Stairs. Entry group. Materials. Doors. Locks. Design

Purpose: pulling the vessel to shore and floating structures and securely fastening to them.

Mooring methods.

The most common option for mooring operations is mooring the vessel sideways (lag) to the pier (Figure 3.4.1).

Rice. 3.4.1. Scheme for mooring a vessel with a log:

1 – additional aft longitudinal moorings; 2 – aft longitudinal mooring lines; 3 – aft mooring clamp; 4 – nasal spring; 5 – stern spring; 6 – bow mooring clamp; 7 – bow longitudinal mooring lines; 8 – additional bow longitudinal mooring lines; 9 – bale strips (rollers); 10 – bollards; 11 – mooring hawse.

This option ensures the most reliable securing of the vessel and maximum convenience in performing cargo operations. However, the vessel takes up a lot of space along the length of the berth.

Mooring with the stern to the pier is typical for warships and oil tankers. In this mooring option, it is necessary to release the main anchor from the windward side.

Design mooring device .

The main element of the mooring device is moorings– flexible connections with the help of which the ship is held at the berthing structure. Mooring lines are made of steel, vegetable or synthetic fiber.

Ropes made from plant materials (Manila, sisal, hemp) are now used less and less.

Ropes made of synthetic fibers (polypropylene, nylon, nylon) are light, strong and durable and are now widely used. Nylon ropes produced in Russia with the same breaking load are much lighter than steel ones. Disadvantages of ropes made of synthetic materials: instantaneous reduction in length when the load is removed, low coefficient of friction, ability to accumulate static electricity.

The general arrangement of the mooring device is designed in such a way as to ensure reliable fastening of the vessel and at the same time not create interference with work on the vessel and at the berth. From this point of view, it is preferable to place mooring attachment points at the ends of the vessel - on the forecastle and poop decks. An example of the general arrangement of the mooring device is shown in Figure 3.4.2.

Rice. 3.4.2. General arrangement of the mooring device:

1 – bale strip; 2 – bollard; 3 – windlass; 4 – anchor fairlead; 5 – mooring winch; 6 – view; 7 – guide rollers.

To secure mooring lines they are used bollards 2, which are steel or cast iron cabinets (Fig. 3.4.3). Structurally, bollards are single and paired, straight and cross.

Rice. 3.4.3 Mooring bollards:

a – straight paired bollard; b – paired cross bollard.

To change the direction of moorings and protect them from damage when interacting with hull structures, they are used guide rollers 7, bale strips 1 (with two or three rollers) and mooring hawse(not shown in Figure 3.4.2, see position 11 in Figure 3.4.1). The design of bale strips with rollers is shown in Fig. 3.4.4. Mooring hawses are installed in the bulwark (Fig. 3.4.5, a), the holes in the hawse are oval in shape to prevent a sharp bend of the mooring line passing through the hawse. To reduce the friction of the mooring line on the edge of the fairlead, fairleads of a special design are used - for example, automatic (rotary) fairleads (Fig. 3.4.5, b), which have a rotating cage with two rollers, between which the mooring line is passed. Bale strips are installed on decks with railings.

Rice. 3.4.4 Bale strips with rollers

Rice. 3.4.5 Mooring hawse:

a – a simple cast hawse; b - automatic fairlead.

To pull the vessel to the pier after securing the mooring lines on it, use mooring mechanisms– windlasses, capstans and winches. For the bow group of mooring lines, anchor mechanisms are often used ( windlass 3 in Figure 3.4.2), having auxiliary drums for mooring operations. In the middle part of the vessel, the functions of mooring mechanisms can be performed by cargo winches. Mooring capstans or winches 5. The advantage of the winch is the reduction of manual operations, since the mooring rope is constantly wound on the drum. Mooring winches can be ordinary or automatic, maintaining a constant tension of the cable - their use is advisable on ships with rapid changes in draft during loading and unloading operations (container ships, bulk carriers, tankers).

Designed for storing moorings views 6 – drums with flanges, which can be equipped with a drive and brake.

To prevent damage to the side of the vessel during mooring, it is provided fender protection. Depending on the method of placement on the vessel, permanent and removable fender protection means are distinguished.

Permanent means include fenders (used on small vessels), as well as bow and stern towing fenders.

The most widely used are removable mooring fenders, suspended during mooring operations at the side of the vessel in places that need protection. Currently, pneumatic fenders, consisting of a chamber and a rubber cylinder into which air is pumped, are widely used.

Requirements for the mooring device.

The requirements are contained in the Rules for the Classification and Construction of Sea Vessels of the RMRS (Volume 1, Section III “Device, Equipment and Supplies”, Clause 4 “Mooring Device”). Some General requirements:

1. The number, length and breaking force of mooring ropes are determined according to a special table of the Rules in accordance with the characteristics of the equipment for a given vessel. The formula for supply characteristics is given in topic 3.3.

2. For ships with A/N c more than 0.9, the number of mooring ropes must be increased:

When - for 1 piece,

When - for 2 pieces,

At - for 3 pcs.

3. Mooring ropes made of vegetable and synthetic fibers should not be used with a diameter of less than 20 mm.

4. Steel cables must have at least 144 wires and at least 7 organic cores. Cables on automatic mooring winches can have one organic core, but the number of wires must be at least 216.

5. Plant ropes should be manila or sisal.

6. Cables made of synthetic material must be made from homogeneous approved materials (polypropylene, nylon, nylon, etc.).

7. The number and location of mooring bollards, bale strips and other mooring equipment are taken based on design features, purpose and general location of the vessel.

8. Mooring bollards can be steel or cast iron, depending on the manufacturing method - welded or cast.

9. Outside diameter The bollard bollard must be at least 10 diameters of a steel cable, at least 5.5 diameters of a synthetic fiber cable and at least the circumference of a plant cable. The distance between the axes of the bollard bollards must be at least 25 times the diameter of the steel cable and at least three times the circumference of the plant fiber.

10. To select mooring lines, both mechanisms specially installed for this purpose and other deck mechanisms (windlasses, cargo winches, etc.) with mooring drums can be used. Requirements for mooring mechanisms are contained in the Rules for the Classification and Construction of Sea Vessels of the RMRS (Volume 2, Section IX “Mechanisms”, clause 6.4 “Mooring Mechanisms”).

CONTROL AND MANEUVERING OF THE SHIP DURING MOORING OPERATIONS

COMPOSITION OF MOORING DEVICE

The mooring device is used to secure the vessel to the pier, the side of another vessel, roadside barrels, palams, as well as to tighten the piers of the berths. The mooring device includes:

Mooring ropes;

Mooring hawse and guide rollers;

Bale strips (with and without rollers);

Views and banquets;

Mooring mechanisms (windlasses, capstan, winches);

Auxiliary devices (stoppers, fenders, brackets, throwing ends).

Mooring ropes

Vegetable, steel and synthetic cables are used as mooring ends.

The number and size of cables are determined according to the supply characteristics of a given vessel.

Steel cables are used less and less, as they do not take well dynamic loads, require great physical effort when transferred from the ship to the pier. The most common on sea vessels are steel mooring lines with a diameter of 19 to 28 mm. The use of steel cables on oil tankers is prohibited.

Mooring lines made from synthetic cables are widely used. They are lighter than steel and vegetable moorings of equal strength, and have good flexibility, which is maintained at relatively low temperatures.

The most convenient mooring lines are made of polypropylene or terylene ropes. They are inferior in strength to nylon ones, but due to less elasticity they better fix the position of the vessel at the berth and are less dangerous when using mooring mechanisms. Polypropylene mooring lines are especially convenient when launching long distances because they float. At the same time, they have little resistance to abrasion and melt during friction. It is not allowed to use synthetic cables that have not undergone antistatic treatment and do not have certificates.

To use positive traits synthetic ropes various types Combined synthetic cables are produced. On mooring winches, where the mooring lines are steel, the part that goes to the shore is made of synthetic cable in the form of a so-called “spring”.

Rice. 1. Mooring winch

To ensure timely detection of defects, mooring lines must be thoroughly inspected at least once every 6 months. Inspection must also be carried out after mooring in extreme conditions.

Rice. 2. Mooring of the vessel on mooring lines

There is a loop at one end of the mooring rope - fire, which is put on the shore pedestal or secured with a bracket to the eye of the mooring barrel. The other end of the cable is secured to bollards installed on the deck of the ship.

Bollards

Bollards are paired cast iron or steel bollards located at some distance from each other, but having a common base. In addition to ordinary bollards, in some cases, especially on low-sided ships, cross bollards are used, which can be either double or single.

Rice. 3. Bollards: 1 – base; 2 – cabinet; 3 – cap; 4 – tide;

5 – stopper; 6 - butt

Mooring cables on bollards are secured by placing a number of hoses in the form of a figure eight so that the running end of the cable is on top. Usually two or three full eights are applied and only in exceptional cases the number of hoses is increased to 10. To prevent the cable from self-resetting, a grip is placed on it. To secure each mooring line brought ashore, there must be a separate bollard.

Rice. 4. Fastening the mooring rope to the bollard

Cluses

To pass mooring lines from the ship to the shore, a mooring hawse is made in the bulwark - a round or oval hole bordered by a cast frame with smooth rounded edges. Currently, more and more wide application find universal fairleads, having a rotating holder and a roller. Such fairleads protect the cable from chafing.

Rice. 5. Common hawse

Rice. 6. Universal hawse

Bale strips

Each vessel must have a mooring device that ensures that the vessel is pulled to shore or floating berth structures and that the vessel is securely fastened to them. The mooring device is used to secure the vessel to the pier, the side of another vessel, roadside barrels, palams, as well as constrictions along the berths. The mooring device includes:

mooring ropes;

• mooring hawse and guide rollers;

  bale strips (with and without rollers);

  views and banquets;

  mooring mechanisms (windlasses, capstan, winches);

auxiliary devices (stoppers, fenders, brackets, throwing ends). Mooring cables (ropes).

Vegetable, steel and synthetic cables are used as mooring ends.

Steel cables are used less and less, as they do not take dynamic loads well and require great physical effort when transferred from the ship to the pier.

The most common on sea vessels are steel mooring lines with a diameter of 19 to 28 mm. The steel mooring lines are stored on hand lines equipped with a brake pressed by a pedal to the cheek of the drum. On large-tonnage vessels, mooring eyes with a drive are installed.

Mooring lines made from synthetic cables are widely used.

They are lighter than steel and vegetable moorings of equal strength, and have good flexibility, which is maintained at relatively low temperatures. It is not allowed to use synthetic cables that have not undergone antistatic treatment and do not have certificates. To use the positive qualities of various types of synthetic cables, combined synthetic cables are produced.On mooring winches, where the mooring lines are steel, the part that goes to the shore is made of synthetic cable in the form of a so-called “spring”.On ships transporting flammable liquids in bulk with a vapor flash point below 60 0 C, the use of steel cables is permitted only on decks of superstructures that are not the top of cargo bulk compartments, if cargo receiving and discharging pipelines do not pass through these decks.Cables made of artificial fiber may be used on tankers only with special permission from the Register (sparks may be generated when these cables break).For timely detection of defects, mooring lines mustn be subject to thorough inspection.

Inspection must also be carried out after mooring in extreme conditions.

Depending on the position relative to the vessel, mooring lines are called: longitudinal, clamping, springs (bow and stern, respectively). The mooring lines at the outboard end have a loop - fire, which is thrown on the shorepa l

Bollards or secured with a bracket to the eye of the mooring barrel. The other end of the cable is secured to bollards installed on the deck of the vessel.

They are paired cast iron or steel cabinets located at some distance from each other, but having a common base. In addition to ordinary bollards, in some cases, especially on low-sided ships, cross bollards are used, which can be either double or single.

Mooring cables on bollards are secured by placing a number of hoses in the form of a figure eight so that the running end of the cable is on top. Usually two or three full eights are applied and only in exceptional cases the number of hoses is increased to 10. To prevent the cable from self-resetting, a grip is placed on it. To secure each mooring line brought ashore, there must be a separate bollard. Cluses. To pass mooring lines from the ship to the shore, a mooring hawse is made in the bulwark - a round or oval hole bordered by a cast frame with smooth rounded edges. To pass mooring lines from automatic winches, they are usually installedUniverWith al

rotary fairleads. Such fairleads protect the cable from chafing. On ships traveling through the Panama Canal, where the vessel is navigated through the locks using shore tractors, Panama hawsees must be installed, which have a larger radius of curvature of the working surface than that of the onboard canal, and are better suited for working with large-diameter moorings. Bale strips.

Bale strips are designed to change the direction of the mooring line. On most modern ships, bale strips are installed from separate two or three rollers. Bales without rollers are usually used only on small ships with a small diameter mooring cable. Rolls

reduce wear on cables and reduce the effort required to pull them out. Deflection (deck) rollers are installed near the mooring mechanism, which prevents the mooring line from skewing on the drum (turret). Banquets and views are used to store mooring ropes. The latter are a horizontal drum, the shaft of which is fixed in the bearings of the frame. The drum has discs on the sides that prevent the cable from coming off.

Mooring mechanisms. To select moorings, both mooring mechanisms specially installed for this purpose (for example, mooring capstans, winches, etc.) and other deck mechanisms (for example, windlasses, cargo winches, etc.) with mooring drums can be used .

To select mooring ropes on the forecastle, use tourAglasses windlass. Mooring capstans are installed to work with stern mooring lines. They take up little space on the deck; the capstan drive is located below the deck.

AutoOmaticesToIe shwarTovnye lebcaustic can be installed to work with stern and bow moorings (Fig. 6.50). The mooring line is constantly on the winch drum; no preliminary preparation is required before feeding or transfer to the bollards after tightening. Winches automatically pull up the vessel, taking up slack in the cable, or release a too-tight cable when the ship's position relative to the berth changes during cargo operations, or during high tide or low tide.

The mooring device must be kept in good condition, ensuring its constant readiness for action. Bollards, mooring fairleads, bale strips, and guide rollers must always be smooth enough to prevent premature wear of the cables. Rollers, rollers and other moving elements should rotate easily, be well spaced and lubricated. Chain and cable stoppers, verb-hooks must be in good working order.

If you have automatic mooring winches and mooring rotary fairleads, you should periodically rotate the fairlead rollers and regularly lubricate the rubbing parts.

All ends, cables, fenders, mats, throwing lines must be dried in a timely manner, metal parts must be cleaned and lubricated.

When mooring the vessel, the following must be done:

It is prohibited to leave steel mooring lines on the windlass drums, even a short time, since when the moorings are pulled or jerked, the shafts of the mechanisms can be bent;

in places with sharp fluctuations in water level, it is recommended to use vegetable cables or cables made of synthetic materials as mooring ends;

During loading and unloading, it is necessary to check that all mooring lines are equally covered and do not have excessive slack or are not too tight.

Particular care must be taken to monitor moorings in ports where there are fluctuations in water levels; during strong wind

or the mooring currents, which experience the greatest stress, must be evenly tensioned. In the presence of swell, the mooring lines should have some slack in order to reduce their tension when the vessel rocks;

during rain, mooring lines and painters made from plant ropes must be periodically etched, since when wet, they are shortened by 10 - 12% and can burst.

A steel mooring cable must be replaced if, anywhere along its length equal to eight diameters, the number of wire breaks is 10% or more of the total number of wires, as well as if the cable is excessively deformed.

The plant cable must be replaced if the heels are broken, damaged, significantly worn or deformed. Synthetic ropes must be replaced if the number of breaks and damage in the form of thread tears is 15% or more of the number of threads in the rope.

§ 33. Mooring device

The mooring device is intended for securing a vessel when moored at piers, embankments, piers or near other ships, barges, etc.

The components of the mooring device on each vessel are (Fig. 60):

mooring - cables (ropes) intended for securing (mooring) the vessel at the mooring site. Steel, hemp, sisal, manila, nylon and nylon ropes (cables) are used as moorings on ships;

bollards - short pedestals, straight or cross-shaped, firmly fixed on the upper deck of the ship and used to secure mooring lines;

bale strips and cable bends - guide cables to the bollard or capstan, protecting them from rubbing against the sharp edges of ship parts;

mooring mechanisms - mooring capstans, winches used for selecting cables when pulling the vessel to the mooring site or for tightening mooring lines;

rope views - intended for storing mooring ropes on a ship during voyage;

Rice. 60. Diagram of the vessel’s mooring arrangement with bow and stern spring; 2- fenders; 3-clamp mooring lines; 4- longitudinal mooring lines; 5-additional longitudinal mooring lines; 6- bale strips; 7- bollards; 8-moor fairleads; 9-rope views: 10-mooring capstan; 11-mooring turrets of the windpiel.

Rice. 61. Scheme towing device. 1 – towing winch; 2 – towing hook; 3 – intermediate fairlead with basting; 4 – towing rope from the winch; -5 – tow rope from the hook; 6- towing arch; 7 – towing fairlead; 8 – tow rope when towing on a short rope.