again chop wood: One-two, one-two! children perform the “axe” exercise 6 times, stand up straight, jump on the right leg (5 times), jump on the left leg (5 times), stand up straight, children perform the “axe” exercise 6 times
Dangerous places
On the balcony - just know! -Don’t stand on chairs, don’t climb on the railing, don’t lean too low -It can be dangerous: Falling from above is so terrible!!! One of the most dangerous places in an apartment is the balcony. You cannot hang over the railing, sit on the railing, or play various outdoor games on the balcony. Under no circumstances should you pretend for fun that you want to push your friend down. This joke could turn into disaster. If you want to open the window, try to be careful: Don’t stand on the windowsill and don’t press on the glass; What if it can’t stand it? And the window breaks - you can fall down. Why do you need such a surprise?
I must always remember: Be careful with the socket! You shouldn’t play with it, stick a hairpin or a nail in there - It will end in disaster: The current in the socket is very evil!!!
Guys, it’s not in vain that they tell you: You can’t play with matches! Fire is dangerous, unfortunately, for all people without exception! It is so difficult to put it out - it can burn everything around! And now the whole house is on fire... Pranks with fire are dangerous
If the bell rings, Look through the peephole first, Find out who came to visit, But don’t open it to strangers! If there is no peephole, then: “Who is there?” - always ask, but they won’t answer - You don’t need to open the door
If the phone rings, Someone says into the receiver: - And where did I end up? What number did I dial? What's your name, baby? Who are you sitting at home with now? - Don’t answer anything, just call your mom! If there are no adults at home, do not have conversations with anyone, “Goodbye!” - say, hang up quickly!
If your apartment is high up and getting home is not easy, use the elevator, but just remember: Don’t get into the elevator with strangers! They can offend you, scare you... You can seriously, my friend, get hurt... Be careful, always be careful And don’t get in the elevator with strangers! If you come to visit family or friends living in a building with an elevator, then...
It is strictly forbidden to go down the elevator shaft and try to ride on the roof of the cabin. This “game” almost always ends tragically. What to do if you are stuck in an elevator? You need to press the “Call” button to signal the dispatcher. He will send a repairman and he will fix the elevator. But do not try to get out of the cabin on your own, because the elevator may suddenly start moving. And one more thing: never use an elevator during a fire (it can suddenly stop and fill with choking smoke). In case of fire you can only go up the stairs. Lift really doesn't like various children's pranks. Therefore, do not jump or play in the cabin, this may cause the elevator to stop. You can't set anything on fire in an elevator. The cabin will fill with smoke and you may suffocate.
Don't sit on the windowsill! In all these cases, you can lose your balance at any second. But you don’t constantly go with a parachute and don’t have a propeller on your back, like Carlson, right? The windowsill is a dangerous place. If the window is open, do not get up, do not sit or lie down on the windowsill, do not lean out of the window.
Don't go close to fireworks!
Don't pick up other people's things! Vacant lands, parks and forests are dangerous because a criminal may lie in wait for you here. We have already talked about the dangers of meeting a stranger. Therefore, do not go to such places alone. In general, try to go out and play with friends. The attacker is usually interested in someone who is walking or playing alone. And under no circumstances should you walk after dark.
During the cold season, everything that is covered with ice becomes dangerous: sidewalks, hills, rivers and ponds. Be very careful on icy sidewalks. Don't ride down the ice slide on your feet. Do not go out on the ice on a river, pond or lake unless accompanied by an adult. This is dangerous, especially at the beginning and end of winter, when the ice is fragile. Never skate on ice floes in spring. This could end tragically.
Don't play on the construction site! Here's a construction site. Some guys love to play here. But look: deep holes, concrete slabs, bricks, pipes, various construction machines... The slightest carelessness, and an accident can happen.
A transformer box can be deadly. There is a very high voltage of electric current. Don't look into this booth, don't play near it, generally stay away from it.
In the twentieth century, cities grew with incredible speed and urban populations increased, it is even sometimes called the century of urbanization (Fig. 1).
The city has a lot of entertainment, a lot of interesting things. There is a theater, cinema, zoo, playgrounds and much more. But at the same time, the city is also fraught with many dangers. Let's think about which ones. It may seem that in the city it is much safer than, for example, in the desert, where a person risks dying from thirst, hunger or poisonous snakes.
But the city is fraught with many dangers. Compared to rural areas, it provides certain advantages, but also has disadvantages.
If you compare life in a village and in a city, you can notice many differences. For example, thanks to physical labor, rural residents are stronger; less influence of polluting factors ensures them good health. Typically, rural residents are able to provide themselves with food more easily because they grow their own vegetables; they can warm themselves by collecting brushwood in the nearest forest; if necessary, build a temporary shelter. In the case of deprivation of some of the benefits of civilization, such as gas, electricity, running water, it is easier for rural residents to cope than for people in the city (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Village residents are less attached to communications ()
In a healthy body healthy mind
Rural residents are usually in better physical shape than city residents. This can be explained by the fact that in the city most people are engaged in mental work, and schoolchildren do not want to attend physical education classes.
But you must understand that sports are not only good for your health, but can also save your life someday.
For example, Denis from Arkhangelsk never thought that his athletics training would be useful to him in everyday life (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Playing sports will never be superfluous ()
Returning home late, the guy passed by a tipsy group. The young people began to behave aggressively towards Denis and already wanted to rob the schoolboy, but thanks to his dexterity, he wriggled out of their hands and was able to escape. His pursuers were less physically prepared, so the guy remained unharmed.
Boys often think that running away is a shame, but don’t forget that the best fight is the one that doesn’t take place. Especially if there are many more attackers.
City dwellers do not possess many useful skills that villagers possess, because they are simply not needed in the city. City residents have everything at their fingertips: gas is supplied directly to the stoves; in order to get water, just open the tap; Any food can be bought at the nearest supermarket.
There are a lot of people in the city, but not many of them know each other; often even neighbors don’t know each other. In the village, everyone knows each other, they know who is the antisocial element. If any danger appears, everyone instantly knows about it, and the same applies to new people.
Life in the city is much more dynamic. Many people have to commute an hour or two to work, which requires using public transport or a personal vehicle. This often causes stress and fatigue in people; they have to return from work in the same way, which only increases stress and negatively affects a person’s behavior (Fig. 4).
Rice. 4. Clashes between drivers lead to stress ()
Road and danger
You all know that the greatest danger on the road is faulty vehicles and careless drivers. You are told from a very early age that it is dangerous to play next to the roadway, that you need to look left and right before crossing the road.
In addition to dangerous cars, there are other dangers on the road. The road is very dangerous in winter: due to snowfalls, visibility may deteriorate. Ice, which is a common occurrence on our roads, is dangerous for injuries (Fig. 5). Therefore, both pedestrians and drivers need to be extremely careful on the roads in winter.
Rice. 5. Ice is dangerous for injuries ()
Open sewer manholes and potholes on the road are also dangerous on the road (you may not notice it due to bad weather and injure your leg, or your parents may drive into a pothole and damage their cars or even get hurt themselves). Tram tracks running along roads are dangerous, as you can trip over them and get hurt.
A rural resident works most of the time near his home, so he does not experience the inconveniences that exist in the city. Also, life in the village is more predictable, and therefore calmer.
The entertainment that abounds in the city takes place in the evening, so people have to return home late, which increases the risk of encountering criminal elements.
The health of citizens is threatened by many plants and factories located in cities. Natural disasters can easily deprive city residents of communications, the absence of which greatly complicates life. And accidents at various utility enterprises threaten the life and health of city residents (Fig. 6). Hail, rain, ice, and blizzards increase the number of road accidents.
Rice. 6. Factory emissions are harmful to health ()
Many of the problems described are less relevant for rural residents, because they are less connected to communications. However, the villages have their own problems. Much more often, villages suffer from natural phenomena. For example, floods, storms, and heavy hail can deprive an entire village of crops (Fig. 7). In emergency situations, it is more difficult for rescuers to provide assistance to victims.
Rice. 7. Consequences of bad weather for cereals ()
Powerful disasters can wipe out an entire settlement from the face of the earth. Although particularly dangerous disasters, such as earthquakes or floods, can cause enormous damage to a city, which is especially vulnerable due to population density and dense buildings.
By comparing the features of life in the city and in the countryside, we can identify the main dangers of the city and their causes:
The presence of many communications and the possibility of accidents on them;
People with evil intentions and antisocial elements;
Abundance of transport and its vulnerability in bad weather;
Pollution from factories, factories and transport;
The need to often be in crowded places.
To sum up the lesson, we can conclude that both city dwellers and villagers are affected by all types of unfavorable factors: man-made, natural and social. But rural residents are less vulnerable to man-made and social hazards.
Learn useful skills
We said that rural residents are more adapted to life in nature and have many useful skills. You can get them too.
You will be taught in the “Young Tourist” club to gain skills in lighting a fire in nature, learning how to set up an overnight stay in the forest, and recognizing edible and inedible mushrooms and plants. In addition, it is very interesting, because even traveling around your native land, you will discover a lot of new and interesting things.
The knowledge gained in life safety, biology, and natural science classes will also be useful.
Rice. 8. Film adaptation of the book “The Mysterious Island” ()
Remember the heroes of Jules Verne's adventure novels (Fig. 8), they survived thanks to knowledge and skills. The heroes of the novel “The Mysterious Island” greatly benefited from the extensive knowledge of one of the heroes in natural history. Thanks to the young naturalist, the heroes knew which plants were useful and which were poisonous, and knew which animals were best to hunt.
As they say, you can’t carry knowledge behind your shoulders, so try to learn as much as possible; knowledge and skills can be useful to you both in everyday life and in extreme situations.
abstract http://interneturok.ru/ru/school/obzh/5-klass
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